Article(id=1325146239687340126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20261046, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1772726400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-06, revisedDate=1776614400000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793869083567, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1783180800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793869083567, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793869083567, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793869083567, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325146207672214104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='7', pageStart='070101-1', pageEnd='070114-14', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783180800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793869075935, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793870526447, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325152292009279913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325152292009279914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=070105-1, endPage=070105-15, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325146239909638239, articleId=1325146239687340126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Inverse Design and Boundary Effects in Impact Waveform Control of Graded Foam Metals, columnId=1325146208670458457, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Mechanical Behavior of Lightweight Composite Protective Materials and Structures, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To achieve the precise generation of high-amplitude impact waveforms required for aviation safety testing and related fields, this study investigates the impact waveform regulation mechanisms of graded cellular metals under different boundary conditions. Based on the conservation laws of mass and momentum, theoretical models for impact waveform generation using graded cellular metals are established for both free and elastic boundary conditions. Furthermore, an inverse design method for density gradient is proposed, which incorporates an average relative density constraint combined with Gauss-Newton iteration, enabling the reverse solution from a prescribed acceleration waveform to the material density gradient distribution. Finite element results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively generate required waveforms—such as triangular and half-sine waves—under both boundary conditions. The study also reveals that: free boundaries are more suitable for generating high amplitude and long duration waveforms, whereas elastic boundaries can improve the realizability of low-amplitude waveforms through stiffness regulation; boundary conditions do not alter the impact duration but exert a significant influence on waveform shape; and excessive impedance mismatch between adjacent layers will intensify waveform oscillations, thereby compromising the waveform generation accuracy. The proposed inverse design strategy for density gradients exhibits favorable versatility and provides both theoretical support and a practical design tool for the development of high-amplitude impact testing technologies.

, authors=Jiangnan YIN1, 2, 3, Qiang YANG4, Jinling GAO1, 2, 3, Xiaochuan LIU4, Jiagui LIU1, 2, 3, Tianjian LU1, 2, 3, authorsList=Jiangnan YIN, Qiang YANG, Jinling GAO, Xiaochuan LIU, Jiagui LIU, Tianjian LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiagui LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325146248034005116, articleId=1325146239687340126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=梯度泡沫金属冲击波形调控的逆向设计与边界效应研究, columnId=1325146208871785051, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为实现航空安全测试等领域对高冲击量值波形的精准生成,研究了梯度泡沫金属在不同边界条件下的冲击波形调控机制。基于质量与动量守恒定律,分别建立了自由边界与弹性边界下梯度泡沫金属冲击波形发生理论模型;进一步提出了一种基于平均相对密度约束与高斯-牛顿迭代的密度梯度反向设计方法,实现了从目标加速度波形到材料密度梯度分布的逆向求解。有限元结果表明,该方法在不同边界下均能有效生成目标波形,如三角波和半正弦波。研究还发现:自由边界更适合生成高幅值、宽脉宽波形,而弹性边界则可通过刚度调节改善低幅值波形的可实现性;边界条件虽不改变冲击持续时间,但会对波形形状产生显著影响。此外,若相邻层间的阻抗差异过大,将导致波形波动加剧,从而影响波形生成精度。所提出的密度梯度反向设计策略具有良好的通用性,为高冲击测试技术的自主发展提供了理论支撑与实用化设计工具。

, authors=殷江南1, 2, 3, 杨强4, 高金翎1, 2, 3, 刘小川4, 刘家贵1, 2, 3, 卢天健1, 2, 3, authorsList=殷江南, 杨强, 高金翎, 刘小川, 刘家贵, 卢天健, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘家贵, authorNote=

殷江南(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘家贵(1985-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事爆炸力学与冲击动力学研究. E-mail:
