Article(id=1325123668002603119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325123175192855060, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20261114, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1781193600000, receivedDateStr=2026-06-12, revisedDate=1784563200000, revisedDateStr=2026-07-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793863702058, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1788537600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793863702058, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793863702058, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793863702058, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325123175192855060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='9', pageStart='090101-1', pageEnd='090114-12', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788537600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793863584564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793864402827, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325126607446356730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325123175192855060, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325126607450551035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325123175192855060, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=090105-1, endPage=090105-10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325123670494019697, articleId=1325123668002603119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Structure and Properties of Glassy Carbon under High Pressure, columnId=1325123176816050710, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Carbon under High Pressure, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Glassy carbon is a nearly fully sp2-bonded amorphous carbon allotrope. Its highly disordered atomic structure and isotropic nature make it an ideal model system for studying pressure-induced transitions in amorphous materials and a versatile precursor for the synthesis of novel amorphous carbon materials. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the structural transformations, property evolution, and transition mechanisms of glassy carbon under high-pressure and high-pressure-high-temperature (HPHT) conditions, as well as its emerging applications in high-pressure science. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that glassy carbon undergoes a pressure-induced sp2 to sp3 bonding transition, forming a tetrahedral amorphous carbon phase with high transparency, electrical resistivity, strength, and bulk modulus. Although this high-pressure phase is not recoverable at ambient conditions, HPHT treatment can produce new amorphous carbon materials, including compressed glassy carbon and nearly fully sp3-bonded amorphous diamond. In addition, the unique nano-pore structure of glassy carbon and its pressure-induced permeability have enabled the development of nanostructured diamond capsules capable of preserving high-pressure phases at ambient conditions. This capability opens new opportunities for high-pressure research and for the practical utilization of high-pressure materials beyond the confines of high-pressure apparatus.

, authors=Zhidan ZENG, authorsList=Zhidan ZENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhidan ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325123685165695099, articleId=1325123668002603119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=高压下玻璃碳的结构和性质, columnId=1325123177629745688, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=高压下的碳材料, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

玻璃碳是一种几乎全sp2杂化的非晶态碳材料,由于其自身高度无序的原子结构和各向同性特点,成为研究压力诱导非晶结构相变的理想非晶模型体系,同时也是探索新型非晶碳材料合成的最佳前驱体。为此,重点讨论了玻璃碳在常温高压以及高温高压下的结构相变、性质演化、相变机制及其在实现高压态物质的常压保存方面的应用。玻璃碳在高压下会发生结构相变并伴随sp2-sp3转变,转变为含有极高比例sp3键的四面体非晶碳,这种高压相具有光学透明、高电阻、高强度、高体模量等特性,但是无法在常压下保持稳定。而引入高温后,在不同的高温高压条件下,玻璃碳可以转变为具有超高弹性和比强度的压缩玻璃碳、近全sp3键合的非晶态金刚石等可以保存到常压的新型非晶态碳材料。此外,利用玻璃碳独特的纳米孔洞结构及其压力诱导的可渗透性,还可以合成能够脱离高压装置保存高压态物质的“金刚石纳米高压舱”,为高压研究和高压态材料的应用提供了新的机遇。

, authors=曾徵丹, authorsList=曾徵丹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曾徵丹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
曾徵丹(1986-),女,博士,研究员,主要从事极端条件下材料的结构与性质研究.E-mail:
