Article(id=1256186034174440444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20261050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1773072000000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-10, revisedDate=1774281600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-24, acceptedDate=1774800000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineDate=1777427689354, onlineDateStr=2026-04-29, pubDate=1775318400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777427689354, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777427689354, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427689354, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256186027853624275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='040101-1', pageEnd='045301-13', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777427687845, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427791253, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256186461888627074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256186461888627075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=040107-1, endPage=040107-8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256186036019933190, articleId=1256186034174440444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Measurement Principle of Modulated Magnetic Susceptibility in Diamond Anvil, columnId=1256186029531345878, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Young Scientists’ Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Superconductivity is defined by two fundamental criteria: zero electrical resistance and the Meissner effect. However, measuring the magnetic properties of samples under high pressure in diamond anvil cells—where sample sizes are limited to tens of micrometers and confined spatially—has long been a challenging task in high-pressure research. Magnetic measurements under high pressure using diamond anvil cells can generally be classified into four distinct methods. Among these, the modulated magnetic susceptibility measurement, which employs laboratory-fabricated multi-turn micro-coils and two lock-in amplifiers connected in series, has often yielded contradictory experimental results in the literature due to an insufficient understanding of its underlying measurement principles. In this work, starting from the experimental configuration and Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, we re-derive the expressions for the signal magnitude of the superconducting diamagnetic transition registered on the primary and secondary lock-in amplifiers. We obtain an expression for the signal amplification introduced by the modulated magnetic field, thereby clarifying the measurement principle of modulated magnetic susceptibility and identifying potential issues in previous studies.

, correspAuthors=Yazhou ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yazhou ZHOU, Jing GUO, Shurong CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256186058153275676, articleId=1256186034174440444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=金刚石压砧中调制磁化率的测量原理, columnId=1256186029946581977, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=优秀青年专辑, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

超导电性以零电阻行为和迈斯纳效应作为2个核心判据。在金刚石压砧所形成的高压环境下,样品尺寸仅数十微米,且空间受限,其磁性测量一直是高压研究中的难点。基于金刚石压砧进行高压下的磁性测量大致可以分为4种不同的方法,其中,使用实验室自制的多匝数微型线圈和2台串联锁相放大器的调制磁化率测量因测量原理未被很好地理解,导致以往的研究中常出现自相矛盾的实验结果。为此,从实验构型和法拉第电磁感应定律出发,重新推导了超导样品的抗磁转变在一级和二级锁相放大器上信号大小的表达式,得到了引入调制磁场之后信号放大幅度的表达式,深入理解了调制磁化率的测量原理,指出了以往文献中可能存在的问题。

, correspAuthors=周亚洲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
周亚洲(1990-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事高压等极端条件下的物性研究. E-mail:
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金刚石压砧中调制磁化率的测量原理
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周亚洲 1, * , 郭静 1 , 陈姝蓉 2
高压物理学报 | 优秀青年专辑 2026,40(4): 040107-1-040107-8
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高压物理学报 | 优秀青年专辑 2026, 40(4): 040107-1-040107-8
金刚石压砧中调制磁化率的测量原理
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周亚洲1, * , 郭静1, 陈姝蓉2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院物理研究所, 北京 100080
  • 2河海大学机电工程学院, 江苏 南京 210024

通讯作者:

周亚洲(1990-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事高压等极端条件下的物性研究. E-mail:
Measurement Principle of Modulated Magnetic Susceptibility in Diamond Anvil
Yazhou ZHOU1, * , Jing GUO1, Shurong CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
  • 2College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2026-04-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261050
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超导电性以零电阻行为和迈斯纳效应作为2个核心判据。在金刚石压砧所形成的高压环境下,样品尺寸仅数十微米,且空间受限,其磁性测量一直是高压研究中的难点。基于金刚石压砧进行高压下的磁性测量大致可以分为4种不同的方法,其中,使用实验室自制的多匝数微型线圈和2台串联锁相放大器的调制磁化率测量因测量原理未被很好地理解,导致以往的研究中常出现自相矛盾的实验结果。为此,从实验构型和法拉第电磁感应定律出发,重新推导了超导样品的抗磁转变在一级和二级锁相放大器上信号大小的表达式,得到了引入调制磁场之后信号放大幅度的表达式,深入理解了调制磁化率的测量原理,指出了以往文献中可能存在的问题。