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325146239687340126, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Effects of the number of layers (The target half-sine wave and waveform tolerance are indicated by the black and gray dashed lines, respectively.), figureFileSmall=69chdOH00zT0kC88BvVzVg==, figureFileBig=D3h8BxtGidQb4PNfRL5ziw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325146254321266896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325146239687340126, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同分层数的影响(黑色虚线为设计半正弦波,灰色虚线表示波形允差), figureFileSmall=69chdOH00zT0kC88BvVzVg==, figureFileBig=D3h8BxtGidQb4PNfRL5ziw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325146254396764369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325146239687340126, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Simulated sinusoidal acceleration under free and elastic boundary conditions, figureFileSmall=wLAVV6ozPn58BznzsDf6LA==, figureFileBig=n6rQ3y6ytkMs8Vj9A5fzDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325146254480650450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325146239687340126, language=CN, label=图14, caption=自由边界与弹性边界下模拟的正弦加速度, figureFileSmall=wLAVV6ozPn58BznzsDf6LA==, figureFileBig=n6rQ3y6ytkMs8Vj9A5fzDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325146254564536531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325146239687340126, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Relevant parameters of aluminum foam, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A0/mm2 $ {\rho }_{\text{s}} $/(kg·m−3) $ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $/MPa $ {E}_{\text{s}} $/GPa $ {k}_{1} $ $ {n}_{1} $ $ {k}_{2} $ $ {n}_{2} $
78542700165690.58[26]1.69[26]0.47[26]1.94[26]
), ArticleFig(id=1325146254640034005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325146239687340126, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

泡沫铝的相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A0/mm2 $ {\rho }_{\text{s}} $/(kg·m−3) $ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $/MPa $ {E}_{\text{s}} $/GPa $ {k}_{1} $ $ {n}_{1} $ $ {k}_{2} $ $ {n}_{2} $
78542700165690.58[26]1.69[26]0.47[26]1.94[26]
), ArticleFig(id=1325146256305172694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325146239687340126, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Design requirements under two types of boundaries, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BoundaryAcceleration
Free boundary $ {a}_{\mathrm{M}}=3\,400g\sin \left[2\text{π} (t+0.53)/4.243\right],\;\;\;\;t\in [0,1.09\;\mathrm{ms}] $
Elastic boundary $ {a}_{\mathrm{M}}=-3\,400g(t-1),\;\;\;\;t\in [0,1.00\;\mathrm{ms}] $
), ArticleFig(id=1325146256485527767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325146239687340126, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2种边界下的设计需求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BoundaryAcceleration
Free boundary $ {a}_{\mathrm{M}}=3\,400g\sin \left[2\text{π} (t+0.53)/4.243\right],\;\;\;\;t\in [0,1.09\;\mathrm{ms}] $
Elastic boundary $ {a}_{\mathrm{M}}=-3\,400g(t-1),\;\;\;\;t\in [0,1.00\;\mathrm{ms}] $
), ArticleFig(id=1325146256586191064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325146239687340126, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Input parameters for inverse density gradient design, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A0/mm2M/kg $ \Delta t $/ms $ {L}_{0} $/m $ {\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}} $ $ {v}^{1} $($ {\overline{\rho }}_{1} $)/(m·s−1) $ {k}_{\text{s}} $/(N·m−1)
TriangularaccelerationSinusoidalaccelerationTriangularaccelerationSinusoidalacceleration
196310.00210.1230(0.089)170(0.095)2×106106
), ArticleFig(id=1325146256846237913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325146239687340126, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

密度梯度反向设计输入参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A0/mm2M/kg $ \Delta t $/ms $ {L}_{0} $/m $ {\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}} $ $ {v}^{1} $($ {\overline{\rho }}_{1} $)/(m·s−1) $ {k}_{\text{s}} $/(N·m−1)
TriangularaccelerationSinusoidalaccelerationTriangularaccelerationSinusoidalacceleration
196310.00210.1230(0.089)170(0.095)2×106106
), ArticleFig(id=1325146257232113882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325146239687340126, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Equivalent model for inverse density gradient design of aluminum foam, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AccelerationBoundary $ \overline{\rho }(X) $Z0/mmr/kg $ {k}_{\text{s}} $/(kN·mm−1)
$ {a}_{\text{M}}=3\,400g \sin \dfrac{2\text{π} \left(t+0.53\right)}{4.243}$ $ t\in \left[0,1.09\,\mathrm{ms}\right] $ Free boundary $ \overline{\rho }(X)=0.261\,2{\mathrm{e}}^{-4.261X}+0.057\,53{\mathrm{e}}^{-100.5X} $0.21460.0380
Elastic boundary $ \overline{\rho }(X)=0.123\,3{\mathrm{e}}^{-72.13X}+0.323\,5{\mathrm{e}}^{-5.162X} $0.22470.05571.18
$ {a}_{\text{M}}=3\,400g\left(t-1\right) $ $ t\in \left[0,1.00\,\mathrm{ms}\right] $ Free boundary $ \begin{aligned}\overline{\rho }(X)=\;&2.466{X}^{3}-1.621{X}^{2}+0.461\,1X+\\&0.039\,95\;\;(\text{After optimization})\end{aligned} $0.20460.0014
Elastic boundary $ \begin{aligned}\overline{\rho }(X)=\;&{\left(5.374+61.87X-149.4{X}^{2}\right)}^{-1}\\& (\text{After optimization})\end{aligned} $0.24460.01703.92
), ArticleFig(id=1325146257668321499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325146239687340126, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

