Article(id=1256186032115037158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20251111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750089600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-17, revisedDate=1755878400000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-23, acceptedDate=1766937600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-29, onlineDate=1777427688864, onlineDateStr=2026-04-29, pubDate=1775318400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777427688864, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777427688864, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427688864, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256186027853624275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='040101-1', pageEnd='045301-13', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777427687845, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427791253, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256186461888627074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256186461888627075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=044201-1, endPage=044201-17, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256186032928732146, articleId=1256186032115037158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Characterization of Damage to Adjacent Backfill by Blasting of Slit Packets, columnId=1256186032609965039, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Dynamic Response of Matter, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to accurately regulate the damage effect of slit pack blasting on the backfill of the quarry in deep mines, this study focuses on the damage control mechanism of the peripheral hole spacing (500, 600, 700, 800 mm). Based on the theory of elastic fluctuation and the dynamic propagation characteristics of shock waves in rocky media, the diffusion mechanism of the stress wave under the action of multi-media in the constrained orientation during slit packet blasting is established. Combined with the strong correlation between brittle concrete materials and the damage evolution of the backfill, the cross-media equivalence calibration framework of the Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma (RHT) intrinsic model is established. Based on the numerical simulation software ANSYS/LS-DYNA, we constructed a multi-media dynamic coupling numerical model of “filling body-mineral body-cutting slit package”, arranged observation points at the junction of filling body-mineral body, and conducted a combined analysis of the peak stress change, the change of the blast vibration velocity, and the damage evolution of the filling body at the observation points. Then, based on the blasting test of the approach and return stage of the neighboring filling body in Jinchuan Three Mining Area, the blasting test of conventional packs, slit packs and different peripheral hole spacing was conducted. The test shows that: slit pack blasting triggers gas-phase jet and strain-energy convergence effects in the unconfined direction, synchronously suppresses the stress and vibration peaks in the confined direction, and achieves directional attenuation of the blasting load on the neighboring filling body; the field test shows that, compared with the conventional charge, the slit pack significantly reduces the degree of damage of the backfill by more than 36%; the degree of blasting damage and the peripheral hole spacing show a negative correlation, and the damage suppression efficiency is improved with the increase of the spacing. The damage suppression efficiency is improved when the spacing increases.

, correspAuthors=Xianglong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Benliu ZHU, Xianglong LI, Jie XU, Pinzhe ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256186077979750925, articleId=1256186032115037158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=切缝药包爆破对邻近充填体的损伤特性分析, columnId=1256186033331385334, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=高压下物质的动态响应, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为精准调控深部矿山切缝药包爆破对采场充填体的损伤效应,聚焦周边孔间距(500、600、700、800 mm)的控损机制,依据弹性波动理论及岩质介质中冲击波的动态传播特性,建立了切缝药包爆破时约束方位应力波在多介质作用下的扩散机制;结合混凝土类脆性材料与充填体损伤演化的强相关性,建立了Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma(RHT)本构模型的跨介质等效标定框架;基于数值模拟软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,构建了充填体-矿体-切缝药包多介质动态耦合数值模型;通过在充填体-矿体交界处布置观测点,对观测点处的峰值应力变化、爆破振动速度变化以及充填体损伤演化进行了分析。基于金川三矿区邻近充填体的进路回采阶段爆破试验,进行了常规药包、切缝药包以及不同周边孔间距的爆破试验。试验结果表明:切缝药包爆破在未约束方位触发气相射流与应变能汇聚效应,同步抑制约束方位应力和爆破振动速度,实现了对邻近充填体爆破荷载的定向衰减;相较于常规装药,切缝药包使充填体损伤度显著降低36%以上;爆破损伤度与周边孔间距呈负相关,间距增大时,损伤抑制效率提升。

, correspAuthors=李祥龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李祥龙(1981-),男,博士,教授,主要从事工程爆破及岩石破碎研究. E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《高压物理学报》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=V2BLuNtC50zO2nRQhgF0sQ==, magXml=R8AlBuacuys4PYjqtOYkNg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=AGRKSayQr8Vm7B4Wcg/Wmg==, pdfFileSize=3545037, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Ug6Rg9TYGVLozwXV1TIUaA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=VNHdycDRH1mrKCRRViLgEA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

朱本柳(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事工程爆破研究. E-mail:

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朱本柳(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事工程爆破研究. E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256186091246334605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186032115037158, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Mechanical property parameters of backfill under different confining stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
δ2/MPaδ3/MPaδ1/MPa $ p_{0}^{*} $ $ \delta _{\mathrm{f}}^{*} $
001.9980.3301.000
2211.9962.6785.145
4417.9914.3427.223
6623.0465.8818.345
8827.6517.3679.789
), ArticleFig(id=1256186091430883983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186032115037158, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同围压下充填体的力学特性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
δ2/MPaδ3/MPaδ1/MPa $ p_{0}^{*} $ $ \delta _{\mathrm{f}}^{*} $
001.9980.3301.000
2211.9962.6785.145
4417.9914.3427.223
6623.0465.8818.345
8827.6517.3679.789
), ArticleFig(id=1256186091632210577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186032115037158, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Constitutive model parameters of RHT for backfill

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$ {f}_{\rm{c}} $/MPa $ f_{\rm{t}}^{\ast } $ $ f_{\rm{s}}^{\ast } $G/MPaα0pel/MPa $ {\rho }_{0} $/(g·cm−3)
1.9870.1020.18237.861.01.331.572
A1/GPaA2/GPaA3/GPaANβcβt
4.125.031.062.7160.6550.150.091
D1D2 $ \dot{\varepsilon }_{0}^{\mathrm{c}} $/s−1 $ \dot{\varepsilon }_{0}^{\mathrm{t}} $/s−1B0T1T2
0.041.003.0×10−53.0×10−61.220.041 20
), ArticleFig(id=1256186091724485267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186032115037158, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

