Article(id=1256186031376876358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20251185, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756828800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-03, revisedDate=1765209600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1777427688687, onlineDateStr=2026-04-29, pubDate=1775318400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777427688687, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777427688687, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427688687, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256186027853624275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='040101-1', pageEnd='045301-13', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777427687845, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427791253, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256186461888627074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256186461888627075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=045102-1, endPage=045102-8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256186032136045384, articleId=1256186031376876358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Optical Experimental Study on the Multiple Expansion-Contraction Motion Characteristics of Underwater Explosion Bubbles, columnId=1256186031087411392, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=High Pressure Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The underwater explosion bubbles expand and contract several times until it runs out of energy, during the pulsations, the mutual conversion of energy occurs. At present, there is insufficient attention paid to multiple pulsations characteristics and energy conversion of underwater explosion bubbles. In this paper, the underwater explosion tests of 20, 40, and 60 g RS211 charges were carried out, and the evolution process of the bubbles multiple pulsations were photographed with a high-speed camera, then pulsation period and maximum radius of the bubbles were obtained after intelligent processing. On this basis, the theoretical analysis was conducted on the conversion mechanism of the potential energy, internal energy during the multiple pulsations. The results show that: (1) the residual energy rate of the second bubble pulsation relative to the first bubble pulsation was 0.31; (2) the proportion of internal energy of the bubbles to total energy is 5.4%−6.6%, so the internal energy could be ignored, and energy of the bubbles could be represented by the potential energy in the engineering application.

, correspAuthors=Zhenxin SHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhenxin SHENG, Haikun WANG, Jiping CHEN, Xianpi ZHANG, Jun YU, Tao GAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256186052126097506, articleId=1256186031376876358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=水下爆炸气泡多次膨胀-收缩运动特性光学试验研究, columnId=1256186031326486722, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=高压科学应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水下爆炸气泡的膨胀-收缩运动会持续多次,在此过程中将发生能量的相互转换。在爆炸水池内分别开展了20、40和60 g RS211装药的气泡运动光测试验,采用高速相机拍摄气泡多次脉动的演化过程,对图像进行智能化识别处理,得到气泡的脉动周期和最大半径。在此基础上,理论分析了气泡多次脉动过程中势能、内能的转换机制。结果表明:第2次气泡脉动相对于第1次气泡脉动的余能率为0.31;气泡内能占总能的比例为5.4%~6.6%;工程计算时,可忽略气泡内能,采用气泡势能表征气泡能。

, correspAuthors=盛振新, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
盛振新(1986-),男,博士,研究员,主要从事舰船毁伤与防护研究. E-mail:
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Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256186070379708726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186031376876358, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ARONS A B, SLIFKO J P, CARTER A. Secondary pressure pulses due to gas globe oscillation in underwater explosions. Ⅰ. experimental data [J]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1948, 20(3): 271–276., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256186070597812536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186031376876358, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ARONS A B. Secondary pressure pulses due to gas globe oscillation in underwater explosions. Ⅱ. selection of adiabatic parameters in the theory of oscillation [J]. 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Comparison of TNT bubble maximum radius between test results and Cole theoretical results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Charge mass/gWater depth/mMaximum radius
Test result/mmTheoretical result/mmDeviation/%
203.01413.2401.82.76
403.02526.9506.13.95
603.01579.7579.40.05
), ArticleFig(id=1256186066034409741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186031376876358, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

TNT气泡的最大半径试验值与Cole理论值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Charge mass/gWater depth/mMaximum radius
Test result/mmTheoretical result/mmDeviation/%
203.01413.2401.82.76
403.02526.9506.13.95
603.01579.7579.40.05
), ArticleFig(id=1256186066181210382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186031376876358, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of bubble motion for RS211 charge