泡沫铝密度梯度反向设计等效模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AccelerationBoundary $ \overline{\rho }(X) $Z0/mmr/kg $ {k}_{\text{s}} $/(kN·mm−1)
$ {a}_{\text{M}}=3\,400g \sin \dfrac{2\text{π} \left(t+0.53\right)}{4.243}$ $ t\in \left[0,1.09\,\mathrm{ms}\right] $ Free boundary $ \overline{\rho }(X)=0.261\,2{\mathrm{e}}^{-4.261X}+0.057\,53{\mathrm{e}}^{-100.5X} $0.21460.0380
Elastic boundary $ \overline{\rho }(X)=0.123\,3{\mathrm{e}}^{-72.13X}+0.323\,5{\mathrm{e}}^{-5.162X} $0.22470.05571.18
$ {a}_{\text{M}}=3\,400g\left(t-1\right) $ $ t\in \left[0,1.00\,\mathrm{ms}\right] $ Free boundary $ \begin{aligned}\overline{\rho }(X)=\;&2.466{X}^{3}-1.621{X}^{2}+0.461\,1X+\\&0.039\,95\;\;(\text{After optimization})\end{aligned} $0.20460.0014
Elastic boundary $ \begin{aligned}\overline{\rho }(X)=\;&{\left(5.374+61.87X-149.4{X}^{2}\right)}^{-1}\\& (\text{After optimization})\end{aligned} $0.24460.01703.92
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梯度泡沫金属冲击波形调控的逆向设计与边界效应研究
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殷江南 1, 2, 3 , 杨强 4 , 高金翎 1, 2, 3 , 刘小川 4 , 刘家贵 1, 2, 3 , 卢天健 1, 2, 3
高压物理学报 | 轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为 2026,40(7): 070105-1-070105-15
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高压物理学报 |轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为 2026 , 40 (7) : 070105-1 -070105-15
梯度泡沫金属冲击波形调控的逆向设计与边界效应研究
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2MIIT Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Lightweight Materials and Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu, China
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殷江南1, 2, 3 , 杨强4, 高金翎1, 2, 3, 刘小川4, 刘家贵1, 2, 3 , 卢天健1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1南京航空航天大学航空学院, 江苏 南京 210016
  • 2南京航空航天大学多功能轻量化材料与结构工信部重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210016
  • 3南京航空航天大学航空航天结构力学及控制全国重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210016
  • 4中国飞机强度研究所强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710065
通讯作者:
刘家贵(1985-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事爆炸力学与冲击动力学研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

殷江南(2000-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:

Inverse Design and Boundary Effects in Impact Waveform Control of Graded Foam Metals
Jiangnan YIN1, 2, 3 , Qiang YANG4, Jinling GAO1, 2, 3, Xiaochuan LIU4, Jiagui LIU1, 2, 3 , Tianjian LU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu, China
  • 2MIIT Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Lightweight Materials and Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu, China
  • 3National Key Laboratory of Aerospace Structural Mechanics and Control, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu, China
  • 4National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity, China Institute of Aircraft Strength, Xi’an 710065, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-07-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261046
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为实现航空安全测试等领域对高冲击量值波形的精准生成,研究了梯度泡沫金属在不同边界条件下的冲击波形调控机制。基于质量与动量守恒定律,分别建立了自由边界与弹性边界下梯度泡沫金属冲击波形发生理论模型;进一步提出了一种基于平均相对密度约束与高斯-牛顿迭代的密度梯度反向设计方法,实现了从目标加速度波形到材料密度梯度分布的逆向求解。有限元结果表明,该方法在不同边界下均能有效生成目标波形,如三角波和半正弦波。研究还发现:自由边界更适合生成高幅值、宽脉宽波形,而弹性边界则可通过刚度调节改善低幅值波形的可实现性;边界条件虽不改变冲击持续时间,但会对波形形状产生显著影响。此外,若相邻层间的阻抗差异过大,将导致波形波动加剧,从而影响波形生成精度。所提出的密度梯度反向设计策略具有良好的通用性,为高冲击测试技术的自主发展提供了理论支撑与实用化设计工具。

波形调控  /  梯度泡沫金属  /  密度梯度设计  /  高冲击量值

To achieve the precise generation of high-amplitude impact waveforms required for aviation safety testing and related fields, this study investigates the impact waveform regulation mechanisms of graded cellular metals under different boundary conditions. Based on the conservation laws of mass and momentum, theoretical models for impact waveform generation using graded cellular metals are established for both free and elastic boundary conditions. Furthermore, an inverse design method for density gradient is proposed, which incorporates an average relative density constraint combined with Gauss-Newton iteration, enabling the reverse solution from a prescribed acceleration waveform to the material density gradient distribution. Finite element results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively generate required waveforms—such as triangular and half-sine waves—under both boundary conditions. The study also reveals that: free boundaries are more suitable for generating high amplitude and long duration waveforms, whereas elastic boundaries can improve the realizability of low-amplitude waveforms through stiffness regulation; boundary conditions do not alter the impact duration but exert a significant influence on waveform shape; and excessive impedance mismatch between adjacent layers will intensify waveform oscillations, thereby compromising the waveform generation accuracy. The proposed inverse design strategy for density gradients exhibits favorable versatility and provides both theoretical support and a practical design tool for the development of high-amplitude impact testing technologies.