充填体的RHT本构模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$ {f}_{\rm{c}} $/MPa $ f_{\rm{t}}^{\ast } $ $ f_{\rm{s}}^{\ast } $G/MPaα0pel/MPa $ {\rho }_{0} $/(g·cm−3)
1.9870.1020.18237.861.01.331.572
A1/GPaA2/GPaA3/GPaANβcβt
4.125.031.062.7160.6550.150.091
D1D2 $ \dot{\varepsilon }_{0}^{\mathrm{c}} $/s−1 $ \dot{\varepsilon }_{0}^{\mathrm{t}} $/s−1B0T1T2
0.041.003.0×10−53.0×10−61.220.041 20
), ArticleFig(id=1256186091829342869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186032115037158, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Specifications of No.2 rock-suitable emulsion explosives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Density/(g·cm−3)Detonation velocity/(m·s−1)pC-J/GPaAe/GPaBe/GPaR1R2ωE0/GPa
1.243 8007.40214.40.1824.200.900.154.192
), ArticleFig(id=1256186091938394775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186032115037158, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2号岩体专用乳化炸药特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Density/(g·cm−3)Detonation velocity/(m·s−1)pC-J/GPaAe/GPaBe/GPaR1R2ωE0/GPa
1.243 8007.40214.40.1824.200.900.154.192
), ArticleFig(id=1256186092047446681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186032115037158, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Structural specifications of the slit-tube charge

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Density/(g·cm−3)Tensile strength/MPaImpact strength/(kJ·m)External diameter/mmInternal diameter/mm
1.386073632
), ArticleFig(id=1256186092127138459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186032115037158, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

切缝装药管结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Density/(g·cm−3)Tensile strength/MPaImpact strength/(kJ·m)External diameter/mmInternal diameter/mm
1.386073632
), ArticleFig(id=1256186092223607453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186032115037158, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Physical properties of ore-rock materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Density/(g·cm−3)G/GPaCompressive strength/
GPa
Tensile strength/
MPa
Shear strength/
MPa
Static modulus of
elasticity/MPa
3.063.30.1447.189.2315.48
), ArticleFig(id=1256186092315882143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186032115037158, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

矿岩材料物理属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Density/(g·cm−3)G/GPaCompressive strength/
GPa
Tensile strength/
MPa
Shear strength/
MPa
Static modulus of
elasticity/MPa
3.063.30.1447.189.2315.48
), ArticleFig(id=1256186092387185313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186032115037158, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Characteristic parameters of air medium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Density/(g·cm−3)Temperature/KγC4C5E/PaV
1.225×10−3288.201.400.40.40.251.0
), ArticleFig(id=1256186092492042914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186032115037158, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

空气介质特性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Density/(g·cm−3)Temperature/KγC4C5E/PaV
1.225×10−3288.201.400.40.40.251.0
), ArticleFig(id=1256186092613677731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186032115037158, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Flow control checklist for 500 mm circumferential blast holes with unstemmed casing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BlastholeBorehole numberNumber of holesRolls of blast holesSubtotal/kgBlasthole depth/mmIgnition order
Trench hole1–10101020.03.5
Auxiliary hole9–2818621.63.1
Peripheral hole29–4719415.23.1
Bottom hole48–5691018.03.1
Total56
), ArticleFig(id=1256186092710146725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186032115037158, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

环向炮孔500 mm爆破参数(无塞套管)泄流控制清单

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BlastholeBorehole numberNumber of holesRolls of blast holesSubtotal/kgBlasthole depth/mmIgnition order
Trench hole1–10101020.03.5
Auxiliary hole9–2818621.63.1
Peripheral hole29–4719415.23.1
Bottom hole48–5691018.03.1
Total56
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切缝药包爆破对邻近充填体的损伤特性分析
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朱本柳 1, 2 , 李祥龙 1, 2, * , 徐杰 3 , 赵品喆 1, 2
高压物理学报 | 高压下物质的动态响应 2026,40(4): 044201-1-044201-17
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高压物理学报 | 高压下物质的动态响应 2026, 40(4): 044201-1-044201-17
切缝药包爆破对邻近充填体的损伤特性分析
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朱本柳1, 2 , 李祥龙1, 2, * , 徐杰3, 赵品喆1, 2
作者信息
  • 1昆明理工大学国土资源工程学院, 云南 昆明 650093
  • 2云南省教育厅爆破新技术工程研究中心, 云南 昆明 650093
  • 3中冶集团铜锌有限公司, 北京 100028
  • 朱本柳(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事工程爆破研究. E-mail:

通讯作者:

李祥龙(1981-),男,博士,教授,主要从事工程爆破及岩石破碎研究. E-mail:
Characterization of Damage to Adjacent Backfill by Blasting of Slit Packets
Benliu ZHU1, 2 , Xianglong LI1, 2, * , Jie XU3, Pinzhe ZHAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
  • 2Advanced Blasting Technology Engineering Research Center of Yunnan Province Education Department, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
  • 3MCC Tongsin Resources Ltd., Beijing 100028, China
出版时间: 2026-04-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251111
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为精准调控深部矿山切缝药包爆破对采场充填体的损伤效应,聚焦周边孔间距(500、600、700、800 mm)的控损机制,依据弹性波动理论及岩质介质中冲击波的动态传播特性,建立了切缝药包爆破时约束方位应力波在多介质作用下的扩散机制;结合混凝土类脆性材料与充填体损伤演化的强相关性,建立了Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma(RHT)本构模型的跨介质等效标定框架;基于数值模拟软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,构建了充填体-矿体-切缝药包多介质动态耦合数值模型;通过在充填体-矿体交界处布置观测点,对观测点处的峰值应力变化、爆破振动速度变化以及充填体损伤演化进行了分析。基于金川三矿区邻近充填体的进路回采阶段爆破试验,进行了常规药包、切缝药包以及不同周边孔间距的爆破试验。试验结果表明:切缝药包爆破在未约束方位触发气相射流与应变能汇聚效应,同步抑制约束方位应力和爆破振动速度,实现了对邻近充填体爆破荷载的定向衰减;相较于常规装药,切缝药包使充填体损伤度显著降低36%以上;爆破损伤度与周边孔间距呈负相关,间距增大时,损伤抑制效率提升。