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National Science Review, 2021, 9(1): nwab140., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325123687275430012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123668002603119, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123687321567357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123668002603119, companyId=1325123687275430012, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325123687350927486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123668002603119, companyId=1325123687275430012, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京高压科学研究中心, 上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325123698591662222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123668002603119, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=(a) In situ high-pressure XRD patterns of GC at representative pressures during compression up to 93.0 GPa and decompression to 0 GPa; (b) position of the FDP (circles) and SDP (squares) of GC as functions of pressure during compression up to 93.0 GPa (solid symbols) and decompression (open symbols) (The dashed lines serve as a guide to the eye[23].), figureFileSmall=CIs9HT+eXXXwXMDH5lNpRA==, figureFileBig=EOjZ/Abelq3le8xEIQnowg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123698671353999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123668002603119, language=CN, label=图1, caption=(a) 玻璃碳在压缩至 93.0 GPa 并卸压至 0 GPa 过程中不同代表性压力下的原位高压 XRD 图谱; (b) 玻璃碳第1衍射峰(FDP,圆点)和第2衍射峰(SDP,方块)的峰位随压力的变化关系(实心符号表示加压过程,空心符号表示卸压过程,虚线仅用于引导视线)[23], figureFileSmall=CIs9HT+eXXXwXMDH5lNpRA==, figureFileBig=EOjZ/Abelq3le8xEIQnowg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123699074007184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123668002603119, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=(a) Synchrotron XRD patterns of glassy carbon and quenchable amorphous diamond (Left inset: atomic model of amorphous diamond; right inset: microscope image of quenchable amorphous diamond.); (b) high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images, selected area electron diffraction (SAED) images and electron energy-loss spectra (EELS) of glassy carbon and quenchable amorphous diamond[29], figureFileSmall=P1HuNhFpR2OImhpLm/cNGw==, figureFileBig=hoWVaNL77q/MhlLkkFcdCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123699380191377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123668002603119, language=CN, label=图2, caption=(a) 初始玻璃碳样品和非晶态金刚石的同步辐射XRD谱(左插图为非晶态金刚石的原子结构模型,右插图为非晶态金刚石样品的光学显微镜照片),(b) 初始玻璃碳样品和非晶态金刚石的高分辨透射电镜图像、选区电子衍射图像及碳的电子能量损失谱[29], figureFileSmall=P1HuNhFpR2OImhpLm/cNGw==, figureFileBig=hoWVaNL77q/MhlLkkFcdCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123699485048978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123668002603119, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Characterization of high-pressure crystalline argon grains in NDCs using TEM-based techniques[37]: (a)–(b) distribution of carbon (green) and argon (red) elements in NDCs obtained by EDS elemental mapping; (c) an EDS spectrum collected on the entire TEM sample; (d) HRTEM image showing a high-pressure argon grain (green square) embedded in a nanocrystalline diamond matrix; (e) FFT image of the marked region (green square) in Fig. 3(d); (f) SAED image; (g) Ar L2,3-edge EELS collected on high-pressure argon grains, obtained by averaging ten spectra, figureFileSmall=ytfWtkMMrKBvWAjwEOrn9Q==, figureFileBig=x7pTApzBtpymuWD3cbHIlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123699808010387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123668002603119, language=CN, label=图3, caption=金刚石纳米高压舱内封存的高压氩晶粒的TEM表征[37]:(a)~(b) 通过 EDS 元素面扫描获得的 NDCs 中碳元素(绿色)和氩元素(红色)的空间分布,(c) 在整个 TEM 样品区域采集的 EDS 能谱,(d) HRTEM图像(显示了嵌在纳米晶金刚石基体中的高压氩晶粒,绿色方框标示),(e) 图 3(d) 中绿色方框区域对应的快速傅里叶变换图像,(f) SAED图像,(g) 在高压氩晶粒上采集的 Ar L2,3 边电子能量损失谱(由 10 条谱线求平均得到), figureFileSmall=ytfWtkMMrKBvWAjwEOrn9Q==, figureFileBig=x7pTApzBtpymuWD3cbHIlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325123699891896468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123668002603119, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Synthesis conditions and properties of compressed glassy carbon, tetrahedral amorphous carbon and quenchable amorphous diamond[26–29], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialSynthesis conditionssp3 fractionPropertiesRef.
Compressed glassy carbon5 GPa, 1000 ℃25 GPa, 400−1000 ℃9%−22%Opaque, high elasticity, hardness 10−26 GPa, quenchable[26−27]
Tetrahedral amorphous carbon58 GPa, 728 KAbout 50%Translucent, obvious G-band dispersion, quenchable[28]
Quenchable amorphous diamond40−50 GPa, about 1800 KNearly 100%Transparent, bulk modulus of about 378 GPa, quenchable[29]
), ArticleFig(id=1325123700231635093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325123668002603119, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

压缩玻璃碳、四面体非晶碳及非晶态金刚石的合成条件及其结构和性质[26–29]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialSynthesis conditionssp3 fractionPropertiesRef.
