Article(id=1325123325747397323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325123175192855060, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20261109, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1780502400000, receivedDateStr=2026-06-04, revisedDate=1785340800000, revisedDateStr=2026-07-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793863620458, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1788537600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793863620458, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793863620458, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793863620458, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325123175192855060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='9', pageStart='090101-1', pageEnd='090114-12', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788537600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793863584564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793864402827, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325126607446356730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325123175192855060, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325126607450551035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325123175192855060, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=090102-1, endPage=090102-25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325123328733741772, articleId=1325123325747397323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Advances in Structural Properties and High-Pressure Synthesis of Diamond Nanothreads, columnId=1325123176816050710, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Carbon under High Pressure, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Diamond nanothreads are one-dimensional crystalline nanomaterials formed by the polymerization of organic molecules under high pressure. Their sp3-hybridized carbon framework endows them with exceptional mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. This paper systematically reviews the progress in structural prediction, synthesis strategies, and property studies of this material. Theoretical investigations have demonstrated that diamond nanothreads possess wide band gaps, high carrier mobility, and excellent mechanical performance, and that their electronic structure can be effectively tuned through heteroatom doping, defect introduction, and lattice strain. Regarding the synthesis, a variety of ordered crystalline nanothreads have been successfully prepared via high-pressure solid-state reactions using precursors such as benzene, fluorobenzene, pyridazine, s-triazine, and cubane. Through rational precursor molecular design, cocrystal engineering, and regulation of reaction conditions, functionalization and heteroatom doping synthesis have been realized. In recent years, the successful preparation of polymer single crystals with sizes up to hundreds of micrometers using 1-naphthoic acid as the precursor has enabled, for the first time, the direct measurement of anisotropic thermal conductivity. This paper also provides an outlook on future research directions concerning precise structural control, multifunctionalization, and reduced-pressure synthesis.

, authors=Yuan FANG, Yajie WANG, Haiyan ZHENG, Kuo LI, authorsList=Yuan FANG, Yajie WANG, Haiyan ZHENG, Kuo LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yajie WANG, Haiyan ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325123354184778478, articleId=1325123325747397323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=金刚石纳米线的结构性能和高压合成研究进展, columnId=1325123177629745688, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=高压下的碳材料, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

金刚石纳米线是一类由有机分子经高压聚合反应构筑的一维晶态纳米材料,其独特的sp3杂化碳骨架赋予了它优异的力学、热学及电学特性。系统综述了金刚石纳米线在结构预测、合成策略与性质研究方面的进展。理论研究表明,金刚石纳米线具有宽带隙、高载流子迁移率及优异的机械性能,且可通过杂原子掺杂、缺陷引入和晶格应变等手段,有效调控其电子结构。在合成方面,以苯、氟苯、均三嗪、立方烷等为前驱体,通过高压固相反应已成功制备多种有序晶态纳米线;借助前驱体分子设计、共晶工程与反应条件调控,实现了纳米线的功能化修饰和杂原子掺杂。近年来,以1-萘酸为前驱体,成功制备出百微米级金刚石纳米线聚合物单晶,首次实现了该材料各向异性热导率的直接测量。最后,总结了当前研究瓶颈,展望了金刚石纳米线在精确结构调控、多功能化及降低合成压力等方向的未来发展趋势。

, authors=方源, 汪雅洁, 郑海燕, 李阔, authorsList=方源, 汪雅洁, 郑海燕, 李阔, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=汪雅洁, 郑海燕, authorNote=

方 源(2003-),男,博士研究生,主要从事高压合成新型碳基能源材料以及电化学性质研究.E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
汪雅洁(1988-),女,博士,助理研究员,主要从事高压有机化学及其机理研究.E-mail:
郑海燕(1982-),女,博士,研究员,主要从事高压结合光照等手段实现新型碳基、氮基材料的合成研究. E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《高压物理学报》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=eXEuZX4ebCw5yt0Z+FYR8w==, magXml=YN0Xj5XuuClJv+kcHkevzQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Jz+ODcINr2k8TCgKBUJkVg==, pdfFileSize=17313675, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=tb+f5S2ls3L49FIRmXNcrA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=mfZUhvtIGSBs5DNw2+14/Q==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1325123358022566643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yuan.fang@hpstar.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325123358454579957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123358022566643, language=EN, stringName=Yuan FANG, firstName=Yuan, middleName=null, lastName=FANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325123358874010358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123358022566643, language=CN, stringName=方源, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193, bio={"content":"

方 源(2003-),男,博士研究生,主要从事高压合成新型碳基能源材料以及电化学性质研究.E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