充填体本构模型  /  切缝药包  /  充填体损伤  /  约束方位  /  分形维数

In order to accurately regulate the damage effect of slit pack blasting on the backfill of the quarry in deep mines, this study focuses on the damage control mechanism of the peripheral hole spacing (500, 600, 700, 800 mm). Based on the theory of elastic fluctuation and the dynamic propagation characteristics of shock waves in rocky media, the diffusion mechanism of the stress wave under the action of multi-media in the constrained orientation during slit packet blasting is established. Combined with the strong correlation between brittle concrete materials and the damage evolution of the backfill, the cross-media equivalence calibration framework of the Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma (RHT) intrinsic model is established. Based on the numerical simulation software ANSYS/LS-DYNA, we constructed a multi-media dynamic coupling numerical model of “filling body-mineral body-cutting slit package”, arranged observation points at the junction of filling body-mineral body, and conducted a combined analysis of the peak stress change, the change of the blast vibration velocity, and the damage evolution of the filling body at the observation points. Then, based on the blasting test of the approach and return stage of the neighboring filling body in Jinchuan Three Mining Area, the blasting test of conventional packs, slit packs and different peripheral hole spacing was conducted. The test shows that: slit pack blasting triggers gas-phase jet and strain-energy convergence effects in the unconfined direction, synchronously suppresses the stress and vibration peaks in the confined direction, and achieves directional attenuation of the blasting load on the neighboring filling body; the field test shows that, compared with the conventional charge, the slit pack significantly reduces the degree of damage of the backfill by more than 36%; the degree of blasting damage and the peripheral hole spacing show a negative correlation, and the damage suppression efficiency is improved with the increase of the spacing. The damage suppression efficiency is improved when the spacing increases.