Compressed glassy carbon5 GPa, 1000 ℃25 GPa, 400−1000 ℃9%−22%Opaque, high elasticity, hardness 10−26 GPa, quenchable[26−27]
Tetrahedral amorphous carbon58 GPa, 728 KAbout 50%Translucent, obvious G-band dispersion, quenchable[28]
Quenchable amorphous diamond40−50 GPa, about 1800 KNearly 100%Transparent, bulk modulus of about 378 GPa, quenchable[29]
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高压下玻璃碳的结构和性质
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曾徵丹
高压物理学报 | 高压下的碳材料 2026,40(9): 090105-1-090105-10
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高压下玻璃碳的结构和性质
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曾徵丹
作者信息
  • 北京高压科学研究中心, 上海 201203
通讯作者:
曾徵丹(1986-),女,博士,研究员,主要从事极端条件下材料的结构与性质研究.E-mail:
Structure and Properties of Glassy Carbon under High Pressure
Zhidan ZENG
Affiliations
  • Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2026-09-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261114
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玻璃碳是一种几乎全sp2杂化的非晶态碳材料,由于其自身高度无序的原子结构和各向同性特点,成为研究压力诱导非晶结构相变的理想非晶模型体系,同时也是探索新型非晶碳材料合成的最佳前驱体。为此,重点讨论了玻璃碳在常温高压以及高温高压下的结构相变、性质演化、相变机制及其在实现高压态物质的常压保存方面的应用。玻璃碳在高压下会发生结构相变并伴随sp2-sp3转变,转变为含有极高比例sp3键的四面体非晶碳,这种高压相具有光学透明、高电阻、高强度、高体模量等特性,但是无法在常压下保持稳定。而引入高温后,在不同的高温高压条件下,玻璃碳可以转变为具有超高弹性和比强度的压缩玻璃碳、近全sp3键合的非晶态金刚石等可以保存到常压的新型非晶态碳材料。此外,利用玻璃碳独特的纳米孔洞结构及其压力诱导的可渗透性,还可以合成能够脱离高压装置保存高压态物质的“金刚石纳米高压舱”,为高压研究和高压态材料的应用提供了新的机遇。

玻璃碳  /  高温高压  /  结构相变  /  金刚石  /  金刚石纳米高压舱

Glassy carbon is a nearly fully sp2-bonded amorphous carbon allotrope. Its highly disordered atomic structure and isotropic nature make it an ideal model system for studying pressure-induced transitions in amorphous materials and a versatile precursor for the synthesis of novel amorphous carbon materials. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the structural transformations, property evolution, and transition mechanisms of glassy carbon under high-pressure and high-pressure-high-temperature (HPHT) conditions, as well as its emerging applications in high-pressure science. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that glassy carbon undergoes a pressure-induced sp2 to sp3 bonding transition, forming a tetrahedral amorphous carbon phase with high transparency, electrical resistivity, strength, and bulk modulus. Although this high-pressure phase is not recoverable at ambient conditions, HPHT treatment can produce new amorphous carbon materials, including compressed glassy carbon and nearly fully sp3-bonded amorphous diamond. In addition, the unique nano-pore structure of glassy carbon and its pressure-induced permeability have enabled the development of nanostructured diamond capsules capable of preserving high-pressure phases at ambient conditions. This capability opens new opportunities for high-pressure research and for the practical utilization of high-pressure materials beyond the confines of high-pressure apparatus.

glassy carbon  /  high pressure and high temperature  /  structural phase transition  /  diamond  /  nanostructured diamond capsules
曾徵丹. 高压下玻璃碳的结构和性质. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (9) : 090105-1 -090105-10 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261114
Zhidan ZENG. Structure and Properties of Glassy Carbon under High Pressure[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (9) : 090105-1 -090105-10 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261114
碳元素以其灵活多变的成键方式(sp、sp2、sp3杂化及其组合)构成了种类繁多、性质迥异的同素异形体。压力可以诱导碳材料发生结构相变和化学键转变[1–5],使得高压成为合成新型碳材料的重要手段。玻璃碳(glassy carbon, GC)是一种几乎全sp2杂化的非晶态碳材料,由于其无序的原子结构、类似玻璃的各向同性、断面特征和脆性等被称为玻璃碳。由于其自身高度无序的原子结构和各向同性特征,玻璃碳成为了研究压力诱导非晶结构相变的理想模型体系,同时也是探索新型非晶碳材料合成的最佳前驱体。
玻璃碳通常由酚醛树脂或聚糠醇树脂等交联聚合物在惰性气氛中经高温分解(热解)合成。这种特殊的合成路径赋予了玻璃碳一系列卓越的固有特性,包括极高的热稳定性、超弹性、极强的抗化学侵蚀能力、低电阻率以及在常温常压下极高的气体不渗透性。凭借这些物性组合,玻璃碳常被用作电化学装置的电极组件、高温坩埚、加热器部件、X射线窗口、生物医学的植入材料等,在工业生产中得到了广泛应用[6–7]。
根据热处理温度的不同,玻璃碳通常分为两大类[8–9]。一类是合成温度相对较低(通常在1000 ℃左右)的Ⅰ型玻璃碳,其结构由随机分布的、高度弯曲的类石墨烯碎片组成。由于包含大量非六元环(如五元环、七元环)拓扑缺陷,这些层状结构呈现出显著的曲率。另一类是合成温度较高的(通常高于2000 ℃)Ⅱ型玻璃碳,其微观结构可以被视为由破碎或不完美的类富勒烯结构相互联结而成[10]。由于其原子结构有序性明显高于Ⅰ型玻璃碳,在一些高压研究中也被作为类石墨的晶态材料对待[11–16]。本综述将聚焦结构更无序的Ⅰ型玻璃碳(以下简称玻璃碳),重点讨论其在常温高压和高温高压下的结构相变、性质演化、相变机制及其在实现高压态物质的常压保存方面的应用。