金刚石压砧  /  磁化率测量  /  调制磁化率  /  超导抗磁信号

Superconductivity is defined by two fundamental criteria: zero electrical resistance and the Meissner effect. However, measuring the magnetic properties of samples under high pressure in diamond anvil cells—where sample sizes are limited to tens of micrometers and confined spatially—has long been a challenging task in high-pressure research. Magnetic measurements under high pressure using diamond anvil cells can generally be classified into four distinct methods. Among these, the modulated magnetic susceptibility measurement, which employs laboratory-fabricated multi-turn micro-coils and two lock-in amplifiers connected in series, has often yielded contradictory experimental results in the literature due to an insufficient understanding of its underlying measurement principles. In this work, starting from the experimental configuration and Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, we re-derive the expressions for the signal magnitude of the superconducting diamagnetic transition registered on the primary and secondary lock-in amplifiers. We obtain an expression for the signal amplification introduced by the modulated magnetic field, thereby clarifying the measurement principle of modulated magnetic susceptibility and identifying potential issues in previous studies.

diamond anvil cell  /  magnetic susceptibility measurement  /  modulated magnetic susceptibility  /  superconducting diamagnetic signal
周亚洲, 郭静, 陈姝蓉. 金刚石压砧中调制磁化率的测量原理. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 040107-1 -040107-8 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261050
Yazhou ZHOU, Jing GUO, Shurong CHEN. Measurement Principle of Modulated Magnetic Susceptibility in Diamond Anvil[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (4) : 040107-1 -040107-8 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261050
超导电性以零电阻行为和迈斯纳效应作为2个核心判据。在金刚石压砧(diamond anvil cell,DAC)的高压环境下,样品尺寸仅为数十微米,且空间受限,因此,磁性测量一直是高压研究中的难点。