方 源(2003-),男,博士研究生,主要从事高压合成新型碳基能源材料以及电化学性质研究.E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325123356713943791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123356768469744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123357217260273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193)])]), Author(id=1325123359322800888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yajie.wang@hpstar.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325123359658345210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123359322800888, language=EN, stringName=Yajie WANG, firstName=Yajie, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325123360081969915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123359322800888, language=CN, stringName=汪雅洁, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325123356713943791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123356768469744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123357217260273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193)])]), Author(id=1325123360585286397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhenghy@hpstar.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325123362669855487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123360585286397, language=EN, stringName=Haiyan ZHENG, firstName=Haiyan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325123363500327680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123360585286397, language=CN, stringName=郑海燕, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325123356713943791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123356768469744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123357217260273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193)])]), Author(id=1325123364267885314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325123365089968900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123364267885314, language=EN, stringName=Kuo LI, firstName=Kuo, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325123366851576581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123364267885314, language=CN, stringName=李阔, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325123356713943791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123356768469744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123357217260273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1325123368910979846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=diamond nanothreads), Keyword(id=1325123369758229255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=nanocarbon materials), Keyword(id=1325123371398202120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=high-pressure chemistry), Keyword(id=1325123371897324297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=pressure-induced polymerization), Keyword(id=1325123372245451530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=金刚石纳米线), Keyword(id=1325123372664881931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=纳米碳材料), Keyword(id=1325123373159809804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=高压化学), Keyword(id=1325123373566657293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=压力诱导聚合)], refs=[Reference(id=1325123408337437495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=STOJKOVIC D, ZHANG P H, CRESPI V H. Smallest nanotube: breaking the symmetry of sp3 bonds in tubular geometries [J]. Physical Review Letters, 2001, 87(12): 125502., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123408962388792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SILVEIRA J F R V, MUNIZ A R. First-principles calculation of the mechanical properties of diamond nanothreads [J]. Carbon, 2017, 113: 260–265., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123409235018553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAN H F, ZHANG G, TAN V B C, et al. From brittle to ductile: a structure dependent ductility of diamond nanothread [J]. Nanoscale, 2016, 8(21): 11177–11184., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123409969021754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FENG C, XU J, ZHANG Z S, et al. Morphology- and dehydrogenation-controlled mechanical properties in diamond nanothreads [J]. Carbon, 2017, 124: 9–22., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123411759989564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAO W X, ZHU C C, CUI W Z. Simulation of Young’s modulus of single-walled carbon nanotubes by molecular dynamics [J]. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 2004, 352(1/2/3/4): 156–163., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123412493992765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ROMAN R E, KWAN K, CRANFORD S W. Mechanical properties and defect sensitivity of diamond nanothreads [J]. Nano Letters, 2015, 15(3): 1585–1590., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123413852947262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG T, GAO Y W, CHEN B, et al. Prediction of a novel electromechanical response in polar polymers with rigid backbones: contrasting furan-derived nanothreads to poly (vinylidene fluoride) [J]. Nano Letters, 2024, 24(30): 9195–9201., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123414230434623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIAO J, CHEN M-M, LIU W J, et al. Perfect mechanical and robust electronic properties of new carbon nanothreads: a first principles study [J]. Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 2019, 111: 37–43., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123415992042304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU W K, TAI B, GUAN S, et al. Hybrid structures and strain-tunable electronic properties of carbon nanothreads [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2018, 122(5): 3101–3106., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123418441515841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAN H F, ZHANG G, ZHANG Y Y, et al. Thermal conductivity of a new carbon nanotube analog: the diamond nanothread [J]. Carbon, 2016, 98: 232–237., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123420630942530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XUE Y X, CHEN Y, LI Z, et al. Strain engineering for thermal conductivity of diamond nanothread forests [J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2019, 52(8): 085301., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123420991652675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SILVEIRA J F R V, MUNIZ A R. Functionalized diamond nanothreads from benzene derivatives [J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2017, 19(10): 7132–7137., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123421872456516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAN H F, SHANG J, LÜ C F, et al. Tensile properties of functionalized carbon nanothreads [J]. Nano Materials Science, 2022, 4(3): 220–226., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123422249943878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MÜLLER W A, HUGUE K, CARDOSO S L S, et al. Structure, properties, and dispersibility of OH-functionalized carbon nanothreads: implications for nanocomposite processing [J]. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2025, 8(39): 18954–18964., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123425949320007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU E S, LAMMERT P E, CRESPI V H. Systematic enumeration of sp3 nanothreads [J]. Nano Letters, 2015, 15(8): 5124–5130., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123426448442184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Y, YANG L M, JIANG X, et al. Diamond nanostructures at different dimensions: synthesis and applications [J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2024, 34(30): 2314558., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123427249554249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DEMINGOS P G, MUNIZ A R. Carbon nanothreads from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules [J]. Carbon, 2018, 140: 644–652., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123427656401739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SILVEIRA J F R V, MUNIZ A R. Flexible carbon nanothread-based membranes with strain-dependent gas transport properties [J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2019, 585: 184–190., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123429430592332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YIN B B, HUANG J S, JI W M, et al. Exploring frictional performance of diamond nanothread reinforced polymer composites from the atomistic simulation and density functional theory [J]. Carbon, 2022, 200: 10–20., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123429782913869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ROMI S, SANTORO M, FANETTI S, et al. Tailoring optical absorption properties of carbon nanothreads [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2024, 128(46): 19912–19920., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123430131041102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG P, ZHAN H F, GU Y T. Molecular dynamics simulation of chiral carbon nanothread bundles for nanofiber applications [J]. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2020, 3(10): 10218–10225., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123430277841743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEI X W, BANDO K, SHI J X. Vibration control of diamond nanothreads by lattice defect introduction for application in nanomechanical sensors [J]. Nanomaterials, 2021, 11(9): 2241., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123431099925328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO W Y, ZHANG J, SUN Z X, et al. Chemical synthesis driven by high pressure [J]. CCS Chemistry, 2025, 7: 1250–1271., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123431498384209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FITZGIBBONS T C, GUTHRIE M, XU E S, et al. Benzene-derived carbon nanothreads [J]. Nature Materials, 2015, 14(1): 43–47., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123431821345618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUSS S, WU S K, CHEN B, et al. Scalable synthesis of crystalline one-dimensional carbon nanothreads through modest-pressure polymerization of furan [J]. ACS Nano, 2021, 15(3): 4134–4143., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123432215610195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BISWAS A, WARD M D, WANG T, et al. Evidence for orientational order in nanothreads derived from thiophene [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2019, 10(22): 7164–7171., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123433910109014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI X, WANG T, DUAN P, et al. Carbon nitride nanothread crystals derived from pyridine [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140(15): 4969–4972., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123434325345111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO D X, TANG X Y, XU J Q, et al. Crystalline C3N3H3 tube (3,0) nanothreads [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022, 119(17): e2201165119., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123434736386904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NOBREGA M M, TEIXEIRA-NETO E, CAIRNS A B, et al. One-dimensional diamondoid polyaniline-like nanothreads from compressed crystal aniline [J]. Chemical Science, 2018, 9(1): 254–260., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123435583636313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG X, ZENG Q C, LIU Y Z, et al. Synthesis of single-crystalline carbon nanothreads from 1-naphthoic acid with high anisotropic thermal conductivity [J]. Chem, 2026, 12(5): 102836., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123436024038235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MURPHY M, MOHAMED A, BADDING J V, et al. Rational approaches toward the design and synthesis of carbon nanothreads [J]. Accounts of Chemical Research, 2025, 58(14): 2191–2202., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123437240386396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SANTORO M, FANETTI S, SCELTA D, et al. High-pressure laser-heating induced formation and equation of state of benzene-derived carbon nanothreads [J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2026, 164(16): 164503., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123438565786461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FANETTI S, ROMI S, CRICHTON W, et al. Quasi-isotropic high pressure, large volume synthesis of a polymeric composite incorporating diamond-like carbon nano-threads [J]. Diamond and Related Materials, 2023, 136: 109912., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123438939079518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEN X D, HOFFMANN R, ASHCROFT N W. Benzene under high pressure: a story of molecular crystals transforming to saturated networks, with a possible intermediate metallic phase [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2011, 133(23): 9023–9035., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123439060714335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BARUA S R, QUANZ H, OLBRICH M, et al. Polytwistane [J]. Chemistry-A European Journal, 2014, 20(6): 1638–1645., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123440201565024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN B, HOFFMANN R, ASHCROFT N W, et al. Linearly polymerized benzene arrays as intermediates, tracing pathways to carbon nanothreads [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 137(45): 14373–14386., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123440289645409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG X Y, DONG X, ZHANG C F, et al. Triggering dynamics of acetylene topochemical polymerization [J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2023, 8(5): 058402., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123441099146082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI F, XU J Q, WANG Y J, et al. Pressure-induced polymerization: addition and condensation reactions [J]. Molecules, 2021, 26(24): 7581., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123442722341732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CIABINI L, SANTORO M, GORELLI F A, et al. Triggering dynamics of the high-pressure benzene amorphization [J]. Nature Materials, 2007, 6(1): 39–43., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123442827199333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DEMINGOS P G, MUNIZ A R. Electronic and mechanical properties of partially saturated carbon and carbon nitride nanothreads [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2019, 123(6): 3886–3891., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123443213075302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG H T, ZHU L, WARD M D, et al. Nanoarchitecture through strained molecules: cubane-derived scaffolds and the smallest carbon nanothreads [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2020, 142(42): 17944–17955., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123444421034855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAN H F, ZHANG G, TAN V B C, et al. The best features of diamond nanothread for nanofibre applications [J]. Nature Communications, 2017, 8(1): 14863., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123445318615912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG X Q, CHOW C L, LAU D. Topology-controlled thermomechanical properties of diamond nanothread enhanced polymeric materials [J]. Applied Materials Today, 2023, 32: 101822., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123445633188714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Y, HE X Y, MA X Q, et al. Mechanical properties of helically twisted diamond nanothread fibers [J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2025, 304: 110726., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123447323493228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI C K, LI B N, GUI Y L, et al. Tailoring tensile properties of polymer nanocomposites with randomly dispersed multi-thread carbon nanothreads [J]. European Polymer Journal, 2026, 244: 114503., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123448174936941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAN H F, ZHOU Y, ZHANG G, et al. Carbon nanothreads enable remarkable enhancement in the thermal conductivity of polyethylene [J]. Nanoscale, 2021, 13(14): 6934–6943., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123448611144558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XUE J, XIE Y E, PENG Q, et al. Thermal transports of one-dimensional ultrathin carbon structures [J]. Nanotechnology, 2019, 30(47): 475401., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123449454199663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN M M, XIAO J, CAO C, et al. Theoretical prediction electronic properties of Group-Ⅳ diamond nanothreads [J]. AIP Advances, 2018, 8(7): 075107., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123450318226289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GRYN’OVA G, CORMINBOEUF C. Topology-driven single-molecule conductance of carbon nanothreads [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2019, 10(4): 825–830., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123451945616243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DEMINGOS P G, BALZARETTI N M, MUNIZ A R. First-principles study of carbon nanothreads derived from five-membered heterocyclic rings: thiophene, furan and pyrrole [J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2021, 23(3): 2055–2062., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123453266822005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MIAO Z Z, CAO C, ZHANG B, et al. First-principles study on the effects of doping and adsorption on the electronic and magnetic properties of diamond nanothreads [J]. Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 2020, 118: 113949., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123454038573942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FU Y Q, XU K, WU J Y, et al. The effects of morphology and temperature on the tensile characteristics of carbon nitride nanothreads [J]. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(23): 12462–12475., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123454437032823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FU Y Q, WU J Y, XIAO S B, et al. Tensile mechanical characteristics of ultra-thin carbon sulfur nanothreads in orientational order [J]. Carbon, 2021, 184: 146–155., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123455728878456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAN H F, ZHANG G, BELL J M, et al. High density mechanical energy storage with carbon nanothread bundle [J]. Nature Communications, 2020, 11(1): 1905., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123456265749369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI X, BALDINI M, WANG T, et al. Mechanochemical synthesis of carbon nanothread single crystals [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2017, 139(45): 16343–16349., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123456718734202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DUAN P, LI X, WANG T, et al. The chemical structure of carbon nanothreads analyzed by advanced solid-state NMR [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140(24): 7658–7666., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123457041695611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG T, DUAN P, XU E S, et al. Constraining carbon nanothread structures by experimental and calculated nuclear magnetic resonance spectra [J]. Nano Letters, 2018, 18(8): 4934–4942., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123457905722236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GERTHOFFER M C, XU B H, WU S K, et al. Mechanistic insights into the pressure-induced polymerization of aryl/perfluoroaryl co-crystals [J]. Polymer Chemistry, 2022, 13(10): 1359–1368., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123458304181117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG X, CHE G W, LI F, et al. Fused-ring carbon nanothread synthesized by pressure-induced polymerization of azulene [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2024, 128(38): 16011–16019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123458639725438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FANETTI S, SANTORO M, ALABARSE F, et al. Modulating the H-bond strength by varying the temperature for the high pressure synthesis of nitrogen rich carbon nanothreads [J]. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(8): 5233–5242., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123458782331775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG X, CHE G W, WANG Y J, et al. High-pressure polymerization of phenol toward degree-4 carbon nanothread [J]. Nano Letters, 2025, 25(3): 1028–1035., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123459231122304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG W S, STROBEL T A. Evidence for functionalized carbon nanothreads from π-stacked, para-disubstituted benzenes [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2020, 124(45): 25062–25070., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123461139530625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Y J, DONG X, TANG X Y, et al. Pressure-induced Diels-Alder reactions in C6H6-C6F6 cocrystal towards graphane structure [J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2019, 58(5): 1468–1473., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123461567349634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FRIEDRICH A, COLLINGS I E, DZIUBEK K F, et al. Pressure-induced polymerization of polycyclic arene-perfluoroarene cocrystals: single crystal X-ray diffraction studies, reaction kinetics, and design of columnar hydrofluorocarbons [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2020, 142(44): 18907–18923., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123461986780035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FEI Y F, WANG Y J, ZHANG J, et al. Fused-ring nanothread synthesized via high-pressure polymerization of naphthalene [J]. Chemistry–A European Journal, 2026: e71096., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123462133580676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHE G W, TANG X Y, LANG P Y, et al. Fluorine-directed structure-specific carbon nanothreads [J]. Chemistry-A European Journal, 2025, 31(39): e202501735., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123463366706053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[67], rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHE G W, TANG X Y, LIU J, et al. Pressure-driven solid-state radical polymerization toward carbon nanothread [J]. Nano Letters, 2025, 25(39): 14467–14472., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123465396749191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GERTHOFFER M C, WU S K, CHEN B, et al. ‘Sacrificial’ supramolecular assembly and pressure-induced polymerization: toward sequence-defined functionalized nanothreads [J]. Chemical Science, 2020, 11(42): 11419–11424., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123465803596680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHE G W, FEI Y F, TANG X Y, et al. Pressure-induced polymerization of 1,4-difluorobenzene towards fluorinated diamond nanothreads [J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2025, 27(2): 1112–1118., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123466294330249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WARD M D, TANG W S, ZHU L, et al. Controlled single-crystalline polymerization of C10H8·C10F8 under pressure [J]. Macromolecules, 2019, 52(20): 7557–7563., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123467028333450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=70, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN B, CRESPI V H, HOFFMANN R. Theoretical studies of furan and thiophene nanothreads: structures, cycloaddition barriers, and activation volumes [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2022, 144(20): 9044–9056., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123467892360075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[72], rfOrder=71, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MATSUURA B S, HUSS S, ZHENG Z X, et al. Perfect and defective 13C-furan-derived nanothreads from modest-pressure synthesis analyzed by 13C NMR [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2021, 143(25): 9529–9542., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123468295013260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=72, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DUNNING S G, CHEN B, ZHU L, et al. Synthesis and post-processing of chemically homogeneous nanothreads from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid [J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2023, 62(14): e202217023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123469985317773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=73, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG X, YANG X, WANG Y D, et al. From biomass to functional crystalline diamond nanothread: pressure-induced polymerization of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2022, 144(48): 21837–21842., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123470383776654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[75], rfOrder=74, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DUNNING S G, ZHU L, CHEN B, et al. Solid-state pathway control via reaction-directing heteroatoms: ordered pyridazine nanothreads through selective cycloaddition [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2022, 144(5): 2073–2078., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123470895481743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[76], rfOrder=75, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ROMI S, FANETTI S, ALABARSE F, et al. Towards custom built double core carbon nanothreads using stilbene and pseudo-stilbene type systems [J]. Nanoscale, 2022, 14(12): 4614–4625., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123472237659024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[77], rfOrder=76, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AGATI M, ROMI S, FANETTI S, et al. High-pressure structure and reactivity of crystalline bibenzyl: insights and prospects for the synthesis of functional double-core carbon nanothreads [J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2023, 159(24): 244507., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123472518677393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[78], rfOrder=77, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MILIANTE C M, DE MATOS J P D, MUNIZ A R. Structural, electronic and mechanical properties of double core carbon nanothreads [J]. Carbon, 2023, 215: 118387., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123474561303442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[79], rfOrder=78, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ROMI S, FANETTI S, ALABARSE F G, et al. High-pressure synthesis of 1D low-bandgap polymers embedded in diamond-like carbon nanothreads [J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2022, 34(5): 2422–2428., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123474703909779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[80], rfOrder=79, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ROMI S, FANETTI S, ALABARSE F, et al. Structure-reactivity relationship in the high-pressure formation of double-core carbon nanothreads from azobenzene crystal [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2021, 125(31): 17174–17182., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123475114951572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[81], rfOrder=80, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ROMI S, FANETTI S, ALABARSE F, et al. Synthesis of double core chromophore-functionalized nanothreads by compressing azobenzene in a diamond anvil cell [J]. Chemical Science, 2021, 12(20): 7048–7057., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123475236586389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[82], rfOrder=81, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AGATI M, ROMI S, FANETTI S, et al. Insights into topochemical versus stress-induced high-pressure reactivity of azobenzene by single crystal X-ray diffraction [J]. Chemical Science, 2025, 16(21): 9240–9254., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123475844760470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[83], rfOrder=82, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG P J, GAO D X, TANG X Y, et al. Ordered Van der Waals hetero-nanoribbon from pressure-induced topochemical polymerization of azobenzene [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2023, 145(12): 6845–6852., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123476276773783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[84], rfOrder=83, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DUNNING S G, HARI A, ZHU L, et al. Double-core nanothread formation from α-furil via a pressure-induced planarization pathway [J]. Chemical Science, 2025, 16(9): 4144–4151., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123476712981400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[85], rfOrder=84, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NI X, DEMINGOS P G, YAO X, et al. Theoretical design of carbon nanothreads as anode material with high capacity and conductivity for lithium-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 137: 118570., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123477107245977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[86], rfOrder=85, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=OBURN S M, HUSS S, COX J, et al. Photochemically mediated polymerization of molecular furan and pyridine: synthesis of nanothreads at reduced pressures [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2022, 144(48): 22026–22034., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123478877242266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[87], rfOrder=86, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YURTSEVEN H, ŞENOL M G. Temperature and pressure dependence of the linewidth for an internal mode in the solid phases of benzene [J]. Acta Physica Polonica A, 2013, 124(4): 698–701., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325123479619634075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[88], rfOrder=87, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MURPHY M, XU B H, RANK K E, et al. Cyclobutane-linked nanothreads through thermal and photochemically mediated polymerization of cyclohexadiene [J]. Polymer Chemistry, 2025, 16(25): 2943–2951., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325123356713943791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123356768469744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123357217260273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325123375277933328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Three predicted structure of diamond nanothreads (a) tube (3,0), (b) polymer Ⅰ and (c) polytwistane (The carbon atom sequence numbers of the middle benzene ring are marked in red, those of the upper benzene ring are marked in black, and those of the lower benzene ring are marked in blue.) [36], figureFileSmall=E2ae6GkFXwCAML6Oua1F/g==, figureFileBig=tb+f5S2ls3L49FIRmXNcrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123376020325137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图1, caption=金刚石纳米线的3种预测结构(a) tube (3,0)、(b) polymer Ⅰ和(c) polytwistane(以红色数字标记中间苯环碳原子序号,以黑色数字标记上方苯环碳原子序号,以蓝色数字标记下方苯环碳原子序号)[36], figureFileSmall=E2ae6GkFXwCAML6Oua1F/g==, figureFileBig=tb+f5S2ls3L49FIRmXNcrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123377777738515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Formation mechanism of one-dimensional sp3 C-H diamond nanothread[36]: (a) along the a and b directions, and (b) along the a-c direction, figureFileSmall=/VTCiCDVYpg1sCF5OrD2wg==, figureFileBig=6qnO/0fv+XL0uoFiw+3YiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123378658542356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图2, caption=一维sp3 C-H金刚石纳米线的2种形成机制[36]:(a) 沿a、b方向和(b) 沿a-c方向, figureFileSmall=/VTCiCDVYpg1sCF5OrD2wg==, figureFileBig=6qnO/0fv+XL0uoFiw+3YiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123380264960789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Stress-strain curves of (a) tube (3,0) and (b) polymer Ⅰ diamond nanothreads obtained through calculation[2], figureFileSmall=FfOvJUiBI4qk9SPPLRFKqg==, figureFileBig=exP+48bTIyWrm/eLRPtfsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123380688585494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图3, caption=理论计算所得(a) tube (3,0)和(b) polymer Ⅰ型金刚石纳米线的应力-应变曲线[2], figureFileSmall=FfOvJUiBI4qk9SPPLRFKqg==, figureFileBig=exP+48bTIyWrm/eLRPtfsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123381124793111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=(a) Structures derived from five-membered heterocyclic aromatic molecules such as furan, thiophene and pyrrole as precursors; (b) the calculated charge density map, (c) the possible band gap range and (d) the stress-strain curves[50], figureFileSmall=NE8j06cN4cYbA5uqGaIQUQ==, figureFileBig=KaVnuzIBUeBIHkvKsB736g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123381904933656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图4, caption=(a) 以呋喃、噻吩和吡咯等五元杂环芳香分子为前驱体衍生的金刚石纳米线结构,(b) 计算得到的吡咯、呋喃和噻吩的电荷密度图、(c) 可能的带隙范围和(d) 应力-应变曲线[50], figureFileSmall=NE8j06cN4cYbA5uqGaIQUQ==, figureFileBig=KaVnuzIBUeBIHkvKsB736g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123382768960281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=(a) Transmission electron microscopy images show stripes with a spacing of 6.4 Å extending for tens of nanometers[24]; (b) PDF curves obtained from both synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction experiments[24]; (c) structural models of benzene nanothreads observed along the c-axis and b-axis directions[55]; (d) X-ray diffraction patterns of the benzene nanothreads crystal along the c-axis direction and (e) along the b-axis direction, which are consistent with the predictions[55], figureFileSmall=W6jQ/XPXLWdr8kBmw/5JhA==, figureFileBig=36/w+EnDHQhEJJ+sMsmMig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123383188390682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图5, caption=(a) 沿六方晶系c轴排列的单晶纳米线的透射电子显微镜图像显示间距为6.4 Å的条纹延伸达数十纳米[24],(b) 通过同步辐射X射线与中子衍射2种实验测得的PDF曲线[24],(c) 苯纳米线沿c轴和b轴方向观测的结构模型[55],(d) 沿c轴方向和(e) 沿b轴方向苯纳米线晶体的X射线衍射图像与预测一致[55], figureFileSmall=W6jQ/XPXLWdr8kBmw/5JhA==, figureFileBig=36/w+EnDHQhEJJ+sMsmMig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123384832557851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=(a) Structural analysis of 13C-enriched chemical structures by ssNMR[56]; (b) fit of the NMR experimental data by multi-linear regression[57], figureFileSmall=zVAWfBHmYi2hUzjlvgktFg==, figureFileBig=fJYxGYL5xf7r8CakdPcAmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123385314902812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图6, caption=(a)利用固态核磁共振对13C富集的金刚石纳米线化学结构进行解析[56],(b) 固体核磁结果与多元线性计算拟合分析[57], figureFileSmall=zVAWfBHmYi2hUzjlvgktFg==, figureFileBig=fJYxGYL5xf7r8CakdPcAmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123385734333213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Crystal packing structures of (a) 1,4-dinitrobenzene (DNB), (b) 1,4-diethynylbenzene (DEB), (c) 1,4-dicyanobenzene (DCB), (d) DCB-DEB cocrystal, (e) DNB-DEB cocrystal and naphthalene-perfluoronaphthalene cocrystal (C10H8-C10F8), and (f) the correlation of π-stack parameters[62], figureFileSmall=ZsGZStYzJuJOcl3O5Sq0yg==, figureFileBig=g4bmk2/PO60A+hohvY5eqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123386120209182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图7, caption=一系列二取代苯分子((a) 二乙炔基苯DEB、(b) 二硝基苯DNB、(c) 二氰基苯DCB、(d) 二氰基苯-二乙炔基苯共晶DCB-DEB、(e) 二硝基苯-二乙炔基苯共晶DNB-DEB、萘-全氟萘共晶C10H8-C10F8)的晶体堆积结构,(f) 其平行π堆积参数的分布关系[62], figureFileSmall=ZsGZStYzJuJOcl3O5Sq0yg==, figureFileBig=g4bmk2/PO60A+hohvY5eqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123386921321247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=(a) Reaction pathway of 1,2,3-trifluorobenzene to zipper polymer[66]; (b) reaction pathway of 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene to polymer Ⅰ[67]; (c) co-crystal of phenol and pentafluorophenol undergoes polymerization at 12 GPa[68], figureFileSmall=fIqhyBA4eb0lAFIle8GGww==, figureFileBig=B6QrGQK0Gk69giMfUkNHig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123387349140256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图8, caption=(a) 1,2,3-三氟苯合成zipper polymer的反应路径[66],(b) 1,3,5-三氟苯合成polymer Ⅰ的反应路径[67],(c) 苯酚和五氟苯酚组成的共晶在12 GPa下发生聚合反应[68], figureFileSmall=fIqhyBA4eb0lAFIle8GGww==, figureFileBig=B6QrGQK0Gk69giMfUkNHig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123389505012513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Schematic diagram of the reaction paths of (a) naphthalene/octafluoronaphthalene (NOFN) and (b) anthracene/octafluoronaphthalene (AOFN) along the stacking direction[65], figureFileSmall=HTWJz+BQxevEsqBvdwkhGQ==, figureFileBig=zw4CGB4RFegSqoCCDnQ6yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123390004134690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图9, caption=(a) 萘/八氟萘(NOFN)和(b) 蒽/八氟萘(AOFN)沿堆叠方向的反应路径示意图[65], figureFileSmall=HTWJz+BQxevEsqBvdwkhGQ==, figureFileBig=zw4CGB4RFegSqoCCDnQ6yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123390796858147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=(a) Geometric parameters of π…π stacking in 1-naphthoic acid (1-NA); (b) optical microscopic images of 1-NA single crystals before and after annealing; (c) quantitative 13C ssNMR spectrum of 1-NA nanothreads, along with fitting results, and (d) schematic illustration of the determined local structure[30], figureFileSmall=kRsaEpyqJ6FTvlmX3sPaHA==, figureFileBig=LVKs31KAxk9m4ql8Y5QU3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123391539249956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图10, caption=(a) 1-萘甲酸(1-NA)中π…π堆叠的几何参数,(b) 退火前后1-NA单晶的光学显微图像,(c) 1-NA纳米线的定量13C固态核磁共振谱图及拟合结果和(d) 确定的局域结构示意图[30], figureFileSmall=kRsaEpyqJ6FTvlmX3sPaHA==, figureFileBig=LVKs31KAxk9m4ql8Y5QU3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123391950291749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=(a) Crystal structure of FDCA at 10.8 GPa and (b) the cis-FDCA diamond nanothreads[74], figureFileSmall=lW5ezdtyJvc8wrx6ZBgiMg==, figureFileBig=M5Vbtq7xb2AH3bDGgjAwGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123393640596262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图11, caption=(a) 10.8 GPa时FDCA的晶体结构,(b) 顺式FDCA金刚石纳米线的晶体结构[74], figureFileSmall=lW5ezdtyJvc8wrx6ZBgiMg==, figureFileBig=M5Vbtq7xb2AH3bDGgjAwGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123394034860839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=(a) Schematic illustration of inert atom-enhanced selectivity in the reaction of s-triazine under high pressure[28]; (b) two-dimensional XRD diffraction pattern of the crystalline carbon-nitrogen nanothread product[28]; (c) high-resolution transmission electron microscopy image and (d) selected area electron diffraction pattern[28]; (e) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis results of products obtained at different pressures[28]; (f) theoretical simulation of the addition reaction pathway of s-triazine: schematic diagram of frontier orbital analysis[28], figureFileSmall=ojpeZ0r5GxaSnAu/JoueDQ==, figureFileBig=MFbzSKeSMkTl7O8jzVCt5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123394563343144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图12, caption=(a)惰性原子提升均三嗪在高压下反应选择性的示意图[28],(b) 晶态碳氮纳米线产物的二维XRD衍射花样[28],(c) 高分辨透射电子显微图像[28]和(d) 选区电子衍射图像[28],(e) 不同压力所得产物的气相质谱(GC-MS)检测结果[28],(f) 均三嗪加成反应路径的理论模拟:前线轨道分析示意图[28], figureFileSmall=ojpeZ0r5GxaSnAu/JoueDQ==, figureFileBig=MFbzSKeSMkTl7O8jzVCt5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123395339289385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=(a) Reaction pathway of cubane[41]; (b) high-resolution imaging of the cubane-derived nanothreads[41];(c) carbon K-edge electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis of polycubane crystals[41]; (d) molecular dynamics simulation under uniaxial stress of 30 GPa[41], figureFileSmall=Y8g67fnZu0AbLYS2RncoFQ==, figureFileBig=7wLwEajmMb+rLXfRvNkhiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123395733553962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图13, caption=(a) 立方烷在高压下反应示意图[41],(b) 高分辨透射电镜TEM形貌[41],(c) 碳K边电子能量损失谱(EELS)表征分析[41],(d) 在30 GPa单轴压力作用下的分子动力学模拟结果[41], figureFileSmall=Y8g67fnZu0AbLYS2RncoFQ==, figureFileBig=7wLwEajmMb+rLXfRvNkhiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123395855188779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=(a) In situ X-ray computed tomography images of 1-NA diamond nanothreads crystals on the b-c plane at 1.6 and 5.5 GPa[30]; (b) the TDTR data of 1-NA diamond nanothreads crystals along the c-axis at room temperature (The inset in the upper right corner shows the single crystal sample being measured)[30]; (c) thermal conductivity Λa along the a-axis and (d) Λb along the b-axis of 1-NA diamond nanothreads crystals in the offset direction[30], figureFileSmall=eeJiMLF+OBGe68eh1YwBnw==, figureFileBig=PtDqozrBpDA8yQ/G6dEoqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123396614357804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图14, caption=(a) 在1.6和5.5 GPa下1-NA金刚石纳米线晶体在b-c平面上的原位X射线断层扫描图像[30],(b) 室温下1-NA金刚石纳米线晶体在c轴方向上的时域热反射谱(右上角插图显示了正在测量的单晶样品)[30],1-NA金刚石纳米线晶体在偏移方向(c) 沿a轴的热导率Λa和(d) 沿b轴的热导率Λb[30], figureFileSmall=eeJiMLF+OBGe68eh1YwBnw==, figureFileBig=PtDqozrBpDA8yQ/G6dEoqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123398287885101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Electrochemical performance tests of poly-FDCA: (a) cyclic voltammogram, scan rate of 0.5 mV/s; (b) voltage-capacity curves during discharge/charge process; (c) electrochemical cycling performance, current density of 0.1 A/g; (d) rate performance under different current density test conditions[74], figureFileSmall=3O/god8O54R0BlSx7JnK6w==, figureFileBig=9KipmFf2UTcRybPcUSXIHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123399940440878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=图15, caption=聚FDCA的电化学性能测试:(a) 循环伏安图,扫描速率为0.5 mV/s,(b) 放电/充电过程中的电压-比容量曲线,(c) 电化学循环性能,电流密度为0.1 A/g,(d) 在不同电流密度测试条件下的倍率性能[74], figureFileSmall=3O/god8O54R0BlSx7JnK6w==, figureFileBig=9KipmFf2UTcRybPcUSXIHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123400414397231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Comparison of predicted structural-mechanical property relationships for diamond nanothreads, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Structure typeEnergy per (CH)6/eVYoung’s modulus/ TPaCross-sectional area/Å2Stiffness/nNStrength/nN
Tube (3,0)0.73[15]1.78[1]/1.16[15]15.8[41]168[2]/174[12]15.7[2]/15.8[12]
Tube (3,0) with 2 SW defects0.85[6]167[6]26.4[6]
Polymer Ⅰ0.82[15]0.98[15]13.8[41]130[2]12.6[2]
Polytwistane0.57[15]1.11[15]14.0[41]
Zipper polymer1.04[15]1.08[15]13.9[41]
Syn (partially saturated, DS=4)82.2[40]
Anti (partially saturated, DS=4)60.9[40]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): CH3161[12]14.5[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): NH2163[12]14.8[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): OH170[12]15.4[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): F164[12]14.4[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): pyr179[12]14.9[12]
), ArticleFig(id=1325123400821244720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