同步辐射高压原位X射线非弹性散射研究发现,玻璃碳的位于285 eV附近、对应于1s到π∗态跃迁的特征峰随着压力的升高逐渐减弱并消失,说明玻璃碳在压力下发生了sp2杂化向sp3杂化键合的转变[17]。另一方面,通过不同的高压原位拉曼光谱研究也观察到了不同的现象[18–20]。采用氖气作为传压介质时,未观察到压力下玻璃碳的化学键发生明显改变[19];而引入较强剪切应力的高压实验(uniaxial compression)[20–21]则发现:在压力作用下,玻璃碳的拉曼光谱中与sp2碳原子面内伸缩振动对应的G峰发生展宽并趋于消失,这通常归因于原子结构无序度的增加及局域sp3结构的形成;与此同时,玻璃碳的光学性质在压力下发生了显著变化,当压力超过33 GPa时,原本不透明的玻璃碳微球在压腔内转变为透明或半透明状态,意味着光学带隙打开;而且光学性质的转变对应力环境(剪切应力)高度敏感,而在准静水压环境下(如以氖气为传压介质),即使压力高达107 GPa,玻璃碳仍保持不透明状态。此外,对玻璃碳进行的高压原位电输运性质研究表明,玻璃碳的电阻-压力变化曲线在20 GPa左右出现了一个明显的拐点,之后随着压力增大,电阻显著增加,在20~60 GPa压力区间内,电阻增大了约4个数量级,且直到60 GPa仍然没有完成转变[22]。上述高压原位谱学及物性研究说明,剪切应力能显著促进玻璃碳在压力下的sp2-sp3转变。
通过上述研究,研究人员观察到压力下玻璃碳的化学键和物性发生了显著的变化,但是仍然缺乏结构转变的直接证据。在准静水压环境下(采用氖气作为传压介质),同步辐射高压原位X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)实验研究显示,在加压至最高达45.4 GPa时,未观察到玻璃碳发生明显的结构相变[17]。鉴于此,Zeng等[22]、Tan等[23]采用同步辐射高压原位XRD对玻璃碳在非等静压下(没有传压介质)的结构变化进行了研究,结果如图1所示,其中:Q为散射矢量。玻璃碳的XRD谱中最强的2个宽峰一般被称为第1衍射峰(FDP,峰位约1.65 Å−1)和第2衍射峰(SDP,峰位约3.06 Å−1),分别对应其层状结构中原子层间的平均距离(约3.80 Å)和层内平均原子面间距(约2.05 Å)。结果表明,在20 GPa以上时,第1衍射峰的峰强随压力升高而显著下降,意味着玻璃碳的初始层状结构被破坏。这一临界压力与1.1节提到的电阻出现拐点的临界压力基本一致。当压力升高至81.0 GPa时,原来玻璃碳的第1衍射峰已完全消失,说明在此压力下相变已完成。分析第2衍射峰的峰位(方块)发现,其在20 GPa以上出现反常变化,峰位随压力升高向低角度(Q−1增大)方向移动。这是由于高压相的第1衍射峰和玻璃碳的第2衍射峰的峰位非常接近,相变过程中高压相衍射峰增强和原玻璃碳衍射峰减弱导致在3.0 Å−1附近的衍射峰峰位发生反常变化。这也从另一个侧面说明相变是从20 GPa左右开始发生,80 GPa左右完成。当压力超过81.0 GPa时,玻璃碳已经完全转变为高压相四面体非晶碳(ta-C)[23]。
通过追踪高压四面体非晶碳在卸压过程中的体积演变并拟合Birch-Murnaghan状态方程,由实验测得其体模量为(363±29) GPa。这一数值远高于玻璃碳的30 GPa,可以与金刚石的体模量(约440 GPa)相媲美,表明冷压形成的四面体非晶碳具有极高的不可压缩性。
第一性原理分子动力学(molecular dynamics, MD)模拟被用于研究玻璃碳冷压相变过程及机理[12, 22–23]。根据结构模型计算得到的结构因子的第1峰随压力升高而明显减小,与XRD实验结果基本一致。模拟结果显示,玻璃碳在压力下的演变并非简单的均匀收缩,而是伴随着类石墨烯层的弯曲(buckling)与畸变。在高压下,类石墨烯层(尤其是其边缘区域)的面外畸变使得相邻原子层的局部距离迅速缩小至sp3键长范围(小于1.85 Å),促使层间形成sp3交叉链接(cross-linking),形成局域四面体结构,并最终驱动从二维层状结构向三维四面体网络结构的转变[22–23]。
通过分子动力学模拟,对比研究了玻璃碳在静水压与单轴压缩(引入单轴应力的高压)下的相变[22],结果表明,在引入单轴应力的压缩下,发生sp2-sp3转变的临界压力比静水压下降低了约15 GPa。剪切力可以诱导原子层发生重定向、滑移和显著形变,这种机械驱动的原子重排有效地促进了相变发生。此外,模拟结果还显示,加压至198 GPa时系统内仍保留约10%的sp2键[24]。
玻璃碳的高压原位XRD谱、高压原位拉曼光谱、光吸收、电输运等谱学和物性研究一致表明,室温高压下得到的高压相在常压下不能稳定存在。在非等静压下(不加传压介质)加压至93.0 GPa然后卸压,当压力降至8.5 GPa以下时,玻璃碳的第1衍射峰重新出现,标志着sp3-sp2的回复相变[23]。分子动力学模拟表明,这种室温高压下得到的四面体非晶碳中化学键长和键角分布极广且高度扭曲,使得结构中存在较大的应力。在模拟中,即使是加压至198 GPa获得的四面体非晶碳(约90% sp3键),在卸压后也无法稳定保存至常压,而是在压力降低至9 GPa以下时重新变回玻璃碳,只是卸压后的玻璃碳结构比初始玻璃碳结构更无序[23]。值得一提的是,最近有研究以Ⅱ型玻璃碳为前驱体,在不加传压介质的条件下将样品加压至145 GPa,之后用透射电镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM)对回收样品的结构进行研究,发现在样品边缘区域出现sp3含量极高的四面体非晶碳,并认为极高的局部压力和能量释放能够帮助玻璃碳克服其在室温下向类金刚石结构转变的相变势垒[16]。