实验室中常采用DAC进行压力下的磁性测量,测量方法大致可以分为4种。(1) 基于商业SQUID的迷你高压胞,将整个高压胞放入SQUID的探测系统中,通过高精度的磁矩分辨率扣除高压胞的磁矩信号,从而得到待测样品的信号,代表性工作包括金属氢化物的抗磁性测量和磁通钉扎[13]以及La4Ni3O10等镍氧化物的抗磁性测量[46]。(2) 基于氮空位色心的磁性测量。其优势在于可以实现磁性的空间分辨,但是受测量原理所限,磁性测量仅局限于样品表面,且难以实现整体绝对值测量,代表性工作有氢化物以及La3Ni2O7中的抗磁性测量[79]。(3) 使用SQUID探头搭建专用于DAC的SQUID测量系统,对比商业SQUID测量系统,可将超导的磁通拾取线圈集成到高压胞内部。该方法可以避免大部分高压胞所产生的背底信号,从而提高测量分辨率,但缺点在于系统复杂,需要大量定制部件,代表性工作为高压下的精确磁化测量[1012]。(4) 采用实验室自制的多匝数微型线圈,将线圈放置在DAC外围,利用锁相放大器进行交流磁性测量,通过使用额外的低频激励线圈和2级串联锁相放大器,可增强测量系统对超导信号的敏感性。该方法因采用低频磁场对超导转变温度进行磁场调制,因此,被称为调制磁化率测量,代表性工作包括单质硫在压力下的超导抗磁性测量[1314]以及铜氧化物中三维到二维超导电性的转变[1516]
上述方法中,只有方法4仅需2台串联的锁相放大器,几乎不需要额外的实验设备,但其测量原理并没有被很好地理解,导致以往的文献中常出现自相矛盾的实验结果,如铜氧化物超导抗磁转变温度的反常升高[1718]现象等。基于此,本研究针对方法4中调制磁化率的测量原理以及实验相关的关键问题展开讨论。
实验构型如图1[17]所示,2组核心测量线圈中的一组放置在DAC外围,另一组置于其旁边,每组测量线圈均由一个激励线圈和一个拾取线圈组成,其中:激励线圈通过通入交变电流产生交变磁场,通常选择外侧线圈;拾取线圈拾取交变的磁通量产生交变的电压信号,通过前置放大器直接连接到锁相放大器的输入端;2组测量线圈通过反接拾取线圈,使得拾取到的电压信号几乎为零(理想情况下,2组测量线圈完全相同,且互不干扰,反接后拾取到的等效磁通完全为零)。此外,在2组测量线圈之外放置一个低频调制线圈,通过一个较大的交变电流,使其产生数十毫特斯拉的交变磁场,磁场对待测样品的超导转变温度进行交变抑制,信号由两级串联的锁相放大器测量。
由法拉第电磁感应定律,拾取线圈中的电压为
$ {U}_{\rm{coil}}=\frac{\rm{d}\phi }{{\rm{d}}t}=\frac{\rm{d}{\phi }_{0}}{{\rm{d}}t}+\frac{\rm{d}{\phi }_{\rm{s}}}{{\rm{d}}t} $
式中:Ucoil为拾取线圈中的电压,φs、φ0分别为待测样品和除样品之外的磁通量。在样品填充因子η=1的情况下(在图1所示的实验构型中,线圈包裹的空间直径约为3 mm,高约为1 mm,而样品的直径仅约为100 μm,厚20 μm,两者的体积之比为填充因子),样品之外的空间尺寸近似于整个拾取线圈,其半径为rcoil,因此,式(1)可进一步表示为
$ \begin{aligned}{U}_{\rm{coil}}&={N}_{\rm{coil}}\text{π} {r}_{\rm{coil}}^{2}\frac{{\rm{d}}{B}_{0}}{{\rm{d}}t}+\frac{{d}_{\rm{s}}}{{h}_{\rm{coil}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}\text{π} {r}_{\rm{s}}^{2}\frac{{\rm{d}}{B}_{\rm{s}}}{{\rm{d}}t}={N}_{\rm{coil}}\text{π} {r}_{\rm{coil}}^{2}\frac{{\rm{d}}{B}_{0}}{{\rm{d}}t}+\frac{{d}_{\rm{s}}}{{h}_{\rm{coil}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}\text{π} {r}_{\rm{s}}^{2}\frac{{\rm{d}}{\mu }_{0}(1-\chi )H}{{\rm{d}}t}\end{aligned} $
式中:$ {{d}_{\rm{s}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}/{{h}_{\rm{coil}}} $为比例系数;ds为样品的厚度;hcoil为测量线圈的高度;Ncoil为测量线圈的匝数,即等效匝数;rsBs分别为样品的半径和样品所处位置的磁感应强度;B0为未填充样品处的磁感应强度;μ0为真空磁导率;χ为磁化率,在超导转变前、后,分别有χ=0和χ=−1;H为激励磁场。理想情况下,2组测量线圈完全相同,即初级线圈和补偿线圈的尺寸完全一致,可以实现完美补偿,式(2)中的第1项应该严格为零。然而在实际实验中这不可能实现,因此,线圈拾取到的电压信号有一部分来自未填充样品的空间。
如果待测样品为超导体,在超导转变时测量到的信号大小为
$ {U}_{\rm{signal}}={U}_{\rm{coil}}(\chi =-1)-{U}_{\rm{coil}}(\chi =0)=\frac{{d}_{\rm{s}}}{{h}_{\rm{coil}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}\text{π} {r}_{\rm{s}}^{2}{\mu }_{0}\frac{{\rm{d}}H}{{\rm{d}}t} $
考虑到在实际实验构型中,激励线圈与测量线圈尺寸类似并且同心,激励磁场H=Ncoil,eIcoil,e/hcoil,e,其中Ncoil,ehcoil,eIcoil,e分别为激励线圈的匝数、高度、电流。
在正弦激励下,Icoil,e=|Icoil,e|sin(2πf1t),有
