Article(id=1256186029107721173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20251216, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758988800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-28, revisedDate=1760544000000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1777427688147, onlineDateStr=2026-04-29, pubDate=1775318400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777427688147, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777427688147, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427688147, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256186027853624275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='040101-1', pageEnd='045301-13', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777427687845, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777427791253, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256186461888627074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256186461888627075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1256186027853624275, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=040106-1, endPage=040106-8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256186029753643992, articleId=1256186029107721173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Metallic Hydrogen Ligand Compounds: A Potential Route to Superconducting Metallic Hydrogen at Ambient Pressure, columnId=1256186029531345878, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Young Scientists’ Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Metallic hydrogen, with its properties including room-temperature superconductivity and quantum fluidity, is known as the holy grail of high-pressure physics. However, since atomic metallic hydrogen requires pressures about 500 GPa, it has not been realized in experiments since its conception in 1935. To take advantage of properties the properties of metallic hydrogen in the future, it will be crucial to obtain it at ambient pressure. Current approaches to obtaining metallic hydrogen at low pressures rely on the “chemical precompression” in hydrides to induce metallization of hydrogen at low pressures, essentially identifying superconducting hydrides that can host the properties of metallic hydrogen. However, these superconducting hydrides currently lack distinct structural features, complicating the search for metallic hydrogen hosts. Here, we identify metallic hydrogen ligand compounds with hydrogen as the ligands as potential hosts for properties of metallic hydrogen at low pressures. The metallization of the non-bonding orbitals of the hydrogen ligands is a key criterion for determining whether a metallic hydrogen ligand compound can host metallic hydrogen properties. This article summarizes the main behaviors of hydrogen at ambient pressure, focusing on hydrogen ligand compounds at ambient pressure. Then, using a simple model of a one-dimensional hydrogen atom chain, we analyzed the causes of non-bonding orbital metallization and the physical picture of reduced stability pressure. The orbital characteristics of metallic hydrogen ligand compounds are then analyzed, highlighting their rules of superconductivity, topological properties, and the electronic structure that enable metallization. The analysis of metallic hydrogen ligand compounds presented in this article not only provides important structural information for future exploration of metal hydride superconductors but also provides an important theoretical foundation for realizing the properties of metallic hydrogen at ambient pressure.

, correspAuthors=Defang DUAN, Tian CUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zihan ZHANG, Defang DUAN, Tian CUI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256186031271982049, articleId=1256186029107721173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=金属氢配体化合物:环境压力下通往超导金属氢的潜在道路, columnId=1256186029946581977, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=优秀青年专辑, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

金属氢因具有室温超导电性、量子流体等特性,被认为是高压物理研究领域的“圣杯”。理论研究认为,获得原子化的金属氢需要500 GPa以上压强,因此,自从1935年金属氢概念被提出以来,至今尚未在实验中获得。为使人们能够在生产和生活中利用金属氢的特殊性质,需要在环境压力下获得金属氢。目前,低压下获得金属氢的研究思路是利用氢化物的“化学预压缩”让氢在较低压力下进行金属化,即寻找特殊的氢化物作为金属氢性质的宿主。但是,这类材料至今没有明显的结构特征,不仅加大了探索金属氢宿主材料的难度,还打击了人们在环压力下获得金属氢性质的信心。为此,科研人员又提出了以氢为配体的高配位氢化物—低压下金属氢性质的潜在宿主,其中,配体氢的非键轨道是否金属化是氢配体化合物能否承载金属氢性质的判断标准。首先,总结了氢在常压下的主要行为,重点关注常压下的氢配体化合物;然后,通过一维氢原子链这一简单模型,分析非键轨道金属化的原因和降低稳定压力的物理图像;接着,分析金属氢配体化合物的轨道特点,指出其超导电性、拓扑性质和实现金属化的电子结构规律。所提出的关于金属氢配体化合物的分析,不仅为未来探索金属氢化物超导体提供了重要的结构信息,更为人们在环境压力下获得金属氢的性质提供了重要的理论基础。

, correspAuthors=段德芳, 崔田, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
