Article(id=1325123395117003736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325123175192855060, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20261127, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1783612800000, receivedDateStr=2026-07-10, revisedDate=1787241600000, revisedDateStr=2026-08-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793863636998, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1788537600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793863636998, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793863636998, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793863636998, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325123175192855060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='9', pageStart='090101-1', pageEnd='090114-12', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788537600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793863584564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793864402827, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325126607446356730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325123175192855060, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325126607450551035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325123175192855060, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=090108-1, endPage=090108-11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325123395477713881, articleId=1325123395117003736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Phase Diagram and Dynamic Transformation Pathways of Carbon under Extreme Compression, columnId=1325123176816050710, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Carbon under High Pressure, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbon exhibits complex structural transformations, melting behavior, and electronic-property evolution under extreme compression. This behavior is relevant to carbon-rich planetary interiors, the dynamic response of high-density carbon ablators in inertial confinement fusion, and the formation of post-diamond phases. This review focuses on the dynamic phase diagram of carbon. We summarize the equilibrium reference states of graphite, diamond, liquid carbon, and BC8 carbon, and discuss typical dynamic loading paths under shock, ramp, and multiple-shock compression together with their corresponding in situ diagnostics. We focus on the graphite-to-diamond/lonsdaleite-like transformation, diamond melting and liquid-carbon structure, and the kinetic accessibility of BC8 carbon. Existing studies show that the phases observed under dynamic compression are governed not only by pressure and temperature, but also by loading time, stress state, initial structure, and diagnostic window. Therefore, a dynamic phase diagram of carbon should extend the conventional pressure-temperature (p-T) description by incorporating loading path, leading to a p-T-path representation. This perspective may provide guidance for experimental design, in situ structural diagnostics, and equation-of-state model constraints for carbon under extreme conditions.