$ \begin{aligned}{U}_{\rm{signal}}&=\frac{{d}_{\rm{s}}}{{h}_{\rm{coil}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}\text{π} {r}_{\rm{s}}^{2}{\mu }_{0}\frac{({N}_{\rm{coil,e}}/{h}_{\rm{{coil,e}}}){\rm{d}}{I}_{\rm{{coil,e}}}}{{\rm{d}}t}\\&=\frac{{d}_{\rm{s}}}{{h}_{\rm{coil}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}\text{π} {r}_{\rm{s}}^{2}{\mu }_{0}({N}_{\rm{coil,e}}/{h}_{\rm{{coil,e}}})\left| {I}_{\mathrm{coil,e}}\right| 2\text{π} {f}_{1}\cos (2\text{π} {f}_{1} t)\end{aligned} $
式中:f1为第1级锁的相对频率。对f1进行测量之后,得到直流信号
$ {U}_{\rm{signal}}=2\frac{{d}_{\rm{s}}}{{h}_{\rm{coil}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}{\text{π} }^{2}{r}_{\rm{s}}^{2}{\mu }_{0}({N}_{\rm{coil,e}}/{h}_{{\rm{coil,e}}})\left| {I}_{\rm{coil,e}}\right| {f}_{1} $
可以看出,式(5)中并没有cos(2πf1t)的余弦振项。
为了提高测量的信噪比,引入额外的低频调制磁场(f2=13 Hz)来抑制样品的超导转变温度,以区分样品和背景的信号。在调制磁场H2存在的情况下,式(3)依然成立,只是外磁场需要表示为Ht=H1+H2,其中H1=|H1|sin(2πf1t+φ1),H2=|H2|sin(2πf2t+φ2),假设其中f1=13 kHz,f2=13 Hz,满足f1$\gg $f2
在样品未处于超导临界温度的情况下,χ不随外磁场变化,此时,式(2)可以进一步表示为
$ \begin{aligned}{U}_{\rm{signal}}&=\frac{{d}_{\rm{s}}}{{h}_{\rm{coil}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}\text{π} {r}_{\rm{s}}^{2}{\mu }_{0}(1-\chi )\frac{{\rm{d}}{H}_{\rm{t}}}{{\rm{d}}t}\\&=\frac{{d}_{\rm{s}}}{{h}_{\rm{coil}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}\text{π} {r}_{\rm{s}}^{2}{\mu }_{0}(1-\chi )[{\omega }_{1}\left| {H}_{1}\right| \cos ({\omega }_{1} t+{\phi }_{1})+{\omega }_{2}\left| {H}_{2}\right| \cos ({\omega }_{2} t+{\phi }_{2})]\end{aligned} $
式中:ω=2πf,假设φ1=φ2=0。由锁相测量原理可知:锁相首先对参考信号和测量信号进行乘法运算,并对时间进行积分,然后进行低通滤波。本研究中,在第1级锁相上输入f1=13 kHz的参考信号,通过乘法运算和低通滤波之后,消除了f2=13 Hz的低频项对测量的影响,由于
$ \begin{aligned} & \sin ({\omega }_{1} t)[A {{\cos}} ({\omega }_{1} t)+B {{\cos}} ({\omega }_{2}t)] =\\&A [\sin (2{\omega }_{1} t)+\sin ({\omega }_{1}-{\omega }_{1})]/2+B \left\{\sin [({\omega }_{1}+{\omega }_{2}) t]+\sin [({\omega }_{1}-{\omega }_{2}) t]\right\}/2\end{aligned}$
ω1$\gg $ω2的情况下,ω1+ω2ω1ω2ω1。锁相的低通滤波器的截止频率与时间常数的关系为f–3dB=1/(2πtc)[19],其中:tc为锁相输出的时间常数,从1 ms~300 s可调。10 ms对应的截止频率f–3dB=16 Hz,100 ms对应的截止频率f–3dB=1.6 Hz。由于式(7)中仅sin(ω1ω1)这个直流项有可能通过低通滤波器,因此,最后只得到sin(ω1ω1)相关的直流项。
直流信号输入第2级锁相之后,进行以ω2为基准的二次谐波的乘法运算产生2ω2项,经过低通滤波之后为零(需要注意的是,应合理选择第2级锁相的时间常数tc,使得f–3dB=1/(2πtc)=2ω2,如tc=1 s时,f–3dB=1/(2π)=0.16 Hz。
在样品处于超导临界温度的情况下,超导转变温度被调制磁场H2抑制,此时,式(6)中的χ随外磁场发生频率为ω2的交替变化。在温度合适且磁场足够大的情况下,调制磁场能使χ发生从约为0~−1的周期变化,其中χ约为零发生在样品处于正常态,而−1发生在样品处于超导态。