waveform regulation  /  graded cellular metal  /  density gradient design  /  high-amplitude impact
殷江南, 杨强, 高金翎, 刘小川, 刘家贵, 卢天健. 梯度泡沫金属冲击波形调控的逆向设计与边界效应研究. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (7) : 070105-1 -070105-15 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261046
Jiangnan YIN, Qiang YANG, Jinling GAO, Xiaochuan LIU, Jiagui LIU, Tianjian LU. Inverse Design and Boundary Effects in Impact Waveform Control of Graded Foam Metals[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (7) : 070105-1 -070105-15 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261046
高冲击量值波形的精准可控生成是航空安全、武器装备等领域中极端环境测试的核心技术,例如,在飞行数据记录器(俗称“黑匣子”)的抗冲击验证中,国际适航标准明确要求其能够承受峰值3400g(g为重力加速度)、脉宽6.5 ms的半正弦或梯形冲击波[1–2]。泡沫金属因其轻质、波形可调控、结构可设计等优点,成为调控冲击应力波传播的理想材料载体[3–6]。通过对其密度分布进行梯度化设计,有望实现任意目标波形的精准定制,从而突破传统试错方法的局限,为我国相关测试技术的发展提供关键路径。
现有高冲击波形发生技术中,空气炮因适配性强、成本可控成为主流方案。然而,国内现有技术多依赖于缓冲材料的组合试错,导致波形可控性差,且缺乏定量理论指导[7–8];国外虽已实现标准波形的有效生成,但其靶体设计细节严格保密[9]。在泡沫材料的动态力学行为研究方面,学者们已对应变率效应、变形模式转变、临界速度以及多种一维本构模型(如R-PP-L、E-RP-R、(D-)R-PH等)开展了广泛探讨,这些模型被证实能够有效描述冲击载荷下的材料响应[10–18]。梯度泡沫的引入进一步拓展了波形调控的可能性,但是现有研究多集中于耐撞性设计与爆炸波模拟等领域[4, 19–21],对于如何通过梯度设计实现任意指定冲击波形(如适航标准所需的半正弦波、梯形波)的精准生成,仍缺乏系统且通用的逆向设计理论与方法。此外,现有梯度设计多依赖预设分布函数或参数优化[22–23],受形式约束较强,难以适应复杂波形的生成需求。特别值得关注的是,当前研究大多局限于单一边界条件(刚性或自由边界),对于不同边界下梯度泡沫金属的波形调控规律及其设计方法,尚缺乏系统的比较与深入探讨。因此,如何在不同边界下根据目标加速度波形反演对应的密度梯度分布,仍是该领域亟待解决的关键问题。
针对上述问题,本研究聚焦梯度泡沫金属的冲击波形调控机制,以高冲击量值波形的精准生成为目标,开展系统性研究。首先,基于质量与动量守恒定律,分别构建自由边界和弹性边界下的冲击波形发生理论模型;在此基础上,引入平均相对密度作为约束条件,结合高斯-牛顿迭代算法,提出一种不依赖预设分布形式的密度梯度反向设计策略;最后,通过有限元仿真对理论模型与设计策略进行验证,完成对典型目标波形的逆向材料设计,以期为高冲击量值测试技术的自主发展提供理论支撑与实用设计方法。
在高速撞击下,多孔材料内部的孔隙结构产生压溃,压溃的传播形式满足冲击波守恒关系,故也将压溃波称为冲击波。以刚性质量块高速撞击多孔材料柱为例,如图1所示,一维冲击波的波阵面以速度D向右柱传播,波前和波后材料的粒子速度分别为$ u_{0} $和u;为使推导更加简洁,假定多孔材料柱的初始状态为静止,即$ u_{0}=0 $。一维冲击波波阵面前后质量守恒和动量守恒,即
$ {\rho }_{0}D=\rho (D-u) $
$ {\sigma }_{\text{d}}-{\sigma }_{0}={\rho }_{0}Du $
式中:ρ0和ρ分别为波阵面前、后材料的密度,σ0和σd分别为冲击波波阵面前、后的应力。
假设多孔材料中冲击波速度与粒子速度满足线性关系,即
$ D={c}_{0}+\lambda u $
式中:$ {c}_{0} $和$ \lambda $为材料参数,且$ {c}_{0} $约等于材料的体积波波速。就一般固体材料而言,在粒子速度不是特别高的情况下,该线性假设具有较高的精度,式(3)也称为冲击Hugoniot关系。
将质量守恒关系即式(1)改写成应变形式
$ \varepsilon =\frac{u}{D} $
式中:ε为应变。整合动量守恒关系式(2)、冲击Hugoniot关系和式(4),消去各速度量,可得
$ {\sigma }_{\text{d}}={\sigma }_{0}+{\rho }_{0}c_{0}^{2}\frac{\varepsilon }{{(1-\lambda \varepsilon )}^{2}} $
式(5)就是冲击波物理中常用的Hugoniot冲击绝热线,包含冲击波波阵面前后的质量守恒、动量守恒以及材料特性3个方程,描述的是冲击波波阵面上压力与体积变形之间的关系。Barnes等[18]通过对开孔泡沫开展大量试验,验证了该关系式的正确性,更准确地说是验证了多孔材料中冲击波速度与粒子速度满足线性关系(式(3))这一假设的正确性。
严格意义上讲,式(5)是一条状态线,即由不同强度冲击波波后状态组成的曲线,曲线上每一个点都代表一个冲击波状态,而非一条过程线,即没有一个真实过程使其状态沿着这条曲线增加或降低应变。但是,这并不影响式(5)在分析冲击波过程中被直接使用,比如,Zheng等[12]提出了R-PH模型