段德芳(1982-),女,博士,教授,主要从事高压下凝聚态物质结构与性质研究. E-mail:
崔 田(1964-),男,博士,教授,主要从事高压下凝聚态物质结构与性质研究. E-mail:
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张子涵(1996-),男,博士,博士后研究员,主要从事高压下氢基高温超导材料结构与性质研究. E-mail:

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张子涵(1996-),男,博士,博士后研究员,主要从事高压下氢基高温超导材料结构与性质研究. E-mail:

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张子涵(1996-),男,博士,博士后研究员,主要从事高压下氢基高温超导材料结构与性质研究. E-mail:

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金属氢配体化合物:环境压力下通往超导金属氢的潜在道路
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张子涵 1 , 段德芳 2, * , 崔田 2, 3, *
高压物理学报 | 优秀青年专辑 2026,40(4): 040106-1-040106-8
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高压物理学报 | 优秀青年专辑 2026, 40(4): 040106-1-040106-8
金属氢配体化合物:环境压力下通往超导金属氢的潜在道路
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张子涵1 , 段德芳2, * , 崔田2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1乌普萨拉大学物理与天文系, 乌普萨拉 75120
  • 2吉林大学物理学院, 超硬材料国家重点实验室, 物质模拟方法与软件教育部重点实验室, 吉林 长春 130012
  • 3宁波大学物理科学与技术学院高压物理科学研究院, 浙江 宁波 315211
  • 张子涵(1996-),男,博士,博士后研究员,主要从事高压下氢基高温超导材料结构与性质研究. E-mail:

通讯作者:

段德芳(1982-),女,博士,教授,主要从事高压下凝聚态物质结构与性质研究. E-mail:
崔 田(1964-),男,博士,教授,主要从事高压下凝聚态物质结构与性质研究. E-mail:
Metallic Hydrogen Ligand Compounds: A Potential Route to Superconducting Metallic Hydrogen at Ambient Pressure
Zihan ZHANG1 , Defang DUAN2, * , Tian CUI2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China
  • 3Institute of High Pressure Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2026-04-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251216
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金属氢因具有室温超导电性、量子流体等特性,被认为是高压物理研究领域的“圣杯”。理论研究认为,获得原子化的金属氢需要500 GPa以上压强,因此,自从1935年金属氢概念被提出以来,至今尚未在实验中获得。为使人们能够在生产和生活中利用金属氢的特殊性质,需要在环境压力下获得金属氢。目前,低压下获得金属氢的研究思路是利用氢化物的“化学预压缩”让氢在较低压力下进行金属化,即寻找特殊的氢化物作为金属氢性质的宿主。但是,这类材料至今没有明显的结构特征,不仅加大了探索金属氢宿主材料的难度,还打击了人们在环压力下获得金属氢性质的信心。为此,科研人员又提出了以氢为配体的高配位氢化物—低压下金属氢性质的潜在宿主,其中,配体氢的非键轨道是否金属化是氢配体化合物能否承载金属氢性质的判断标准。首先,总结了氢在常压下的主要行为,重点关注常压下的氢配体化合物;然后,通过一维氢原子链这一简单模型,分析非键轨道金属化的原因和降低稳定压力的物理图像;接着,分析金属氢配体化合物的轨道特点,指出其超导电性、拓扑性质和实现金属化的电子结构规律。所提出的关于金属氢配体化合物的分析,不仅为未来探索金属氢化物超导体提供了重要的结构信息,更为人们在环境压力下获得金属氢的性质提供了重要的理论基础。

金属氢  /  超导氢化物  /  电子结构  /  化学预压缩