, authors=Liang SUN1, Zhongjing CHEN1, Tao XI1, Xun YANG2, Ji YAN1, Jiamin YANG1, Zongqing ZHAO1, authorsList=Liang SUN, Zhongjing CHEN, Tao XI, Xun YANG, Ji YAN, Jiamin YANG, Zongqing ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ji YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325123398694745056, articleId=1325123395117003736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=极端压缩下碳的相图与动态相变路径研究进展, columnId=1325123177629745688, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=高压下的碳材料, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

碳在极端压缩条件下表现出复杂的结构转变、熔化行为和电子性质演化。这些过程与富碳行星内部物态、惯性约束聚变中高密度碳烧蚀层响应以及后金刚石相形成密切相关。为此,以平衡压力-温度(p-T)相图为热力学参照,综述了石墨、金刚石、液态碳和 BC8 等结构,比较了单冲击、斜波压缩、双冲击或多冲击等加载路径及其原位诊断方法,重点讨论了石墨向立方金刚石和六方堆垛相关结构的转变、金刚石熔化与液态碳结构,以及BC8碳的动力学稳定性。已有研究表明,动态压缩中的可观测结构不仅取决于压力和温度,还受到加载路径、应力状态、初始结构和诊断窗口的共同影响。因此,理解碳的动态相变需要把平衡相界放回具体的加载路径中,形成p-T-path框架,该分析框架可为极端条件下碳材料的实验路径设计、原位结构诊断和状态方程约束提供参考。

, authors=孙亮1, 陈忠靖1, 席涛1, 杨珣2, 晏骥1, 杨家敏1, 赵宗清1, authorsList=孙亮, 陈忠靖, 席涛, 杨珣, 晏骥, 杨家敏, 赵宗清, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=晏骥, authorNote=

孙 亮(1986-),男,博士,助理研究员,主要从事激光高压物理与材料动态响应研究. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
晏 骥(1983-),男,博士,研究员,主要从事高能量密度物理实验研究. E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《高压物理学报》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=cyAO2Fd5xrUpqZbQU3fUlQ==, magXml=syZoDFRMKcLB9OZuC1ds4w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ruxMM2rqxFrGI/Cdxs9KMA==, pdfFileSize=1210182, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=pXxwe0iLZpNR1RyGDx8V6g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IVmf4QVIJMfXYLuMZAympg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1325123399743321064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=sunliangyp@outlook.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325123399999173610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, authorId=1325123399743321064, language=EN, stringName=Liang SUN, firstName=Liang, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325123400368272363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, authorId=1325123399743321064, language=CN, stringName=孙亮, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心等离子体物理全国重点实验室, 四川 绵阳 621999, bio={"content":"

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Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2024, 9(5): 057403., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325123399193867233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123399210644450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, companyId=1325123399193867233, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123399223227363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, companyId=1325123399193867233, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心等离子体物理全国重点实验室, 