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Charge mass/gWater depth/mThe first pulsationThe second pulsation
Period/msMaximum radius/mmPeriod/msMaximum radius/mm
203.083505.956337.7
84507.956335.0
84502.456338.5
84510.356335.8
403.0103666.669449.0
104655.270432.5
104654.771440.9
104657.971444.6
603.0117726.181537.8
117726.481532.5
118722.081534.0
), ArticleFig(id=1256186066319622416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186031376876358, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RS211装药气泡的运动参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Charge mass/gWater depth/mThe first pulsationThe second pulsation
Period/msMaximum radius/mmPeriod/msMaximum radius/mm
203.083505.956337.7
84507.956335.0
84502.456338.5
84510.356335.8
403.0103666.669449.0
104655.270432.5
104654.771440.9
104657.971444.6
603.0117726.181537.8
117726.481532.5
118722.081534.0
), ArticleFig(id=1256186066411897107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186031376876358, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of bubble pulse period between test results and Cole theoretical results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Charge mass/gWater depth/mPeriod
Test result/msTheoretical result/msDeviation/%
203.0168.0066.42.35
403.0285.3383.62.03
603.0197.3395.71.67
), ArticleFig(id=1256186066529337620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186031376876358, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

气泡脉动周期试验值与Cole理论值的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Charge mass/gWater depth/mPeriod
Test result/msTheoretical result/msDeviation/%
203.0168.0066.42.35
403.0285.3383.62.03
603.0197.3395.71.67
), ArticleFig(id=1256186066655166742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186031376876358, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of bubble maximum radius between experiment results and Cole theoretical results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Charge mass/gWater depth/mMaximum radius
Test result/mmTheoretical result/mmDeviation/%
203.01413.2401.82.76
403.02526.9506.13.95
603.01579.7579.40.05
), ArticleFig(id=1256186066780995864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186031376876358, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

气泡最大半径试验值与Cole理论值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Charge mass/gWater depth/mMaximum radius
Test result/mmTheoretical result/mmDeviation/%
203.01413.2401.82.76
403.02526.9506.13.95
603.01579.7579.40.05
), ArticleFig(id=1256186066877464858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186031376876358, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of bubble migration between test results and Cole theoretical results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Charge mass/gBubble migration
Theoretical result/mmTest result/mmDeviation/%
20254.356.0−5.7
40349.344.18.2
60420.737.6−11.7
), ArticleFig(id=1256186067267535132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186031376876358, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

气泡上浮位移试验值与Cole理论值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Charge mass/gBubble migration
Theoretical result/mmTest result/mmDeviation/%
20254.356.0−5.7
40349.344.18.2
60420.737.6−11.7
), ArticleFig(id=1256186067389169950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186031376876358, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Energy distributions at time of the first and the second maximum bubble radius

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Charge mass/gWater depth/m $ {E}_{\mathrm{p}1} $/kJ $ {E}_{\text{i}1} $/kJ $ {E}_{\text{z}1} $/kJ $ {E}_{\text{i}1}/{E}_{\text{z}1} $ $ {E}_{\mathrm{p}2} $/kJ $ {E}_{\text{i}2} $/kJ $ {E}_{\text{z}2} $/kJ $ {E}_{\text{i}2}/{E}_{\text{z}2} $Energy dissipated/kJ
203.070.84.875.66.321.11.522.66.653.0
403.0162.09.2171.25.449.52.952.45.5118.9
603.0209.414.3223.76.472.54.376.86.6146.9
), ArticleFig(id=1256186067510804768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1256186031376876358, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

第1次气泡最大半径和第2次气泡最大半径时的能量分配

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Charge mass/gWater depth/m $ {E}_{\mathrm{p}1} $/kJ $ {E}_{\text{i}1} $/kJ $ {E}_{\text{z}1} $/kJ $ {E}_{\text{i}1}/{E}_{\text{z}1} $ $ {E}_{\mathrm{p}2} $/kJ $ {E}_{\text{i}2} $/kJ $ {E}_{\text{z}2} $/kJ $ {E}_{\text{i}2}/{E}_{\text{z}2} $Energy dissipated/kJ
203.070.84.875.66.321.11.522.66.653.0
403.0162.09.2171.25.449.52.952.45.5118.9
603.0209.414.3223.76.472.54.376.86.6146.9
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水下爆炸气泡多次膨胀-收缩运动特性光学试验研究
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盛振新 1, 2, 3, * , 王海坤 1, 2, 3 , 陈继平 1, 2, 3 , 张显丕 1, 2, 3 , 余俊 1, 2, 3 , 杲涛 1, 2, 3
高压物理学报 | 高压科学应用 2026,40(4): 045102-1-045102-8
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高压物理学报 | 高压科学应用 2026, 40(4): 045102-1-045102-8
水下爆炸气泡多次膨胀-收缩运动特性光学试验研究
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盛振新1, 2, 3, * , 王海坤1, 2, 3, 陈继平1, 2, 3, 张显丕1, 2, 3, 余俊1, 2, 3, 杲涛1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国船舶科学研究中心, 江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2深海技术科学太湖实验室, 江苏 无锡 214082
  • 3船舶结构安全全国重点实验室, 江苏 无锡 214082