Metallic hydrogen, with its properties including room-temperature superconductivity and quantum fluidity, is known as the holy grail of high-pressure physics. However, since atomic metallic hydrogen requires pressures about 500 GPa, it has not been realized in experiments since its conception in 1935. To take advantage of properties the properties of metallic hydrogen in the future, it will be crucial to obtain it at ambient pressure. Current approaches to obtaining metallic hydrogen at low pressures rely on the “chemical precompression” in hydrides to induce metallization of hydrogen at low pressures, essentially identifying superconducting hydrides that can host the properties of metallic hydrogen. However, these superconducting hydrides currently lack distinct structural features, complicating the search for metallic hydrogen hosts. Here, we identify metallic hydrogen ligand compounds with hydrogen as the ligands as potential hosts for properties of metallic hydrogen at low pressures. The metallization of the non-bonding orbitals of the hydrogen ligands is a key criterion for determining whether a metallic hydrogen ligand compound can host metallic hydrogen properties. This article summarizes the main behaviors of hydrogen at ambient pressure, focusing on hydrogen ligand compounds at ambient pressure. Then, using a simple model of a one-dimensional hydrogen atom chain, we analyzed the causes of non-bonding orbital metallization and the physical picture of reduced stability pressure. The orbital characteristics of metallic hydrogen ligand compounds are then analyzed, highlighting their rules of superconductivity, topological properties, and the electronic structure that enable metallization. The analysis of metallic hydrogen ligand compounds presented in this article not only provides important structural information for future exploration of metal hydride superconductors but also provides an important theoretical foundation for realizing the properties of metallic hydrogen at ambient pressure.

metallic hydrogen  /  superconducting hydrides  /  electronic structure  /  chemical precompression
张子涵, 段德芳, 崔田. 金属氢配体化合物:环境压力下通往超导金属氢的潜在道路. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 040106-1 -040106-8 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251216
Zihan ZHANG, Defang DUAN, Tian CUI. Metallic Hydrogen Ligand Compounds: A Potential Route to Superconducting Metallic Hydrogen at Ambient Pressure[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (4) : 040106-1 -040106-8 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251216