四川 绵阳 621999)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325123399651046372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123399659434981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, companyId=1325123399651046372, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123399667823590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, companyId=1325123399651046372, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2郑州大学物理学院, 河南 郑州 450001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325123422652608535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic p-T phase diagram of carbon under dynamic compression (The phase boundaries and loading paths are schematic. Results from Benedict, et al.[18] and Correa, et al.[10] are shown to compare theoretical phase-boundary differences. The ramp-compression path and shaded region indicate metastable retention of diamond within the theoretical BC8 stability field. The HD/lonsdaleite window marks path-dependent transformation products observed in static high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) and shock experiments. Liquid carbon lies above the melting curves. BC8 and SC1 are candidate post-diamond phases that still require in situ structural verification.), figureFileSmall=eIyzCkQO+LaObIysAWHeuA==, figureFileBig=pXxwe0iLZpNR1RyGDx8V6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123425978691608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, language=CN, label=图1, caption=动态压缩下碳的p-T 相图(相界和路径均为示意。Benedict 等[18]和 Correa 等[10]的结果用于展示理论相界差异。斜波路径及阴影区表示金刚石在 BC8 理论稳定区内的亚稳保持;HD/lonsdaleite 窗口表示静态高温高压和冲击实验中与路径相关的转变结果。液态碳位于熔化线以上;BC8 和 SC1 为理论候选后金刚石相,仍需原位结构诊断验证。), figureFileSmall=eIyzCkQO+LaObIysAWHeuA==, figureFileBig=pXxwe0iLZpNR1RyGDx8V6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123427689967641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Schematic diagram of dynamic loading paths in the high-pressure p-T region of diamond (The shock Hugoniot and quasi-isentropic ramp path represent typical directions of high-temperature shock loading and lower-temperature compression, respectively. Double- or multiple-shock loading may proceed from an intermediate state toward liquid carbon or the theoretical BC8 stability field.), figureFileSmall=Or9+UL6MJ17KwvgjDQdHUg==, figureFileBig=p+MTSPpOTJQoJpbGQtW28A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123429732593690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, language=CN, label=图2, caption=金刚石高压p-T区域中的动态加载路径示意图(冲击 Hugoniot 和近等熵斜波路径分别表示高温冲击与低温高压加载的典型方向;双冲击或多冲击可由中间状态出发,进一步进入液态碳或 BC8 理论稳定区。), figureFileSmall=Or9+UL6MJ17KwvgjDQdHUg==, figureFileBig=p+MTSPpOTJQoJpbGQtW28A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123430177189915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Schematic