$ {\sigma }_{\text{d}}={\sigma }_{\rm p}+C\frac{\varepsilon }{{(1-\varepsilon )}^{2}} $
式中:$ \sigma_{\rm p} $和C为2个材料参数。
R-PH模型其实是将式(5)中的$ \lambda $取1的特例。对于孔隙率较高的多孔材料,如本研究讨论的泡沫类材料,$ \lambda $大于且近似趋近于1[24–25]。对比式(5)和式(6)可知,两者的形式相似,但物理意义存在差异:C(C$ ={\rho }_{0}c_{0}^{2} $)可视作一个等效体积模量,$ \sigma_{\rm p} $为材料强度,而式(5)中的$ \sigma_{0} $为冲击波波前的应力,即弹性先驱波的波后应力。Zheng等[12]通过材料压缩试验数据拟合$ \sigma_{\rm p} $和C,发现基于多孔材料Taylor杆撞击试验数据拟合得到的σp高于准静态材料强度,并将其解释为冲击波对波前材料产生了预强化。实际上,由式(5)可以清楚地看到, 作为弹性波先驱波波后应力,即材料的Hugoniot弹性极限,必然高于准静态下的强度,这与上述解释是一致的。
需要说明的是,本节所述的冲击波守恒关系和材料本构模型同样适用于主动撞击情形,仅需将参考系转换至泡沫柱的初始状态为静止状态即可。在多孔材料柱有初始速度或反向撞击刚性壁等工况下,以上推导结果并不会改变。该材料模型的引入使得无需再考虑冲击波守恒关系,可以简化多孔材料中的冲击波传播分析。虽然Hugoniot 弹性极限$ \sigma_{0} $与材料强度$ \sigma_{\rm p} $在物理意义上略有区别,但为了与传统多孔材料冲击波理论对应,以下将两者统一为$ \sigma_{0} $。
利用泡沫金属高速撞击时波形可调控的特性以及泡沫金属中一维应力波的传播规律,构建密度梯度泡沫金属撞击刚性块在弹性边界和自由边界下产生高冲击量值加速度波形的控制方程。
如图2(a)所示,考虑长度为$ {L}_{0} $的密度梯度泡沫金属杆以初速度v0冲击一个质量为M的刚性块,刚性块被限制只能沿X方向运动,且与刚性壁之间存在刚度系数为$ {k}_{\text{s}} $的弹簧。已知杆的相对密度$ \overline{\rho }(Z) $为关于拉格朗日坐标的函数,设自由端为拉格朗日坐标的起点。设撞击时刻为零时刻,撞击产生一个沿杆负向传播的一维平面冲击波,波阵面后方压实密度为$ {\rho }_{\text{d}}(Z) $。假设t时刻冲击波到达位置Z(t),波后压实段长度为$ l $,并与刚性块共同移动,移动距离为$ {x}_{\text{M}} $,此时泡沫金属杆的自由端位移x由杆因压缩变形缩短的长度$ {x}_{\text{f}} $和刚性块前进位移$ {x}_{\text{M}} $组成
$ x={x}_{\text{f}}+{x}_{\text{M}} $
拉格朗日坐标下的波阵面位置Z与压实段长度$ l $及杆缩短长度$ {x}_{\text{f}} $有如下几何关系
$ {L}_{0}-Z={x}_{\text{f}}+l $
一维应变波假设下,认为泡沫金属杆变形前后的横截面面积不变,记为A0。取波阵面前一小段微元,认为在这段微元内相对密度和波前速度均为常数。设Z向右为正,−dZ表示微元的长度,根据跨波阵面质量守恒
$ {\rho }_{\text{s}}\,\overline{\rho }(Z){A}_{0}(-\text{d}Z)={\rho }_{\text{d}}(Z){A}_{0}\text{d}l $
即
$ \frac{\text{d}l}{-\text{d}Z}=\frac{{\rho }_{\text{s}}\,\overline{\rho }(Z)}{{\rho }_{\text{d}}(Z)} $
式中:$ {\rho }_{\text{s}} $为基体密度,−dZ和dl分别为同一微元段材料在初始状态和压实状态的长度。按照名义应变的定义,波后轴向应变可由式(9)导出,即
$ \varepsilon (Z)=\frac{-\text{d}Z-\text{d}l}{-\text{d}Z}=1-\frac{{\rho }_{\text{s}}\,\overline{\rho }(Z)}{{\rho }_{\text{d}}(Z)} $
考虑到压实段与刚性块一起运动,速度相同,对式(7)求微分,则
$ v(t)-u(t)=\frac{\text{d}(x-{x}_{\text{M}})}{\text{d}t}=\frac{\text{d}{x}_{\text{f}}}{\text{d}t} $
式中:$ v(t) $和$ u(t) $分别为泡沫金属波前和波后粒子速度。对式(8)进行微分并导入式(12),并考虑到式(10)和式(11),可以得到波前和波后速度差与冲击波速度及该波阵面位置应变间的关系
$ v(t)-u(t)=-\frac{\text{d}Z}{\text{d}t}\varepsilon (Z) $
式中:$ \text{d}Z/\text{d}t $为拉格朗日坐标系下的冲击波速度。
对波前未压缩段运用动量定理
$ {\sigma }_{0}(Z)=-\left({\rho }_{\text{s}}\int \nolimits_{0}^{Z}\overline{\rho }(X)\mathrm{d}X\right)\frac{\text{d}v}{\text{d}t} $
同样地,设ks为刚度系数,对波后压缩段和刚性块运用动量定理,则
$ {\sigma }_{\text{d}}(Z)=\left(\frac{M}{{A}_{0}}+{\rho }_{\text{s}}\int \nolimits_{Z}^{{L}_{0}}\overline{\rho }(X)\text{d}X\right)\frac{\text{d}u}{\text{d}t}+\frac{{k}_{\text{s}}}{{A}_{0}}\int \nolimits_{0}^{t}u(t)\text{d}t $