氢是元素周期表的一号元素,在自然界中有着独特的地位。氢具有最简单的原子结构,仅有一个半占据的1s轨道,无论失去或者得到一个电子都会获得稳定的电子壳层,使其能以阳离子或阴离子的形式与绝大多数元素反应,表现出丰富的化学现象,在能源领域有广泛的应用前景[1]。同时,单质氢倾向于配对共享电子,从而形成氢分子。因此,氢在环境条件下主要以3种形式存在:氢阳离子、氢阴离子和氢分子。此外,氢是宇宙中分布最广泛的元素,广泛出现在宇宙的高温高压环境中,与宇宙中复杂的温压条件相比,地球的环境条件是特殊的,因此,有必要探索地球环境条件之外陌生的氢行为[2]。早在1935年就有人预测氢在高压下会进入金属相,在过去的100年中,金属氢的相关理论不断被修正,最终预测金属氢的转变压强为500 GPa以上[3]。同时,氢还是自然界中最轻的元素,根据BCS理论,超导转变温度与元素质量的平方根成反比,因此,氢进入金属化后是潜在的高温超导体[4],理论计算氢的超导转变温度可达室温以上[5]。尽管金属氢为室温超导提供了可行的途径,但是极高的金属化压强不仅使实验上探测金属氢超导的难度大幅增加,还使得生产生活中难以利用金属氢的室温超导电性。
为了在低于金属氢的稳定压强下获得金属氢的性质,Wigner等[6]提出了“化学预压缩理论”,即将氢化物中的氢原子轨道与非氢原子轨道交叠,这种氢同非氢元素交叠轨道金属化的压强预计比直接将纯氢金属化的压强低很多,因此,建议在氢化物中寻找超导体[7]。常压下氢化物中典型氢的形式为氢阴离子和氢阳离子。氢阴离子一般出现在氢与金属的化合物中,如氢含量相对较高的MgH2[8]和LaH3[9],以及氢含量相对较低的PdH[10]等。在氢含量相对较高的氢金属化合物中,由于氢与金属的电负性差异较大,体系呈现离子性质,氢与金属的轨道交叠较弱,不满足化学预压缩理论中提到的超导氢化物特点[5]。在氢含量相对较低的氢金属化合物中,氢与金属的电负性相仿,不易出现电子转移形成富氢化合物,因此,存在一定的氢与金属原子的轨道交叠,满足化学预压缩理论指出的超导氢化物特点[5]。在这类氢含量并不高的体系中涌现出了一定的超导电性氢化物,例如:Pd的电负性同H一样,Pd单质不是超导元素,但是在氢含量不高的钯氢化物中涌现出了超导电性,PdH的超导转变温度可达8 K左右[11]。在氢的阳离子化合物中,氢与电负性远高于氢的非金属元素键合,表现出了很强的共价键和轨道交叠,但是这类材料进入金属化并不容易,如H2O、HF。对于电负性过高的非金属元素(如F和O),其氢化物中除了成键轨道和反键轨道之外,还有来自非金属元素孤对电子的非键轨道,非键轨道的能量往往比氢交叠的成键轨道更靠近费米面,使得体现这类化合物性质的电子来自非金属元素,与氢没有关系。第Ⅳ主族的氢化物中,非氢原子不存在非键轨道,所有电子参与成键(如SiH4[12]),这类材料也是化学预压缩理论最早关注的材料,虽然在常压下这些材料均为绝缘体,但是在高压下都成功实现了超导电性。
虽然,目前常压下不同形式的氢具有的超导电性远不及理论预测的金属氢的室温超导电性,但是,高压研究深度改变了常压下氢的化学规律。高压下获得具有接近室温超导电性的氢化物难以用常压下的规律分析[13],例如:实验获得的氢化物高温超导体H3S[1415]并不满足8电子准则,H3S中1个S原子的外层价电子达9个;氢化物高温超导体LaH10[1618]的氢含量远超传统化学配比,达到了常压下难以想象的高氢含量。随着十几年来理论和实验的不断努力,氢化物已经被证明是高温超导体家族的重要成员,是超导转变温度纪录的保持者[19]。但是,目前没有任何实验迹象证明,高压获得的氢基高温超导体在环境压强下可以继续保持其结构不变,这严重限制了氢基超导体的应用。
最近的理论研究提出了在低压力下设计氢化物高温超导体,指出可以通过大半径元素“预压缩”二元富氢系统进一步降低氢化物高温超导体的压力[20]。基于此理论,以LaBeH8为代表的萤石骨架氢化物被理论预测并且在实验室成功合成,成为首个三元氢化物模板[2021]。将稳定压力进一步降低到环境压力是氢基超导体研究下一阶段的主要目标[19]。尽管最近高通量计算预测了很多常压下动力学稳定的氢化物超导体,但是它们的热力学性质往往都不理想[22]。现阶段寻找的氢化物缺乏系统性理论研究证明其在低压下稳定的可行性,进而描绘出常压下氢化物高温超导体的特征,从而在巨大的材料空间中搜索潜在的常压稳定的氢基超导体。
本研究将论证金属氢配体化合物在常压下实现金属氢超导的可能性,总结这类材料的电子结构特点,列举有代表性的金属氢配体化合物。金属氢配体化合物源自常压下的超价氢化物和复合氢化物,其中氢配体的非键轨道完全源自氢原子,因此,当氢的非键轨道金属化时,费米面处的电子态密度主要由原子氢贡献。本研究将用一维原子链的简单模型描述该现象,通过一维氢原子链的原子化、二聚化和三聚化分别定性分析原子化的金属氢、分子氢和氢配体的金属化,并且与第一性原理计算和实验获得的超导氢化物共同论证环境压力下实现氢化物高温超导的可行性。在论证金属氢配体化合物常压稳定性机制后,进一步总结这类材料的电子结构特点。金属氢配体具有超原子的特点,可以通过超原子轨道分析辅助研究其性质。最后,列举几个金属氢配体化合物,指出其电子轨道特点和低压力稳定性机制,以期为常压下实现金属氢超导提供理论基础。