diagram of qualitative kinetic-barrier landscape for post-diamond carbon (Direct diamond-BC8 solid-solid reconstruction crosses a high barrier, whereas a liquid-like intermediate may provide a lower-barrier route to BC8; over-compression favors SC1 competition. The axes are schematic, and BC8/SC1 remain candidate endpoints requiring direct in situ structural confirmation.), figureFileSmall=7U5Y2ZHVcndb73D4sJnB0w==, figureFileBig=kFYsFfj+W9LwACNhUSMUZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123430613397532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123395117003736, language=CN, label=图3, caption=后金刚石碳形成的定性动力学能垒示意图(金刚石-BC8 的直接固-固重构具有较高的势垒,类液体中间态可能提供通向 BC8 的较低势垒路径;过度压缩则会增强SC1 竞争。坐标轴为示意,BC8 和 SC1 仍需动态原位结构证据确认。), figureFileSmall=7U5Y2ZHVcndb73D4sJnB0w==, figureFileBig=kFYsFfj+W9LwACNhUSMUZg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1255846718311514113, delFlag=0, nameCn=高压物理学报, nameEn=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1000-5773, eissn=null, cn=51-1147/O4, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, 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极端压缩下碳的相图与动态相变路径研究进展
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孙亮 1 , 陈忠靖 1 , 席涛 1 , 杨珣 2 , 晏骥 1 , 杨家敏 1 , 赵宗清 1
高压物理学报 | 高压下的碳材料 2026,40(9): 090108-1-090108-11
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高压物理学报 |高压下的碳材料 2026 , 40 (9) : 090108-1 -090108-11
极端压缩下碳的相图与动态相变路径研究进展
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孙亮1 , 陈忠靖1, 席涛1, 杨珣2, 晏骥1 , 杨家敏1, 赵宗清1
作者信息
  • 1中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心等离子体物理全国重点实验室, 四川 绵阳 621999
  • 2郑州大学物理学院, 河南 郑州 450001
通讯作者:
晏 骥(1983-),男,博士,研究员,主要从事高能量密度物理实验研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

孙 亮(1986-),男,博士,助理研究员,主要从事激光高压物理与材料动态响应研究. E-mail:

Phase Diagram and Dynamic Transformation Pathways of Carbon under Extreme Compression
Liang SUN1 , Zhongjing CHEN1, Tao XI1, Xun YANG2, Ji YAN1 , Jiamin YANG1, Zongqing ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
  • 2School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261127
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碳在极端压缩条件下表现出复杂的结构转变、熔化行为和电子性质演化。这些过程与富碳行星内部物态、惯性约束聚变中高密度碳烧蚀层响应以及后金刚石相形成密切相关。为此,以平衡压力-温度(p-T)相图为热力学参照,综述了石墨、金刚石、液态碳和 BC8 等结构,比较了单冲击、斜波压缩、双冲击或多冲击等加载路径及其原位诊断方法,重点讨论了石墨向立方金刚石和六方堆垛相关结构的转变、金刚石熔化与液态碳结构,以及BC8碳的动力学稳定性。已有研究表明,动态压缩中的可观测结构不仅取决于压力和温度,还受到加载路径、应力状态、初始结构和诊断窗口的共同影响。因此,理解碳的动态相变需要把平衡相界放回具体的加载路径中,形成p-T-path框架,该分析框架可为极端条件下碳材料的实验路径设计、原位结构诊断和状态方程约束提供参考。

碳  /  动态相变  /  冲击压缩  /  斜波压缩  /  金刚石熔化  /  BC8 碳  /  液态碳