近似有$ \chi =-\left| \chi \right| \cos (2{\omega }_{2} t) $,其中$ \left| \chi \right| =0.5 $,注意这里$ \chi $$ {H}_{2} $随时间的变化存在90°的相差,由于$ {H}_{2}=\left| {H}_{2}\right| \sin ({\omega }_{2}t+{\phi }_{2}) $,此处一定是$ -\cos (2{\omega }_{2} t) $,可通过作图法得到此结果。此时式(2)可以表示为
$ {U}_{\rm{signal}}=\frac{{d}_{\rm{s}}}{{h}_{\rm{coil}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}\text{π} {r}_{\rm{s}}^{2}{\mu }_{0}\left(\frac{{\rm{d}}{H}_{\rm{t}}}{{\rm{d}}t}-\frac{{\rm{d}}\chi {H}_{\rm{t}}}{{\rm{d}}t}\right) $
其中$ \dfrac{{\rm{d}}{H}_{\rm{t}}}{{\rm{d}}t} $经过锁相之后产生直流项,暂不考虑。而第2项
$ \begin{aligned}\frac{{\rm{d}}\chi {H}_{\rm{t}}}{{\rm{d}}t}=&-\left| \chi \right| \cos (2{\omega }_{2} t)[{\omega }_{1}\left| {H}_{1}\right| \cos ({\omega }_{1} t)+{\omega }_{2}\left| {H}_{2}\right| \cos ({\omega }_{2}t)]+\\& 2{\omega }_{2}\left| \chi \right| \sin (2{\omega }_{2} t)[\left| {H}_{1}\right| \sin ({\omega }_{1} t)+\left| {H}_{2}\right| \sin ({\omega }_{2} t)]\end{aligned} $
化简后为
$\frac{{\rm{d}}\chi {H}_{\rm{t}}}{{\rm{d}}t}= -\cos (2{\omega }_{2} t)[\cos ({\omega }_{1} t)+\cos ({\omega }_{2} t)]+\sin (2{\omega }_{2} t)[\sin ({\omega }_{1} t)+\sin ({\omega }_{2}t)] $
三角函数的积化和差之后,其中存在2ω2+ω1、2ω2ω1、3ω2ω2等4项。在经过第1级锁相ω1项的乘法运算之后变为–2ω2、2ω2+2ω1、2ω2、2ω2–2ω1ω1+3ω2ω1–3ω2ω1+ω2ω1ω2等8项,表示为
$\frac{{\rm{d}}\chi {H}_{\rm{t}}}{{\rm{d}}t}= -\cos (2{\omega }_{2} t)+\cos [(2{\omega }_{2}+2{\omega }_{1})t]+\cos (2{\omega }_{2} t)+\cos [(2{\omega }_{2}-2{\omega }_{1}) t] +\cdots$
同样ω1$\gg$ω2的情况下,在低通滤波器之后只可能保留–2ω2和2ω2。这2项来源于cos(2ω2t)cos(ω1t)和sin(2ω2t)sin(ω1t),后续计算中仅考虑这2项,则
$ \begin{aligned}\frac{{\rm{d}}\chi {H}_{\rm{t}}}{{\rm{d}}t}=&-\left| \chi \right| \cos (2{\omega }_{2} t){\omega }_{1}\left| {H}_{1}\right| \cos ({\omega }_{1} t) +2{\omega }_{2}\left| \chi \right| \sin (2{\omega }_{2} t)\left| {H}_{1}\right| \sin ({\omega }_{1}t)\\=&-\left| \chi \right| {\omega }_{1}\left| {H}_{1}\right| \{\cos [(2{\omega }_{2}+{\omega }_{1}) t]+\cos [(2{\omega }_{2}-{\omega }_{1}) t]\}/2+\\& 2{\omega }_{2}\left| \chi \right| \left| {H}_{1}\right| \{\cos [(2{\omega }_{2}+{\omega }_{1}) t]-\cos [(2{\omega }_{2}-{\omega }_{1}) t]\}/2\end{aligned} $
考虑经过第1级锁相对于频率ω1的测量之后,表达式需乘以sin(ω1t)并积分后低通滤波,仅保留–2ω2和2ω2两项,忽略了2ω2+2ω1、2ω2–2ω1等项,则
$ \begin{aligned}\frac{{\rm{d}}\chi {H}_{\rm{t}}}{{\rm{d}}t} \sin ({\omega }_{1} t)=&-\left| \chi \right| {\omega }_{1}\left| {H}_{1}\right| [\sin (2{\omega }_{2} t)/2+\sin (2{\omega }_{2} t)/2]-\\& 2{\omega }_{2}\left| \chi \right| \left| {H}_{1}\right| [\sin (2{\omega }_{2} t)/2-\sin (2{\omega }_{2} t)/2]\\=&-{\omega }_{1}\left| \chi \right| \left| {H}_{1}\right| \sin (2{\omega }_{2}t)\end{aligned} $