忽略边界对系统的摩擦,对整个系统运用冲量定理,弹性边界作用力等于泡沫金属杆与刚性块的动量变化率,即
$ -{k}_{\text{s}}\int \nolimits_{0}^{t}u(t)\text{d}t=\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\left[\left({A}_{0}{\rho }_{\text{s}}\int \nolimits_{0}^{Z}\overline{\rho }(X)\mathrm{d}X\right)v(t)+\left(M+{A}_{0}{\rho }_{\text{s}}\int \nolimits_{Z}^{{L}_{0}}\overline{\rho }(X)\text{d}X\right)u(t)\right] $
整理式(16)等号右边,可得
$ -{k}_{\text{s}}\int \nolimits_{0}^{t}u(t)\text{d}t=\left({A}_{0}{\rho }_{\text{s}}\int \nolimits_{0}^{Z}\overline{\rho }(X)\mathrm{d}X\right)\frac{\text{d}v}{\text{d}t}+\left(M+{A}_{0}{\rho }_{\text{s}}\int \nolimits_{Z}^{{L}_{0}}\overline{\rho }(X)\text{d}X\right)\frac{\text{d}u}{\text{d}t}+{A}_{0}{\rho }_{\text{s}}\,\overline{\rho }(Z)\frac{\text{d}Z}{\text{d}t}(v(t)-u(t)) $
即
$ {\sigma }_{\text{d}}(Z)-{\sigma }_{0}(Z)={\rho }_{\text{s}}\,\overline{\rho }(Z)\frac{\text{d}Z}{\text{d}t}(u(t)-v(t)) $
对于反向撞击情形,多孔材料中冲击波速度与粒子速度的线性关系表示为
$ D-v(t)=-{c}_{0}+\lambda (u(t)-v(t)) $
值得注意的是,D是欧拉坐标系下的冲击波速度,与拉格朗日坐标系下的冲击波速度$ \text{d}Z/\text{d}t $之间满足
$ \frac{\text{d}Z}{\text{d}t}=D-v(t) $
将式(19)代入式(20),有
$ \frac{\text{d}Z}{\text{d}t}=-{c}_{0}+\lambda (u(t)-v(t)) $
再将式(21)代入式(18),得到
$ {\sigma }_{\text{d}}(Z)={\sigma }_{0}(Z)+{\rho }_{\text{s}}\,\overline{\rho }(Z)(v(t)-u(t))[{c}_{0}+\lambda (v(t)-u(t))] $
事实上,代入式(13)和式(19)后,式(22)与式(5)是等价的,这也就是多孔材料的冲击绝热线可以用(D-)R-PH模型来描述的原因。为了求解冲击波位置、粒子速度等信息,利用式(22)更为方便。
由此得到的式(14)、式(15)、式(21)和式(22)为弹性边界下冲击波形发生模型。若将刚度系数取为零,则可退化为自由边界下冲击波形发生模型,见图2(b)。
该模型中既有微分又有积分,难以获得其解析解,但可以采用数值方法求解,如四阶龙格库塔法。
在弹性边界下,根据波形发生理论模型,若已知方程组中刚性块质量M、多孔杆的横截面积$ {A}_{0} $、基体密度$ {\rho }_{\text{s}} $、材料参数$ {\sigma }_{0}、{c}_{0}、\lambda $以及弹簧刚度系数$ {k}_{\text{s}} $,则剩余5个未知数为相对密度分布$ \overline{\rho }(X) $、波阵面位置Z(t)、质量块速度$ u(t) $、杆自由端速度$ v(t) $以及杆长$ {L}_{0} $。给定$ \overline{\rho }(X) $和$ {L}_{0} $,通过数值方法可以求解出任意时刻的Z(t)、$ u(t) $和$ v(t) $,也就是正向求解冲击响应。但若想要通过给定冲击响应$ {a}_{\text{M}}=\text{d}u/\text{d}t $来求解$ \overline{\rho }(X) $,只知道$ {a}_{\text{M}} $和杆长$ {L}_{0} $还不够。对于式(17)等号右端,在t时刻,冲击波到达Z位置,$ \overline{\rho }(X) $在压实段已求出,由式(21)可确定dZ/dt与v及u的内在关系,需要求解当下相对密度$ \overline{\rho }(X) $,还需要知道右端第1项的积分,也就是未压实段的质量。直接求解时,由于无法先验知道冲击波未到达位置信息,因此,尚需要补充1个已知参数。自由边界下的波形发生模型同理获得。
鉴于此,本研究引入泡沫杆的平均相对密度$ {\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}} $作为已知参数,在此基础上进行密度梯度的封闭求解($ {\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}} $也可根据目标进行优化),则未压缩段质量为
$ {A}_{0}{\rho }_{\text{s}}\int \nolimits_{0}^{Z}\overline{\rho }(X)\mathrm{d}X={A}_{0}{\rho }_{\text{s}}\,{\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}}{L}_{0}-{A}_{0}{\rho }_{\text{s}}\int \nolimits_{Z}^{{L}_{0}}\overline{\rho }(X)\text{d}X $
