Article(id=1256186030223442752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20251257, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762790400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-11, revisedDate=1765123200000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1777427688413, onlineDateStr=2026-04-29, pubDate=1775318400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777427688413, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777427688413, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427688413, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256186027853624275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='040101-1', pageEnd='045301-13', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777427687845, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427791253, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256186461888627074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256186461888627075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=040102-1, endPage=040102-10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256186030726759236, articleId=1256186030223442752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Research Progress on High-Temperature H2-Molecular-Type Hydride under High Pressure, columnId=1256186029531345878, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Young Scientists’ Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The synthesis of the room-temperature superconductor LaSc2H24 represents a significant milestone in the field of superconductivity research. A central goal of subsequent studies is to lower the stabilization pressure required for hydrogen-rich superconductors, thereby establishing both theoretical foundation and technical pathway toward achieving low-pressure room-temperature superconductivity. This paper reviews recent advances in the prediction and experimental synthesis of hydride materials, with a focus on a promising strategy for realizing high-temperature superconductivity at reduced pressures—namely, H2-molecular-typehydride. The superconducting mechanism dominated by molecular H2 units is redefined, offering a new perspective for understanding phonon-mediated superconductivity. In H2-molecular-type hydrides, a nearly free-electron gas behavior has been clearly observed. These delocalized electrons exhibit metallic bonding characteristics while retaining fragments of molecular hydrogen. This finding indicates that the essential condition for superconducting transition is the formation of a Fermi sea hosting Cooper pairs, rather than complete dissociation into atomic hydrogen. The generation mechanism of the free-electron gas in these materials can be effectively explained using a finite potential well model. The distinctive electronic properties of these compounds under high pressure, combined with enhanced electron-phonon coupling, establish a novel paradigm for designing low-pressure, high-temperature, and potentially room-temperature superconductors.

, correspAuthors=Zhao LIU, Tian CUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xinmiao WEI, Zhao LIU, Tian CUI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256186039597712290, articleId=1256186030223442752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=高压下H2分子型氢化物高温超导体的研究进展, columnId=1256186029946581977, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=优秀青年专辑, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

室温超导体LaSc2H24的合成标志着人类在高压超导研究领域迈入一个崭新的阶段。未来富氢高温超导体研究的核心挑战之一在于降低晶体结构稳定存在的压力,从而为实现低压乃至常压室温超导提供坚实的理论基础与可行的技术路径。综述了近年来在氢化物超导体预测与实验合成方面的最新进展,重点探讨了一种实现低压高温超导的新策略—H2分子型氢化物,并重新审视了H2分子单元参与超导的起因,为理解声子介导的超导现象提供了新的视角。在H2分子型氢化物中,明显观察到近似自由电子气的行为,这些自由电子气表现出金属键特性,同时,分子氢结构未发生分解。这表明,超导转变的关键条件是存在形成库珀对的电子费米海,而非完全解离为原子态氢。H2分子型氢化物中自由电子气的形成机制可通过有限深势阱模型得到合理解释。此类材料在高压下的独特电子行为及其强电声耦合作用为设计低压、高温甚至室温超导材料开辟了全新的范式。