金刚石纳米线的预测结构-力学性能关系对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Structure typeEnergy per (CH)6/eVYoung’s modulus/ TPaCross-sectional area/Å2Stiffness/nNStrength/nN
Tube (3,0)0.73[15]1.78[1]/1.16[15]15.8[41]168[2]/174[12]15.7[2]/15.8[12]
Tube (3,0) with 2 SW defects0.85[6]167[6]26.4[6]
Polymer Ⅰ0.82[15]0.98[15]13.8[41]130[2]12.6[2]
Polytwistane0.57[15]1.11[15]14.0[41]
Zipper polymer1.04[15]1.08[15]13.9[41]
Syn (partially saturated, DS=4)82.2[40]
Anti (partially saturated, DS=4)60.9[40]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): CH3161[12]14.5[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): NH2163[12]14.8[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): OH170[12]15.4[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): F164[12]14.4[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): pyr179[12]14.9[12]
), ArticleFig(id=1325123402540909362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison of predicted structural-electrical property relationships for diamond nanothreads, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Structure typeBand gap/eV
Tube (3,0)3.89[15]/3.92[9]/3.76[12]
Tube (3,0) with 1–3 SW defects4.07–4.53[9]
Polymer Ⅰ4.79[15]/4.82[9]
Polytwistane3.52[15]
Zipper polymer4.11[15]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): CH33.95[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): NH23.60[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): OH4.06[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): F3.49[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): pyr2.50[12]
Syn (partially saturated, DS =4)1.84[40]
Anti (partially saturated, DS =4)3.94[40]
), ArticleFig(id=1325123404549980979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

金刚石纳米线的预测结构-电学性能关系对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Structure typeBand gap/eV
Tube (3,0)3.89[15]/3.92[9]/3.76[12]
Tube (3,0) with 1–3 SW defects4.07–4.53[9]
Polymer Ⅰ4.79[15]/4.82[9]
Polytwistane3.52[15]
Zipper polymer4.11[15]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): CH33.95[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): NH23.60[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): OH4.06[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): F3.49[12]
Tube (3,0) with (1,4): pyr2.50[12]
Syn (partially saturated, DS =4)1.84[40]
Anti (partially saturated, DS =4)3.94[40]
), ArticleFig(id=1325123405095240500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison of synthesis conditions, product structures, and proposed synthetic mechanisms for diamond nanothreads synthesized from different precursor systems, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrecursorPressure/GPaTemperature/KReaction pathwayObtained structure type
Benzene[24]20RT[4+2]+zipper polymerizationDS-4/6 mixture
Aniline[29]33550[4+2]NH2- DNT
Phenol[61]>20RT[4+2]+hydrogen transferDS-4 DNT
1,2,3-trifluorobenzene[66]20.1RT[4+2]+zipper polymerizationZipper polymer
1,3,5-trifluorobenzene[67]30RTFree radical 1,2 additionPolymer Ⅰ
Phenol/pentafluorophenol cocrystal[68]12RT[4+2]DNT
1-naphthoic acid [30]20573Regional selective [4+2]Unsaturated hexagonal DNT
Furan[25]10-15RT[4+2]Furan-derived DNT
2,5-furandicarboxylic acid[74]11RT[4+2]Syn-furan DNT
Thiophene[26]35RT[4+2]Thiophene-derived DNT
s-triazine[28]10.2573Peri-cage additionC/N tube (3,0)
Pyridine[27]23RTTube (3,0), DS-4/6 mixture
Cubane[41]25523Free radical polymerizationNearly 100% sp3-DNT
), ArticleFig(id=1325123407037203253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同前驱体体系合成金刚石纳米线的合成条件、产物结构和潜在反应机理的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrecursorPressure/GPaTemperature/KReaction pathwayObtained structure type
Benzene[24]20RT[4+2]+zipper polymerizationDS-4/6 mixture
Aniline[29]33550[4+2]NH2- DNT
Phenol[61]>20RT[4+2]+hydrogen transferDS-4 DNT
1,2,3-trifluorobenzene[66]20.1RT[4+2]+zipper polymerizationZipper polymer
1,3,5-trifluorobenzene[67]30RTFree radical 1,2 additionPolymer Ⅰ
Phenol/pentafluorophenol cocrystal[68]12RT[4+2]DNT
1-naphthoic acid [30]20573Regional selective [4+2]Unsaturated hexagonal DNT
Furan[25]10-15RT[4+2]Furan-derived DNT
2,5-furandicarboxylic acid[74]11RT[4+2]Syn-furan DNT
Thiophene[26]35RT[4+2]Thiophene-derived DNT
s-triazine[28]10.2573Peri-cage additionC/N tube (3,0)
Pyridine[27]23RTTube (3,0), DS-4/6 mixture
Cubane[41]25523Free radical polymerizationNearly 100% sp3-DNT
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1255846718311514113, delFlag=0, nameCn=高压物理学报, nameEn=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1000-5773, eissn=null, cn=51-1147/O4, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=KWePOcsfwWv2cMGG6VIsRw==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1777346790154, updatedTime=1788952099200, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=G, firstLetterEn=G, subjectCode=Science, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Science, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=KWePOcsfwWv2cMGG6VIsRw==, picEn=yfL33fksqTlch2QW39glNg==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1304522912573182860, language=CN, name=高压物理学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788952099221, updatedTime=1788952099221, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://gywlxbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionEditorUrl=https://gywlxbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionReviewUrl=https://gywlxbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1304522912619320205, language=EN, name=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788952099232, updatedTime=1788952099232, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://gywlxbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionEditorUrl=https://gywlxbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionReviewUrl=https://gywlxbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1255847867265597444, websiteList=[Website(id=1255847989789208939, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1255847867265597444, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1777347093294, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1777347319285, updateBy=18614031015, name=高压物理学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=高压物理学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1255849119986364878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1777347362753, updateTime=1777347362753, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849119952810443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1777347362745, updateTime=1777347362745, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849120045085137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1777347362767, updateTime=1777347362767, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849119944421834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=5J9nsSD+WX0mc+nIBFk2Hg==, createTime=1777347362743, updateTime=1777347362743, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849120368046547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1777347362844, updateTime=1777347362844, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849119973781965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1777347362750, updateTime=1777347362750, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849120347075026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1777347362839, updateTime=1777347362839, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849119965393356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1777347362748, updateTime=1777347362748, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849120007336399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1777347362758, updateTime=1777347362758, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849120019919312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1777347362761, updateTime=1777347362761, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1255847989940203908, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1255847867265597444, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1777347093329, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1777347316256, updateBy=18614031015, name=高压物理学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1255849089909010882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1777347355582, updateTime=1777347355582, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089871262143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1777347355573, updateTime=1777347355573, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089934176709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1777347355588, updateTime=1777347355588, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089858679230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=5J9nsSD+WX0mc+nIBFk2Hg==, createTime=1777347355570, updateTime=1777347355570, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089950953927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1777347355592, updateTime=1777347355592, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089888039361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1777347355577, updateTime=1777347355577, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089942565318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1777347355590, updateTime=1777347355590, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089879650752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1777347355575, updateTime=1777347355575, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089917399491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1777347355584, updateTime=1777347355584, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089925788100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1777347355586, updateTime=1777347355586, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=高压物理学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.gywlxb.cn, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, journalPhotoCn=KWePOcsfwWv2cMGG6VIsRw==, journalPhotoEn=yfL33fksqTlch2QW39glNg==, journalFirstLetter=G, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/CN/10.11858/gywlxb.20261109, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/EN/10.11858/gywlxb.20261109, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/CN/PDF/10.11858/gywlxb.20261109, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/EN/PDF/10.11858/gywlxb.20261109, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1788537600000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
金刚石纳米线的结构性能和高压合成研究进展
收藏切换
PDF下载
方源 , 汪雅洁 , 郑海燕 , 李阔
高压物理学报 | 高压下的碳材料 2026,40(9): 090102-1-090102-25
收起
收藏切换
高压物理学报 |高压下的碳材料 2026 , 40 (9) : 090102-1 -090102-25
金刚石纳米线的结构性能和高压合成研究进展
全屏
[Author(id=1325123358022566643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yuan.fang@hpstar.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325123358454579957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123358022566643, language=EN, stringName=Yuan FANG, firstName=Yuan, middleName=null, lastName=FANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325123358874010358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123358022566643, language=CN, stringName=方源, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193, bio={"content":"

方 源(2003-),男,博士研究生,主要从事高压合成新型碳基能源材料以及电化学性质研究.E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