constitutive model  /  slit pill packs  /  filling body damage  /  constrained orientation  /  fractal dimension
朱本柳, 李祥龙, 徐杰, 赵品喆. 切缝药包爆破对邻近充填体的损伤特性分析. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 044201-1 -044201-17 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251111
Benliu ZHU, Xianglong LI, Jie XU, Pinzhe ZHAO. Characterization of Damage to Adjacent Backfill by Blasting of Slit Packets[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (4) : 044201-1 -044201-17 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251111
切缝药包定向爆破技术对保障深部充填采场稳定性至关重要。充填采矿法凭借精准地压控制、低扰动及高回采率优势,已成为深部矿产资源安全高效开采的核心手段[1]。其中,大孔径深孔爆破虽可提升产能和块度调控能力,但炸药化学能转化为高强度振动荷载,易诱发邻域充填体渐进剥落、结构断裂甚至大规模失稳,显著增加顶板矿石贫化和采场风险。
何文等[2]采用FLAC3D研究了爆破振动是否对新型尾砂胶结充填体造成损伤,揭示了新型尾砂胶结充填体在爆破振动荷载作用下的振动特性。邱泓杰等[3]基于连续介质力学框架,采用有限差分法数值模拟构建了3类锯齿状岩-充界面胶结充填体对比模型,揭示了几何形貌特征和损伤演化路径的跨界耦合机制。梅佳伟[4]基于动态损伤本构理论,通过充填体变龄期动态力学试验,阐明了材料强度时效增长特性与爆破损伤阈值的因果关系。当前的研究多聚焦单尺度爆破损伤响应,而对多场耦合下非均质充填体的跨尺度损伤演化认知不足。同时,切缝药包参数配置依赖经验,尚未系统阐释药包-介质动态互馈的能量分区破裂机制,难以精准调控定向断裂应变能传递效率,因此,亟需对爆破后充填体损伤的影响开展深入研究。
在理论研究方面:罗勇等[5]基于岩石断裂力学理论证实,切缝管通过能量场重构效应实现爆破能量的定向富集;王汉军等[6]基于动光弹研究和断裂力学理论发现,增加炮孔密集数、减少炮孔数量及药量可显著提升光爆效果;杨仁树等[7]采用爆炸波传播动力学分析,发现切缝药包爆破冲击波和气体膨胀均呈现显著的定向传播特征;肖正学等[8]运用理论分析研究了不同固体介质爆破孔壁裂纹的起裂与扩展时间等的关系。在数值模拟方面:Wang[9]基于 LS-DYNA软件对定向断裂爆破产生初始裂纹进行了数值模拟,得到了切缝药包的不耦合系数和定向断裂的最佳效果;魏晨慧等[10]基于多工况地应力场数值模拟研究,发现切缝药包爆破裂纹的定向扩展特征主要受控于切缝几何构型与主地应力方向的双重参数耦合作用;Wang等[11]利用LS-DYNA软件模拟了5个偏心解耦系数对割缝药筒的爆破作用,发现爆破中支护侧岩体处于耦合侧,偏心不耦合布置会造成较大的超挖和破坏;程兵等[12]基于AUTODYN,采用光滑粒子流体动力学-有限元法(smoothed particle hydrodynamics-finite element method,SPH-FEM),构建了不耦合系数为2.0的切缝药包爆破模型,分析了切缝药包切缝方向和非切缝方向对岩体损伤破坏的影响;申涛等[13]通过数值模拟分析了传统爆破和切缝药包爆破在光面爆破应用中对炮孔轮廓成形质量及围岩损伤特征的影响。在试验研究方面:纪哲等[14]基于数字激光焦散系统,揭示了几何约束条件对主裂纹分叉行为的调节规律;郭东明等[15]基于数字激光动态焦散线试验系统,开展了单炮孔切缝有机玻璃试件不同不耦合系数下水耦合及空气耦合定向爆破试验,对比发现,较低的不耦合系数更易引起水耦合装药试件的动态起裂;杨仁树等[16]从应力波调控维度切入,通过多材质切缝结构的冲击波传播可视化分析,证实了冲击波对称传播机理的普适性。
综上所述,针对充填体动态力学特性及切缝药包作用机理的研究已较为全面,而对邻近充填体损伤特性机制在切缝药包爆破条件下的动态耦合效应尚缺乏定量模型。本研究拟通过构建室内试验-数值模拟-工程实证三重验证体系,揭示爆破孔网参数对充填体损伤累积的临界阈值效应,并结合数值模拟对充填体-矿体交界处的峰值应力和爆破振动速度进行分析,探究切缝装药爆破过程中约束方位上的动态力学响应特性,以及爆破冲击波对邻近充填体引发损伤破坏的主导机制,进一步结合现场爆破试验,建立切缝药包间距与充填体损伤指数的映射关系,以期为优化邻近充填体下切缝药包爆破参数设计提供理论依据。
炸药起爆产生的瞬态高压气体介质在径向膨胀过程中形成显著的各向异性波系传播特征。由于切缝结构的几何约束差异,爆轰波能量传输呈现双模态演化规律:在约束方位受限区域,原始爆轰波到达管壁后发生反射-透射复合作用,其中反射冲击波产生阻抗增强效应,透射冲击波呈现径向扩散传播特性;而在未约束方位的自由表面方向,爆轰能量因几何耗散作用产生非线性压力衰减,完成由爆轰波至普通冲击波的相态转换。基于Chapman-Jouguet(C-J)爆轰理论构建爆轰产物状态参数计算模型,通过求解质量-动量-能量控制方程组的Rankine-Hugoniot守恒关系,精确捕获 C-J 面上的压力、密度及粒子速度等关键状态参量[17]
$ {p}_{\rm{j}}=\frac{1}{k+1}{\rho }_{\rm{e}}D_{\rm{e}}^{2} $
$ {u}_{\rm{j}}=\frac{1}{k+1}{D}_{\rm{e}} $
式中:pj为爆轰产物初始压力,uj为质点速度,De为炸药的爆速,ρe为炸药的初始密度,k为等熵指数。
切缝药包爆破动载下充填体的应力波透反射示意图如图1所示。其中:p0、ρ0、u0为入射波波阵面前方介质参数,p1、ρ1、u1为入射扰动区参数,p2、ρ2、u2为反射作用区参数,p3、ρ3、u3为透射影响区参数,D1、D2、D3分别表征入射波、反射波和透射波传播速度。参数存在物理关联:p1=pju1=uj
基于冲击波阵面传输理论,反射前冲击波波阵面两侧介质参数满足质量-动量双守恒约束
$ {D}_{1}-{u}_{0}={V}_{0}\sqrt{\frac{{p}_{1}-{p }_{0}}{{V}_{0}-{V}_{1}}} $
$ {u}_{1}-{u}_{0}=\sqrt{({p}_{1}-{p}_{0})({V}_{0}-{V}_{1})} $
$ \frac{{\rho }_{0}}{{\rho }_{1}}=\frac{{V}_{1}}{{V}_{0}}=\frac{(k-1){p}_{1}+(k+1){p}_{0}}{(k+1){p}_{1}+(k-1){p}_{0}} $
式中:V0V1为介质参数。
同理,反射后冲击波波阵面前后区域的本构关系遵循
$ {D}_{2}-{u}_{1}=-{V}_{1}\sqrt{\frac{{p}_{2}-{p}_{1}}{{V}_{1}-{V}_{2}}} $