如前所述,在冷压条件下,玻璃碳的结构相变是可逆的,其高压亚稳相在卸压时不稳定,不能保存至常压。研究表明,玻璃碳在高温高压下可以转变为金刚石(如18~20 GPa、2200~2300 K)[25],或者具有优异力学性能的非晶碳-金刚石复合材料(25 GPa、1050~1150 ℃)[24]。能否通过探索不同温压条件下的结构性能变化,获得具有优异力学性能且可保存至常压的新型非晶碳材料?以下将重点讨论在高温高压下,玻璃碳向压缩玻璃碳、四面体非晶碳及非晶态金刚石的转变规律(表1[26–29]概述了其合成条件、结构和性质),并探讨高温在其中所起的作用。
基于大腔体压机的高温高压实验表明,玻璃碳在25 GPa、400~1000 ℃下会转变成一种兼具高硬度和高弹性的新型非晶碳相,即压缩玻璃碳(compressed glassy carbon)[26]。与初始玻璃碳相比,压缩玻璃碳的碳原子层的平均层间距明显减小,且合成温度越高,层间距越小。压缩玻璃碳的原子结构保留了玻璃碳的一些结构特征,但是不同于玻璃碳中碳原子几乎全部以sp2键结合,压缩玻璃碳中含有一定比例的sp3键。随着合成温度从400 ℃升高至1000 ℃,sp3键的含量从9%逐渐升高至约22%。压缩玻璃碳的密度和导电性与石墨相近,在纳米压痕实验中呈现出极高的弹性和硬度,其中,在800、1000 ℃下合成的样品硬度可达26 GPa。此外,基于金刚石对顶砧(diamond anvil cell, DAC)的压缩实验结果表明,压缩玻璃碳的比强度最高可达4600 kN·m/kg,明显高于常见的金属和陶瓷材料[26]。
进一步研究表明,在更低压力下的高温高压处理也能显著改变玻璃碳的性质[27]。玻璃碳在5 GPa、1000 ℃的条件下处理后,其压缩强度可以达到2.5 GPa,硬度接近10 GPa,杨氏模量超过60 GPa,这些力学性能都显著高于初始玻璃碳。碳元素的K边电子能量损失谱表明,该样品中sp3键的占比约为10%。由于该样品的XRD谱、sp3键的含量及力学性能都与压缩玻璃碳类似,因此,也可以算作压缩玻璃碳[27]。由于此类压缩玻璃碳的合成压力(5 GPa)可以在工业生产常用的大压机上实现,因此,具备大规模商业化生产的潜力。此外,虽然一般认为,玻璃碳是一种不会在高温下发生石墨化的碳材料,但是实验表明,玻璃碳在5 GPa、1800 ℃下会转变为石墨[27]。
合成完全sp3键合的块体非晶碳材料一直是碳材料领域的长期追求。室温高压研究虽然在极端高压下获得了具有极高sp3键含量的四面体非晶碳,但是该高压相无法在常压下稳定存在。采用DAC结合原位激光加热实验发现,玻璃碳在40~50 GPa、约1800 K的条件下转变成一种可以稳定到常压的非晶态碳材料—非晶态金刚石(quenchable amorphous diamond)[29]。在合成过程中,初始不透明的玻璃碳样品在约49 GPa下经约1800 K的激光加热后转变为透明状态,且该样品在完全卸压后依然保持透明状态,说明其可以保存到常压。后续对回收样品进行了原位同步辐射XRD表征(图2),发现玻璃碳的特征峰(位于约1.7 Å−1的第1衍射峰)完全消失,样品的第1衍射峰是位于3.0 Å−1的弥散峰,其半高宽为0.63 Å−1,与非晶硅的第1衍射峰的半高宽接近。这表明初始玻璃碳中的层状结构已经被彻底破坏,样品转变为无序的四面体网络结构。此外,样品的碳元素K边电子能量损失谱显示,在285 eV处的π∗峰完全消失,说明其内部的碳原子几乎完全sp3杂化。以上结果表明,合成的材料既具有非晶结构,又像金刚石一样原子间以sp3键结合,因此将其命名为非晶态金刚石[29]。
通过第一性原理分子动力学模拟获得了一个配位数为4的非晶碳结构模型(见图2),该模型中碳原子几乎全都以sp3键结合。基于该结构模型得到的结构因子与实验合成样品的结构因子高度吻合,进一步证实合成的材料是一种几乎全sp3杂化的非晶态金刚石。此外,模拟计算得到非晶态金刚石的体模量约为378 GPa,说明该材料具有与金刚石相媲美的不可压缩性,是目前已知体模量最高的非晶态材料[29]。
进一步通过同步辐射高温高压原位XRD对玻璃碳在高温高压下的结构变化进行研究,发现在温度远低于非晶态金刚石的合成温度下(58 GPa、728 K),玻璃碳也发生了不可逆的结构转变,且样品的边缘区域变得透光[28]。对卸压后样品结构进行表征,发现其XRD谱与非晶态金刚石及四面体非晶碳(ta-C)薄膜的XRD谱的主要特征基本一致[30–31]。拉曼光谱研究发现,样品G峰的峰位随激发光波长变化发生明显移动,表现出明显的色散,说明样品中C―C键发生了显著改变。根据碳元素K边电子能量损失谱图可以估算样品中sp3键的比例约为50%。这些结果表明,在相对较高的压力和中等温度下,可以将玻璃碳转变为含有较高比例sp3键的四面体非晶碳。此外,卸压后DAC的2个金刚石台面上都出现了环形裂纹(ring crack),说明金刚石压砧在实验过程中经历了极高的压力梯度,间接说明合成的四面体非晶碳很可能具有很高的强度,才导致压砧承受极高的压力梯度。