通讯作者:

盛振新(1986-),男,博士,研究员,主要从事舰船毁伤与防护研究. E-mail:
Optical Experimental Study on the Multiple Expansion-Contraction Motion Characteristics of Underwater Explosion Bubbles
Zhenxin SHENG1, 2, 3, * , Haikun WANG1, 2, 3, Jiping CHEN1, 2, 3, Xianpi ZHANG1, 2, 3, Jun YU1, 2, 3, Tao GAO1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, Jiangsu, China
  • 2Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea Technological Science, Wuxi 214082, Jiangsu, China
  • 3National Key Laboratory of Ship Structural Safety, Wuxi 214082, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2026-04-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251185
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水下爆炸气泡的膨胀-收缩运动会持续多次,在此过程中将发生能量的相互转换。在爆炸水池内分别开展了20、40和60 g RS211装药的气泡运动光测试验,采用高速相机拍摄气泡多次脉动的演化过程,对图像进行智能化识别处理,得到气泡的脉动周期和最大半径。在此基础上,理论分析了气泡多次脉动过程中势能、内能的转换机制。结果表明:第2次气泡脉动相对于第1次气泡脉动的余能率为0.31;气泡内能占总能的比例为5.4%~6.6%;工程计算时,可忽略气泡内能,采用气泡势能表征气泡能。

水下爆炸  /  气泡脉动  /  光学测量  /  能量转换

The underwater explosion bubbles expand and contract several times until it runs out of energy, during the pulsations, the mutual conversion of energy occurs. At present, there is insufficient attention paid to multiple pulsations characteristics and energy conversion of underwater explosion bubbles. In this paper, the underwater explosion tests of 20, 40, and 60 g RS211 charges were carried out, and the evolution process of the bubbles multiple pulsations were photographed with a high-speed camera, then pulsation period and maximum radius of the bubbles were obtained after intelligent processing. On this basis, the theoretical analysis was conducted on the conversion mechanism of the potential energy, internal energy during the multiple pulsations. The results show that: (1) the residual energy rate of the second bubble pulsation relative to the first bubble pulsation was 0.31; (2) the proportion of internal energy of the bubbles to total energy is 5.4%−6.6%, so the internal energy could be ignored, and energy of the bubbles could be represented by the potential energy in the engineering application.