$ {u}_{2}-{u}_{1}=-\sqrt{({p}_{1}-{p}_{2})({V}_{1}-{V}_{2})} $
$ \frac{{\rho }_{1}}{{\rho }_{2}}=\frac{{V}_{2}}{{V}_{1}}=\frac{(k-1){p}_{2}+(k+1){p}_{1}}{(k+1){p}_{2}+(k-1){p}_{1}} $
对于透射过程,透射冲击波的动量守恒可表示为
$ {p}_{3}-p_{3}^{\prime}={\rho }_{3}({D}_{3}-u_{3}^{\prime})({u}_{3}-u_{3}^{\prime}) $
式中:V2为介质参数,p0≈0,u0≈0,ρ0e
由连续性假定可得:p1=pju1=ujp2=p3ρ23u2=u3$\rho _{3}^{\prime} $=ρe$u_{3}^{\prime} $0。将数据代入式(5)和式(9),可得
$ {\rho }_{1}=\frac{k+1}{k-1}{\rho }_{\rm{e}} $
$ {p}_{2}={\rho }_{\rm{e}}{D}_{3}{u}_{2} $
求解式(11),结果显示,爆破冲击波在约束方位穿透管壁时产生的透射波压力分布特性呈现显著的方位依赖性。采用简化理论模型对波系演化过程进行解耦分析,提出2个基本假设:忽略不同方位爆轰波在能量传递路径中的衰减差异(假设H1),设定p1p2分别为切缝与正交方向冲击波传播至孔壁前的稳定压力值(假设H2)。在此理论框架下,波阵面相关物理参数可依其特征相位域进行系统描述:波场前驱参数群定义为p0ρ0u0,对应入射波未扰动区域状态;p2ρ2u2表征入射波阵面后方至反射波生成前的波场状态;反射作用形成的后驱参数群标记为p4ρ4u4;透射过程生成的末端参量组则表示为p5ρ5u5。波速特征量D3D4D5分别对应3种典型波系的传播速率,其中透射波波速D5近似等于孔壁介质的特征纵波波速$D_{5}^{\prime} $。边界条件方面,冲击波到达孔壁时遵循应力卸载理论,初始条件满足$p _{5}^{\prime} $→0,$u _{5}^{\prime} $→0。结合多波系耦合作用下参数群的连续性边界约束,以及透射区域动量守恒方程的构型,可建立非切缝方位孔壁动态压力的数学表征模型。该推导过程反映了反射波相位跳变与透射能量再分配的动力学关系,最终得到孔壁峰值应力的解析表达式[18]
$ {p}_{4}=\rho _{5}^{\prime}{D}_{5}{u}_{4} $
$ ({p}_{4}-{p}_{2})\left(\frac{1}{{\rho }_{2}}-\frac{1}{{\rho }_{4}}\right)={\left({{u}_{2}}-\frac{{p}_{4}}{\rho _{5}^{\prime}D_{5}^{\prime}}\right)}^{2} $
根据应力波衰减规律[19]
$ p_{4}^{\prime}={p}_{4}{\left({1}/{\overline{r}}\right)}^{\alpha } $
式中:$p_{4}^{\prime} $为充填体交界面处岩石的爆轰应力波,由p5=p4在矿体中传播衰减而来;$ \overline{r}=r/b $为相对爆源距离,其中 b 为炮孔半径,r为交界面到炮孔中心的距离;α为衰减系数。
根据反射与折射的相关定律
$ {p}_{7}=p_{4}^{\prime}\frac{1+N}{1+N{\rho }_{1}D_{5}^{\prime}\text{/}{\rho }_{2}{D}_{7}} $
式中:$N={\rho_0}{D_1}/[{\rho_5}{(D_6+u_5}] $p7$\gg $p0p0可忽略。将式(12)和式(14)代入式(15),可得
$ {p}_{7}=\rho _{5}^{\prime}{D}_{5}{u}_{4}{\left(\frac{1}{\overline{r}}\right)}^{\alpha }\frac{1+N}{1+N{\rho }_{1}D_{5}^{\prime}\text{/}{\rho }_{2}{D}_{7}} $
衰减系数α可以表示为
$ \alpha =2-{\mu}_{\rm{d}}/\left(1-{\mu}_{\rm{d}}\right) $
式中:μd为岩石的动泊松比,μd=0.8μμ为岩石的静泊松比,由力学试验[20]获得。
根据工程力学本构理论演化规律,尾砂基充填体的动态本构建模可依托Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma(RHT)损伤模型实现。该模型在散体岩土材料冲击动力学特性模拟中具有显著优势,现已被广泛应用于金属矿岩动态破坏过程的数值解析。从材料组构特性角度看,尾砂胶结充填体具有以硅酸盐水泥为胶凝相、选矿尾砂为骨料相、孔隙流体为传输介质的复合结构特征,与混凝土类脆性材料具有相近的损伤演化路径,这为RHT模型参数移植提供了理论依据。基于分层标定原则,建立充填体RHT参数体系需实施三级优化:基质参数主要依据材料配合比对弹性模量、密度等基本属性进行实验室标定,通过三轴压缩试验获得压缩、拉伸强度包络线等强化面参数,应变率效应参数则重点针对动态强度增强因子(dynamic increase factor, DIF)构建应变率敏感性系数矩阵。充填体动态抗压强度与应变率对数呈典型的正指数相关特性,该特征可作为构建率相关本构关系的关键约束条件,表示为
$ {F}_{\rm{r}}\left({\dot{\varepsilon }}_{\rm{p}}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{\dot{\varepsilon }}_{\rm{p}}/\dot{\varepsilon }_{0}^{\rm{c}} &\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\, p\geqslant {f}_{\rm{c}}/3\\\dfrac{p+{f}_{\rm{c}}/3}{{f}_{\rm{c}}/3+{f}_{\rm{t}}/3}{\left({\dot{\varepsilon }}_{\rm{p}}/\dot{\varepsilon }_{0}^{\rm{t}}\right)}^{{{\beta }_{\rm{c}}}}-\dfrac{p-{{f}}_{\rm{c}}/3}{{f}_{\rm{c}}/3+{f}_{\rm{t}}/3}{\left({\dot{\varepsilon }}_{\rm{p}}/\dot{\varepsilon }_{0}^{\rm{c}}\right)}^{{{\beta }_{\rm{t}}}} &\;\; -{f}_{\rm{t}}/3 \lt p \lt {f}_{\rm{c}}/3\\{\left({\dot{\varepsilon }}_{\rm{p}}/\dot{\varepsilon }_{0}^{\rm{t}}\right)}^{{{\beta }_{\rm{t}}}} &\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\, p\leqslant -{f}_{\rm{t}}/3\end{array}\right. $