方 源(2003-),男,博士研究生,主要从事高压合成新型碳基能源材料以及电化学性质研究.E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325123356713943791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123356768469744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123357217260273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193)])]), Author(id=1325123359322800888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yajie.wang@hpstar.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325123359658345210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123359322800888, language=EN, stringName=Yajie WANG, firstName=Yajie, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325123360081969915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123359322800888, language=CN, stringName=汪雅洁, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325123356713943791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123356768469744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123357217260273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193)])]), Author(id=1325123360585286397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhenghy@hpstar.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325123362669855487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123360585286397, language=EN, stringName=Haiyan ZHENG, firstName=Haiyan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325123363500327680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123360585286397, language=CN, stringName=郑海燕, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325123356713943791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123356768469744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123357217260273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193)])]), Author(id=1325123364267885314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325123365089968900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123364267885314, language=EN, stringName=Kuo LI, firstName=Kuo, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325123366851576581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, authorId=1325123364267885314, language=CN, stringName=李阔, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325123356713943791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123356768469744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123357217260273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123325747397323, companyId=1325123356713943791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193)])])]
方源 , 汪雅洁 , 郑海燕 , 李阔
作者信息
  • 北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193
通讯作者:
汪雅洁(1988-),女,博士,助理研究员,主要从事高压有机化学及其机理研究.E-mail:
郑海燕(1982-),女,博士,研究员,主要从事高压结合光照等手段实现新型碳基、氮基材料的合成研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

方 源(2003-),男,博士研究生,主要从事高压合成新型碳基能源材料以及电化学性质研究.E-mail:

Advances in Structural Properties and High-Pressure Synthesis of Diamond Nanothreads
Yuan FANG , Yajie WANG , Haiyan ZHENG , Kuo LI
Affiliations
  • Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261109
文章导航
收藏切换

金刚石纳米线是一类由有机分子经高压聚合反应构筑的一维晶态纳米材料,其独特的sp3杂化碳骨架赋予了它优异的力学、热学及电学特性。系统综述了金刚石纳米线在结构预测、合成策略与性质研究方面的进展。理论研究表明,金刚石纳米线具有宽带隙、高载流子迁移率及优异的机械性能,且可通过杂原子掺杂、缺陷引入和晶格应变等手段,有效调控其电子结构。在合成方面,以苯、氟苯、均三嗪、立方烷等为前驱体,通过高压固相反应已成功制备多种有序晶态纳米线;借助前驱体分子设计、共晶工程与反应条件调控,实现了纳米线的功能化修饰和杂原子掺杂。近年来,以1-萘酸为前驱体,成功制备出百微米级金刚石纳米线聚合物单晶,首次实现了该材料各向异性热导率的直接测量。最后,总结了当前研究瓶颈,展望了金刚石纳米线在精确结构调控、多功能化及降低合成压力等方向的未来发展趋势。

金刚石纳米线  /  纳米碳材料  /  高压化学  /  压力诱导聚合

Diamond nanothreads are one-dimensional crystalline nanomaterials formed by the polymerization of organic molecules under high pressure. Their sp3-hybridized carbon framework endows them with exceptional mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. This paper systematically reviews the progress in structural prediction, synthesis strategies, and property studies of this material. Theoretical investigations have demonstrated that diamond nanothreads possess wide band gaps, high carrier mobility, and excellent mechanical performance, and that their electronic structure can be effectively tuned through heteroatom doping, defect introduction, and lattice strain. Regarding the synthesis, a variety of ordered crystalline nanothreads have been successfully prepared via high-pressure solid-state reactions using precursors such as benzene, fluorobenzene, pyridazine, s-triazine, and cubane. Through rational precursor molecular design, cocrystal engineering, and regulation of reaction conditions, functionalization and heteroatom doping synthesis have been realized. In recent years, the successful preparation of polymer single crystals with sizes up to hundreds of micrometers using 1-naphthoic acid as the precursor has enabled, for the first time, the direct measurement of anisotropic thermal conductivity. This paper also provides an outlook on future research directions concerning precise structural control, multifunctionalization, and reduced-pressure synthesis.