underwater explosion  /  bubble pulsation  /  optical measurement  /  energy conversion
盛振新, 王海坤, 陈继平, 张显丕, 余俊, 杲涛. 水下爆炸气泡多次膨胀-收缩运动特性光学试验研究. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 045102-1 -045102-8 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251185
Zhenxin SHENG, Haikun WANG, Jiping CHEN, Xianpi ZHANG, Jun YU, Tao GAO. Optical Experimental Study on the Multiple Expansion-Contraction Motion Characteristics of Underwater Explosion Bubbles[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (4) : 045102-1 -045102-8 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251185
水下爆炸会导致气泡产生,气泡经历若干次膨胀、收缩,直到能量耗尽,该过程称为脉动。对于水下爆炸气泡脉动特性研究,最直接的方式是通过光学测量获取气泡的运动演化过程图像。Klaseboer等[1]在一个9.0 m×9.0 m×7.5 m的水箱中开展了55 g Hexocire炸药(三次甲基三硝基胺+石蜡)的水下爆炸试验,药包布置在水下3.5 m,通过高速摄像判读气泡半径和上浮位移等参数。Hung等[2]进行了多组小当量水下爆炸试验,观察到了气泡在多种不同边界附近的运动特征。Zhang等[3]用小当量装药研究了爆炸气泡在不同初始条件和边界条件下的运动规律。朱锡等[4]进行了自由场中水下爆炸试验,记录了气泡脉动图像、周期和压力等数据。王海坤等[5]、盛振新等[6]在小型观测水槽内开展了水下爆炸气泡射流的机理性试验研究,采用高速相机捕捉到了近壁面气泡膨胀、收缩、失稳溃灭形成气泡射流的过程。目前,对于水下爆炸气泡脉动的研究主要是通过压力测量得到脉动周期,对于气泡脉动过程中气泡尺寸的光学测量较少,主要是因为目前没有满足水密、抗爆和拍摄速度要求的水下高速相机,只能在陆上水箱中开展克级装药试验,将高速相机布置在水箱外一定距离处,且通常水箱尺寸不大,边界效应会对气泡运动过程产生影响。盛振新等[7]还在爆炸水池内开展了多组TNT装药的水下爆炸试验,通过高速相机观测气泡在第1次气泡脉动过程中的上浮运动。
上述研究重点关注第1次气泡脉动,气泡每脉动1次,就有一定的能量在气泡压缩至最小时消耗于紊流和声辐射[8],因此,第2次气泡脉动载荷的破坏作用仍然不能忽略。1948年,Arons等[910]在总水深200 m的水域中开展了TNT柱形装药的深水爆炸试验,装药质量分别为0.23、1.14和5.45 kg,装药水深分别为76.2和152.4 m。根据试验测得气泡多次脉动周期,分析得到余能率为0.38。Cole[8]对多次脉动周期和能量消耗进行了分析,根据91 kg TNT药包的爆炸试验数据,得到余能率为0.34,两者结果基本一致。目前,国内对水下爆炸多次气泡脉动的研究甚少。
本研究将开展以下3个方面工作:(1) 水下爆炸气泡运动光测试验研究,即在直径为85 m、最大水深为15 m的爆炸水池内开展20、40和60 g RS211的水下爆炸试验,削弱边界效应对水下爆炸气泡运动的影响,同时提高试验药量;(2) 采用高速相机拍摄RS211装药水下爆炸气泡多次膨胀-收缩的运动图像,采用智能化图像处理软件对高速摄像图片进行批量化处理,获取水下爆炸气泡第1次、第2次脉动的半径变化规律;(3) 建立RS211装药水下爆炸气泡多次脉动能量分析方法,以期揭示气泡势能、内能等能量的转换机制。
本试验在中国船舶科学研究中心的爆炸水池中进行,圆形水池的直径为85 m,最大水深为15 m,可承受8 kg TNT当量爆炸,如图1所示。
试验总体布置如图2所示。将高速相机布置在爆炸水池的观测室内,透过有机玻璃观测窗(图3)对气泡运动过程进行高速摄像。试验点水深为4.7 m,药包布置于水深3.0 m处,距观察窗的水平距离为3.0 m。
鉴于高速摄像图片数量较多,为了提高图像的处理效率,开发了智能化图像处理软件,用于批量处理高速摄像图片。该气泡图像处理软件基于卷积神经网络的深度学习模型研发。首先,对装药水下爆炸的高速摄像图像进行逐帧检测与分割,组成训练集;然后,采用深度学习模型基于此训练集进行神经网络训练;之后,采用训练的神经网络对装药水下爆炸气泡进行检测和分割;最后,根据目标分割结果,对气泡的等效中心、面积、等效半径、中心上浮位移和周期进行计算和统计。经TNT水下爆炸试验[7]验证,如表1所示,图像判读结果与经典水下爆炸理论计算结果的相对偏差均小于4%。