式中:Fr为压力相关项;p为压力;$\dot{\varepsilon }_{\rm{p}}$为塑性应变率;$ \dot{\varepsilon }_{0}^{\mathrm{c}} $为参考压缩应变率,$ \dot{\varepsilon }_{0}^{\mathrm{c}} $=3.0×10−5 s−1$ \dot{\varepsilon }_{0}^{\mathrm{t}} $为参考拉伸应变率,$ \dot{\varepsilon }_{0}^{\mathrm{t}} $=3.0×10−6 s−1βcβt分别为压缩应变率和拉伸应变率指数;fc为单轴抗压强度;ft为单轴抗拉强度。
$ {\beta }_{\rm{c}}=4/(20+3{f}_{\rm{c}}) $
$ {\beta }_{\rm{t}}=2/(20+{f}_{\rm{c}}) $
破坏面参数的确定:RHT本构模型破坏面曲线公式[21]表示为
$ \delta _{\rm{f}}^{\ast }\left(p_{0}^{\ast },{F}_{\rm{r}}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}A{\left[p_{0}^{\ast }-{F}_{\rm{r}}/3+{\left(A/{F}_{\rm{r}}\right)}^{-1/n}\right]}^{n} & \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;p_{0}^{\ast }\geqslant {F}_{\rm{r}}/3\\{F}_{\rm{r}}F_{\rm{s}}^{\ast }/{F}_{{\rm{t}}}+3p_{0}^{\ast }\left(1-F_{\rm{s}}^{\ast }/{F}_{{\rm{t}}}\right) &\;\;\;\; 0 \leqslant p_{0}^{\ast }< {F}_{\rm{r}}/3\\{F}_{\rm{r}}F_{\rm{s}}^{\ast }/{F}_{\rm{t}}-3p_{0}^{\ast }\left[1/{p}_{0}-F_{\rm{s}}^{\ast }/\left(F_{\rm{t}}^{\ast }{F}_{\rm{t}}\right)\right] &\;\;p_{\rm{t}}^{\ast } \leqslant p_{0}^{\ast } \lt 0 \\0 &\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; p_{0}^{\ast } \lt p_{\rm{t}}^{\ast }\end{array}\right. $
式中:$ p_{0}^{*} $为归一化压力,$ \delta _{\mathrm{f}}^{*} $为归一化强度,An为充填体破坏面参数。通过约束条件$ p_{0}^{*}\geqslant {F}_{\mathrm{r}} /3$时的破坏面表达式进行拟合,可得材料处于准静态加载条件时,Fr=1,则破坏面的表达式为
$ \delta _{\rm{f}}^{\ast }=A{\left[p_{0}^{\ast }-{F}_{\rm{r}}/3+{\left(A/{F}_{\rm{r}}\right)}^{-1/n}\right]}^{n} $
$ p_{0}^{*} $$ \delta _{\mathrm{f}}^{*} $分别表示为
$ p_{0}^{\ast }=({\delta }_{\text{1}}+\text{2}{\delta }_{\text{3}})\text{/3}{f}_{\rm{c}} $
$ \delta _{\rm{f}}^{\ast }=({\delta }_{\text{1}}-{\delta }_{\text{3}})\text{/}{f}_{\rm{c}} $
式中:δ1δ3为围压。
通过表1所示数据进行非线性拟合,其中δ2为围压。拟合结果如图2所示。计算得到充填体关键破坏面参数A=2.716,n=0.655,相关性系数R2=0.99。该幂律模型能够精准刻画材料强度演化行为。
RHT本构模型中,材料在弹性阶段及小塑性变形初期不产生损伤累积,当等效应力强度超过失效应力阈值时,损伤演化过程被激活。定义损伤变量D为塑性应变的累积函数,即
$ D=\sum\frac{{\rm{d}}{\varepsilon }_{\rm{p}}}{\varepsilon _{\rm{p}}^{\rm{f}}} $
式中:$ \varepsilon _{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{f}} $为材料失效临界塑性应变。损伤仅在极限强度面被突破后的非弹性变形阶段持续发展。损伤变量D的范围为0≤D≤1,本模型取充填体损伤常数D1=0.04,D2=1.00。对于高压压实响应,采用p-α状态方程描述孔洞塌缩效应
$ {p}_{\rm{R}}=\frac{1}{{\alpha }_{0}}\left[\left({B}_{0}+{B}_{1}\mu_0 \right){\alpha }_{0}{\rho }_{0}e+{A}_{1}\mu_0 +{A}_{2}{\mu_{0} ^{2}}+{A}_{3}{\mu_{0} ^{3}}\right] $
式中:pR为实压压力,α0为初始孔隙度,B0B1为状态方程参数,e为比内能,μ0为体积应变,A1、A2A3为多项式系数。A1、A2A3通过声速经验关联式确定
$ {A}_{1}={\alpha }_{0}{\rho }_{0}c_{0}^{2} $
$ {A}_{2}={\alpha }_{0}{\rho }_{0}c_{0}^{2}(2K-1) $
$ {A}_{3}={\alpha }_{0}{\rho }_{0}c_{0}^{2}\left(3{K}^{2}-4K+1\right) $
式中:c0为无围压声速;K为材料的经验常数;充填体的A1=4.12 GPa,A2=5.03 GPa,A3=1.06 GPa。
压实阈值压力pel可以表示为
$ {p}_{\rm{el}}=2{f}_{\rm{c}}/3 $
由式(30)计算可得,pel=1.33 MPa。
标定RHT材料模型的关键参数需依据现有研究成果,其中屈服曲面特征值、残余强度系数及相对抗剪强度等参数对模拟结果具有显著影响[22];通过分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)动态劈裂实验,结合实验数据与数值模拟的联合反演机制,实现参数体系的协同优化[23],得到充填体模型参数,如表2所示,其中:G为剪切模量,T1T2为状态方程参数。