diamond nanothreads  /  nanocarbon materials  /  high-pressure chemistry  /  pressure-induced polymerization
方源, 汪雅洁, 郑海燕, 李阔. 金刚石纳米线的结构性能和高压合成研究进展. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (9) : 090102-1 -090102-25 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261109
Yuan FANG, Yajie WANG, Haiyan ZHENG, Kuo LI. Advances in Structural Properties and High-Pressure Synthesis of Diamond Nanothreads[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (9) : 090102-1 -090102-25 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261109
金刚石纳米线(diamond nanothread,DNT)是一类以sp3碳共价键为骨架的新型一维纳米碳材料。2001年,Stojkovic等[1]首次提出并进行理论设计,通过用sp3杂化碳原子取代碳纳米管中的sp2杂化碳原子,获得了直径约0.4 nm、由纯六元环构成的一维金刚石纳米线,其结构稳定且键角畸变很小,兼具金刚石的本征特性与一维纳米碳结构的独特优势。从结构上看,高度定向的sp3碳共价键骨架使DNT在轴向方向表现出超高硬度、拉伸强度和抗形变能力,是极具潜力的超强轻质结构基元[2–6];同时,其一维限域结构所特有的尺寸效应、表面效应与各向异性传输特性[7–8],带来了可调控的能带特征[9]和定向热输运性质[10–11]。相较于体相金刚石,DNT具有更高的比表面积、更易调控的表面官能化特性[12–14];与碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维等一维材料相比,又具备更宽的带隙[15]以及更稳定的物化性能[16]。凭借这种双重优势,DNT有望突破传统碳纳米材料在极端条件下的加工和应用瓶颈,在高强度新型材料、机械储能、定向导热、纳米电子器件等诸多前沿领域展现出广阔前景[17–22]。
近20年来,高压合成技术的高速发展为新型功能材料的设计与制备开辟了前所未有的空间,大量在常压条件下难以获得的新物相、新结构甚至新物质相继被发现并成功制备[23]。2014年,Fitzgibbons等[24]利用高压固相反应法,以苯为原料,通过控制缓慢的升降压条件,首次制备出一维有序sp3杂化碳金刚石纳米线。该开创性工作引发了后续一系列关于金刚石纳米线的深入研究和探索。科学家们进一步拓展了前驱体范围,探索了呋喃[25]、噻吩[26]、吡啶[27]、均三嗪[28]、苯胺[29]、1-萘甲酸[30]等其他芳香族和稠环分子的高压聚合反应,成功合成出众多性能独特的金刚石纳米线衍生物,进一步丰富了一维sp3碳材料的种类和结构。在合成方法方面,温度压力条件、传压介质、升降压速率和保温保压时间等都是调控金刚石纳米线的结晶度和有序性的重要影响因素[31–33]。本文将系统梳理该领域的理论进展、合成策略与性质研究,重点分析结构-性能关系、前驱体设计与反应路径控制等关键科学问题,并展望未来发展方向。
关于金刚石纳米线的精确结构,科学家们理论预测了多种模型[1, 15, 34–35]。在金刚石纳米线被成功合成之前,已经至少有3个团队从不同的研究角度出发,独立预测出3类一维sp3杂化的C-H纳米线典型结构,分别为tube (3,0)、polymer Ⅰ和polytwistane。3类结构均可被看作苯环线性堆叠聚合形成的产物,但苯环之间的化学键合方式存在显著差异(图1[36])。tube (3,0)型金刚石纳米线可看作sp3杂化碳原子取代(3,0)型碳纳米管中的sp2杂化碳原子[1]。在该结构中,苯环单元的2、4、6位碳原子(以红色数字标记中间苯环碳原子序号)分别与上方苯环的2、4、6位碳原子(以黑色数字标记上方苯环碳原子序号)成键,而苯环单元的1、3、5位碳原子分别与下方苯环的1、3、5位碳原子(以蓝色数字标记下方苯环碳原子序号)成键。Wen等[34]通过理论计算发现苯的Ⅴ相在约80 GPa时会自发坍缩为一维聚合物,该聚合物称为polymer Ⅰ金刚石纳米线。其键合方式与tube (3,0)型存在明显区别:苯环单元的2、4、6位碳原子分别与上方苯环的1、5、6位碳原子成键,而苯环单元的1、3、5位碳原子分别与下方苯环的2、3、4位碳原子成键。polytwistane结构则以扭烷单元为基本单元,通过乙烷桥逐级线性延伸构建而成[35]。在该结构中,苯环单元的1、2、4位碳原子分别与上方苯环的6、3、5位碳原子成键,而苯环单元的3、5、6位碳原子分别与下方苯环的2、4、1位碳原子成键。为了系统回答“到底存在多少种可能的原子构型”这一基础问题,Xu等[15]将金刚石纳米线的原子结构看成一个拓扑晶胞,基于拓扑学原理与密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT),对苯基sp3碳纳米线开展了系统性枚举、结构优化与性质计算,最终列出了至少50种拓扑上不同的纳米线结构。通过分子力场和DFT进行结构精准优化及能量筛选,在15种能量最稳定的结构中tube (3,0)、polymer Ⅰ、polytwistane和zipper polymer最受学界关注。
在高压下,压力诱导聚合反应通常遵循拓扑约束规则和临界反应距离规律[37–39]。通过对高压下苯发生反应时的临界状态结构研究发现,晶格声子通过动态调控分子间最近邻距离,在高压诱导反应中起到关键触发作用,分子间临界C…C距离约2.8 Å是反应发生的决定性条件[38]。Chen等[36]以苯在临界反应压力下的晶体结构为前驱模型,系统构建了饱和度不同的聚合物中间态和全饱和纳米线结构,追溯了从苯分子到金刚石纳米线的可能反应路径。20 GPa下,相邻的苯分子沿a、b轴存在着2个几乎相同的最短C…C距离,2.92和2.94 Å,从而可诱导2条不同的聚合路径:苯分子沿b轴堆叠的2.92 Å等距双位点,有利于对称性允许的Diels-Alder [4+2]环加成反应发生,从而生成“4+2 聚合物”(饱和度为4);同时苯分子沿a-c方向呈非平行堆积,其对位碳原子之间的距离为2.94 Å,因此有可能发生对位聚合形成C―C共价键,最终得到1, 4-环己二烯型“对位聚合物”(饱和度为2)。上述2类聚合物经进一步聚合反应,可获得饱和程度更高的产物。对于4+2聚合物,剩余的双键可发生拉链式聚合。根据不同的连接方式,可以形成线内结构不同的金刚石纳米线(饱和度为6)。当“4+2 聚合物”相邻环通过C1―C1′和C2―C2′方式成键时,则得到zipper polymer结构;以C1―C2′和C2―C1′交叉成键,则形成polytwistane结构(图2(a))。“对位聚合物”的剩余双键进行拉链聚合时,若采取C1―C1′、C2′―C2、C4′―C4和C5―C5′的顺序交替成键,可形成tube (3,0)结构,而采用C1―C2′/C1′―C2及C5―C4′/C5′―C4的交叉连接方式,则可形成polymer Ⅰ结构(图2(b))。后续一系列高压合成实验证实,这4种构型与实验结果的匹配程度最高,第2节详细讨论相关的反应机理和产物结构。
自金刚石纳米线的设计概念提出以来,其力学性能与机械行为便成为了研究关注的核心。各类理论预测方法所得性能数值虽存在一定的偏差,但均能证实金刚石纳米线拥有卓越的力学强度[2, 6, 15]。表1汇总了不同构型的金刚石纳米线的关键力学参数。Xu等[15]的理论研究表明,在各类碳纳米线构型中,tube (3,0)结构展现出最高的杨氏模量,数值可达1.16 TPa。采用DFT对多种金刚石纳米线构型进行计算,结果同样表明tube (3,0)具备优异力学特性,其理想强度和刚度分别可达15.7和168 nN,而polymer Ⅰ结构对应的数值则为12.6和130 nN[2](图3)。金刚石纳米线的饱和度会显著影响力学性能,相较于完全饱和的金刚石纳米线,部分饱和的纳米线的强度和刚度相对降低了20%~28%[40]。
斯通-威尔士(Stone-Wales,SW)转变缺陷是碳基纳米材料中典型的拓扑晶体缺陷,由碳碳键发生90°旋转重构形成,是调控金刚石纳米线力学性能的关键结构因素。Roman等[6]基于分子动力学模拟方法,构建了长度约为8 nm、含1~4个SW缺陷的纳米线模型,采用ReaxFF反应力场进行拉伸与弯曲力学模拟。结果表明,含2个SW缺陷的纳米线,其杨氏模量约为850 GPa,极限强度、极限应变和弯曲刚度分别可达134.3 GPa、14.9%和5.35×10−28 N·m2,比强度高达4.13×107 N·m/kg。进一步机理分析表明,SW缺陷会显著弱化纳米线局部结构刚度,但其整体力学强度则对缺陷数量不敏感,整体表现出类似串联弹簧的力学响应特征。在此基础上,Zhan等[42]进一步研究了该类纳米线结构相关的力学延展特性,证实可通过调控SW缺陷密度,实现金刚石纳米线由脆性向韧性的连续力学性能转变。
相较于拓扑缺陷的显著调控效应,表面官能化改性对金刚石纳米线力学性能的影响较弱。分别采用甲基、氨基、羟基、氟原子等官能团对纳米线表面修饰后,材料的整体强度未出现明显衰减[12]。该现象本质原因在于,金刚石纳米线的力学性能主要由内部sp3碳杂化骨架主导,表面官能团修饰几乎不会改变材料的本征骨架结构。基于这一特性,可通过表面改性手段拓展金刚石纳米线的功能特性,同时最大程度保留其优异的力学性能。综上,现有研究充分证明,金刚石纳米线兼具高强度、高刚度、高比强度、低密度及可调控延展性等多重优异性能,是一类极具应用潜力的一维碳基功能材料[43],为其在超强功能纤维、纳米复合材料等领域的工程应用提供了坚实的理论基础[44–45]。
除力学性能外,热输运特性是金刚石纳米线另一重要研究方向。金刚石纳米线以全sp3饱和共价键构筑连续一维骨架,可形成多条高效并行的声子传输通道。该结构能够保证晶格振动的高效传递,有效抑制声子散射,大幅提升传热效率,使材料具备优异的轴向导热能力。其中纳米线的饱和程度与内部的缺陷浓度是决定金刚石纳米线热导性能的2大关键因素。相较于低饱和度苯聚合物等一维碳材料,tube (3,0)金刚石纳米线可提供3条独立声子传输通道,使其一维轴向导热性能显著优于其他碳纳米结构[46]。利用非平衡分子动力学(non-equilibrium molecular dynamics,NEMD)方法,在300 K 条件下对含有SW缺陷的tube (3,0)型金刚石纳米线的热导率开展模拟计算。结果表明,相较于单壁碳纳米管,金刚石纳米线热导率更低,热输运性能表现出强烈的长度依赖性[10]。SW拓扑缺陷的引入使金刚石纳米线呈现出独特的超晶格热运输特性,其热导率随着纳米线长度的增加呈现先降低后升高的变化规律,该现象主要归因于体系的热输运机制由波主导模式向粒子主导模式转变。综上,金刚石纳米线的热导率具有高度可控性,不仅是探究纳米尺度热输运机理的理想模型体系,同时在热界面材料等领域具备良好的应用潜力[47]。
从本征电子结构来看,全sp3碳杂化的骨架结构赋予金刚石纳米线较宽的禁带宽度,在一定程度上限制了其在传统半导体器件中的应用场景。基于第一性原理密度泛函理论结合弛豫时间近似玻尔兹曼输运方程的计算结果,可系统揭示金刚石纳米线的电子结构和本征载流子迁移率特性。计算结果表明,金刚石纳米线的导带底主要由沿轴向分布的碳原子pz轨道贡献,可构筑连续高效的电子输运通道。其室温电子迁移率可达1.19×105 cm2/(V·s),而空穴迁移率仅为70.8 cm2/(V·s),由于电子迁移率和空穴迁移率的巨大差异,金刚石纳米线可以被视为n型半导体[48]。结合其宽带隙与高迁移率的双重优势,金刚石纳米线在高温电子器件、透明半导体材料等领域具有应用潜力[8]。
除本征电子特性外,金刚石纳米线具备优异的带隙可调性。表2汇总了不同构型的金刚石纳米线的带隙数据。现有研究表明,甲基、氨基、羟基、氟原子等官能团表面修饰,以及杂原子掺杂均可有效调控金刚石纳米线的带隙[12]。纳米线的饱和程度也是影响其能带结构的关键因素。饱和金刚石纳米线的带隙通常大于4.0 eV,而部分饱和金刚石纳米线的带隙约为1.8~4.0 eV,介于半导体与绝缘体之间[40]。作为饱和的金刚石纳米线合成的天然副产物,部分饱和金刚石纳米线的窄带隙特征有效拓宽了该类材料的电学性能的可调范围。通过调控金刚石纳米线的饱和度,可在较宽范围内定制其力学柔韧性和电子能带结构,为这类材料的应用拓展了新的可能。
此外,Wu等[9]还研究了金刚石纳米线中SW浓度与单轴晶格应变对其电子结构的协同调控机制,他们构建了从完全sp3饱和的tube (3,0)结构到完全由SW拓扑缺陷构成的polymer Ⅰ结构的系列模型,通过改变超胞中SW缺陷数目实现缺陷浓度的连续变化。结果表明,随着SW缺陷浓度增加,体系带隙可在3.92~4.82 eV范围内单调展宽,该范围介于tube (3,0)结构与polymer Ⅰ结构的带隙之间。在晶格应变的作用下,所有金刚石纳米线结构的带隙均呈现非单调变化:带隙先随晶格应变的增加而增大,在应变超过10%时带隙减小;而对于polymer Ⅰ结构,在约8%晶格应变下会发生间接带隙到直接带隙的转变。也就是说,带隙的大小和类型可以通过晶格应变在较大范围(>0.5 eV)内进行有效调控。研究结果还发现SW缺陷可有效稳定能带带隙,降低晶格应变对带隙数值的扰动作用。该工作从成键轨道局域化与能带反转的角度揭示了碳纳米线带隙工程的双调控路径,为其在光电器件及应力传感领域的应用提供了理论依据。此外,通过分子拓扑可以调节金刚石纳米线的电导输运性能。通过大规模理论模拟,系统阐释了完全饱和碳纳米线中拓扑驱动的电导放大机制[49]。以线性烷烃为绝缘参比,对比金刚石纳米线在Au电极间的零偏压输运行为。结果表明,基于金刚石纳米线的计算电导不仅数值可观,而且随着纳米间隙的增大,其衰减速度也非常缓慢。根据计算,互相连接的金刚石纳米线在零偏压下可实现约10−4G0(G0为量子电导常数,即G0=2e2/h,e为电子电荷,h为普朗克常数)的电导(比相应的线性烷烃的电导高6个数量级),并且其电导随距离的衰减速度要慢得多。
除纯碳体系外,杂原子掺杂也被证明是调控金刚石纳米线性能的有效手段[50–53],该改性方式可直接改变纳米线的骨架原子组成,从本质上实现性能调控。已有研究基于密度泛函理论,系统考察了以噻吩、呋喃和吡咯等五元杂环芳香分子为前驱体构建的新型sp3杂化金刚石纳米线,深入分析其结构稳定性、电学性质与力学性能演化规律(图4)[50]。对各杂化基金刚石纳米线开展全结构弛豫与形成能计算,结果表明,这些五元杂环前驱体通过[4+2]环加成聚合形成的结构不仅局域稳定,其形成能甚至低于传统的苯衍生金刚石纳米线,表现出更高的热力学稳定性。从反应路径看,噻吩和呋喃等分子仅有4个反应位点(苯环为6个),聚合路径更简单,有利于晶体取向有序排列,从而提高合成控制精度。同时,五元杂环分子电子离域程度较低,环加成反应活化势垒相应减小,因此其金刚石纳米线的合成可在更低的压力条件下完成,这对实际制备具有重要意义。电子结构计算揭示,硫、氧等杂原子在价带顶附近引入了高能占据轨道,导致电子带隙相比纯碳体系发生显著降低,从而使材料从宽带隙绝缘体跨越至半导体甚至更窄带隙范围(1.64~5.74 eV)(图4(c))。在力学性能方面,通过有限应变方法计算应力-应变曲线并提取杨氏模量、理想强度与断裂应变,密度泛函理论计算结果显示这些五元杂环衍生纳米线均呈现典型的脆性断裂行为,其刚度和强度与苯衍生金刚石纳米线处于同一量级,甚至在某些构型中更为优异,表明杂原子的引入并未明显损害材料固有的超强力学性能(图4(d))。从第一性原理出发,证实杂环衍生金刚石纳米线在保持超高强度和刚度的同时,能够通过杂原子掺杂有效调控带隙,为实验合成与功能化设计提供了明确的理论指引。
此外,Wang等[7]基于重新参数化的ReaxFF反应力场,通过分子动力学模拟,系统考察了呋喃衍生的刚性纳米线和典型柔性铁电聚合物聚偏二氟乙烯(polyvinylidene fluoride,PVDF)在外电场下的响应行为。该研究以两端锚定的单根呋喃纳米线、无规堆积的纳米线块体晶体为模拟体系,并与PVDF的α相和β相进行对比分析。模拟计算结果表明,呋喃纳米线具有刚性梯状骨架结构,且所有氧原子均排布于分子主链同侧,可形成横向固有偶极矩。在外加横向电场作用下,呋喃纳米线无法像PVDF聚合物那样通过局部σ键旋转产生扭结以适配外场,而是产生整体渐进式扭转行为,从两端锚点生成反向螺旋结构,且扭转扭矩随链长增加不断积累,表现出显著的长度依赖性扭转机电耦合效应。在块状纳米线晶体体系的研究中,初始随机取向的呋喃纳米线晶体在约3 GV/m的外电场作用下发生集体极化,晶体结构由初始伪六方堆积转变为更为致密的四方晶格,且撤去电场后,晶体极化状态得以维持,这一结果证实呋喃极性纳米线晶体具备铁电性,且其极化行为与PVDF在外场下的α→β相变过程相似。