金属氢配体化合物概念源自常压下的复合氢化物和超价氢化物,它们均为以氢为配体的配位化合物,其中复合氢化物的中心原子一般为过渡金属元素(如Mg2FeH6[23]),而超价氢化物的中心原子一般为主族元素(如K2SiH6[24])。复合氢化物的研究从20世纪开始,起源于储氢材料,目前的研究系统相对比较完备,在储氢、储能和催化等领域得到了广泛应用。与复合氢化物相比,超价氢化物是新兴的材料家族成员。在20世纪,研究工作主要是论证这类材料是否能够在常压下存在,2001年首次实验合成了超价氢化物[25],2012年通过大腔体压机合成了首个晶体超价氢化物K2SiH6[24]。尽管这2个氢化物实验均取得了丰富的成果,且合成的材料氢含量并不低,但是,目前这些氢化物几乎均为绝缘体,未能显示出超导潜力,因此,需要把这类材料金属化,且有必要重新审视氢金属化的机制。
图1(a)为一维氢原子链的金属化模型,在间隔均匀的一维氢原子链中,原子轨道是半占据的,导致了金属化,模型解释了氢原子化后必然导致金属化。然后,金属氢的二聚化可以打开带隙导致不稳定性,如图1(b)所示,一维氢原子链中的氢原子两两配对,晶格参数扩大约2倍,原胞中的氢原子数量增加一倍,因此,原胞中的电子数从1个变为2个,导致成键轨道被完全占据的同时,反键轨道未被完全占据。此时,费米能级位于成键与反键轨道中间的带隙中,系统是氢分子化的绝缘体。压缩纯氢导致的金属化即氢二聚化(分子化)到原子化的过程,可以清晰地在一维氢原子链模型中呈现出来。这个模型中是否还有其他金属化路径?分析发现,在一维氢原子链中,氢的三聚化也可以导致金属化,如图1(c)所示,一维氢原子链中的氢原子三三靠近为一组,晶格参数扩大约3倍,原胞中的氢原子数量变为3倍,因此,原胞中的电子数从1个变为3个,导致成键轨道被完全占据的同时非键轨道被部分占据,从而实现了金属化。为了理解一维氢原子链中氢的三聚化,投影了成键轨道、非键轨道和反键轨道的电子密度,如图1(d)图1(f)所示。成键轨道的电子密度以中间高配位氢原子为中心,位于线性三原子的中心。非键轨道比较特殊,是以三原子中处于两端的配体氢原子为中心,说明其完全由氢配体贡献,即氢三聚化带来的金属化是氢配体的金属化。此外,反键轨道的实空间分布是围绕氢原子链的一个环,避开了成键轨道和非键轨道的分布。
在澄清了氢三聚化之后,可以进一步理解化学预压缩下的超导氢化物的机制。二元超导氢化物有两大家族,以H3S为代表的共价氢化物超导体[14]和以LaH10为代表的离子氢化物超导体[1718]。由于氢三聚化的金属性由配体氢贡献,在保证电子数不变的情况下,替换中心原子可以实现不影响非键轨道的金属性的前提下,同时调节成键和反键轨道,当成键轨道能量下降时,体系能量就会下降,如图1(g)所示。H3S就是基于这种方式稳定的超价氢化物,尽管H3S中的H―S链是以2个原子为最小周期单元,但是S提供了2个电子(S有6个价电子,分别提供给了3个H―S链),每个周期单元中有3个电子,因此导致了金属化。可以发现,围绕一个S成键的电子有9个,按照我们的理论,金属化难以回避奇数电子,而奇数电子往往带来磁性,那么基于该理论设计的材料是否具有磁性?与过渡金属中色散关系相对较平的d电子不同,氢非键轨道的s电子在倒空间的色散关系曲线往往很“陡”,这不利于自旋极化,因此,费米面处的s电子带来的陡带相对不容易造成磁性。对于以LaH10为代表的离子氢化物超导体,其化学预压缩行为可以通过图1(h)所示的一维原子链模型来解释,其中氢笼子等氢团簇结构被简化为一维金属化H3团簇。注意到一维原子团簇中并不是只有H3团簇是金属化的,但是H3团簇是最简单的一维金属化团簇,也是本研究分析的基础单元。由于氢被占据的非键轨道的电子密度位于氢三聚化团簇的两端,它们均带有负电荷,相互排斥,因此,在它们之间插入阳离子可以大幅降低体系的能量。离子氢化物超导体中,笼型氢化物LaH10、层状氢化物HfH10[26]和分子氢化物CaH14[27]均可以看作是带负电氢团簇和带正电金属阳离子的空间排列,充分体现了金属阳离子的化学预压缩效应。离子型氢化物会受到大半径金属阳离子的影响,如金属阳离子的价电子会影响氢三聚化团簇中的非键轨道,特别是当金属阳离子具有大量d、f价电子时,d或f电子在晶体场劈裂后会与氢三聚化团簇的轨道耦合,使得费米面处的电子出现大量d或f电子占据,而不是氢三聚化团簇的电子态主导金属化。在这种情况下,氢化物的超导电性会受影响,这一点在笼型氢化物中的探索中也有所体现[18]
然而,目前已经发现的共价氢化物和离子氢化物高温超导体均不能在常压下稳定存在,基于上述模型,超价氢化物具有相互靠近的带负电荷的非键轨道,而离子氢化物则具有带负电荷的氢相互成键形成的团簇,这两点都非常不利于化合物的常压稳定性。与库仑爆炸相似,带同种电荷原子的库仑斥力撕裂了它们形成固体的键,使得材料难以维持固体形态,因此这2类材料均需要高压维持固体形态。为了避免这个问题,提出了金属氢配体化合物路径以实现常压下氢的金属化,氢配位单元如图1(i)一维原子链示意图所示,其中一维氢配位单元是线性的H-X-H形式,具有典型的超价态结构,如XeF2线性分子。此时可以回避以上2类材料在常压下的不稳定特性,尽可能实现常压下氢的金属化。例如,最近实验发现的第1个三元氢化物模板,萤石氢化物LaBeH8就是通过这个联合机制在低于100 GPa下稳定存在的。该氢化物中,La原子预压缩BeH8超价单元,在三维空间中实现了以上在一维氢原子链中讨论的联合机制。BeH8单元可以简化成4个线性的3中心键,分别位于立方体的4个对角线上,根据图1(i)中提出的模型,推断Be提供4个电子。Be自身有2个价电子,在LaBeH8中的BeH8单元从La上得到了2~3个电子,因此,BeH8单元基本实现了模型中指出的电子数不变,非键轨道贡献金属性。