Carbon exhibits complex structural transformations, melting behavior, and electronic-property evolution under extreme compression. This behavior is relevant to carbon-rich planetary interiors, the dynamic response of high-density carbon ablators in inertial confinement fusion, and the formation of post-diamond phases. This review focuses on the dynamic phase diagram of carbon. We summarize the equilibrium reference states of graphite, diamond, liquid carbon, and BC8 carbon, and discuss typical dynamic loading paths under shock, ramp, and multiple-shock compression together with their corresponding in situ diagnostics. We focus on the graphite-to-diamond/lonsdaleite-like transformation, diamond melting and liquid-carbon structure, and the kinetic accessibility of BC8 carbon. Existing studies show that the phases observed under dynamic compression are governed not only by pressure and temperature, but also by loading time, stress state, initial structure, and diagnostic window. Therefore, a dynamic phase diagram of carbon should extend the conventional pressure-temperature (p-T) description by incorporating loading path, leading to a p-T-path representation. This perspective may provide guidance for experimental design, in situ structural diagnostics, and equation-of-state model constraints for carbon under extreme conditions.

carbon  /  dynamic phase transition  /  shock compression  /  ramp compression  /  diamond melting  /  BC8 carbon  /  liquid carbon
孙亮, 陈忠靖, 席涛, 杨珣, 晏骥, 杨家敏, 赵宗清. 极端压缩下碳的相图与动态相变路径研究进展. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (9) : 090108-1 -090108-11 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261127
Liang SUN, Zhongjing CHEN, Tao XI, Xun YANG, Ji YAN, Jiamin YANG, Zongqing ZHAO. Phase Diagram and Dynamic Transformation Pathways of Carbon under Extreme Compression[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (9) : 090108-1 -090108-11 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261127
碳具有sp、sp2、sp3等多种成键方式,可形成石墨、金刚石、玻璃碳和无定形碳等多种结构物态。不同结构在密度、强度、热导率、电子输运上差异显著,使碳成为高压相变、极端条件物性和新型高压相结构研究的重要体系[1–3]。
在行星科学、惯性约束聚变(inertial confinement fusion,ICF)、高压材料合成中,碳常处于快速压缩与高温高压共同作用的极端环境[4–6]。天王星、海王星以及富碳系外行星内部的压力可接近太帕量级,温度可达数千开尔文,碳可能以部分熔融金刚石、液态碳或后金刚石相存在[7–10]。近期实验表明,在类天王星、海王星的浅层内部所对应的温压条件下,烃类可在微秒时间尺度内析出金刚石[8, 11–12]。不同碳结构的熔化温度、电子输运性质和密度差异将直接影响行星内部的分层、热输运、物质沉降和磁场生成[13]。在 ICF 过程中,高密度碳或金刚石是重要的烧蚀层材料,其冲击熔化、强度损失、卸载路径和状态方程会影响冲击定时、界面稳定性和内爆过程[5, 14–16]。因此,碳在极端压缩下的结构演化行为不仅是凝聚态物理问题,也与行星科学和高能量密度物理科学密切相关。
然而,极端压缩下碳的相变行为不能完全被平衡态压力-温度(p-T)相图描述。静态压缩实验通常在秒到小时尺度上接近平衡路径,而动态压缩实验则沿单冲击 Hugoniot、斜波压缩、多冲击或冲击-卸载路径快速进入p-T相空间,加载和诊断时间多为纳秒至微秒量级[17–22]。在这一时间尺度内,石墨层间滑移、sp2-sp3键合重构、液体成核、金刚石或后金刚石相晶化均可能受到动力学势垒、应力状态和初始材料的约束。因此,实验观测到的相结构不仅取决于目标p-T状态点,还取决于动态加载路径、状态滞留时间以及诊断技术对结构及其他特性的诊断分辨能力[20–21]。基于这一认识,碳的“动态相图”指的是在平衡p-T相图的基础上,进一步引入加载路径(path),形成路径-时间依赖的压力温度描述(p-T-path)。本文以平衡相图为参照,综述石墨、金刚石、液态碳以及 BC8 碳等相结构在动态压缩下的典型行为,重点讨论石墨向立方金刚石(cubic diamond, CD)/六方金刚石(hexagonal diamond, HD)的转变、金刚石熔化与液态碳结构以及 BC8 碳的相变动力学,并分析激光动态压缩实验诊断在碳的动态相变研究中的作用。
平衡相图给出了石墨、金刚石、液态碳和后金刚石相在热力学意义上的相对稳定性,也标示出高温高压区中相界仍不确定的位置,为动态压缩实验提供了基本参照。图1 展示了动态压缩下碳的p-T参考相图。图1中,在石墨、金刚石、液态碳和后金刚石候选相区的示意背景上叠加了典型的动态路径,突出3类问题:层状碳向立方/六方堆垛相关金刚石的路径选择、金刚石熔化与液态碳结构,以及后金刚石相 BC8/SC1 的理论稳定区间。
碳的平衡相图首先由 sp2 键合的石墨和 sp3 键合的金刚石这两类基本结构定义。高压下碳的多型转变与实验识别问题在相关综述中已有系统梳理[1, 10, 18, 23]。常温常压下,石墨是热力学稳定相,层内强共价键与层间弱相互作用赋予其显著的各向异性。在数吉帕以上,金刚石成为热力学稳定相,但石墨-金刚石转变需要打破并重构共价键网络,跨越很高的动力学势垒。在较宽的压力-温度范围内,石墨和金刚石都可能以亚稳形式存在。