除了上述的单环分子体系,科学家们还探索了多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAH)体系。通过密度泛函理论计算和经典分子动力学模拟,选取11种分别按线性、角形和簇状排列的PAH分子(包括萘、蒽、并五苯、菲、苯并菲、芘等),通过不同的分子堆叠和层间C―C键合模式,构建了共计33种金刚石纳米线构型,研究其构建一维sp3金刚石纳米线的可行性与结构性能关系。结合能计算表明,仅由线性PAH分子衍生的纳米线具有负结合能(即热力学上比孤立分子更稳定),且随单体分子增大(环数增多),稳定性进一步提高;而角形和簇状分子衍生的构型结合能为正,可能为亚稳结构。力学性能模拟显示,所有PAH基纳米线均呈现脆性断裂行为,其一维极限强度(断裂所需力)随前驱体分子增大而显著增加,这是由于层间C―C键数增多导致的[17]。以萘为例,通过模拟高压下萘分子晶体的结构演化,发现当压力超过25 GPa时,萘分子中4个边缘碳原子优先形成sp3键,部分饱和的中间结构经结构优化后可自发演化为完全饱和的tube型金刚石纳米线。其能量变化与苯基金刚石纳米线的形成路径相似,表明萘及其他线性PAH分子在高压下同样具备合成金刚石纳米线的潜力。该研究不仅证实了PAH分子可构建直径更大、表面形貌可调的sp3碳纳米线,而且揭示了其优异的力学性能和潜在的高压合成路径。
在理论研究不断深入的背景下,金刚石纳米线的应用潜力也开始被系统评估。Zhan等[54]结合分子动力学模拟与连续弹性理论,探究了金刚石纳米线束在高密度机械储能领域的应用性能。研究表明,该类束状结构具备优异的高密度机械能存储能力,其机械储能性能与碳纳米管相近,而且金刚石纳米线的结构使其能够通过纯拉伸模式实现束状结构的最优机械能存储潜力,质量能量密度可达1.76 MJ/kg。该数值较钢制弹簧(约0.14 kJ/kg)高4个数量级,亦是锂离子电池(约0.43~0.79 MJ/kg)储能密度的2~3倍。其模拟计算结果进一步证实,金刚石纳米线是构筑纳米纤维的理想候选材料[43]。该材料兼具优异的扭转变形能力与高效的载荷传递特性,更重要的是,其特有的微观结构可促进纤维间形成交联结构,从而提升界面载荷传递效率,因此金刚石纳米线为制备力学性能高度可调的下一代碳基纳米纤维及弹性储能器件提供了新的材料平台。
2014年,Fitzgibbons等[24]以苯为原料,借助高压固相反应首次成功制备出一维sp3杂化碳基金刚石纳米线。缓慢控制加卸压速率是获得晶态产物的关键,所得材料与以往报道的无定形sp3碳氢聚合物具有明显区别[39]。实验中先将苯在室温下压缩至20 GPa,并在此压力下保持1 h,然后以2 GPa/h的速率缓慢释放至常压,最终得到白色固态产物。该产物难溶于轻质烃类有机溶剂且在空气气氛中于250 ℃开始热分解而非熔融,表明其主要组分是聚合物大分子而非小分子物质。明场透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)表征结果显示,产物具有间距约6.4 Å的长程平行条纹(图5(a)),同步辐射X射线衍射(synchrotron X-ray diffraction,SXRD)则呈现可指标化为二维六方晶格的Bragg峰,表明所得金刚石纳米线呈六方密堆积排布。而原子对分布函数(pair distribution function,PDF)实验和模拟结果显示所得的sp3碳纳米线与SW缺陷的纳米线模型吻合,4~5 Å后无长程关联,轴向长程有序缺失,仅短程有序(图5(b))。
为突破高压固相聚合过程中产物因剧烈的体积坍缩易发生非晶化、结构有序度难以提升的瓶颈,科学家们尝试通过单轴应力引导反应,提出了一种基于慢速单轴应力调控的室温机械化学合成策略[55]。研究结果表明,即使采用苯的Phase Ⅰ和Phase Ⅱ混合多晶粉末为前驱体,在室温、约23 GPa压力条件下,以1~3 GPa/h的缓慢速率进行单轴压缩,也可以重复地制备出沿六方晶系c轴排列的单晶纳米线,该取向与单轴应力施加方向保持一致。结合XRD分析证实,所得产物为一维sp3杂化金刚石纳米线,其以约6.5 Å的周期间距排列(图5(c)~图5(e)),构筑形成赝六方密堆积晶格;晶体学c轴与外施加单轴应力方向高度平行,产物可在数百微米范围内保持长程取向有序结构,还可剥离为具备明显双折射特性的纳米纤维。高压下苯的聚合反应以分子间C―C键形成为核心,2.8 Å为触发该反应的临界分子间距[39]。即便初始前驱体不具备单晶有序结构,聚合过程中单体因同时形成多根共价键而引发体系体积的显著变化,该方法仍能生成有序的产物。这表明其他难以实现拓扑化学反应的不饱和分子晶体,在慢速单轴应力压缩下,同样有望构筑有序的纳米线结构;若沿不同方向依次施加单轴应力,或还可进一步构筑高维碳基网络结构。
精确表征金刚石纳米线的结构是揭示其结构-性能关系、阐明高压聚合反应机理、优化合成方法的前提。然而,目前合成得到的金刚石纳米线内部普遍存在结构无序与缺陷,传统的晶体学表征方法如衍射和透射电镜等很难解析其局域结构。拉曼、红外等光谱表征手段仅能识别化学键合类型,无法定量统计sp2、sp3碳等各类碳的占比。PDF方法可量化材料全域的原子键长分布情况,但只能给出原子径向统计平均信息,无法区分空间构型等相关结构。为了探索高压下芳香体系的反应机制,研究者利用气相/液相-质谱联用技术,通过分析产物的精确分子组成,追溯前驱体的反应过程,推导高压下有机分子的反应机理,但此类方法更适用于捕捉可溶性小分子寡聚物,高分子聚合产物溶解性差,难以通过色谱分离完成检测,因此该方法无法直接表征固态纳米线本体骨架结构。与之相比,核磁共振技术在解析材料原子尺度局域结构方面具有不可替代的优势:它不局限于长程有序的结构,对难溶的、无定形的碳结构同样高度敏感,能够实现定性定量地表征碳材料局域的原子种类和分布;结合多维脉冲序列等测试方法,还可进一步解析碳骨架空间交联的相互关系,有助于厘清材料内部的碳原子杂化类型与局域化学环境。
针对苯基金刚石纳米线,研究者们通过固态核磁共振技术(solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance,ssNMR)结合理论计算,深入解析了金刚石纳米线原子尺度的局域结构。Duan等[56]利用巴黎-爱丁堡压机以13C标记的苯为原料制备出13C富集的金刚石纳米线样品,并采用多维度固态核磁共振结合红外光谱对其化学结构进行了系统解析。定量13C NMR谱显示纳米线主要由sp3碳和少量sp2碳(约28%)组成,sp3碳峰线宽(约12 ppm)显著小于氢化无定形碳,表明产物具有更高的结构有序性。进一步分析,可推测25%~50%的苯转化为完全饱和的“degree-6”纳米线,而约1/3的苯则形成“degree-4”纳米线(图6(a))。13C-13C自旋交换实验表明,纳米线完全饱和区域的长度超过2.5 nm。结合gauge-including projector augmented wave(GIPAW)方法,系统计算10余种完全饱和的金刚石纳米线候选结构的13C化学位移、化学屏蔽张量及各向异性,并将结果与实验固态NMR数据进行系统比较。考虑到实际测量的化学位移各向异性和二维核磁共振谱的关键特征(sp2碳与sp3碳直接键连),计算拟合的一维固态核磁共振谱表明,“degree-4”纳米线和“degree-6”纳米线的某种组合是这种一维sp3杂化碳原子金刚石纳米线的合理组成部分(图6(b))[57]。这一结果不仅为高压苯合成的碳纳米线样品提供了统计上最合理的原子结构归属,还暗示了[4+2]环加成反应在纳米线形成过程中的主导地位。
苯作为首个成功合成金刚石纳米线的前驱体,在超高压合成领域具有里程碑式的意义。然而,苯分子由于分子间π…π相互作用有限且所有碳原子具有相近的反应活性,导致高压聚合过程中存在多条竞争反应路径,产物常伴随不同程度的非晶化、结构无序和混合饱和度片段,难以实现对纳米线链内原子排布、成键方式及晶体取向的精确控制。因此,如何提升聚合反应的选择性与产物有序性,成为金刚石纳米线合成研究的核心挑战。通过引入取代基、制备共晶等方法增强氢键和分子间π…π相互作用实现分子的有序堆叠是提高金刚石纳米线有序性的主要策略之一[58–59]。
氨基作为芳香烃最常见的极性取代官能团,可形成分子间氢键以调控晶体组装行为,因此被广泛应用于金刚石纳米线微观有序结构的精准调控。在33 GPa和550 K的条件下,通过压缩Ⅱ相晶态苯胺使其聚合,可合成得到外侧富含氨基的金刚石纳米线[29]。产物的TEM图像呈现间距约5.0~5.4 Å的平行条纹衬度,与DFT优化的单根sp3全饱和金刚石纳米线直径高度吻合;红外光谱在约2900 cm−1处出现sp3 C―H伸缩振动峰,约1575 cm−1处观测到N―H弯曲振动峰,其谱学特征与DFT理论计算结果一致。这证实苯胺分子通过环间C―C键合,实现了从sp2杂化向sp3杂化的转变,最终生成一维金刚石纳米线骨架,且氨基基团完整保留于纳米线外侧。尽管氨基基团并未直接参与成环聚合反应,但是通过氢键作用可诱导体系发生各向异性压缩,从而作为结构导向基团决定了纳米线的一维生长方向。此外,连接在纳米线表面的氨基基团不仅可作为掺杂活性位点,还可作为连接具有生物活性分子的功能基团,使得金刚石纳米线不仅具有纳米线优异的机械性能,还使其具备氨基基团的多功能性。在此基础上,经过优化合成条件,在17.6 GPa、421 K条件下获得了晶化程度更好的氨基取代的polytwistane型金刚石纳米线[60]。本课题组在此方向亦开展了相关研究工作。Yang等[61]以苯酚为前驱体,系统研究其高压相变与压力诱导聚合行为。结果表明,当压力高于20 GPa时,苯酚通过[4+2]环加成反应生成饱和度为4的碳纳米线,该产物有别于苯基体系的全饱和碳纳米线。与苯胺中氨基仅依靠氢键作用实现结构导向、不参与聚合反应的情况不同,苯酚中的羟基具备双重调控作用。除提供氢键外,羟基可经酮-烯醇互变异构转化为羰基(转化率高达59.4%)。这一氢转移过程导致本应继续反应的碳位点被羰基占据,使其作为“钝化端”阻碍了柱内分子进一步聚合,是产物为“degree-4”结构的核心原因,也由此明确了羟基在高压聚合过程中的双重调控机制。制备得到的碳纳米线带隙可调范围为1.8~4.0 eV;纳米线表面的羟基与羰基可增强界面相互作用,在纳米谐振器、复合材料增强等领域具有应用潜力。
增强芳香体系的共轭程度,在芳香体系中引入取代基以调控分子间π电子云的重叠程度,例如利用芳烃-全氟芳烃之间的强静电相互作用[62–64]是增强分子间π…π作用的有效途径。Tang等[62]研究了多种对位二取代苯分子晶体及其共晶在高压下的聚合反应行为。X射线衍射和红外光谱证明了反应生成了保留原有官能团的纳米线结构。该研究对比了一系列二取代苯分子的晶体堆积与产物结构,其中,dc为环中心间距,dp和$d'_{\mathrm{p}} $为层间距,φ和φ′为滑移角(图7(a)~图7(e)),并给出了分子间π电子的重叠程度与产物有序性的半定量关系(图7(f))。对于二硝基苯(1,4-dinitrobenzene, DNB)、Ⅱ相苯胺、Ⅱ相苯与Ⅲ相吡啶具有较大的苯环间质心的距离dc和滑移角φ;而对于二乙炔基苯(1,4-diethynylbenzene,DEB)、二氰基苯(1,4-dicyanobenzene,DCB)、二氰基苯-二乙炔基苯共晶(DCB-DEB)、二硝基苯-二乙炔基苯共晶(DNB-DEB)以及萘-全氟萘共晶(naphthalene-perfluoronaphthalene cocrystal, C10H8-C10F8)等体系,其dc与φ均比较小。对于满足dc<4.0 Å、φ<25°的体系,分子间呈现较好的π…π堆积与重叠,这类体系在室温常规加压条件下,即可发生拓扑化学反应,聚合形成较为有序的纳米线。对于dc与φ显著偏大的体系,要么很难发生聚合反应;即使能够生成较为有序的产物,也需辅助加热,慢速加压或者各向异性应力等条件。本课题组的Fei等[65]关于萘在高压下的聚合行为的研究进一步验证了这一规律。萘的晶体结构采用人字形堆积,在20 GPa下φ高达68.87°,dc也大于5 Å。由于π…π重叠程度较低,萘在常规加压条件下难以直接聚合:其反应压力阈值超过20 GPa,且聚合反应主要发生在卸压过程中,需要借助晶界或晶体缺陷作为“种子”位点,并通过慢速卸压使分子重新取向至有利反应的方向,才能获得具有六方堆积的有序一维金刚石纳米线。若采用单晶萘为原料,即便压力达到30 GPa并加热至300 ℃也无法引发聚合,进一步证明了缺陷和慢速卸压的关键驱动作用。此类体系分子间π…π堆积与重叠程度低,芳环之间存在极大的偏移,聚合反应有可能完全不沿平行堆积的苯环方向进行,需要借助慢速加压、各向异性应力等手段才能生成较为有序的产物,否则很容易形成无定形材料。
在苯环上引入不同取代位点与数量的氟原子,可调控反应单体的分子堆积,提高反应选择性,实现精准结构金刚石纳米线的可控合成[66–69]。邻位取代的1,2,3-三氟苯凭借强分子偶极矩,在高压下形成规整的反平行柱状π…π堆叠。在20.1 GPa下,该分子沿堆叠方向发生高选择性[4+2]环加成,随后经历能垒仅2.6 kJ/mol的拉链式成键过程,最终得到原子级有序的部分氟代聚合物碳纳米线(zipper polymer)(图8(a))[66]。间位取代的1,3,5-三氟苯在高压下则展现出独特的固相自由基聚合行为,与传统[4+2]环加成机制截然不同。该体系在高压下分子呈倾斜柱状堆叠,相邻芳环间位原子间距显著缩短。电子顺磁共振波谱(electron paramagnetic resonance,EPR)直接检测到产物中存在氟取代碳自由基的特征信号,GC-MS(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)分析证实[4+2]反应与1,1’-偶联反应等副反应路径被显著抑制,最终通过自由基1,2-加成路径高选择性地聚合生成polymer Ⅰ型碳纳米线,其结构特征是苯环单元之间以2个边共享的五元环相连(图8(b))[67]。上述研究成果充分证实,利用分子间相互作用进行合理设计和预组织,可显著提升高压聚合反应的选择性,为实现有序的金刚石纳米线的精准合成提供了切实可行的有效策略。苯酚和五氟苯酚组成的芳香基/全氟芳香基共晶体系还引入了双重调控作用,不仅存在以单轴π…π堆积四极矩型相互作用为主的主导力,同时羟基还可通过取向氢键实现有效稳定,进而在高压条件下制备出晶态金刚石纳米线(图8(c))[68]。在该体系中,羟基取代基的存在促进了苯酚作为二烯参与聚合反应,有效地降低了环加成反应的活化能垒,相对于苯等芳香烃分子,实现了更低的高压诱导反应压力起始点(12 GPa)。
Friedrich等[64]和Ward等[70] 2个课题组均以多环芳烃-全氟芳烃共晶为研究模型(图9),期望通过扩大共轭程度、引入分子间的偶极相互作用,强化分子间π…π相互作用,使分子堆叠更稳定、排列更规整,更有利于有序产物的生成。通过研究高压下结构演变过程证明,萘/八氟萘(naphthalene/octafluoronaphthalene, NOFN)和蒽/八氟萘(anthracene/octafluoronaphthalene, AOFN)共晶在加压至反应临界压力时,体系结构仍保持稳定, π堆积分子中近邻C…C距离约为2.65~2.70 Å。当进一步压缩至低于此距离时,体系沿π…π堆积方向发生聚合反应,最终形成了有序的一维sp3碳纳米线。单晶X射线衍射(single-crystal X-ray diffraction,SXRD)显示聚合后产物均保留单晶衍射斑点,且新衍射峰与原始晶相对称性一致,层线的出现证实了一维纤维状有序结构;沿堆积方向也就是a轴方向发生了不连续且不可逆的剧烈收缩,而在垂直方向的b轴几乎不变,表明聚合主要沿堆积方向发生而非随机交联。同时,Friedrich等[64]通过高压红外光谱结合反应动力学分析进一步证实,NOFN和AOFN的聚合过程呈现一维扩散控制生长特征;利用GC-MS分析聚合产物的寡聚体,发现绝大多数特征峰为以共晶结构形成的混合二聚体,而非单一组分二聚体,均证明了该类体系的聚合反应是沿着共晶分子堆叠方向一维定向进行[71]。关于聚合产物的局域连接方式,2个课题组给出了不同的实验证据:Ward等[70]基于DFT计算与晶胞参数对比,认为NOFN聚合更可能遵循[4+2]环加成路径,形成管状或拉链状聚合物;Friedrich等[64]则通过更高精度的单晶结构精修提出,NOFN聚合形成包含五、六、七元碳环的双链“拉链”聚合物,而AOFN由于环数不匹配形成类金刚石柱状聚合物且两端保留C=C双键。这些不同表明,尽管通过共晶设计可以实现聚合方向的有序控制,但对分子间成键的具体位置仍缺乏精确预测与调控能力,难以实现精确的局域结构控制。