于是,自由端的加速度即式(14)可改写为
$ \frac{\text{d}v}{\text{d}t}=-\frac{{\sigma }_{0}}{{\rho }_{\text{s}}\left({\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}}{L}_{0}-\displaystyle\int \nolimits_{Z}^{{L}_{0}}\overline{\rho }(X)\text{d}X\right)} $
设波前段具有加速度$ {a}_{\text{f}}=\text{d}v/\text{d}t $,拉格朗日坐标系下冲击波速度$ {v}_{Z}=\text{d}Z/\text{d}t $,则可分别将2种边界下的冲击波形发生模型进行时间离散,即$ t=(k-1)\Delta t $($ k $=1, 2, ···)。于是有
$ \begin{cases}a_{\text{M}}^{k}=\displaystyle\frac{{\sigma }_{0}({\overline{\rho }}_{k})+{\rho }_{\text{s}}\,{\overline{\rho }}_{k}({v}^{k}-{u}^{k})[\lambda ({v}^{k}-{u}^{k})+{c}_{0}({\overline{\rho }}_{k})]-\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}{k}_{\text{s}}\sum \limits_{i=1}^{k-1}({u}^{i}+{u}^{i+1})\Delta t}{\dfrac{M}{{A}_{0}}+\displaystyle\sum \limits_{i=1}^{k-1}{\rho }_{\text{s}}\,{\overline{\rho }}_{i}\left| \Delta {Z}^{i}\right| }\\a_{\text{f}}^{k}=-\displaystyle\frac{{\sigma }_{0}({\overline{\rho }}_{k})}{{\rho }_{\text{s}}\,{\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}}{L}_{0}-\displaystyle\sum \limits_{i=1}^{k-1}{\rho }_{\text{s}}\,{\overline{\rho }}_{i}\left| \Delta {Z}^{i}\right| }\\v_{Z}^{k}=-[\lambda ({v}^{k}-{u}^{k})+{c}_{0}({\overline{\rho }}_{k})]\end{cases} $
式中:在自由边界下,$ {k}_{\text{s}} $取零,$ {v}^{1}={v}_{0} $,第1式中等号右边分子和分母中累积求和项在k=1时均取零。
因此,$ t=(k+1)\Delta t $时刻的自由端速度、刚性块速度和波阵面位置可由$ t=k\Delta t $时刻求出,即
$ \begin{cases}{u}^{k+1}={u}^{k}+a_{\text{M}}^{k}\Delta t\\{v}^{k+1}={v}^{k}+a_{\text{f}}^{k}\Delta t\\{Z}^{k+1}={L}_{0}+\displaystyle\sum \limits_{i=1}^{k}\Delta {Z}^{i}\end{cases} $
式中:$ \Delta {Z}^{i}=v_{Z}^{i}\Delta t $。
以弹性边界为例,根据式(26)中的第1个等式,在已知泡沫金属杆的材料参数和横截面积、刚性块质量和加速度的情况下,给定初始速度v0,可计算出冲击开始时刻撞击端的初始相对密度$ {\overline{\rho }}_{1} $。将$ {\overline{\rho }}_{1} $代入式(26)中的第2个和第3个等式,可计算出$ a_{\text{f}}^{1} $、$ v_{{Z}}^{1} $;再给定梯度多孔金属杆长度$ {L}_{0} $、平均相对密度$ {\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}} $和刚度系数$ {k}_{\text{s}} $,即可通过式(27),求出下一时刻未压缩段的速度$ v $和波阵面位置$ Z $。压实段与刚性块共同速度$ u $则可由已知加速度计算得出。重复以上过程,便能计算出密度分布和冲击时间。
由此可见,v0、$ {L}_{0} $、$ {\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}} $、$ {k}_{\text{s}} $的选择对于波形设计至关重要。以下将结合算例,介绍如何合理确定这些参数。
为验证第1节所推导的控制方程及密度梯度设计策略的有效性,以泡沫铝杆冲击为例进行算例设计,并讨论在2种边界下进行梯度设计的区别。首先,针对波形设计相关参数选择一种合理的方式,在此基础上根据需求设计密度梯度,最后使用仿真手段验证设计结果。
要实现控制方程及密度梯度设计离散方程的求解,首先需确定泡沫铝的材料参数,其中$ {c}_{0} $和$ \lambda $的确定需针对不同相对密度的泡沫金属开展大量飞片实验,然而,实验成本较高,且难度较大。根据1.1节的讨论,Hugoniot冲击绝热线与R-PH模型之间存在关系,同时R-PH模型中的参数可通过准静态压缩实验拟合得到,并且与相对密度存在如下幂律关系