对高温高压原位XRD数据的进一步分析表明,玻璃碳在室温压缩过程中已经开始发生结构转变,而728 K的退火进一步促进了结构转变。此外,高温退火也改变了四面体非晶碳的稳定性。如1.2节所述,室温高压下可以在81 GPa以上获得sp3比例极高的四面体非晶碳,但是该结构无法保存至常压。而引入728 K退火后,在更低的压力(58 GPa)下却获得了可以保存至常压的含有较高比例sp3键的四面体非晶碳。
本课题组通过分子动力学模拟进一步研究了高温在玻璃碳相变中的作用,发现退火后原子结构发生了调整,体系中sp3键的含量增加,说明退火的确促进了相变。原子结构分析表明,冷压诱导的sp3键是在极高的原子应变下强制形成的,其化学键长和键角分布极广且高度扭曲。适度的热能激活了局部原子重排,从而显著降低了结构中的应力和应变。退火后,结构的对分布函数g(r)的第1峰变得更加尖锐,意味着C―C键长趋于均匀化。应变的释放有利于降低体系能量。模拟计算表明,经过1500 K退火后,体系的内聚能降低了约0.1 eV/atom。这种能量降低使体系的稳定性显著增加,从而实现了常压下的截获[28]。
此外,对比1500和1000 K退火效果,发现2种温度下得到的样品的sp3键比例非常接近,分别为92.4%和91.8%,但卸压过程中sp3键的稳定性存在明显差别。卸压后1500 K退火样品中sp3键占比79.7%,而1000 K退火样品中sp3键仅占比68.5%。这些结果说明温度是调控非晶碳中sp3比例及其常压稳定性的重要维度。因此,通过调节退火温度,有望连续调控合成的非晶碳中sp3键的含量。
高压研究长期面临的一个核心挑战是绝大多数在高压下诱导产生的奇特结构与物性(如近室温超导性、聚合氮等)在卸压后通常会由于相变的可逆性而消失[32–35]。此外,压力的产生和维持依赖DAC、大体积压机等高压装置,样品被放置于这些高压装置的样品腔内,电子束、软X射线等无法穿过其窗口从而探测样品,使得电子显微镜、软X射线能谱等许多强大的真空表征手段难以直接应用于高压原位探测。以下将介绍如何利用玻璃碳作为前驱体材料合成能够永久保存高压态物质的“金刚石纳米高压舱”(nanostructured diamond capsules, NDC)。玻璃碳的封闭孔洞、压力诱导的可渗透性和玻璃碳在高温高压下的sp2-sp3转变是实现高压态物质保存的3个关键条件。
玻璃碳最显著的微观结构特征是其内部存在大量的封闭纳米孔洞。由于纳米孔洞与碳基体存在明显的密度差,其在X射线或者中子小角散射实验中会产生明显的散射信号[36]。这些孔洞是封闭且互不连通的,气体、液体等无法扩散进去,使得玻璃碳在常温常压下具有极高的抗渗性(约10−9 cm2/s)。本课题组利用原位高压X射线小角散射(small-angle X-ray scattering, SAXS)技术研究了压力下玻璃碳渗透性的演变[37–38]。在常压下,玻璃碳的SAXS谱显示,在0.1~0.2 Å−1处出现一个弥散的散射峰,表明其孔洞的平均直径为(1.5±0.5) nm。当充入氩气或氦气传压介质,并加压至约0.3 GPa(氩气)或1.3 GPa(氦气)时,该SAXS谱的特征峰显著减弱,表明高压驱动气体分子扩散进入了玻璃碳内的孔洞[37–38]。对照实验表明,在无气体介质的干压条件下,小角散射峰在0.6 GPa下依然保持稳定,排除了孔洞在较低压力下塌缩的可能性[37]。
在此基础上,进一步研究了气体分子在玻璃碳中扩散的主要机制[38]。玻璃碳被认为是由随机分布的、高度弯曲的类石墨烯层状碎片组成,因此,具有大量层状的类石墨烯结构,根据XRD结果,这些类石墨烯结构的平均层间距约为0.37 nm,明显大于氦气分子的直径(0.26 nm),因此,层间空间很可能成为气体扩散的主要通道。为了验证这一假设,本课题组以氦气为传压介质,对玻璃碳进行了高压原位XRD研究。结果表明,玻璃碳的第1衍射峰(对应层间距离)随压力升高而正常地向高角度移动,其压缩曲线与干压条件下几乎完全一致。这与SiO2玻璃的行为截然不同:在SiO2中,氦原子进入原子间隙会阻止其结构被压缩,导致其第1衍射峰位置在压力下几乎保持不变[39–40]。因此,XRD数据明确排除了氦气分子大量进入碳原子层间的可能性,说明层间不是玻璃碳中气体扩散的主要通道。进一步分析表明,气体扩散主要通过玻璃碳结构中原子排布更为疏松、无序的结构缺陷或类石墨烯碎片的边缘进行。基于此,进一步的原位高压SAXS实验证实了空心非晶碳纳米球在高压下同样具有明显的可渗透性,证明了压力诱导气体扩散现象在sp2杂化非晶碳材料中的普适性[38]。
鉴于压力可以显著促进气体在玻璃碳中的扩散,使其最终扩散进入玻璃碳内部封闭的纳米孔洞中,本课题组合成了金刚石纳米高压舱。其合成策略是:首先,利用高压将目标物质压入玻璃碳的纳米孔洞,随后,通过高温高压诱导sp2-sp3转变,将玻璃碳转变为纳米金刚石,从而将高压态气体密封在金刚石内部。由于金刚石具有极高的体模量,因此,外部高压装置卸压至常压时,金刚石内部的气体仍可保持高压状态[37]。