采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA平台建立切缝药包定向爆破数值模型,研究约束方位爆炸荷载对邻近充填体损伤演化的作用机制。计算域采用混合网格离散化策略:炸药与空气等流体介质通过欧拉网格描述,结合任意拉格朗日-欧拉(arbitrary Lagrange-Euler, ALE)算法模拟爆轰波传播过程;切缝管、矿体及充填体等固体结构采用拉格朗日网格描述材料动力响应。为精确捕捉炸药-固体介质间的相互作用,运用CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID算法建立流固耦合体系,有效解决爆轰产物冲击引发的几何大变形问题。在接触动力学建模中,充填体与矿体界面通过CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_IN_SURFACE定义连续接触行为,切缝管与矿体交界面则采用CONTACT_ERODING_SURFACE_IN_SURFACE表征失效接触模式,并通过CONTROL_CONTACT强化接触计算稳定性。通过LS-PrePost后处理软件中的NON_REFLECTED_BOUNDARY功能模块对除模型前后自由表面外的全部边界施加无反射边界条件,实现对无限域的动力学响应模拟,“充填体-矿体-切缝药包”耦合体系的前后表面维持自由边界,其余四向边界均设置为无反射约束。模型中各介质的本构参数严格依据材料实验数据设定,如表3表6所示,其中:pC-J为C-J爆压,AeBeR1R2ω为实验拟合参数,E0为炸药初始体积内能,γ为理想气体等熵绝热指数,C4C5为多项式系数,E为空气单位初始体积内能,V为空气相对体积。边界条件满足应力波无反射理论要求,实现约束爆炸能量定向释放与充填体损伤演化过程的精细化模拟。
数值模型如图3所示,由左至右分别为充填体、矿体、空气、切缝管、炸药。数值模拟观测点传感器布置如图4所示,测点采用分层递进式布置方案,自上而下依次编号为1~9。其中,重点观测区域设置于爆破孔间距中点水平界面测点3和测点7,位于充填体-矿体接触界面,用于捕捉界面损伤演化特征;以充填体-矿体界面测点为中心,向顶底板方向等间距扩展布置次级测点1、2、4、5、6、8、9,空间间距取爆破孔间距的1/4;建立空间对称观测对1-9、2-8、4-6,通过同高程测点的应力波参数及裂隙发育度对比,控制几何条件对称性对能量传递过程的干扰。测点布置方式通过拓扑结构和力学边界双重约束,消除距离变量与界面效应耦合误差,为对比分析爆破损伤梯度和界面失效模式提供可靠观测框架。
图5图6给出了孔间距为500 mm工况下常规药包与切缝药包爆破损伤演化云图的数值模拟对比,揭示了2类爆破荷载作用下的应力传播机制及损伤演化规律。可以看出:在初始冲击阶段(t≤50 μs),常规药包爆破应力波呈现轴对称扩散特征,其峰值压应力等值线呈同心圆状分布,致使损伤也呈同心圆状发展,而切缝药包在非约束方向近区形成显著的应力集中现象,最大主应力较常规药包有显著提升,使其损伤优先沿未约束方向发展;在界面传导阶段(t=200 μs),2类爆破应力波均传播至充填体-岩体接触界面,常规药包在界面处产生环状拉伸应力区,切缝药包则呈现主应力方向偏转特征;在损伤累积阶段(t>200 μs),应力波反射叠加导致充填体损伤区域持续扩展,常规药包爆破最终形成长1 258 mm的蝶形损伤区域,切缝药包损伤区域的长度缩减至756 mm,降幅为40.2%,符合RHT本构模型的损伤破坏判据。
不同孔间距工况下切缝药包与常规药包爆破后1 000 μs时的损伤演化云图如图7所示。从图7可以看出,切缝药包对充填体的损伤长度及纵深具有显著的控制效应。损伤长度参数化分析表明:当周边孔间距为600、700、800 mm时,切缝药包对应的充填体的最大损伤长度分别为621、594、564 mm,较常规药包爆破损伤基准值分别下降50.6%、52.8%、55.2%,表明增加间距能有效增强切缝药包的损伤控制能力,其作用强度随间距增加趋于平缓;在周边孔间距为800 mm工况下,切缝药包产生的主裂纹延伸方向与水平轴呈47°夹角,而常规药包裂纹分布呈随机发散态,证实定向断裂机制降低了应力波能量向充填体的无效分配。
图8图9所示的测点数据表明,切缝药包在调控爆炸应力分布和振动效应方面具有显著优势。在周边孔间距为500 mm的情况下:切缝药包爆破时,重要测点3和测点7的峰值应力分别为8.05和8.07 MPa,爆破速度均值为7.40 m/s,较常规药包的峰值应力(9.82 MPa)、爆破速度均值(9.39 m/s)分别降低18.2%和20.3%;次级测点1、5、9的峰值应力为8.57~8.71 MPa,爆破速度为6.85~7.25 m/s,较常规药包的峰值应力(10.85~11.13 MPa)和爆破速度(10.31~10.58 m/s)呈系统性下降趋势,降幅分别为17.7%~23.1%和32.0%~33.5%。能量导向机制方面:应力下降表明切缝结构通过聚能效应转移爆炸荷载,将37.6%的爆炸能量定向集中于预设切缝方向。周边孔间距动态响应的临界间距效应分析表明:当周边孔间距增至800 mm时,切缝药包在重要测点的应力降幅为24.2%(周边孔间距为600 mm时为17.7%),而次级测点应力和速度的波动率相比周边孔间距为500 mm工况低5%,表明存在临界间距阈值,估算其取值为650 mm时可优化能量配置。振动抑制稳定性分析表明:随着周边孔间距的增加,切缝药包的爆破速度离散系数由0.124(周边孔间距为500 mm)降至0.081(周边孔间距为800 mm),证明其振动控制能力具有距离鲁棒性。切缝结构通过预置槽道形成爆轰产物射流,其喷射速度可达1800~2200 m/s,使38%的爆炸荷载转化为定向动能,有效降低了约束方向45°扇形区的应力积累。该有效应力与应力波波前曲率调控协同作用,使损伤区长度缩减了55.3%,并且使定向断裂精度的量化提升断裂路径偏差小于6.7°。
针对切缝药包爆破技术在邻近充填体损伤控制中的应用效果,本研究选取金川三矿区进路回采阶段作为试验场域。通过实施高精度孔内成像技术对爆破作业前、后的充填体裂隙开展二维重构,结合数字图像定量分析方法,建立了充填体损伤因子的动态演化评价体系。
为定量研究切缝药包作用机制及布孔间距对邻近充填体损伤演化的影响规律,采用对照试验设计方法进行现场试验。以周边孔间距500 mm等距布孔且不安装切缝管的常规爆破为基准组,分析周边孔间距为500、600、700及800 mm工况下切缝药包爆破的充填体损伤特性,如图10表7所示。试验中严格控制无关变量因素,除切缝药包使用状态与周边孔间距外,爆破方案中掏槽孔超深设计、周边孔装药密度等核心参数均保持一致。选用抗静电复合材料聚氯乙烯作为能量调控装置,以保障地下受限空间作业安全。为实现高效破碎岩体和作业优化,设置掏槽孔孔深为3.5 m,辅助孔、周边孔和底孔的孔深均为3.1 m。选用长32 mm的 2号岩石乳化炸药,按切缝管几何尺寸匹配炸药规格,即内径为32 mm、外径为36 mm、壁厚为2 mm,主动控能段长度设置为80 cm。在爆破断面双侧对称布设4个测孔,阵列间距为500 mm,测孔空间定位采用俯角为15°、水平偏角为5°的复合构型,测孔口部距巷道底板的垂直高度分别为1000和1500 mm,测孔深度为1500 mm,如图11所示。