, correspAuthors=刘召, 崔田, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘 召(1991-),男,博士,特聘研究员,主要从事高压下凝聚态物质结构与性质研究. E-mail:
崔 田(1964-),男,博士,教授,主要从事高压下凝聚态物质结构与性质研究. E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《高压物理学报》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=T4zhIFKvjseNJ5ODy4tvUw==, magXml=SLUDMezGmzFNFCSxaOtQYQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=YVRPXQhQsTX9mET9xPFyiA==, pdfFileSize=12408168, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Z7vd0BhikHc1M0kxSXc9Qg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=akGR+QouOCx3uB9re7Wo1g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

魏鑫苗(1996-),女,博士,助理研究员,主要从事高压下物质的相变行为研究. E-mail:

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魏鑫苗(1996-),女,博士,助理研究员,主要从事高压下物质的相变行为研究. E-mail:

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高压下H2分子型氢化物高温超导体的研究进展
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魏鑫苗 1 , 刘召 1, * , 崔田 1, 2, *
高压物理学报 | 优秀青年专辑 2026,40(4): 040102-1-040102-10
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高压物理学报 | 优秀青年专辑 2026, 40(4): 040102-1-040102-10
高压下H2分子型氢化物高温超导体的研究进展
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魏鑫苗1 , 刘召1, * , 崔田1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1宁波大学物理科学与技术学院高压物理科学研究院, 浙江 宁波 315211
  • 2吉林大学物理学院, 吉林 长春 130012
  • 魏鑫苗(1996-),女,博士,助理研究员,主要从事高压下物质的相变行为研究. E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘 召(1991-),男,博士,特聘研究员,主要从事高压下凝聚态物质结构与性质研究. E-mail:
崔 田(1964-),男,博士,教授,主要从事高压下凝聚态物质结构与性质研究. E-mail:
Research Progress on High-Temperature H2-Molecular-Type Hydride under High Pressure
Xinmiao WEI1 , Zhao LIU1, * , Tian CUI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of High Pressure Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
  • 2College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China
出版时间: 2026-04-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251257
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室温超导体LaSc2H24的合成标志着人类在高压超导研究领域迈入一个崭新的阶段。未来富氢高温超导体研究的核心挑战之一在于降低晶体结构稳定存在的压力,从而为实现低压乃至常压室温超导提供坚实的理论基础与可行的技术路径。综述了近年来在氢化物超导体预测与实验合成方面的最新进展,重点探讨了一种实现低压高温超导的新策略—H2分子型氢化物,并重新审视了H2分子单元参与超导的起因,为理解声子介导的超导现象提供了新的视角。在H2分子型氢化物中,明显观察到近似自由电子气的行为,这些自由电子气表现出金属键特性,同时,分子氢结构未发生分解。这表明,超导转变的关键条件是存在形成库珀对的电子费米海,而非完全解离为原子态氢。H2分子型氢化物中自由电子气的形成机制可通过有限深势阱模型得到合理解释。此类材料在高压下的独特电子行为及其强电声耦合作用为设计低压、高温甚至室温超导材料开辟了全新的范式。

高压  /  H2分子型氢化物  /  电声耦合  /  高温超导

The synthesis of the room-temperature superconductor LaSc2H24 represents a significant milestone in the field of superconductivity research. A central goal of subsequent studies is to lower the stabilization pressure required for hydrogen-rich superconductors, thereby establishing both theoretical foundation and technical pathway toward achieving low-pressure room-temperature superconductivity. This paper reviews recent advances in the prediction and experimental synthesis of hydride materials, with a focus on a promising strategy for realizing high-temperature superconductivity at reduced pressures—namely, H2-molecular-typehydride. The superconducting mechanism dominated by molecular H2 units is redefined, offering a new perspective for understanding phonon-mediated superconductivity. In H2-molecular-type hydrides, a nearly free-electron gas behavior has been clearly observed. These delocalized electrons exhibit metallic bonding characteristics while retaining fragments of molecular hydrogen. This finding indicates that the essential condition for superconducting transition is the formation of a Fermi sea hosting Cooper pairs, rather than complete dissociation into atomic hydrogen. The generation mechanism of the free-electron gas in these materials can be effectively explained using a finite potential well model. The distinctive electronic properties of these compounds under high pressure, combined with enhanced electron-phonon coupling, establish a novel paradigm for designing low-pressure, high-temperature, and potentially room-temperature superconductors.