在更高的压力下,理论预言金刚石将转变为密度更高的后金刚石相[10, 18]。BC8 碳通常被视为主要的候选相之一,其空间群为$Ia\overline 3 $,保持四配位 sp3 键合,但四面体网络发生了明显的扭曲,密度高于金刚石。第一性原理计算普遍预测 BC8 在约太帕压力区间比金刚石更稳定。继续升压后,简单立方(simple cubic, SC1)、简单六方(simple hexagonal, SH)乃至更高配位的金属相也可能进入稳定区。多相状态方程模型将石墨、金刚石、BC8、SC1及液态碳等相纳入统一框架[22],为后续 Hugoniot 与卸载路径计算提供了参考。由于这些相涉及从强共价四配位网络到更高配位结构的重排,平衡相图给出的相界更多地代表热力学可能性。美国Sandia国家实验室Z 装置上的动态 X 射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)实验也表明,碳在冲击压缩下的可观测相与平衡预言之间可能存在显著偏离[24]。
液态碳是连接固相平衡相图与动态实验状态的桥梁。低压液态碳更接近与sp2相关的低配位流体。随着压力升高,液体的平均配位数增加,并在百吉帕以上逐渐呈现近四配位局域结构。高压液态碳不同于简单无序流体,它既可能与金刚石固相熔化相关,也可能为 BC8 等后金刚石相提供局域结构模板。近年来,研究发现,液态碳的结构因子、配位数和电子性质随压力及温度显著演化。由此,碳的液态区应该考虑低配位分子/网络液体、近四配位液态碳以及更高压力下的高配位导电流体等具体状态。这些状态之间的转变是连续交叉还是一级液-液相变,目前尚无实验定论。
总之,碳的平衡相图为动态相变研究提供了必要坐标,但也存在争议和不确定性。金刚石的熔化线及其与 BC8 熔化线的交汇是碳高压相图中不确定性最集中的区域之一。自 20 世纪 80 年代 BC8 碳被类比为 Si 和 Ge 的后金刚石相以来,第一性原理计算和从头算分子动力学模拟研究陆续预测,在太帕压力附近,具有负斜率的金刚石熔化线可能与正斜率的 BC8 熔化线相交,形成金刚石-BC8-液态碳三相点[10, 18, 25]。多数理论结果将该三相点置于800~900 GPa、7000~8000 K 范围内,但受限于实验加载和诊断能力,一直未被实验证实,亟需针对碳的激光动态压缩实验开展实验验证。
动态压缩实验的变量包括峰值压力、升压方式、温升、保持时间和卸载路径。不同加载路径会把样品加载到不同的 p-T状态区间。激光驱动冲击、斜波压缩、时间分辨测速/衍射与机器学习势模拟的结合,正将静态 p-T相变研究推进到纳秒结构路径与相变动力学层面[20–21]。
在不同的动态加载路径下,样品的升温方式不同。单冲击压缩使样品沿 Hugoniot 迅速升压升温,压力、密度和内能在冲击波阵面前后满足 Rankine-Hugoniot 守恒关系。对于碳而言,单冲击路径的优势在于高效进入高温液态区,适合研究金刚石熔化、液态碳结构和光学金属化等问题;然而,强温升也会使固-固相变、熔化、缺陷生成和电子激发在同一时间窗口内耦合。若缺乏足够精细的联合诊断,单靠 Hugoniot 异常或反射率变化很难将信号唯一归因于某一相态[21, 26]。
斜波压缩则通过连续小压缩波加载,避免冲击熵增,使样品沿近等熵路径进入高压区。与单冲击相比,斜波路径的温度较低、应变率可控,更适合研究固相在压力下的稳定性。斜波压缩可以把样品送入平衡相图预言的高压稳定区,但也可能因温度较低、时间窗口有限而冻结固-固重构相变。斜波路径是检验“热力学稳定相是否动力学可达”的关键手段。
双冲击/多冲击路径介于上述两者之间,其思想是利用第一道冲击设定初始高温高压状态,再通过后续冲击或再压缩把样品送入常规单冲击或斜波加载难以到达的p-T区域。卸载过程通常沿等熵线或近等熵线从高温高压状态回到低压区,可能发生再凝固、亚稳保留、相分解或结构回转。衰减冲击则使样品在一次实验中经历连续变化的冲击强度,可在有限发次内覆盖较宽的压力范围。对 ICF 高密度碳烧蚀层而言,冲击压缩后的卸载路径与密度、温度和相态历史密切相关。对金刚石熔化研究而言,衰减冲击有可能同时约束随压力变化的Hugoniot、温度和反射率,并帮助识别固液共存区、类液体及可能的三相点附近行为。
总之,如图2所示,单冲击主要提供高温熔化和金属化状态条件,斜波压缩用于检验冷压缩固相亚稳性。复杂加载路径下的双冲击/多冲击则可能实现过冷液态和后金刚石相成核窗口,而卸载或衰减冲击则连接峰值状态、卸载历史与相关响应。
动态压缩实验通常只有纳秒至微秒的时间窗口,动态压缩下的样品压力、温度、密度、结构和电子性质协同演化。若只依据某一信号判断相变,容易把热力学路径、电子响应、强度效应和结构转变混在一起。动态相图中的“相界”更接近由速度历史、温度、光学响应与结构证据共同限定的状态带。
任意反射面速度干涉仪(velocity interferometer system for any reflector,VISAR) 是动态压缩中约束力学路径的主要诊断工具之一[27]。它通过干涉条纹记录界面或自由面速度历史,可结合阻抗匹配、辐射流体模拟或多相状态方程反演样品压力、密度和压缩路径[28]。速度历史中的拐点或波形变化只能作为相变、熔化或强度损失的间接证据,仍需要与温度、反射率及XRD结果结合[25]。
温度诊断通常依赖条纹辐射高温计(streaked optical pyrometer,SOP)或多波长热辐射测量[29–31]。温度是区分冷压缩、冲击熔化和高温液态路径的主要变量,对于金刚石熔化线、液态碳金属化和金刚石-BC8-液态碳三相点问题尤为重要。然而,动态辐射信号受到发射率、窗口材料、温度梯度和发光区厚度影响[32–33]。因此,不能脱离力学和结构信息单独解释。
反射率和光学发射为动态压缩下材料的电子性质变化诊断提供了敏感探针。对于碳,反射率升高常被用来讨论液态碳金属化、带隙闭合或强吸收态形成。在金刚石冲击熔化研究中,反射率起始、温度平台和 Hugoniot 异常共同构成熔化证据链的一部分[7, 34]。但是,反射率不是结构判据,缺陷密度增加、表面粗化、局域熔化、非均匀温度场或电子激发均可能改变光学响应。因此,反射率适合反映“电子性质是否变化”,却不能直接对应“样品是否已经转变为某一晶相或液相”。