在增强分子间π…π作用的基础上引入氢键可以进一步控制分子间的有序堆积,增加芳香分子之间的重叠程度,从而进一步得到高度有序的产物,甚至实现从反应物单晶到产物单晶的转变,获得单晶产物。近期,Yang等[30]以1-萘甲酸(1-naphthoic acid, 1-NA)为前驱体,在20 GPa高压和573 K退火条件下,实现了单晶到单晶的拓扑聚合转变,成功合成出尺寸达百微米级的金刚石纳米线单晶(图10(a)~图10(b))。1-NA分子同时具有羧基和双环π共轭骨架,常压下晶体为单斜晶系,晶胞参数为a=6.91 Å, b=3.84 Å, c=30.97 Å, β=92.01°。分子通过羧基间强氢键形成二聚体,二聚体沿 b 轴以滑移堆叠方式排列成柱,其环中心间距dc为3.84 Å,层间距dp为3.57 Å,堆叠滑移角φ仅为 21.6°。如此小的滑移角表明1-NA晶体中分子间存在更有效的π…π堆叠,其与强氢键协同作用,为后续聚合过程中保持高的有序性提供了有利的结构基础。该工作之所以能够实现高度有序的纳米线单晶,关键在于分子间堆积结构与分子内反应选择性的协同:一方面,氢键和π…π堆积限定了分子沿b轴的排列方式,使得聚合反应被限制在一维方向上进行,从而维持了晶格的完整性;另一方面,1-NA分子中不同位置的碳原子表现出显著差异化的高压反应活性。通过ssNMR对聚合产物进行了精细的局域结构解析,结合交叉极化总边带抑制(cross polarization total suppression of spinning-sidebands,CPTOSS)和非季碳抑制(non-quaternary suppression,NQS)实验,区分了氢化碳与非氢化碳,进而通过定量直接极化(direct polarization,DP)谱计算了各类型碳原子的转化率(图10(c))。结果显示,α-碳从sp2到sp3的转化率为100%,β-碳转化率为74%,而γ-碳仅转化28%。这一明确的活性顺序(α > β > γ)揭示了聚合反应主要遵循Diels-Alder反应机制,而非随机的[1,4]聚合,由此确定的局域结构为不饱和六方金刚石纳米线(图10(d))。正是这种堆积有序性与反应选择性的协同,才使得1-NA能够在高压下实现从反应物单晶到产物单晶的直接转变,并获得百微米级的高结晶性金刚石纳米线。这类工作突破传统芳烃在高压下易非晶化的问题,将临界反应距离规律拓展至更大的多环芳烃体系,为高压下实现可控合成的高晶态一维金刚石纳米线材料提供了可靠的策略。然而需要注意的是,尽管通过调控分子间相互作用能显著提升产物的有序性,但如何对纳米线的局域原子结构和成键方式实现更精准的控制,仍然是当前研究的挑战。
在苯分子的环骨架中引入杂原子增强反应的选择性也是提高金刚石纳米线的有序性、合成结构明确的产物的有效策略[71]。研究表明,通过缓慢压缩噻吩至35 GPa,可成功获得可回收的饱和聚合产物[26]。XRD结果表明,该产物沿(0001)方向呈现出二维单斜衍射图案,该实验结果与基于DFT计算的噻吩衍生金刚石纳米线单晶模型高度吻合,证明了其通过[4+2] Diels-Alder环加成反应路径形成一维sp3碳结构。值得关注的是,由于噻吩分子中仅含4个碳原子,其反应路径相对简单,主要沿[4+2]环加成途径进行,从而限制了结构缺陷的种类和数量。此外,硫原子的引入不仅保留了反应的单体结构信息,还在纳米线中形成了交替或对称的硫原子排列方式,这些排列方式有利于维持纳米线横截面的主轴方向一致,在整体上促进了纳米线间的有序堆积。X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS)和红外光谱进一步证实了回收产物的高度饱和性。在此基础上,Huss等[25]进一步研究了呋喃在高压下的聚合反应,发现其具有芳香体系中最低的反应压力,仅为10 GPa。理论计算表明,由于呋喃五元杂环分子电子离域程度较弱,有效降低了环加成反应活化势垒,最终降低了聚合的临界反应阈值[50]。将呋喃体系持续缓慢压缩至15 GPa并逐渐退压至1.5 GPa时,原位单晶X射线衍射观察到清晰的六重对称性衍射图谱,表明产物形成了有序的晶体结构。单晶X射线衍射显示出3个不同的晶面间距,范围从4.75~4.90 Å,其尺寸、间距和各向异性程度与呋喃金刚石纳米线晶体的原子模拟一致。随后,Matsuura等[72]通过13C富集的呋喃纳米线的固体核磁共振确定了呋喃衍生饱和碳纳米线的反式构型,并进一步发现其中只有约10%的碳原子形成了高度有序、完全饱和的“完美”纳米线片段。氧原子的引入一方面使反应路径变得单一,促进纳米线沿[4+2]环加成途径进行;另一方面使[4+2]环加成反应的能垒降低,合成纳米线的反应压力降低。但是由于仍存在顺反异构的问题,产物的结构有序性大幅下降[24–25]。
为了进一步提高产物的有序性,控制产物的顺反异构[73–74],本课题组Wang等[74]在呋喃体系中引入氢键相互作用,从典型的生物质分子呋喃二甲酸(2,5-furandicarboxylic acid,FDCA)出发,首次制备出三维有序结晶的羧基功能化金刚石纳米线。首先,利用FDCA分子中呋喃环较好的反应选择性,将聚合反应导向单一的[4+2] Diels-Alder环加成,从根源上提升了主链聚合反应的化学选择性。其次,FDCA两端的羧基发挥了双重结构导向作用:一方面,羧基之间形成的强分子间氢键网络,在加压过程中牢牢锁定相邻FDCA分子的相对取向,阻止了分子在反应前的旋转与错位,将单体在常压下固有的“全顺式”柱状堆积构型完整地传递至聚合物;另一方面,该氢键网络沿b轴方向连接由π…π堆积形成的分子柱,构建了一个刚性的三维有序模板。原位高压X射线衍射与红外光谱分析表明,当压力升至约10.8 GPa时,柱内相邻呋喃环的C…C距离被压缩至约2.8 Å的临界阈值,从而触发沿分子柱方向的连续[4+2] Diels-Alder环加成反应,使碳骨架由sp2向sp3转变并聚合成纳米线(图11(a));而刚性的氢键网络有效地保持了整个体系的结构有序性。卸压后产物的XRD图谱呈现多个尖锐衍射峰,确定产物为单斜结构(a=5.35 Å,b=16.91 Å,c=2.66 Å, β=90.23°),证明其为在三维空间均具有原子级有序的顺式FDCA金刚石纳米线(图11(b)),一改此前苯、呋喃及噻吩基纳米线仅呈现单一宽衍射峰的低有序特征。该工作利用了生物质分子FDCA自身的官能团特性,为设计具有明确结构的功能化碳基材料提供了全新思路。
在此基础上,本课题组Gao等[28]进一步基于引入惰性原子提升反应选择性从而增加产物有序性的思路,在苯分子的1、3、5位引入高压下反应惰性的氮原子,以均三嗪为前驱体,在10.2 GPa、573 K的条件下,成功实现了碳氮纳米线的原子级精准控制合成,获得了具有完美六方堆积取向与链内长程有序的tube (3,0)型金刚石纳米线。该工作巧妙利用了均三嗪分子C/N原子严格交替排布与晶体中完美面对面π…π堆积(层间C正对N)的结构特征,使不饱和N原子因N=N键能远高于N―N单键而保持惰性,从而抑制N―N键合,促使分子间高选择性地通过C―N键发生聚合(图12(a))。所得产物的XRD图谱呈现清晰的5条衍射峰,可完美指标化为六方晶胞(a=b=5.6 Å, γ=120°)。一系列衍射证实了纳米线在a-b平面内的理想六方堆叠,而在d=2.0 Å处{002}衍射恰对应相邻三嗪残基的半平移周期,直接证明了沿c轴的链内有序;二维XRD衍射花样呈现精确六重对称性(图12(b)),高分辨透射电镜(high-resolution transmission electron microscope,HRTEM)观察到间距4.8 Å的平行条纹(图12(c)),选区电子衍射(selected area electron diffraction,SAED)展现出的尖锐衍射斑点可依照a-b晶面二维六方晶格进行指标化(图12(d)),不过倾斜时斑点延伸为杆状,进一步佐证了面内取向有序及c轴方向一定程度无序的堆垛特征。
为确认化学键合方式,不同压力回收产物的GC-MS分析检出1,3,5-三嗪-2-胺和1,3,5-三嗪-2,4-二胺等含C―N键的特征热解碎片,且随合成压力升高,C―N键合产物含量增加,为C―N键合路径提供了直接证据(图12(e))。第一性原理计算表明,协同[1,3,5]加成直接生成tube (3,0)的能垒(143 kJ/mol)显著低于分步反应,前线分子轨道分析揭示相邻分子LUMO与HOMO-2的波函数相位相同使得6个C、N原子可同步成键,该协同过程被命名为“peri-cage”反应(图12(f));Rietveld精修最终确认纳米线以edge-to-edge模式堆叠且具有均匀的方位角取向,能量计算也显示tube (3,0)构型在所有枚举的饱和度为6的结构中能量最低。该工作首次获得了链内结构明确的晶态tube (3,0)碳氮纳米线,并从分子设计层面阐明了反应选择性、晶体堆积与聚合路径之间的内在关联。类似地,Dunning等[75]以哒嗪(1, 2-二嗪)为前体,反应过程中氮原子作为 “导向基团”,将聚合路径锁定为沿π…π堆积的[4+2]环加成,仅碳原子参与反应,N=N双键得以保留,形成稳定、结构明确的syn-NN构型聚哒嗪纳米线。对比此前报道的苯或吡啶衍生的纳米线,由于线内无序性较大,在d=5.6 Å以下展现出宽而弱的衍射峰[24],聚哒嗪纳米线产物结晶度与结构解析完整度明显改善,衍射信号可至d<1.2 Å,红外光谱呈现极其清晰的吸收特征,表明哒嗪纳米线具有高度的结构有序性。
在结构设计方面,双核纳米线也成为研究热点[76–78]。在25~30 GPa压力和室温下,以二苯乙炔为原料,合成了一种双核金刚石纳米线[79]。结合红外光谱、XRD和DFT,证明这些金刚石纳米线与许多其他简单芳香体系的高压反应产物一样,在正交平面内呈现六方排列。但是双核中的2条碳纳米线通过共轭的聚乙炔碳主链连接,使得该材料成为一种有机半导体,这种材料的光学带隙为1.74 eV,在已知的金刚石纳米线中独树一帜。除此之外,回收的样品在数周内可以保持稳定,没有与空气中的水分发生反应的迹象(红外光谱中没有OH伸缩振动峰),而聚乙炔则很容易发生这种反应,这是因为包覆的类聚乙炔链比纯聚乙炔具有更强的物理和化学稳定性。因此,这种新型材料预期将兼具类金刚石纳米线的优异机械性能和经典聚合物半导体聚乙炔的输运性能,这将显著拓宽金刚石纳米线的潜在应用范围。Romi等[80–82]在室温下将偶氮苯晶体压缩至压力超过20 GPa,研究认为,分子通过沿b轴发生定向聚合,生成了双核饱和碳纳米线。在反应过程中以及回收的产物中,作为连接2个核的偶氮基团始终保留,也就是说,偶氮基团的光学特性可以转移到相应的金刚石纳米线上。然而Zhang等[83]进一步研究发现,偶氮苯晶体存在2种分子堆叠层,在18 GPa下沿b轴会触发2种不可逆拓扑聚合反应:A层分子间发生[4+2] Diels-Alder反应,偶氮键断裂形成吩嗪结构单元;B层分子间发生苯环对位加成反应,偶氮集团保持化学惰性。这2种反应路径分别形成了2类结构不同的碳氮纳米带,最终生成有序的范德华异质结构材料。
除了上述的不饱和分子,饱和高张力分子的高压固相聚合同样为构建新型碳纳米材料提供了独特路径。以立方烷(C8H8)为前驱体,利用其分子骨架中90°键角偏离sp3理想四面体角而产生的巨大环张力(约166 kcal/mol)作为反应驱动力,在高压固相条件下通过热活化双自由基聚合成功合成了迄今为止直径最小的金刚石纳米线(图13(a))[41]。实验表明,在25 GPa压力和250 ℃温度下,无色立方烷晶体会发生不可逆的固态化学反应,转变为半透明的黄色产物,且不再具有原料的易挥发性。所得产物具有三维有序的晶体结构,其基本拓扑结构很大程度上保留了立方烷分子前体的结构,并表现出高硬度和高达300 ℃的热稳定性。XRD及SAED分析证实,产物具有高度结晶性和三维有序堆叠结构,可指标化为六方晶系。在低温条件下对产物进行TEM成像,结果显示存在长程平行条纹,这与苯纳米线中观察到的相似。这些条纹之间的间距约为5 Å,与XRD观察到的101晶面的强衍射峰相符,明确了一维纳米线沿特定方向有序堆叠的形貌特征(图13(b))。X射线光电子能谱也证明了聚立方烷结构中纯sp3杂化的环境,通过饱和立方烷的热活化固相聚合可以制备近乎100% sp3杂化的金刚石纳米线(图13(c))。分子动力学模拟与实验结果一致(图13(d)),表明一维自由基聚合反应可以通过施加单轴压力进行引导,该研究不仅拓展了金刚石纳米线家族的前驱体范围,更展示了利用饱和应变分子通过高压固相聚合实现拓扑保留型“自下而上”纳米结构设计的可行性。
最新研究中,前驱体设计继续向更复杂的分子拓展。Dunning等[84]发现2,2'-联呋喃甲酰(α-furil)在1 GPa以上发生压力诱导的平面化,然后进一步压缩至8.5 GPa以上时发现,通过重叠呋喃环之间的连续 [4+2] Diels-Alder环加成反应形成了高度有序的双核金刚石纳米线。在8.5 GPa以上,其衍射图谱发生显著变化且新衍射峰的强度随压力增加而增强。退压至常压后这些新衍射峰依然存在,表明这些新衍射峰并非由多晶型相变引起,而是2,2'-联呋喃甲酰发生了不可逆的压力诱导聚合。对原料及其聚合产物的固态13C核磁共振谱图进行对比,结果表明形成了富含sp3杂化碳原子的金刚石纳米线材料,这与2,5-呋喃二甲酸纳米线的固态NMR研究结果一致。
表3汇总了不同前驱体制备金刚石纳米线的合成条件、产物结构特征,并对比了各类体系对应的潜在聚合反应机理,其中RT为室温(room temperature)的缩写。综合上述的合成实例可以总结:前驱体的晶体结构、元素组成和取代基类型是决定高压下分子的聚合压力、聚合反应路径和产物结构的核心要素。金刚石纳米线有序产物的制备高度依赖前驱体分子的预组装特性。
在金刚石纳米线合成技术不断成熟的背景下,科学家们开始直接测量金刚石纳米线的宏观性质。厚度仅为几个碳原子的sp3杂化金刚石纳米线预计比碳纳米管具有更高的刚度和优异的各向异性导热性,这些特性使其能够引导热量沿所需方向而非不利方向进行定向传导。在第2节曾提到,Yang等[30]利用1-NA成功合成出百微米级的金刚石纳米线单晶。该晶体具有不饱和六方金刚石结构,并表现出优异的晶格有序性。单晶X射线衍射、选区电子衍射、高分辨透射电镜和原子力显微镜共同证实了该金刚石纳米线晶体沿b轴方向有序排列,晶格参数与理论模拟高度吻合。采用时域热反射法测得产物沿纳米线方向(b轴)的热导率Λb为11.2 W/(m·K),垂直方向(c轴)的热导率Λc仅为0.133 W/(m·K),各向异性比约为84,接近六方氮化硼的水平,显示出优异的各向异性导热性。高压原位X射线计算机断层扫描显示,沿纳米线方向几乎不可压缩(线性压缩系数接近零),而垂直方向压缩系数为0.013 GPa−1(图14)。图14中,FWHM为半高宽。
此外,Wang等[74]也测试了利用FDCA作为前驱体高压合成的全顺式、羧基功能化的三维结晶金刚石纳米线的电化学性能及其在锂离子电池方面的潜在应用。该产物既具备富含sp3碳骨架的结构稳定性,又拥有了高密度、有序排列的氧化还原活性羧基位点。作为锂离子电池负极材料,聚FDCA表现出优异的电化学性能[85],实验结果(图15)显示:循环伏安曲线在约0.60 和1.47 V处呈现2对稳定的氧化还原峰,其对应于Li+与羧基结合的还原过程;在0.1 A/g的电流密度下,比容量在经历持续活化后最高可达413 mAh/g,并在长循环中稳定在375 mAh/g,库仑效率超过99%。此外,在1 A/g的高倍率下循环后,容量仍可恢复至141.1 mAh/g,显示出良好的倍率性能与结构稳定性。
作为一类兼具超高强度和优异韧性的“刚柔并济”的新型碳基功能材料,金刚石纳米线的研究已从早期理论结构预测、基础性能模拟,逐步迈向前驱体多样化、合成可控化、宏观物性实测化的全新发展阶段,为低维碳材料领域增添了极具潜力的新成员。在理论研究层面,研究者围绕原子排布、拓扑缺陷、外部应力、杂原子掺杂等关键影响因素,深入系统地揭示了其对材料力学强度、电子结构、能带特征及热输运性质的调控规律。通过第一性原理计算等方法,预测了金刚石纳米线的本征性能极限,明确了结构缺陷、不饱和度、杂原子掺杂及官能团修饰等对其宏观性能的作用机理,为后续定向设计与可控实验合成提供了坚实的理论支撑。在合成方面,通过前驱体分子设计与反应路径控制,结合氢键引入、取代基增强分子间π…π相互作用、共晶体系预构建、杂原子掺杂提升反应选择性等多种调控策略,金刚石纳米线的制备已逐渐实现原子级精准和功能导向。从传统苯基前驱体到杂原子取代芳烃,从混合构型产物到高专一性有序产物,金刚石纳米线的合成技术逐步拓展,为获得高质量、大尺寸、结构均一的样品奠定了重要的实验基础。在物性表征方面,随着百微米级高质量单晶的成功制备,实现了金刚石纳米线各向异性热导率等关键参数的实验测量,获得了与理论预测高度吻合的实测数据,验证了其在纳米导热通道等领域的应用潜力,也实现了该材料从理论模拟向实验验证的跨越。
尽管如此,针对金刚石纳米线的研究仍面临诸多亟待攻克的关键挑战:其一,原子级精确结构的可控合成尚未普及,产物结构调控方法相对较少;其二,物性研究尚不全面,除热导率外,其他物理性能(如电输运、铁电响应)的实验研究仍较为匮乏,难以支撑应用开发的需求;其三,尽管部分体系已实现合成压力的显著降低,但整体合成压力普遍处于吉帕级别,限制了材料的规模化制备。值得关注的是,引入光、热等外场活化条件可有效地降低金刚石纳米线的反应压力阈值[86–88],这是突破高压合成瓶颈的有效策略。但是也需要注意,光、热介入下的反应机理与常温高压合成体系很可能存在差异,其晶体结构演变、反应路径、晶体成核生长过程等需进一步深入探究。面向未来,金刚石纳米线的研究需要更加注重多学科之间的实质性合作,将高压化学与分子工程的设计思路有机结合起来,着力发展温和、高效的合成方法,并同步推进原位表征技术的进步。在此基础上,形成“理论预测—可控合成—性能验证”相互反馈的研究模式,为推动金刚石纳米线的实际应用奠定基础。