high pressure  /  hydrogen molecular hydrides  /  electron-phonon coupling  /  high-temperature superconductivity
魏鑫苗, 刘召, 崔田. 高压下H2分子型氢化物高温超导体的研究进展. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 040102-1 -040102-10 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251257
Xinmiao WEI, Zhao LIU, Tian CUI. Research Progress on High-Temperature H2-Molecular-Type Hydride under High Pressure[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (4) : 040102-1 -040102-10 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251257
自1911年Kamerlingh Onnes首次在汞中发现4.2 K的超导现象以来,室温超导材料的探索始终是凝聚态物理和材料科学领域的重大科学挑战之一[1]。随后,超导体的2个基本特征—零电阻和完全抗磁性(即迈斯纳效应)被相继确立。根据超导机理的不同,超导体可分为常规超导体与非常规超导体2类:前者通常遵循声子介导的Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer(BCS)理论框架,而后者的超导机理至今仍未得到统一的理论阐释[2]。目前,在常压条件下,铜氧化物超导体HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ的最高临界转变温度(Tc)可达133 K[3],在23 GPa外加压力下可进一步提升至164 K[4]。人们通常将Tc超过40 K的超导体称为高温超导体。时至今日,已有很多高温超导体的候选材料,如何让Tc突破室温(298 K),是凝聚态物理领域长期关注的核心科学课题。
2014年,高温超导研究取得重要突破:H3S的理论预测与实验验证表明,其在155 GPa下的Tc可达203 K[56]。这一发现标志着氢化物超导体作为潜在室温超导材料的研究进入新阶段。此后,研究人员在金属超氢化物体系中相继观测到更高的Tc,如LaH10在约250 GPa下表现出接近室温的超导行为[79]。压力作为一种重要的热力学参数,能够有效缩短原子间距、调控化学键合方式,并诱导新奇化学组分的形成,成为探索高温超导新材料的重要途径[1011]图1展示了1911年至今人类在Tc上的突破。
富氢材料主要分为2类:原子型氢化物和H2分子型氢化物。原子型氢化物包含由氢分子解离后形成的多中心键氢晶格,包括共价型、笼状、蜂窝状、类五角石墨烯型、分子团簇型、链状、管状以及kagome型等氢晶格[12];而H2分子型氢化物则主要由未完全解离的H2单元或混合H2分子与原子氢的混合体系构成。研究表明,原子型氢化物,尤其是具有笼状结构的氢化物,通常展现出更高的Tc[13]。近期,马琰铭院士团队[14]通过实验成功地合成了室温超导体LaSc2H24,该材料利用激光加热技术,在250~260 GPa的压力下,通过金刚石对顶砧(diamond anvil cell,DAC)对镧钪合金与硼氨烷混合物进行压缩制备而成,同步辐射X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)数据明确证实,其晶体结构与先前理论预测的LaSc2H24笼型氢结构[15]高度一致。这一发现标志着人类在历经百余年探索后终于实现了室温超导的突破。然而,此类笼型氢化物需依赖极高压力以实现氢分子的完全解离,从而释放参与超导的自由电子,如图2所示,这严重制约了其在较低压力条件下的实际应用。因此,如何在更温和的压力环境下实现高温乃至室温超导,仍是当前凝聚态物理领域亟待解决的关键科学问题。
分子氢体系能够表现出与分子内强共价键相关的显著电声相互作用。已有研究表明,H2分子型氢化物可能具备高Tc超导性。例如,理论预测:NaH10在高压下可实现约270 K的近室温超导[16];KNaH12在60 GPa下具有245 K的Tc[17];PbH12在180 GPa高压下的Tc为191 K[18];CaH14展现出高达204 K的高Tc[19]Cmca相分子氢在450 GPa压强下具有242 K的高Tc潜力[20]。最近,实验观察到C2/c-BiH4在170 GPa下的Tc达到91 K[21],且氢晶格被证实完全由H2分子组成[21]。这些研究成果不仅深化了对以H2分子单元为主导的超导机制的理解,也为揭示声子介导超导的微观机理提供了重要线索,同时为实现H2分子型氢基材料中的室温超导开辟了广阔发展空间。