分形理论通过创新性数学方法,将传统欧氏几何难以解析的非连续介质力学问题转化为多维空间参数表征体系。该理论通过非整数维度数学模型,可有效实现复杂地质力学特性的定量化表征,特别适用于岩石爆破损伤机理的量化解析[24]。岩石爆破中,爆炸荷载作用导致的邻近充填体断裂界面形态学特点、破碎块体粒度分布规律及裂纹扩展路径等非线性响应均呈现显著的分形特征。基于分形维数计算,可实现爆破能量耗散过程的定量反演,为工程爆破参数优化提供理论支撑。特别是计盒维数(box-counting dimension),它通过有效量化破碎区域的空间占位特性,结合高效可视化计算技术,已成为爆破损伤多尺度研究的关键数学工具[25]。充填体受爆炸动荷载作用时,其内在损伤演化表现为三阶段发展模式:首先,初始缺陷受应力波扰动形成主裂纹;然后,后续爆生气体楔入引发次生裂纹网络扩展;最后,综合作用导致分形维数增长。该过程中材料损伤累积速率与分形参数增长趋势呈显著正相关。因此,爆破引起的充填体损伤度ω与充填体内部裂隙所对应的分形维数Dt的关系[26]可以表示为
$ \omega =\frac{{D}_{\rm{t}}-{D}_{0}}{D_{\rm{t}}^{\rm{max} }-{D}_{0}} $
式中:Dt为爆炸后介质内部损伤面积的分形维数; D0为爆炸前介质内部初始损伤面积的分形维数;$D_{\rm{t}} ^{\rm{max}} $为介质达到最大损伤面积时的分形维数,对于平面问题,$D_{\rm{t}} ^{\rm{max}} $=2,对于三维问题,$D_{\rm{t}} ^{\rm{max}} $=3。爆炸前,ω=0,即爆破引起的材料损伤度为零;当爆破介质在爆炸作用下发生粉碎性破坏时,Dt=$D_{\rm{t}} ^{\rm{max}} $ω=1,即爆破引起的材料损伤度为1。
根据现场原位试验设计,选取巷道两帮1#(左侧)、3#(右侧)典型监测断面开展爆破动力响应研究。采用非接触式双程扫描技术,通过CXK(A)三维孔内扫描系统实施爆破时序对比观测,在各爆破作业循环间隔期完成孔内结构面形态的精确建模。试验流程包含3个关键环节:(1) 原始数据采集,采用高清旋转探头获取孔壁360°全景数字影像;(2) 图像预处理,基于JL-IDOI(A)可视化平台,完成裂隙迹线矢量化重建;(3) 分形参数计算,依托自主研发的FracBox-Algorithm算法模块,结合数字图像二值化处理方法和空间网格剖分技术,实现结构面复杂度的量化表征[2728]。数值模拟结果与实测数据的交叉验证表明,该计算方法能够有效反映爆破冲击波与准静态气体压力耦合作用对裂隙网络的改造效应。
基于盒维数法的充填体损伤演化定量表征结果如图12图13所示,其中纵坐标参数y1y2分别表征预爆状态与动态爆破荷载下的裂纹扩展轨迹拟合函数,对应盒维数D1D2构成式(31)损伤度解的核心参数体系。
试验数据揭示了不同布孔方案的充填体损伤分异规律,即常规爆破工况周边孔间距为500 mm无控裂措施充填体左、右帮体的损伤度分别为0.83和0.77,宏观损伤强度均值达0.80,反映出自由爆破工况诱发强损伤场的典型特征。对控裂爆破效能进行验证,发现以孔距为500~800 mm敷设切缝管时,随着布孔间距由500 mm增至800 mm,充填体双侧损伤度呈梯度递减趋势:周边孔间距为500 mm工况下,左帮和右帮的损伤度分别为0.41和0.61,损伤度均值为0.51;周边孔间距为600 mm工况下,左帮和右帮的损伤度分别为0.40和0.27,损伤度均值为0.33;周边孔间距为700 mm工况下,左帮和右帮的损伤度分别为0.30和0.21,损伤度均值为0.26;周边孔间距为800 mm工况下,左帮和右帮的损伤度分别为0.27和0.18,损伤度均值为0.23。图13给出了不同工况下充填体受爆破作用的平均损伤度情况,可以看出:周边孔间距为500 mm布孔条件下,切缝管敷设使平均损伤度由0.80锐减至0.51,降幅达36.25%;布孔间距效应影响方面,控裂状态下,孔距从500 mm扩展至800 mm时,损伤度递减梯级为54.90%;协同优化效果表现方面,800 mm布孔联合控裂技术较初始工况(500 mm无控裂),整体损伤度降低至初始状态的28.75%,证明参数协同调控对能量定向释放的有效性。
采用多尺度耦合方法揭示了切缝药包爆炸荷载作用下应力波在多介质中的传播机制,及其对充填体RHT材料模型的参数识别机制,基于数值模拟再现了切缝药包爆破荷载作用下对邻近充填体的爆破损伤动态演化过程,并结合现场试验对爆后充填体损伤度进行了分析,形成了“机制揭示-过程推演-效果验证”的完整闭环,为爆破动力损伤控制提供了理论依据,得到以下主要结论。
(1) 基于弹性波动理论框架,通过深度融合岩体冲击波传播特性与应力波空间衰减定律,构建了约束方位应力波在“充填体-矿体-切缝管”多介质体系中的定向扩散理论模型。该模型可解析冲击波在异质界面处的能量传递规律与波形畸变机制。针对充填体与混凝土类材料在动力损伤演化路径的高度相似性,提出了RHT本构参数的跨介质等效标定方法,实现了爆破荷载作用下损伤阈值、损伤速率等关键参数的等效转换,使充填体动力损伤演化过程模拟精度提升了37%,显著改善了传统模型损伤深度预测偏差的不足。
(2) 利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立了多介质动态耦合爆破模型,对其充填体-矿体交界处测点的峰值应力、峰值爆破振动速度以及充填体的损伤动态演化进行了分析,发现在周边孔间距为500 mm工况下,重要测点3和测点7处切缝药包比常规药包的峰值应力均值、峰值爆破振动速度均值分别降低了18.2%、20.3%,次级测点1、5、9处的峰值应力均值、峰值爆破振动速度均值呈系统性下降,充填体损伤区域降幅达40.2%,且随着周边孔间距的增大,均呈现缓慢下降趋势,切缝管会减弱非切缝方向的峰值应力和峰值爆破振动速度,从而达到减小爆破荷载对邻近充填体损伤的目的。
(3) 以金川三矿区进路回采工程为背景,采用钻孔电子窥视系统获取爆破裂隙二维数据,结合分形几何理论构建损伤度量化评估模型。切缝药包爆破技术相较常规装药方式显著降低邻近充填体损伤度。从微观尺度揭示了爆生裂隙分形维数与损伤度的量化关联机制,并发现周边孔布设参数对损伤传播具有梯度控制效应。
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251111
  • 接收时间:2025-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-04-29
  • 出版时间:2026-04-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-17
  • 修回日期:2025-08-23
  • 录用日期:2025-12-29
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    1昆明理工大学国土资源工程学院, 云南 昆明 650093
    2云南省教育厅爆破新技术工程研究中心, 云南 昆明 650093
    3中冶集团铜锌有限公司, 北京 100028

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李祥龙(1981-),男,博士,教授,主要从事工程爆破及岩石破碎研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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