高速相机拍摄的20 g RS211装药气泡运动过程如图4所示,拍摄速度为1000帧/秒,同时给出了采用图像处理软件智能化识别处理后的气泡轮廓。气泡从0 ms开始膨胀,43 ms时气泡膨胀至最大后开始收缩,83 ms时收缩至最小;然后,气泡进入第2次膨胀阶段,109 ms时气泡膨胀至最大,再次开始收缩,139 ms时收缩至最小。40 g RS211装药气泡运动过程如图5所示,拍摄速度为1000帧/秒,同时给出了采用图像处理软件智能化识别处理后的气泡轮廓。气泡从0 ms开始膨胀,51 ms时气泡膨胀至最大后开始收缩,103 ms时收缩至最小;然后,气泡进入第2次膨胀阶段,138 ms时气泡膨胀至最大后开始收缩,172 ms时收缩至最小。60 g RS211装药气泡运动过程如图6所示,拍摄速度为1000帧/秒,同时给出了采用图像处理软件智能化识别处理后的气泡轮廓。气泡从0 ms开始膨胀,58 ms时气泡膨胀至最大,117 ms时收缩至最小;然后,气泡进入第2次膨胀阶段,158 ms时气泡再次膨胀至最大随后开始收缩,198 ms时收缩至最小。
采用气泡图像处理软件对高速摄像结果进行智能化识别处理,得到20、40和60 g RS211装药的气泡边界和中心位置随时间的变化曲线,分别如图7图8图9所示。将RS211装药水中爆炸气泡第1次和第2次脉动的周期和最大半径列于表2中。从图7可知,20 g RS211装药水下爆炸气泡第1次膨胀到最大时半径为505.9 mm,第2次膨胀到最大时的半径为337.7 ms。从图8可知,40 g RS211装药水下爆炸气泡第1次膨胀到最大时的半径为666.6 mm,第2次膨胀到最大时的半径为449.0 mm。从图9可知,60 g RS211装药水下爆炸气泡第1次膨胀到最大时的半径为726.1 mm,第2次膨胀到最大时的半径为509.8 mm。
参考之前开展的TNT水下爆炸试验中自由水面和刚性水底对气泡运动的影响分析[7],将TNT装药气泡脉动周期的试验结果与Cole理论计算结果进行对比,列于表3中。可以看出,气泡脉动周期的试验值与理论值的相对偏差为1.67%~2.35%,说明边界对气泡脉动周期的影响较小。
将TNT装药气泡最大半径的试验结果与Cole理论计算结果进行对比,结果列于表4。可以看出,气泡脉动周期的试验值与理论值的相对偏差为0.05%~3.95%,说明边界对气泡最大半径的影响较小。
将TNT装药气泡中心位移的试验结果与Cole的无限水域气泡上浮位移理论模型计算结果进行对比,结果列于表5中。可以看出,气泡上浮位移的试验值与理论值的相对偏差为−11.7%~8.2%,说明边界对气泡上浮位移的影响较大。鉴于本研究主要关注气泡脉动周期和半径,根据表3表4中的结果,可以认为,本试验中边界对气泡的影响可以忽略。
影响气泡最大半径测量的主要因素包括:(1) 装药质量误差$ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}} $≤4%;(2) 装药布放距离误差$ {\sigma }_{\text{d}} $≤0.9%,引起高速摄像图像与实际气泡大小比例关系误差;(3) 图像处理的判读误差$ {\sigma }_{\text{i}} $≤4%,由图像处理软件判读气泡半径与实际气泡半径的差别引起。上述几项因素引起的综合误差$ {\sigma }_{\text{z}}=\sqrt{\text{0}{\text{.04}}^{2}+{0.009}^{2}+{0.04}^{2}}=5.7\text{%} $
气泡的脉动周期和最大半径计算公式分别为
$ {T}_{n}={k}_{T_n}\frac{{W}^{1/3}}{\textit{z}_{0}^{5/6}} $
${a}_{n}={k}_{a_n} {\left(\frac{m}{{\textit{z}}_{0}}\right)}^{1/3} $
式中:$ {T}_{n} $为第n次气泡脉动周期,单位s;$ {k}_{T_n} $为第n次气泡脉动周期系数;$ {a}_{n} $为第n次气泡脉动最大半径,单位m;$ {k}_{a_n} $为第n次气泡脉动最大半径系数;$ m $为装药质量,单位kg;$ {\textit{z}}_{0} $为装药所处位置流体静压力的等效水深,单位m。结合表2中气泡的脉动周期和最大半径,根据式(1)计算得到第1次和第2次气泡脉动周期系数$ {k}_{T_n} $的平均值分别为2.61和1.77,根据式(2)计算得到第1次和第2次气泡脉动最大半径系数$ {k}_{a_n} $的平均值分别为4.47和3.04。
根据Cole提出的余能率计算方法[8],可计算得出RS211装药第2次气泡脉动相对第1次气泡脉动的余能率$ \eta $
$ \eta ={\left(\frac{{T}_{2}}{{T}_{1}}\right)}^{3}={\left(\frac{{k}_{T_2}}{{k}_{T_1}}\right)}^{3}={\left(\frac{1.77}{2.61}\right)}^{3}=0.31 $
Cole[8]认为,气泡运动可以通过气泡与周围介质的能量平衡方程描述