参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
STOJKOVIC D, ZHANG P H, CRESPI V H. Smallest nanotube: breaking the symmetry of sp3 bonds in tubular geometries [J]. Physical Review Letters, 2001, 87(12): 125502.
[2]
SILVEIRA J F R V, MUNIZ A R. First-principles calculation of the mechanical properties of diamond nanothreads [J]. Carbon, 2017, 113: 260–265.
[3]
ZHAN H F, ZHANG G, TAN V B C, et al. From brittle to ductile: a structure dependent ductility of diamond nanothread [J]. Nanoscale, 2016, 8(21): 11177–11184.
[4]
FENG C, XU J, ZHANG Z S, et al. Morphology- and dehydrogenation-controlled mechanical properties in diamond nanothreads [J]. Carbon, 2017, 124: 9–22.
[5]
BAO W X, ZHU C C, CUI W Z. Simulation of Young’s modulus of single-walled carbon nanotubes by molecular dynamics [J]. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 2004, 352(1/2/3/4): 156–163.
[6]
ROMAN R E, KWAN K, CRANFORD S W. Mechanical properties and defect sensitivity of diamond nanothreads [J]. Nano Letters, 2015, 15(3): 1585–1590.
[7]
WANG T, GAO Y W, CHEN B, et al. Prediction of a novel electromechanical response in polar polymers with rigid backbones: contrasting furan-derived nanothreads to poly (vinylidene fluoride) [J]. Nano Letters, 2024, 24(30): 9195–9201.
[8]
XIAO J, CHEN M-M, LIU W J, et al. Perfect mechanical and robust electronic properties of new carbon nanothreads: a first principles study [J]. Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 2019, 111: 37–43.
[9]
WU W K, TAI B, GUAN S, et al. Hybrid structures and strain-tunable electronic properties of carbon nanothreads [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2018, 122(5): 3101–3106.
[10]
ZHAN H F, ZHANG G, ZHANG Y Y, et al. Thermal conductivity of a new carbon nanotube analog: the diamond nanothread [J]. Carbon, 2016, 98: 232–237.
[11]
XUE Y X, CHEN Y, LI Z, et al. Strain engineering for thermal conductivity of diamond nanothread forests [J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2019, 52(8): 085301.
[12]
SILVEIRA J F R V, MUNIZ A R. Functionalized diamond nanothreads from benzene derivatives [J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2017, 19(10): 7132–7137.
[13]
ZHAN H F, SHANG J, LÜ C F, et al. Tensile properties of functionalized carbon nanothreads [J]. Nano Materials Science, 2022, 4(3): 220–226.
[14]
MÜLLER W A, HUGUE K, CARDOSO S L S, et al. Structure, properties, and dispersibility of OH-functionalized carbon nanothreads: implications for nanocomposite processing [J]. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2025, 8(39): 18954–18964.
[15]
XU E S, LAMMERT P E, CRESPI V H. Systematic enumeration of sp3 nanothreads [J]. Nano Letters, 2015, 15(8): 5124–5130.
[16]
LI Y, YANG L M, JIANG X, et al. Diamond nanostructures at different dimensions: synthesis and applications [J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2024, 34(30): 2314558.
[17]
DEMINGOS P G, MUNIZ A R. Carbon nanothreads from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules [J]. Carbon, 2018, 140: 644–652.
[18]
SILVEIRA J F R V, MUNIZ A R. Flexible carbon nanothread-based membranes with strain-dependent gas transport properties [J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2019, 585: 184–190.
[19]
YIN B B, HUANG J S, JI W M, et al. Exploring frictional performance of diamond nanothread reinforced polymer composites from the atomistic simulation and density functional theory [J]. Carbon, 2022, 200: 10–20.
[20]
ROMI S, SANTORO M, FANETTI S, et al. Tailoring optical absorption properties of carbon nanothreads [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2024, 128(46): 19912–19920.
[21]
WANG P, ZHAN H F, GU Y T. Molecular dynamics simulation of chiral carbon nanothread bundles for nanofiber applications [J]. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2020, 3(10): 10218–10225.
[22]
LEI X W, BANDO K, SHI J X. Vibration control of diamond nanothreads by lattice defect introduction for application in nanomechanical sensors [J]. Nanomaterials, 2021, 11(9): 2241.
[23]
ZHAO W Y, ZHANG J, SUN Z X, et al. Chemical synthesis driven by high pressure [J]. CCS Chemistry, 2025, 7: 1250–1271.
[24]
FITZGIBBONS T C, GUTHRIE M, XU E S, et al. Benzene-derived carbon nanothreads [J]. Nature Materials, 2015, 14(1): 43–47.
[25]
HUSS S, WU S K, CHEN B, et al. Scalable synthesis of crystalline one-dimensional carbon nanothreads through modest-pressure polymerization of furan [J]. ACS Nano, 2021, 15(3): 4134–4143.
[26]
BISWAS A, WARD M D, WANG T, et al. Evidence for orientational order in nanothreads derived from thiophene [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2019, 10(22): 7164–7171.
[27]
LI X, WANG T, DUAN P, et al. Carbon nitride nanothread crystals derived from pyridine [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140(15): 4969–4972.
[28]
GAO D X, TANG X Y, XU J Q, et al. Crystalline C3N3H3 tube (3,0) nanothreads [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022, 119(17): e2201165119.
[29]
NOBREGA M M, TEIXEIRA-NETO E, CAIRNS A B, et al. One-dimensional diamondoid polyaniline-like nanothreads from compressed crystal aniline [J]. Chemical Science, 2018, 9(1): 254–260.
[30]
YANG X, ZENG Q C, LIU Y Z, et al. Synthesis of single-crystalline carbon nanothreads from 1-naphthoic acid with high anisotropic thermal conductivity [J]. Chem, 2026, 12(5): 102836.
[31]
MURPHY M, MOHAMED A, BADDING J V, et al. Rational approaches toward the design and synthesis of carbon nanothreads [J]. Accounts of Chemical Research, 2025, 58(14): 2191–2202.
[32]
SANTORO M, FANETTI S, SCELTA D, et al. High-pressure laser-heating induced formation and equation of state of benzene-derived carbon nanothreads [J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2026, 164(16): 164503.
[33]
FANETTI S, ROMI S, CRICHTON W, et al. Quasi-isotropic high pressure, large volume synthesis of a polymeric composite incorporating diamond-like carbon nano-threads [J]. Diamond and Related Materials, 2023, 136: 109912.
[34]
WEN X D, HOFFMANN R, ASHCROFT N W. Benzene under high pressure: a story of molecular crystals transforming to saturated networks, with a possible intermediate metallic phase [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2011, 133(23): 9023–9035.
[35]
BARUA S R, QUANZ H, OLBRICH M, et al. Polytwistane [J]. Chemistry-A European Journal, 2014, 20(6): 1638–1645.
[36]
CHEN B, HOFFMANN R, ASHCROFT N W, et al. Linearly polymerized benzene arrays as intermediates, tracing pathways to carbon nanothreads [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 137(45): 14373–14386.
[37]
TANG X Y, DONG X, ZHANG C F, et al. Triggering dynamics of acetylene topochemical polymerization [J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2023, 8(5): 058402.
[38]
LI F, XU J Q, WANG Y J, et al. Pressure-induced polymerization: addition and condensation reactions [J]. Molecules, 2021, 26(24): 7581.
[39]
CIABINI L, SANTORO M, GORELLI F A, et al. Triggering dynamics of the high-pressure benzene amorphization [J]. Nature Materials, 2007, 6(1): 39–43.
[40]
DEMINGOS P G, MUNIZ A R. Electronic and mechanical properties of partially saturated carbon and carbon nitride nanothreads [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2019, 123(6): 3886–3891.
[41]
HUANG H T, ZHU L, WARD M D, et al. Nanoarchitecture through strained molecules: cubane-derived scaffolds and the smallest carbon nanothreads [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2020, 142(42): 17944–17955.
[42]
ZHAN H F, ZHANG G, TAN V B C, et al. The best features of diamond nanothread for nanofibre applications [J]. Nature Communications, 2017, 8(1): 14863.
[43]
WANG X Q, CHOW C L, LAU D. Topology-controlled thermomechanical properties of diamond nanothread enhanced polymeric materials [J]. Applied Materials Today, 2023, 32: 101822.
[44]
LI Y, HE X Y, MA X Q, et al. Mechanical properties of helically twisted diamond nanothread fibers [J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2025, 304: 110726.
[45]
LI C K, LI B N, GUI Y L, et al. Tailoring tensile properties of polymer nanocomposites with randomly dispersed multi-thread carbon nanothreads [J]. European Polymer Journal, 2026, 244: 114503.
[46]
ZHAN H F, ZHOU Y, ZHANG G, et al. Carbon nanothreads enable remarkable enhancement in the thermal conductivity of polyethylene [J]. Nanoscale, 2021, 13(14): 6934–6943.
[47]
XUE J, XIE Y E, PENG Q, et al. Thermal transports of one-dimensional ultrathin carbon structures [J]. Nanotechnology, 2019, 30(47): 475401.
[48]
CHEN M M, XIAO J, CAO C, et al. Theoretical prediction electronic properties of Group-Ⅳ diamond nanothreads [J]. AIP Advances, 2018, 8(7): 075107.
[49]
GRYN’OVA G, CORMINBOEUF C. Topology-driven single-molecule conductance of carbon nanothreads [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2019, 10(4): 825–830.
[50]
DEMINGOS P G, BALZARETTI N M, MUNIZ A R. First-principles study of carbon nanothreads derived from five-membered heterocyclic rings: thiophene, furan and pyrrole [J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2021, 23(3): 2055–2062.
[51]
MIAO Z Z, CAO C, ZHANG B, et al. First-principles study on the effects of doping and adsorption on the electronic and magnetic properties of diamond nanothreads [J]. Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 2020, 118: 113949.
[52]
FU Y Q, XU K, WU J Y, et al. The effects of morphology and temperature on the tensile characteristics of carbon nitride nanothreads [J]. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(23): 12462–12475.
[53]
FU Y Q, WU J Y, XIAO S B, et al. Tensile mechanical characteristics of ultra-thin carbon sulfur nanothreads in orientational order [J]. Carbon, 2021, 184: 146–155.
[54]
ZHAN H F, ZHANG G, BELL J M, et al. High density mechanical energy storage with carbon nanothread bundle [J]. Nature Communications, 2020, 11(1): 1905.
[55]
LI X, BALDINI M, WANG T, et al. Mechanochemical synthesis of carbon nanothread single crystals [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2017, 139(45): 16343–16349.
[56]
DUAN P, LI X, WANG T, et al. The chemical structure of carbon nanothreads analyzed by advanced solid-state NMR [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140(24): 7658–7666.
[57]
WANG T, DUAN P, XU E S, et al. Constraining carbon nanothread structures by experimental and calculated nuclear magnetic resonance spectra [J]. Nano Letters, 2018, 18(8): 4934–4942.
[58]
GERTHOFFER M C, XU B H, WU S K, et al. Mechanistic insights into the pressure-induced polymerization of aryl/perfluoroaryl co-crystals [J]. Polymer Chemistry, 2022, 13(10): 1359–1368.
[59]
YANG X, CHE G W, LI F, et al. Fused-ring carbon nanothread synthesized by pressure-induced polymerization of azulene [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2024, 128(38): 16011–16019.
[60]
FANETTI S, SANTORO M, ALABARSE F, et al. Modulating the H-bond strength by varying the temperature for the high pressure synthesis of nitrogen rich carbon nanothreads [J]. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(8): 5233–5242.
[61]
YANG X, CHE G W, WANG Y J, et al. High-pressure polymerization of phenol toward degree-4 carbon nanothread [J]. Nano Letters, 2025, 25(3): 1028–1035.
[62]
TANG W S, STROBEL T A. Evidence for functionalized carbon nanothreads from π-stacked, para-disubstituted benzenes [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2020, 124(45): 25062–25070.
[63]
WANG Y J, DONG X, TANG X Y, et al. Pressure-induced Diels-Alder reactions in C6H6-C6F6 cocrystal towards graphane structure [J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2019, 58(5): 1468–1473.
[64]
FRIEDRICH A, COLLINGS I E, DZIUBEK K F, et al. Pressure-induced polymerization of polycyclic arene-perfluoroarene cocrystals: single crystal X-ray diffraction studies, reaction kinetics, and design of columnar hydrofluorocarbons [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2020, 142(44): 18907–18923.
[65]
FEI Y F, WANG Y J, ZHANG J, et al. Fused-ring nanothread synthesized via high-pressure polymerization of naphthalene [J]. Chemistry–A European Journal, 2026: e71096.
[66]
CHE G W, TANG X Y, LANG P Y, et al. Fluorine-directed structure-specific carbon nanothreads [J]. Chemistry-A European Journal, 2025, 31(39): e202501735.
[67]
CHE G W, TANG X Y, LIU J, et al. Pressure-driven solid-state radical polymerization toward carbon nanothread [J]. Nano Letters, 2025, 25(39): 14467–14472.
[68]
GERTHOFFER M C, WU S K, CHEN B, et al. ‘Sacrificial’ supramolecular assembly and pressure-induced polymerization: toward sequence-defined functionalized nanothreads [J]. Chemical Science, 2020, 11(42): 11419–11424.
[69]
CHE G W, FEI Y F, TANG X Y, et al. Pressure-induced polymerization of 1,4-difluorobenzene towards fluorinated diamond nanothreads [J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2025, 27(2): 1112–1118.
[70]
WARD M D, TANG W S, ZHU L, et al. Controlled single-crystalline polymerization of C10H8·C10F8 under pressure [J]. Macromolecules, 2019, 52(20): 7557–7563.
[71]
CHEN B, CRESPI V H, HOFFMANN R. Theoretical studies of furan and thiophene nanothreads: structures, cycloaddition barriers, and activation volumes [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2022, 144(20): 9044–9056.
[72]
MATSUURA B S, HUSS S, ZHENG Z X, et al. Perfect and defective 13C-furan-derived nanothreads from modest-pressure synthesis analyzed by 13C NMR [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2021, 143(25): 9529–9542.
[73]
DUNNING S G, CHEN B, ZHU L, et al. Synthesis and post-processing of chemically homogeneous nanothreads from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid [J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2023, 62(14): e202217023.
[74]
WANG X, YANG X, WANG Y D, et al. From biomass to functional crystalline diamond nanothread: pressure-induced polymerization of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2022, 144(48): 21837–21842.
[75]
DUNNING S G, ZHU L, CHEN B, et al. Solid-state pathway control via reaction-directing heteroatoms: ordered pyridazine nanothreads through selective cycloaddition [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2022, 144(5): 2073–2078.
[76]
ROMI S, FANETTI S, ALABARSE F, et al. Towards custom built double core carbon nanothreads using stilbene and pseudo-stilbene type systems [J]. Nanoscale, 2022, 14(12): 4614–4625.
[77]
AGATI M, ROMI S, FANETTI S, et al. High-pressure structure and reactivity of crystalline bibenzyl: insights and prospects for the synthesis of functional double-core carbon nanothreads [J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2023, 159(24): 244507.
[78]
MILIANTE C M, DE MATOS J P D, MUNIZ A R. Structural, electronic and mechanical properties of double core carbon nanothreads [J]. Carbon, 2023, 215: 118387.
[79]
ROMI S, FANETTI S, ALABARSE F G, et al. High-pressure synthesis of 1D low-bandgap polymers embedded in diamond-like carbon nanothreads [J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2022, 34(5): 2422–2428.
[80]
ROMI S, FANETTI S, ALABARSE F, et al. Structure-reactivity relationship in the high-pressure formation of double-core carbon nanothreads from azobenzene crystal [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2021, 125(31): 17174–17182.
[81]
ROMI S, FANETTI S, ALABARSE F, et al. Synthesis of double core chromophore-functionalized nanothreads by compressing azobenzene in a diamond anvil cell [J]. Chemical Science, 2021, 12(20): 7048–7057.
[82]
AGATI M, ROMI S, FANETTI S, et al. Insights into topochemical versus stress-induced high-pressure reactivity of azobenzene by single crystal X-ray diffraction [J]. Chemical Science, 2025, 16(21): 9240–9254.
[83]
ZHANG P J, GAO D X, TANG X Y, et al. Ordered Van der Waals hetero-nanoribbon from pressure-induced topochemical polymerization of azobenzene [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2023, 145(12): 6845–6852.
[84]
DUNNING S G, HARI A, ZHU L, et al. Double-core nanothread formation from α-furil via a pressure-induced planarization pathway [J]. Chemical Science, 2025, 16(9): 4144–4151.
[85]
NI X, DEMINGOS P G, YAO X, et al. Theoretical design of carbon nanothreads as anode material with high capacity and conductivity for lithium-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 137: 118570.
[86]
OBURN S M, HUSS S, COX J, et al. Photochemically mediated polymerization of molecular furan and pyridine: synthesis of nanothreads at reduced pressures [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2022, 144(48): 22026–22034.
[87]
YURTSEVEN H, ŞENOL M G. Temperature and pressure dependence of the linewidth for an internal mode in the solid phases of benzene [J]. Acta Physica Polonica A, 2013, 124(4): 698–701.
[88]
MURPHY M, XU B H, RANK K E, et al. Cyclobutane-linked nanothreads through thermal and photochemically mediated polymerization of cyclohexadiene [J]. Polymer Chemistry, 2025, 16(25): 2943–2951.
2026年第40卷第9期
PDF下载
28
13
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261109
  • 接收时间:2026-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2026-09-05
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2026-06-04
  • 修回日期:2026-07-30
基金
作者信息
    北京高压科学研究中心, 北京 100193

通讯作者:

汪雅洁(1988-),女,博士,助理研究员,主要从事高压有机化学及其机理研究.E-mail:
郑海燕(1982-),女,博士,研究员,主要从事高压结合光照等手段实现新型碳基、氮基材料的合成研究. E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/CN/10.11858/gywlxb.20261109
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