氢是宇宙中含量最丰富的元素,约占宇宙总质量的75%。在常压条件下,氢以H2分子形式存在,表现为分子绝缘体。1935年,Wigner与Huntington受到Bernal提出的“所有物质在足够高的压力下均可发生金属化”这一假设的启发,首次从理论上预测氢在极高压力下将转变为金属态固体[22]。根据BCS理论,德拜温度$ {\mathit{\Theta }}_{\mathrm{D}} $是决定金属材料Tc的关键参数之一
$ {T}_{\mathrm{c}}=1.14{\mathit{\Theta }}_{\mathrm{D}}\exp \left(-\frac{1}{N(0)V_{\rm {ep}}}\right) $
式中:$ N(0) $为费米能级处的电子态密度(density of states,DOS),Vep为电声相互作用势(有效耦合常数)。对于德拜温度$ {\mathit{\Theta }}_{\mathrm{D}} $,有
$ {\mathit{\Theta }}_{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{{\mathrm{\hbar}} {\omega }_{\mathrm{D}}}{{k}_{\mathrm{B}}} $
式中:$ {k}_{\mathrm{B}} $为玻尔兹曼常数,$ {\mathrm{\hbar}} $为约化普朗克常数,$ {\omega }_{\mathrm{D}} $为德拜频率。因此,$ {\mathit{\Theta }}_{\mathrm{D}} $$ {\omega }_{\mathrm{D}} $即晶体中的最高振动频率决定。$ {\omega }_{\mathrm{D}} $与原子质量M有如下关系
$ {\omega }_{\rm D}={(6{{\text{π} }^{2}}n)}^{1/3}\sqrt{\frac{C}{nM}} $
式中:n为原子密度,C为弹性常数。
在大多数情况下,同一类晶体结构中不同原子的原子密度n与弹性常数CM变化较小,因此,原子的$ {\omega }_{\mathrm{D}} $近似与M的−1/2次方成反比,即越轻的元素具有更高的最高振动频率,更有可能表现出较高的Tc。氢作为最轻的元素,长期以来被视为实现室温超导最有潜力的候选元素。理论研究表明,纯金属氢在超高压下的Tc可达356~760 K[23]。随着DAC实验技术的发展,研究人员已经逐步逼近实现金属氢所需的压力条件:在约425 GPa下观测到氢的带隙出现不连续减小[24]。然而,金属氢能否在DAC中实现仍存在争议。2001年,MgB2Tc=39 K)的发现重新激发了人们对传统超导体的兴趣[25]。在此基础上,Ashcroft于2004年提出,可通过与其他元素形成以氢为主的化合物的方式,利用“化学预压缩”策略降低氢金属化所需的压力,从而在较低压力下实现高温超导[26]。如图3[12]所示,当非氢元素或基团被引入氢晶格时,会引发内部原子间的化学预压作用,使得晶格体积(V)减小,进而导致吉布斯自由能(G)中的pV项减小(p为压力,U为内能,S为熵,T为温度),最终使能量降低。反之,在化学预压缩作用下,晶体的能量更低,为维持稳定结构所需的外界压强也会进一步下降,这更有利于结构在低压条件下保持稳定。为此,本课题组基于第一性原理在绝对零度下进行计算,此时ST为零。类似思想最早可以追溯到1971年,Gilman[27]在假想化合物LiH2F中提出了通过化学手段稳定高压氢态的构想。早在1970年,人们就发现Th4H15在常压下表现出8 K的Tc,成为首个被实验报道的超导氢化物[28]。这些进展表明,理论预测、计算模拟与实验验证的紧密结合显著推动了氢基超导体的发展进程。
早期系统研究的氢化物主要集中于ⅣA族元素体系,包括SiH4[29]、GeH4[3032]、SnH4[3334]和PbH4[35]。随后,鉴于高氢含量在促进超导性方面的关键作用,富氢化物成为当前最具潜力的高温超导材料体系之一。根据非氢元素在元素周期表中的位置,可将二元原子型富氢化合物超导体大致分为2类:第1类是p区元素与氢形成的共价键化合物,其化学计量比较为固定,其中,最具代表性的体系为H3S,它是首个在实验上实现Tc突破200 K的超导体[56];第2类主要包括电正性金属,其价电子可以转移至氢子晶格,形成三维笼状氢框架结构,典型例子包括LaH10[79]、YH9[3637]及CaH6[3839]。这些几乎由类原子氢组成的笼状氢结构被认为是实现极高超导性的关键特征。然而,由于早期研究始终未能在包含H2分子单元的化合物中发现或从理论揭示出类似原子氢的高温超导性,H2分子型氢化物的超导潜力长期悬而未知。