以玻璃碳为初始样品,氩气为传压介质,在约49 GPa、2100 K下将玻璃碳转变为金刚石,合成了包含高压氩的金刚石纳米高压舱。利用同步辐射XRD对回收样品进行表征,结构精修结果显示,其由立方金刚石相和面心立方固态氩相组成,且氩的晶格常数为4.20 Å。根据氩的状态方程,推算该样品内部保存的氩的压力约为22 GPa。由于样品已经从DAC中取出,因此,可以利用TEM对其结构进行深入研究。图3中的能谱面扫描显示了金刚石中包裹的氩的空间分布及其尺寸;高分辨TEM图像显示,直径约5 nm的固态氩晶粒被嵌在纳米金刚石基体中;通过快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform, FFT)分析和选区电子衍射,确认了氩的面心立方结构及其所处的高压状态。此外,电子能量损失谱在Ar元素L2,3边观测到了清晰的近边精细结构,与气态氩的特征形成鲜明对比。在不同压力下进行的金刚石纳米高压舱的合成实验表明,其内部保留的压力随合成压力的升高而升高,近似呈线性关系。因此,可以通过改变合成压力对金刚石纳米高压舱的内部压力进行有效调控。此外,这种金刚石纳米高压舱内部的高压状态表现出极佳的稳定性,在室温下保存一年后其内部封存的高压氩的压力几乎没有变化[37]。
利用玻璃碳的特性,实现了脱离高压装置保存高压态气体,类似的策略也可以用于实现固态材料的高压保存。鉴于直接将目标材料与非晶碳、石墨等碳前驱体粉末进行混合会面临目标材料在前驱体中难以均匀分散的困难,为此,本课题组采用薄膜沉积技术制备前驱体[41]。以金纳米颗粒为例,通过磁控溅射制备碳-金纳米颗粒-碳多层薄膜,以此为前驱体,进行高温高压处理,可以合成包裹高压态金纳米颗粒的金刚石纳米高压舱。对合成样品的TEM研究表明,在约56 GPa下合成的样品成功截获了高压态金纳米颗粒,且根据金的晶面间距,可以估算出金纳米颗粒内部保留的压力约为26.2 GPa。进一步研究表明,金刚石纳米高压舱内部保留的压力与合成压力近似线性相关,可以实现高压态固体可调控保存[41]。
玻璃碳在室温高压下会发生结构相变并伴随sp2-sp3转变,对应的高压相是含有极高比例sp3键的四面体非晶碳,具有光学透明、高电阻、高强度、高弹性模量等特性,但是室温高压下获得的四面体非晶碳无法在常压下保持稳定。高温高压为玻璃碳的结构调控提供了全新的可能性。在高温条件下,不仅合成了传统的纳米金刚石,更能制备出超弹性压缩玻璃碳、近全sp3键合的非晶态金刚石等新型非晶态碳材料。值得一提的是,虽然本综述中的非晶态金刚石是利用玻璃碳合成的,但是玻璃碳并非合成非晶态金刚石的唯一前驱体。通过压力诱导非晶化,采用富勒烯作为前驱体,也可以合成结构类似、力学性能优异的非晶态金刚石或次晶金刚石,且所需的合成压力显著降低至25~30 GPa,合成样品的尺寸达到毫米量级[42–44]。这些成果不仅极大地丰富了碳材料家族成员,也为未来设计和合成超硬、光学透明的大尺寸非晶碳材料提供了理论指导。未来通过前驱体材料的结构设计和高温高压实验条件优化,有望进一步提高非晶态金刚石尺寸、降低其合成所需压力。此外,还可以通过调节退火温度来调控高温高压下合成的非晶碳的sp3含量,从而定制具有特定光学、电学及力学性能的新型非晶态碳材料。
另一方面,金刚石纳米高压舱的合成为高压科学研究和应用提供了新的可能性。金刚石纳米高压舱使高压原位扫描电镜、TEM、软X射线谱学等以前难以实现的研究手段成为可能。基于这些研究手段,可以实现在原子尺度上探测高压态材料的结构、成分、缺陷、价态等。进一步,通过调控碳材料前驱体的微结构,有望对金刚石纳米高压舱的尺寸及分布进行有效控制。此外,金刚石纳米高压舱也为高压态物质的常压保存提供了途径。未来有望利用金刚石纳米高压舱在常压环境下保存诸如超导氢化物、高能量密度材料等,从而促进高压态材料的实际应用。

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2026年第40卷第9期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261114
  • 接收时间:2026-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2026-09-05
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  • 收稿日期:2026-06-12
  • 修回日期:2026-07-21
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    北京高压科学研究中心, 上海 201203

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曾徵丹(1986-),女,博士,研究员,主要从事极端条件下材料的结构与性质研究.E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
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species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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