$ \frac{3}{2}\left(\frac{4\text{π} }{3}{\rho }_{0}{a}^{3}\right){\left(\frac{\mathrm{d}a}{\mathrm{d}t}\right)}^{2}+\frac{4\text{π} }{3}{p}_{0}{a}^{3}+E_\text{i}=Y $
式中:$ {\rho }_{0} $为水的密度,单位kg/m3$ {p}_{0} $为装药所处位置的流体静压力,单位Pa;$ {E}_{\text{i}} $为气泡内能;$ Y $为气泡总能量。式(4)等号左侧第1项为从气泡表面扩散的径向流的动能,第2项为反抗流体静压所做的功,即气泡势能$ {E}_{\mathrm{p}} $
气泡达到最大半径$ {a}_{\text{m}} $时,$ \mathrm{d}a/\mathrm{d}t=0 $,则式(4)中等号左侧第1项动能为零,此时气泡势能为
$ {E}_{\mathrm{p}}=\frac{4\text{π} }{3}{p}_{0}{a}_{\mathrm{m}}^{3} $
若爆炸生成物可视为爆炸产物比热比$ \gamma $为常数的理想气体,而且其状态的变化是按绝热律进行的,则压力与体积间的关系为
$ p{\left(\frac{V}{m}\right)}^{\gamma }=k $
式中:$ V $为气泡体积,单位m3p为气泡内压力,单位Pa;$ k $为爆炸产物常数;参考TNT装药,$ \gamma $取1.25。
结合式(6),得到气泡内能
$ E_\text{i}=\int\nolimits_{V\left(a\right)}^{\mathrm{\infty }}p\mathrm{d}V=\frac{km}{\gamma -1}{\left(\frac{m}{V}\right)}^{\gamma -1}=\frac{pV}{\gamma -1} $
结合表2中的数据,根据式(5)和式(7),计算得到气泡第1次达到最大半径时的势能$ {E}_{\mathrm{p}1} $、内能$ {E}_{\text{i}1} $和总能量$ {E}_{\text{z}1} $以及气泡第2次达到最大半径时的势能$ {E}_{\mathrm{p}2} $、内能$ {E}_{\text{i}2} $和总能$ {E}_{\text{z}2} $。计算结果列于表6中,同时得到第1次气泡脉动到第2次气泡脉动过程中的能量损失。
表6中可以看出,第1次气泡脉动周期内,内能占总能的比例为5.4%~6.4%,第2次气泡脉动周期内,内能占总能的比例为5.5%~6.6%。因此,在工程计算中,通常将气泡内能忽略,通过气泡势能表征气泡能,其本质是气泡的最大半径。气泡的最大半径和脉动周期均仅与装药质量和水深相关,而脉动周期便于测量获取,因此,工程计算时以气泡脉动周期来表征气泡能。
为了研究RS211装药水下爆炸气泡多次膨胀-收缩运动特性,开展了水下爆炸气泡运动光测试验研究,在直径为85 m、最大水深为15 m的爆炸水池内开展了20、40和60 g RS211装药的水下爆炸试验,减弱了边界效应对水下爆炸气泡运动的影响,同时提高了试验药量。采用高速相机拍摄了RS211装药水下爆炸气泡多次膨胀-收缩运动图像,采用开发的智能化图像处理软件对高速摄像图像进行批量化处理,获取水下爆炸气泡第1次、第2次脉动的半径变化规律,建立了RS211装药水下爆炸气泡多次脉动能量分析方法,揭示了气泡势能、内能等能量的转换机制,得到如下结论:
(1) 第1次和第2次气泡脉动周期系数分别为2.61和1.77,第1次和第2次气泡最大半径系数分别为4.47和3.04,第2次气泡脉动相对第1次气泡脉动的余能率为0.31;
(2) 气泡内能占总能的5.4%~6.6%,因此,工程计算时通常将气泡内能忽略,以气泡势能来表征气泡能。
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251185
  • 接收时间:2025-09-03
  • 首发时间:2026-04-29
  • 出版时间:2026-04-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-03
  • 修回日期:2025-12-09
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    1中国船舶科学研究中心, 江苏 无锡 214082
    2深海技术科学太湖实验室, 江苏 无锡 214082
    3船舶结构安全全国重点实验室, 江苏 无锡 214082

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盛振新(1986-),男,博士,研究员,主要从事舰船毁伤与防护研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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