借鉴二元氢化物体系的成功经验,压力诱导的三元氢化物超导体研究迅速发展,并取得了显著进展。例如:理论预测Li2MgH16在250 GPa下具有高达473 K的Tc[40];计算表明,掺杂P、C或Si的H3S体系的Tc可超过280 K[4142]。近期研究表明,具有萤石型H-Be骨架与笼状氢结构的LaBeH8,在约80 GPa压力下的Tc达到110 K[4344]。此外,在低于130 GPa的压力条件下,La-Ce-H体系被成功合成出具有六方密堆结构的(La, Ce)H9–10相,并在约100 GPa时表现出176 K的Tc[45]。进一步研究发现,该体系在164 GPa下的Tc提升至223 K,其稳定相被确定为具有P63/mmc空间群的六方结构[46]
近期,马琰铭院士团队[14]在高压条件下成功合成了具有室温超导特性的La-Sc合金氢化物,通过观测到的零电阻现象以及外加磁场对Tc的抑制效应,确证了其具有最高Tc达298 K的室温超导性。另外,XRD分析结果表明,该合金氢化物的化学计量比与LaSc2H24的结构一致,并且能够在约194 GPa以上的压力及室温条件下维持亚稳态。此项研究作为凝聚态物理领域的重要突破,不仅实现了具备明确晶体结构和可识别超导机制的室温超导体,而且进一步揭示了多元富氢化合物在实现高温超导方面的巨大潜力。
理论预测表明,分子氢的H-Ⅲ相(Cmca-12)在450 GPa下的Tc约为242 K[20]。然而,迄今为止,在H2分子型氢化物中尚未实现近室温超导。实验合成的BaH12只有20 K的Tc[47],SrH22更是表现出半导体特性[48]。因此,有观点认为,在含有H2分子单元的结构中,大量电子局域在H2单元中的σ键,使得这些电子不再具有自由电子的特征,导致含有H2分子单元的结构不利于高温超导。但是,含有H2单元的Ama2-GeH4P63/mmc-SnH4Tc分别被预测为57和62 K,H2单元被认为在增强电声耦合(electron-phonon coupling,EPC)方面起到主要作用[32, 34]。此外,含有更多H2分子的SiH4(H2)2和GeH4(H2)2已被合成,其理论预测的Tc分别为107和90 K[4950]。能否在由H2分子结构构成的氢化物中诱导出强电声耦合并实现室温超导仍是一个极具挑战性的难题。
传统观点认为,含有H2单元相的金属化过程可通过压缩碱金属多氢化物研究来理解。在这些体系中,来自电正性金属的价电子转移至H2*轨道,从而部分填充H2*能带,导致$R\overline{3}m $-LiH6相在费米能级(EF)处产生较高的态密度[51]。在Pm-NaH9相中,H与H2*能带在压力诱导下展宽增大并重叠,从而实现金属化[52]。在$ \mathrm{H}_{3}^{-} $阴离子与H2分子共存的KH5与RbH5体系中,通过压力诱导填充$ \mathrm{H}_{3}^{-} $非键能带伸展,最终与金属d带重叠而实现金属化[5355]。尽管声子介导的H2分子型氢化物的潜在Tc与费米能级处的态密度密切相关,但是在由H2单元构成的SbH4电子结构中,总态密度与不同元素的分态密度之和之间存在明显的不一致性[56],这种差异引起新型“背景电荷”(background charge,电子在非轨道投影的分量)[33]。研究背景电荷现象的出现能否作为自由电子参与电声耦合并诱导高温超导性的标志,对于揭示H2分子型氢化物中声子介导的超导机制具有重要意义。
在此基础上,Liu等[16]提出了一种基于识别费米能级附近是否存在背景电荷的简单高通量结构搜索方法,用于筛选H2分子型氢化物,以快速锁定潜在的高Tc超导材料。利用该方法,研究人员发现,NaH10、TeH4和SnH14等H2分子型氢化物在费米能级附近均存在显著的背景电荷分布,进而成功确认了一种压力诱导形成的H2分子型超导体—NaH10,其在400 GPa下表现出高达270 K的近室温超导性。第一性原理计算表明,该体系中强大的电声耦合主要源于多种中频原子振动模式,并受到费米面嵌套(Fermi surface nesting)所引起的高频氢原子声子软化的协同增强作用,从而有效促使自由电子形成库珀对(Cooper pairs)。值得注意的是,该体系中的传导电子主要表现为离域的背景电荷,从而直接参与电声相互作用过程,如图4所示。为进一步验证H2单元在超导性中的作用,Liu等[16]通过在高压相H-Ⅲ中掺杂Na元素开展计算模拟,成功获得了一种动力学稳定的$R\overline{3}m $-NaH12结构,该结构在150 GPa压力下表现出Tc=154 K的超导性。在该结构中,传导电子主要占据具有显著离域特征的sp杂化轨道。综合结果表明,H2分子型氢化物体系具备实现近室温超导的潜力。该发现突破了传统认为H2单元不利于超导行为的认知局限,为理解分子氢基超导体中声子介导的超导机制提供了新的理论框架与研究路径。