在碳动态相变研究中,时间分辨X射线衍射(time-resolved X-ray diffraction, TR-XRD)是识别晶体结构和液态结构的关键诊断[26, 35–36]。它可以区分石墨、立方金刚石、六方堆垛相关结构和 BC8 候选峰,也可通过液体散射结构因子讨论液态碳的局域结构。Polsin等[37]、Werellapatha 等[38]基于美国国家点火装置(National Ignition Facility, NIF)发展的多帧TR-XRD 技术,在同一视线方向上获得了4个时间帧、约 2 ns 积分窗口的结构演化记录。同步辐射适合金刚石对顶砧(diamond anvil cell, DAC)条件下的精细结构标定和信号累积,X射线自由电子激光(X-ray free-electron laser, XFEL)则适合捕捉冲击压缩中的瞬态结构[39]。非弹性 X 射线散射、扩展 X 射线吸收精细结构(extended X-ray absorption fine structure, EXAFS)和 XRD 的 Debye-Waller 分析还可以补充体相温度约束。在动态压缩实验中,样品的体积小、加载持续时间短、光谱背景强且样品应变大,衍射峰可能因织构、非静水应力、温度展宽和晶粒细化而偏移或展宽,因此,结构判据仍需结合力学和热学路径解释。
因此,只有当 VISAR、SOP、反射率和 XRD/XFEL 在同一加载历史中相互对应时,才能判断样品在特定时间窗口内处于金刚石、液态碳、BC8 候选结构还是混合或亚稳状态。
以下通过3个案例分别讨论动态加载中的结构选择、熔化判据和后金刚石相稳定性,并用以检验前述路径与诊断框架。
石墨到金刚石的相变是碳相图中最典型的动态相变之一。平衡相图理论揭示了高压下 sp3键合的金刚石相较 sp2键合的石墨更稳定。石墨具有较强的各向异性层状结构,其层内C—C共价键强,层间相互作用弱;沿c轴冲击加载时,层间距快速压缩,层间滑移、起皱、剪切和成键重排只需要在纳秒甚至皮秒时间尺度内完成。石墨到金刚石的动态转变不是单纯穿越p-T相界,而是由初始取向、冲击强度、应力偏量、层间滑移距离和诊断时间窗口共同控制的非平衡结构选择过程。
早期冲击回收实验已经证实,石墨可在冲击压缩后生成金刚石,但回收样品混杂了卸载、温升和后续反应信息,难以判定压缩态中的瞬时结构。原位XRD技术改变了这一局面。Kraus 等[11]在直线加速器相干光源极端条件材料实验站(Linac Coherent Light Source-Matter in Extreme Conditions, LCLS-MEC)上使用飞秒 X 射线脉冲探测激光冲击压缩石墨(20~230 GPa压力范围内),观测到纳秒尺度内转变为金刚石和六方堆垛相关结构的衍射信号。六方堆垛信号主要出现在沿c轴压缩的热解石墨高压状态中,说明初始取向和受限层滑移影响冲击相变产物。
随后,Turneaure 等[40]利用纳秒级原位 XRD 研究了沿c 轴冲击压缩的高取向热解石墨(highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, HOPG),在约 50 GPa 压力下观测到高度取向且带弹性应变的六方堆垛相关信号,其(100)晶面与石墨基面近似平行,表明六方堆垛可作为层状前驱体在单轴动态加载下的取向继承产物。Armstrong 等[41]进一步把时间分辨推进到皮秒尺度,在约 80 GPa的快速压缩实验中,观察到高度织构化六方金刚石结构可在压缩后约20 ps内形成。这些结果支持无扩散的、马氏体式相转变机制,但不能单独证明形成了长程有序、可回收的纯六方金刚石。
前驱体结构同样决定产物选择。Volz等[42]比较了不同热解石墨在冲击压缩下的实时 XRD 响应,发现 HOPG 和无序或无规取向热解石墨在可比冲击应力下,可形成不同的金刚石或六方堆垛特征。高度取向前驱体更容易保留层状取向关系并产生织构化六方金刚石,取向无序或涡层结构更倾向于形成纳米晶立方金刚石。这表明要描述石墨冲击转变的物理过程,需要同时给出前驱体织构、冲击方向和应力状态等多维度信息。因此,石墨冲击转变不能只用单一压力描述,还需要考虑前驱体织构、冲击方向和应力状态,这类过程更适合表示为路径依赖的相结构转变。
Chen 等[43]基于第一性原理训练的全局神经网络势开展了分子动力学模拟,得到了冲击强度依赖的转变机制。低强度冲击为层间滑移留下较长的时间,石墨层可完成通向立方金刚石ABCABC 堆垛所需的较大横向位移。高强度冲击下,压缩快、滑移时间短,体系更容易沿较短位移路径形成 ABAB 型六方堆垛结构。立方金刚石与类六方金刚石(HD-like) 结构的竞争由滑移距离、加载时间和成键速率共同控制。这与高取向石墨沿 c 轴快速加载时更易出现六方相关信号的实验趋势一致。
但是,六方金刚石的结构判断必须谨慎。Németh 等[44]曾提出,许多被称为 lonsdaleite 的天然或回收样品可以鉴定为含高密度层错和孪晶的立方金刚石,而不一定是独立、长程有序的六方金刚石晶相。后续研究也表明,冲击加载下碳材料中的六方信号可对应立方/六方堆垛交错或者金刚石-石墨纳米复合结构(diaphite)[45]。这些歧义同样适用于动态原位衍射结果。
近期静态和准静态高温高压实验为这一问题提供了新的对照。在加热、局域温度梯度和受限重排条件下,高度压缩石墨或后石墨相可形成长程有序且可回收的六方金刚石块体[6, 46–48]。这些实验的时间尺度、热历史和应力状态与冲击压缩不同,但共同说明层状前驱体的取向关系、中间结构和局域重排条件会影响六方堆垛从瞬态衍射特征发展为有序晶体。
总体而言,石墨动态压缩产物不仅与压力状态相关,更重要的是前驱体取向关系、织构、冲击方向、应力状态和诊断时间。立方金刚石与类六方金刚石结构的竞争本质上也反映了层间滑移、局域成键与加载速率之间的动力学关系。
动态冲击条件下金刚石的熔化过程也是碳相图中最容易被误读的高温边界之一。强冲击路径同时跨越高压、高温、电子结构变化和固-液相变区域,单一诊断量很难给出合理判据。Hugoniot 数据约束压力-密度关系,SOP 或热辐射测量约束冲击温度,反射率变化提示导电性增强或金属化,原位 XRD 则提供晶体结构、固液共存和液态散射的结构证据。
早期高精度冲击实验为金刚石熔化线提供了重要约束。Hicks 等[49]和 Knudson 等[25]分别通过激光冲击和磁飞片冲击获得了 500~1000 GPa的金刚石 Hugoniot 数据,并观测到相变相关的压缩性变化。Eggert 等[7]进一步结合冲击速度、温度和反射率测量, 在600~1050 GPa 范围内观测到冲击温度平台和反射率上升,表明体系逐步进入导电流体状态。反射率跃升只能证明电子输运性质发生变化,不能单独确认熔化,更不能确认金刚石-BC8-液态碳三相点。相关判断仍需温度、Hugoniot 斜率和结构证据共同约束。
液态碳的结构已开始获得直接实验约束。Kraus 等[50]对冲击压缩玻璃碳开展了原位 XRD 测量,在约106 GPa 观察到金刚石与液态碳共存,在约160 GPa 获得完全液态的散射信号。对完全熔化状态的结构因子进行傅里叶变换后,径向分布函数的第一峰位于1.3~1.4 Å,实验反演得到第一配位数约为3.78;最佳密度泛函-分子动力学拟合给出的第一配位数约为 3.66。随着压力和密度升高,液体相关峰整体向更高散射矢量方向移动,对应的特征原子间距逐渐缩短,但在现有误差范围内仍保持近四配位局域结构。这些结果区分了高压液态碳与高配位简单液体,也为讨论其后续凝固路径提供了结构基础。