式(13)中,比例系数含ω2的项正好抵消。所以,在经过第1级锁相ω1项的乘法运算之后
$ \begin{aligned}{U}_{\rm{signal}}&=\frac{{d}_{\rm{s}}}{{h}_{\rm{coil}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}\text{π} {r}_{\rm{s}}^{2}{\mu }_{0}\left(\frac{{\rm{d}}{H}_{\rm{t}}}{{\rm{d}}t}-\frac{d\chi {H}_{\rm{t}}}{{\rm{d}}t}\right)\\&=\frac{{d}_{\rm{s}}}{{h}_{\rm{coil}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}\text{π} {r}_{\rm{s}}^{2}{\mu }_{0}{\omega }_{1}\left| \chi \right| \left| {H}_{1}\right| \sin (2{\omega }_{2}t)\end{aligned} $
通过选择合适的时间常数,如tc=3 ms,低通滤波器的截止频率f–3dB=1/(2πtc)=53 Hz>2ω2。因此,在超导转变温度附近,假设|H2|足够大,使超导材料的χ可以从约为0~−1发生变化,此时|χ|=0.5,结合|H1|=Ncoil,e|Icoil,e|/hcoil,e,可以在第1级锁相的乘法器和低通滤波器后,得到
$ {U}_{\rm{signal}}=\frac{{d}_{\rm{s}}}{{h}_{\rm{coil}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}{\text{π} }^{2}{r}_{\rm{s}}^{2}{\mu }_{0}{f}_{1}({N}_{\rm{coil,e}}/{h}_{\rm{coil,e}})\left| {I}_{\rm{coil,e}}\right| \sin (2{\omega }_{2} t) $
式(15)中包含了sin(2ω2t)的时间振荡项,与式(8)的情况截然不同。同时由于锁相会将输出信号按照一定比例放大,其比例为输入信号的有效值除以所选档位的大小再乘以10 V,即$ {10\left| {U}_{\mathrm{in}}\right| /\sqrt{2}}{{U}_{\rm{Sensitivity}}} $[19]。所以第1级锁相的输出为
$ {U}_{\rm{lock-in\;1,out}}=\frac{\dfrac{10{d}_{\rm{s}}}{{h}_{\rm{coil}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}{\text{π} }^{2}{r}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}{\mu }_{0}{f}_{1}({N}_{\rm{{coil,e}}}/{h}_{\rm{coil,e}})\left| {I}_{\rm{coil,e}}\right| }{\sqrt{2} {U}_{\rm{lock-in\; 1,\text{Sensitivity}}}} \sin (2{\omega }_{2}{t}) $
输入第2级锁相后,其以ω2为基准进行二次谐波的乘法运算(产生2ω2+2ω2和2ω2–2ω2项)并低通滤波之后,仅保留2ω2–2ω2的直流项,最终测量得到的超导转变信号为
$ \left| {U}_{{\rm{lock-in\;2,}}x}\right| =\frac{\dfrac{10{d}_{\rm{s}}}{{h}_{\rm{coil}}}{N}_{\rm{coil}}{\text{π} }^{2}{r}_{\rm{s}}^{2}{\mu }_{0}({N}_{\rm{coil,e}}/{h}_{\rm{coil,e}})\left| {I}_{\rm{coil,e}}\right| {f}_{1}}{\sqrt{2} {U}_{\rm{lock-in\;1,{Sensitivity}}}} $
超导转变在第1级锁相放大器的信号大小可用式(5)计算。式(17)中信号的增大来自第1级锁相在输出端对信号进行的等比例放大,即$ {10\left| {U}_{\mathrm{in}}\right| /\sqrt{2}}{{U}_{\text{Sensitivity}}} $。这与单纯的使用前置放大器不同,这里的放大是在对信号进行ω1项的乘法运算和低通滤波之后进行的,几乎只放大了目标信号,而单纯的前置放大器不仅会放大目标信号,也会放大测量的噪音。
代入实际的实验参数进行计算,在激励线圈与测量线圈尺寸接近的情况下,测量线圈匝数Ncoil=Ncoil,e=600,高度hcoil,e=1 mm,电流振幅|Icoil,e|=10 mA,测量频率f1=13 kHz,真空磁导率μ0=1.26×10–6 H/m,样品厚度ds=30 μm。