通常认为,原子型氢化物中出现高Tc超导性的原因在于:费米能级处具有较高的氢衍生电子态密度、较大的声子能量尺度以及由此增强的电声耦合强度[22]。因此,当前在不含分子氢(H2)的原子型超氢化物中探索高Tc超导体已成为研究的主要指导原则。原因在于,分子氢中的电子主要占据能量较低的σ成键轨道[57],这些轨道远离费米能级,难以有效参与导电和超导配对,因而被认为不利于实现高Tc超导[36]。传统观点下对该体系电子结构特征的认识深刻影响了对H2分子型氢化物超导行为的认识。尽管在声子介导的BCS理论框架下,费米能级处的氢衍生DOS对实现高Tc至关重要,但是仍需要更系统的机理研究,以构建清晰的物理图像,从而深入揭示H2分子型氢化物中超导性能的起源。目前,已有大量实验和理论研究支持分子氢化物中存在高Tc超导性,例如:前面提到的在400 GPa下分子氢化物NaH10中出现约270 K的近室温超导[16],在450 GPa下Cmca相的分子氢表现出242 K的Tc[20]。尤为重要的是,近期实验观察到分子氢化物C2/c-BiH4在170 GPa下的Tc为91 K,且结构分析证实其氢晶格完全由H2分子构成[21]。然而,引起高温超导的机制仍不清晰,特别是H2分子型化合物中超导性的微观起源及其自由电子形成机制仍缺乏清晰解释。
针对当前H2分子型氢化物中高温超导机制所面临的关键科学挑战,Liu等[19]预测出高压下H2分子型氢化物CaH14,并以其为模型破解了形成库珀对的原因。CaH14的结构具有C2/c空间群,其氢子晶格完全由H2分子构成,并且形成焓计算表明,其具备热力学稳定性。基于电声耦合的计算结果表明,该结构在300 GPa下具有高达204.0 K的Tc,在200 GPa下为192.6 K。为解释出现高温超导的原因,他们提出了一种有限深势阱模型,用以揭示近自由电子气的形成机制及其参与电声耦合的过程。如图5所示,随着压力的施加,H2单元和Ca离子形成的有效势阱彼此移动,形成较低的有效势脊连接。由于强烈的泡利排斥效应,电子占据更高能级,其典型特征是高费米能级(EF)的形成。因此,由压力引起的电子动能的增加超过了Ca和H2阳离子所形成的有效势阱的束缚,从而使电子从势阱中逸出,形成类似于凝胶背景电荷上的自由电子气。第一性原理计算结果表明,这些近自由电子气通过与分子氢相关联的多样化振动模式参与电声耦合,进而诱导出高Tc。进一步分析显示,电声耦合的声子贡献主要源于中频分子氢振动模式所产生的大电声耦合矩阵元,而该效应又受到由费米面嵌套引起的声子软化的作用,从而更有效地散射近自由电子。此外,结构动力学研究表明,该氢化物能够将所需压力降至大腔体压机可实现的合成压力范围,并在50 GPa下仍可保持60 K的高温超导电性,80 GPa下Tc可达84 K,这一数值显著高于液氮温度(77 K)。该研究阐明了近自由电子气作为形成库珀对费米海的形成机制,揭示了H2分子型氢化物中高温超导性的内在因果关系。研究结果建立了H2分子型氢化物高温超导的研究范式,为在低压条件下进一步开展H2分子型氢化物高温超导体的理论设计和实验制备开辟了新的方向。
原子型氢化物和H2分子型氢基超导体的研究已经取得了显著的进展,并且在理论探索中揭示了氢化学构型与超导性之间的紧密关联,推动了一系列具有优异高压超导性能的氢化物的合成。然而,极高的稳定压力使得氢化物的实验研究只能局限于DAC内,样品量、调控方式、表征手段都受到极大限制,如何在大腔体压机的压力范围内实现高温超导是打破氢化物研究瓶颈的关键。高压下NaH10和CaH14等H2分子型氢化物的发现重新激发了人们对分子氢超导行为的研究兴趣。这类材料中电子在高压下的独特行为为探索低压室温超导材料提供了全新的研究范式。近年来,机器学习方法在各学科领域大放异彩,结合现有实验数据或第一性原理计算数据训练机器学习原子间势,能大幅加快结构预测速度,突破传统方法的瓶颈,处理更大体系。基于近期一系列突破性进展,未来对H2分子型氢化物超导机制的理论研究将持续深化,有望通过机器学习算法与晶体结构预测技术相结合,指导实现低压高温超导的新型氢化物材料设计和实验合成。
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251257
  • 接收时间:2025-11-11
  • 首发时间:2026-04-29
  • 出版时间:2026-04-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-11
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    1宁波大学物理科学与技术学院高压物理科学研究院, 浙江 宁波 315211
    2吉林大学物理学院, 吉林 长春 130012

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刘 召(1991-),男,博士,特聘研究员,主要从事高压下凝聚态物质结构与性质研究. E-mail:
崔 田(1964-),男,博士,教授,主要从事高压下凝聚态物质结构与性质研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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