第一性原理计算很早就预测,在约1000 GPa压力区间,BC8结构相对于金刚石具有更低的焓值,是主要的后金刚石候选结构。更高压力下,SC1等高配位结构也可能进入稳定区。若只看平衡相图,金刚石进入 BC8 理论稳定区后似乎应发生固-固转变。但 Lazicki 等[9]在 NIF 上对金刚石进行了斜波压缩,通过原位 XRD 将立方金刚石追踪到约2000 GPa,仍未观察到 BC8 或其他后金刚石相衍射信号。这表明强sp3四面体网络具有很高的重构势垒,在低温斜波路径和纳秒时间窗口内,即使进入 BC8 理论稳定区,体系仍可冻结在亚稳金刚石结构中。
这一结果表明,BC8 的动态合成需要考虑绕过直接固-固重构势垒的路径。Shi 等[51]提出双冲击路径设计,Nguyen-Cong 等[52]则采用 SNAP (spectral neighbor analysis potential)机器学习势开展大尺度模拟。两项工作均利用液态或类液体中间结构打破金刚石的长程有序网络,降低集体键交换的动力学限制。模拟给出的候选形成窗口位于约 1600 GPa,而不是低温固相边界附近。该路径目前仍缺少相应动态条件下的直接原位结构验证。
Martoňák 等[53]进一步利用以配位数为集体变量的增强采样和机器学习势,在约 4000 原子体系和纳秒尺度上研究了立方金刚石、六方金刚石向后金刚石相的转变。模拟显示,转变通常从纳米尺度无序或类液体区域成核开始,液滴超过临界尺寸后可结晶为 BC8 或 SC1。对于六方金刚石,约 1500 GPa、3500~5000 K 的条件更有利于 BC8 经类液体中间态形成。该结果说明,即使没有晶界,类液体中间态仍可能为跨越固-固重构势垒提供通道。
模拟还显示,BC8 的形成受到 SC1 竞争的限制。在约 1800 GPa 时,BC8 仍可在合适的温度区间形成;压力升至约 2100 GPa 后,体系更倾向于直接形成 SC1。压力过低时,类液体前驱体难以成核;压力过高时,SC1 通道占优。因此,BC8 的候选合成窗口可能集中在1500~1800 GPa、3500~5000 K。实验设计应利用双冲击或多冲击提供局域熔化所需温度,同时避免进入 SC1 优先生长区。
以六方金刚石为初始结构的模拟也值得关注。Martoňák 等[53]发现,BC8 从六方金刚石形成的速度明显快于从立方金刚石出发的情形,提示六方堆垛可能在几何上更接近某些 BC8 成核取向。但这一结果尚无实验验证,而且模拟采用理想的六方金刚石,动态实验中六方金刚石相关信号可能包含层错、孪晶或立方/六方交错结构(见3.1 节)。
后金刚石相的卸载和回收同样取决于路径。SC1 和 BC8 在减压过程中可能经过亚稳中间结构,或转变为立方金刚石-六方金刚石混合结构。即使 BC8 在动态压缩中形成,其回收仍受卸载速率、温度历史和回转 p-T 路径控制。最直接的验证仍来自原位 XRD:探针既要覆盖 BC8 成核和长大的时间窗口,也要能够区分 BC8、SC1、液态散射及残余或亚稳金刚石的衍射信号。
BC8 的合成窗口不能简单地等同于平衡相图中的 BC8 稳定区,而应由初始结构、压力、温度、保持时间、中间态和卸载路径共同限定。如图3所示,采用定性的动力学能垒概括这一图景:冷斜波压缩可使金刚石保留在亚稳势阱中,直接固-固重构受到高势垒限制,而类液体中间态可能降低通向 BC8 的有效势垒。
总体而言,3个典型案例共同揭示了一个核心问题:动态压缩中的相变行为远非峰值压力与温度所能完全刻画的,加载路径起着决定性作用。石墨向立方/类六方金刚石结构转变的强取向依赖性、金刚石液相线判据对热学-光学-力学-结构多物理场的耦合要求,以及BC8相的“理论稳定而实验难寻”的悖论,均指向同一认知缺口,即现有相变框架尚未系统纳入p-T-path效应。突破这一瓶颈,亟需实验表征与数值模拟在时空尺度上的深度协同。机器学习势为第一性原理精度与大规模模拟架起了桥梁[54–56],增强采样方法(如Metadynamics)则为跨越高势垒的成核动力学提供了可检验的实验设计假设。未来应建立“实验-模拟”迭代闭环,即通过平衡相图与多相状态方程预估可达的p-T区域,借助机器学习势筛选动力学可行路径,经过脉冲整形设计加载实验,并以VISAR、SOP、反射率及时间分辨XRD/XFEL同步验证,再由实验结果反馈修正状态方程与势函数训练集。
与此同时,诊断技术正从单一信号向多物理量同步约束演进,其联合使用是区分相变、织构与缺陷信号的关键。然而,液态碳局域有序以及BC8、SC1等后金刚石相仍缺乏直接结构证据,在合理设计的斜波、双冲击或多冲击路径中获取这类证据是须优先突破的方向。进一步地,太帕压力区金刚石的亚稳保持机制、过冷液态碳作为中间态的成核路径以及SC1与BC8的竞争边界,仍有待高时间分辨原位诊断与更大尺度机器学习模拟的联合约束。该碳的动态p-T-path相变框架一旦建立,将为富碳行星内部的物态与热演化、ICF高密度碳烧蚀层的动态响应,以及新型超高压碳相的定向实验验证提供不可或缺的物性基础。

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2026年第40卷第9期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261127
  • 接收时间:2026-07-10
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2026-09-05
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  • 收稿日期:2026-07-10
  • 修回日期:2026-08-21
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    1中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心等离子体物理全国重点实验室, 四川 绵阳 621999
    2郑州大学物理学院, 河南 郑州 450001

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晏 骥(1983-),男,博士,研究员,主要从事高能量密度物理实验研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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