由上述讨论可知,金属氢配体化合物主要由金属化的氢配位单元和预压缩阳离子2部分组成。分析这2部分带来的影响发现:氢配位单元一般是高对称的富氢团簇,其中,非氢原子作为配位的中心原子,氢原子作为中心原子的配体。例如,典型216型氢配体化合物的晶体结构如图2(a)图2(b)所示,该家族包括实验合成的第一个超价氢化物K2SiH6、复合氢化物Mg2FeH6、常压下亚稳的高温超导体Mg2IrH6[28]以及拓扑节面半金属Mg2BeH6[29]。通过群论可以分析氢配体单元的轨道劈裂情况。具体而言,需要根据团簇点群进行分析,但是已经发现的氢配体单元有一些共性规律:由于非键轨道的高度简并性,当其部分被占据时,氢在费米能级附近会出现较大的电子态密度,造成高温超导电性;此外,简并性会导致电子结构的拓扑性质,即费米能级附近出现能带交叉点。如图2(c)所示,BeH6的非键轨道完全由氢原子贡献,因为主族元素Be没有d电子,当存在d电子时,d电子在晶体场劈裂之后,eg轨道可以与氢原子的非键轨道耦合。注意到并不是只有非键轨道占据的时候,氢配体单元才会金属化,成键轨道或者反键轨道占据也会使体系金属化,也能造成高温超导电性。但是,这种情况下费米能级处的电子态密度不完全是由氢原子主导(其他元素可能通过杂化轨道产生贡献),中心原子也会对成键轨道或者反键轨道的电子态密度有较大的贡献。预压缩元素不仅能够通过轨道杂化对费米能级处的氢非键轨道的电子态密度产生贡献,还可以通过原子半径调节化学预压缩的作用影响氢配体单元非键轨道之间的耦合,从而进一步影响氢配体单元的能带色散关系。图2(d)总结了216型氢配体化合物氢原子非键轨道可能的拓扑行为,在同一个晶体结构中,这些复杂氢电子的拓扑行为主要是通过中心原子与预压缩原子共同作用的,不仅是价电子,原子半径影响的色散关系也起到了重要的作用。在设计216型氢配体化合物的过程中,通过调节价电子数使非键轨道被完全占据时,会出现第1类和第2类拓扑结构。216型氢配体化合物A2XH6具体出现哪一种拓扑结构取决于大半径预压缩原子A的原子半径和价电子态,当A的原子半径较小时(如Mg),超价氢单元距离更近、耦合更强,会出现第1类拓扑结构;当A中含有的d电子作为价电子时,A与超价氢单元的耦合更强,会出现第2类拓扑结构。当非键轨道被部分占据时,会出现第3类拓扑结构。这3类拓扑结构均为氢主导的金属化,因为这3种拓扑性质的出现往往伴随着高超导转变温度。作为典型的氢配位化合物超导体,216型氢配体化合物是寻找低稳定压力的氢基超导体的典型案例,其中调节价电子数和预压缩大半径原子这些设计经验可以应用到进一步寻找低稳定氢配体化合物的研究中。
从原子氢的金属化机制探讨了低压甚至常压下获得金属氢的可能性,重新审视化学预压缩理论,并且指出了金属氢配体化合物是在常压下获得金属氢超导电性的潜在路径。从一维氢原子链出发,分析了绝缘的二聚化、金属原子化和三聚化,从而得到原子化不是获得金属氢的唯一途径,三聚化也可以获得氢的金属相。由于氢三聚化比原子化复杂得多,因此,给出了更多的材料设计空间。三聚化模型经过修饰,不但可以解释共价氢化物和离子氢化物的化学预压缩行为,还可以进一步得到更加稳定的氢化物结构,称之为金属氢配体化合物。进一步分析金属氢配体化合物的电子结构行为,给出了其超导电性和拓扑电子结构,以及通过中心原子与阳离子共同调控金属氢配体化合物的可能性。本研究的理论是化学预压缩理论的具体延伸,并且锁定到了金属氢配体化合物这一材料家族的晶体结构特征,不仅为后续材料设计、高通量计算和实验提供了重要的理论基础,还增强了人们寻找常压下氢化物超导体的信心。
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251216
  • 接收时间:2025-09-28
  • 首发时间:2026-04-29
  • 出版时间:2026-04-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-28
  • 修回日期:2025-10-16
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    1乌普萨拉大学物理与天文系, 乌普萨拉 75120
    2吉林大学物理学院, 超硬材料国家重点实验室, 物质模拟方法与软件教育部重点实验室, 吉林 长春 130012
    3宁波大学物理科学与技术学院高压物理科学研究院, 浙江 宁波 315211

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段德芳(1982-),女,博士,教授,主要从事高压下凝聚态物质结构与性质研究. E-mail:
崔 田(1964-),男,博士,教授,主要从事高压下凝聚态物质结构与性质研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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