对于250 μm台面的金刚石压砧,样品半径rs=40 μm、厚度ds=20 μm,根据式(17),第1级锁相测量得到的信号大小|Usignal|$\approx $37.2 µV。
引入调制磁场f2=13 Hz,同时$ {U}_{\rm{lock-in\;1,{Sensitivity}}} $=10 mV,根据式(17),第2级锁相测量得到的信号大小$ \left| {U}_{{\rm{lock-in\;2,}}y}\right| \approx $13.04 mV。对比第1级锁相,放大约350倍(此数值仅通过锁相放大的的数据手册[19]计算得到,应为实验所能观察到的最大值)。值得注意的是,上述2个计算结果均未考虑前置放大器的贡献,且以上计算未考虑样品抗磁因子造成的信号增大。
引入调制磁场能够提高超导转变信号,主要是由于第1级锁相的输出放大[19],与前置放大器对拾取电压的整体放大不同,此处仅放大与超导转变相关的信号。因此,调制磁场的引入能够大幅提升超导测量的信噪比,从而有可能在具有微弱抗磁性的样品上测量得到超导转变[20]
在理解了调制磁化率的测量原理之后,将会面临一个问题,如此小的调制磁场怎么能够导致铜氧化物超导体的信号宽度达到数十开尔文?由文献[15-16, 21]的报道可知,超导转变信号从超导转变温度(Tc)开始一直往低温持续数十开尔文,其原因在于,虽然铜氧化物超导体的上临界场(Hc2)超过了数十特斯拉,但是其下临界场(Hc1)只有几十毫特斯拉量级,调制磁场足以使其在数十开尔文的区间内进入混合态,其磁化率χ与正常态接近,其原理在文献[20]中也有说明。图2(a)中的蓝色实线为典型的铜氧化物超导体的调制磁化率实验数据,其中UD表示欠掺杂,OP表示最佳掺杂,OD表示过掺杂。图2(b)展示了有外场存在和没有外场存在时的磁化率随温度的变化曲线,可以看出,10 mT量级的调制磁场能够让转变温度发生约20 K的明显位移,这是因为,调制磁场使其进入了混合态(高于下临界场Hc1),此状态下样品因磁通的侵入,其磁化率χ与正常态相当。图2(c)给出了温度低于Tc时,磁化率χ随调制磁场H2发生二倍频的振荡,χ从−1到约为0产生2ω2振荡[16]
铜氧化物超导抗磁转变温度反常升高[17]的核心证据如图3所示。图3(a)给出了典型的超导转变信号,其中:$\Delta\chi\text{ʹ} $为调制磁化率信号的振幅;R/R290 K为归一化后的电阻,归一化温度290 K。可以看出,铜氧化物的超导转变宽度约为20 K,与文献[15-16, 21]中的情况类似;图3(b)仅展示了高温部分的数据,低温端并没有出现远离超导温度时,因Hc1过大而导致调制磁场无法将其拖入混合态,从而导致测量信号归零的情况。特别是图3(b)中压力为36.5 GPa时,信号从超导起点一直向下延伸,超过50 K时依然没有下降,与图3(a)中不同压力下的信号宽度均在20 K左右形成鲜明对比。仅关注压力低于17.0 GPa的数据,可以看出,图3(a)图3(b)中的信号宽度完全不同,而下临界场与超导材料的超流密度和超导穿透深度紧密相关,不会随样品产生巨大差异。图3(b)的结果可能来自于错误的实验操作,其超导转变温度的宽度远大于20 K,以至于没有观测到低温端的信号回落,此实验结果被误认为是铜氧化物超导转变温度在压力下的反常升高。值得注意的是,此处的纵轴Phase和图3(a)的纵轴振幅都应满足同样的规律。此处为示意图,原始图片详见文献[17]。而同样报道观察到压力下超导温度上升的文献[18]中,采用的是方法1中的迷你高压胞,考虑到其并没有给出磁性测量的原始数据,推测很可能是高压胞的背底信号造成的误判。
从法拉第电磁感应定律出发,重新理解了调制磁化率的测量原理,认识到它实际上可以简化成超导材料在是、否存在外磁场2种情况下的磁化率的差值,其超导信号应该表现为超导转变温度之下一个完整的峰形信号,峰高与材料的抗磁体积正相关,峰宽与材料的临界磁场相关。特别是铜氧化物超导体等上临界场极高的材料,数毫特斯拉的调制磁场只能使其进入混合态,并不能明显地抑制超导转变温度,但是混合态的磁化率与正常态接近,也与超导态的磁化率存在巨大差异,因此,能在调制磁化率上产生数十开尔文宽的超导信号。
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261050
  • 接收时间:2026-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-04-29
  • 出版时间:2026-04-05
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-10
  • 修回日期:2026-03-24
  • 录用日期:2026-03-30
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    1中国科学院物理研究所, 北京 100080
    2河海大学机电工程学院, 江苏 南京 210024

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周亚洲(1990-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事高压等极端条件下的物性研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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