$ \begin{cases}{\sigma }_{0}={\sigma }_{\text{s}}{k}_{1}{\overline{\rho }}^{{{n}_{1}}}\\C={\sigma }_{\text{s}}{k}_{2}{\overline{\rho }}^{{{n}_{2}}}\end{cases} $
式中:$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $为基体的屈服强度,$ {k}_{1}、{n}_{1}、{k}_{2}、{n}_{2} $为拟合参数。
因此,可采用R-PH模型替代Hugoniot冲击绝热线,通过拟合泡沫金属的准静态压缩应力-应变曲线获得材料参数,见表1,其中,$ {E}_{\text{s}} $为基体的弹性模量。
泡沫铝杆的其他相关参数列于表1。假设刚性块被撞击后以恒定加速度运动,即
$ {a}_{\text{M}}=3\,400g\text{,}\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;t\in [0,1.00\;\mathrm{ms}] $
式中:g取9.8 m/s2。
从式(25)或者式(26)中的第1等式可知,当加速度已知时,v0与初始相对密度$ {\overline{\rho }}_{1} $存在一一对应关系,因此,可以选择一个合理的$ {\overline{\rho }}_{1} $来确定撞击速度v0。与此相比,$ {k}_{\text{s}} $、$ {L}_{0} $与$ {\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}} $的确定更为复杂。
相较于弹性边界,自由边界的设计参数更少,分析更为简单,因此,先在自由边界下进行讨论。以v0=170 m/s、$ M=4.2 $ kg、$ \Delta t=0.005 $ ms、$ {L}_{0}=0.1 $ m,$ {\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}} $从0.14~0.22间隔取点为例,计算得到不同平均相对密度下泡沫铝杆的相对密度随拉格朗日坐标的分布,如图3所示。由此积分可得压实段的质量$ {m}_{\text{f}} $,再根据泡沫铝杆总质量减去压实段的质量,得到未压缩段质量mr$ ({m}_{\text{r}}={\rho }_{\text{s}}{\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}}{L}_{0}{A}_{0}-{m}_{\text{f}}) $。定义未压缩段质量与冲击波未到达部分的长度(剩余长度Zr)之比再比上基体密度与横截面积的乘积为剩余相对密度$ {\overline{\rho }}_{\text{r}} $,即
$ {\overline{\rho }}_{\text{r}}=\frac{{m}_{\text{r}}}{{Z}_{\text{r}}{A}_{0}{\rho }_{\text{s}}} $
当L0=0.1时,不同平均相对密度下,剩余相对密度随剩余长度的变化如图4所示。从图4可以看出,当$ {\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}}=0.22 $时,剩余长度仅有0.4 mm,剩余相对密度为11.4,远高于1。出现这种现象的原因是参数设置不合理,同时也说明此时冲击波未到达部分在理论上不再是泡沫结构而是密实结构,故可将其视为带一刚性质量块泡沫杆撞击的情形。然而,质量块的存在将导致冲击波传播至接近泡沫杆尾部时,质量块与压实部分存在相对速度(见图5),而后续波形无法采用本研究的理论预测。
导致这一情况的原因可能是给定的泡沫杆初始动能高于其所能吸收的最大能量与刚性块的最终动能之和,多余能量使得冲击波传播至接近泡沫杆尾部时,未压缩段的速度高于压实段。为避免这种情况,需提高泡沫杆的吸能能力。一种有效方式是将$ {L}_{0} $取得足够长,再根据所需冲击时间动态调整$ {\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}} $。同时,由于未压缩段密度分布对冲击响应没有影响,为节省泡沫铝用量,可将未压缩部分等效为图6中的质量块。值得一提的是,mr可取范围有限,mr过大可能会产生“双波”现象。
同样,在弹性边界条件下,仍需将$ {L}_{0} $取得足够长,再依据设计的冲击时间动态调整刚度系数和平均密度,而后将未压缩部分等效为质量块。与自由边界条件相比,在弹性边界条件下需要同时动态调整刚度系数和平均密度,导致通过手动调参难以获得最优解。针对这类多参数优化问题,可采用高斯-牛顿迭代法进行求解,流程如图7所示。将任意给定参数计算出的冲击时间与设计时间t0做差得到残差函数。
对于自由边界
$ r={t}_{0}-f\left({\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}}\right) $
对于弹性边界
$ r={t}_{0}-f\left({\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}},{k}_{\text{s}}\right) $
计算得到的冲击时间$ t=f({\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}}) $或者$ t=f({\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}},{k}_{\text{s}}) $。
定义收敛判据
$ \begin{cases}\max \dfrac{\left| \Delta {\textit{t}}_{n}\right| }{{t}_{n+1}} \lt {\varepsilon }_{1}\\\max \left| r\right| \lt {\varepsilon }_{2}\end{cases} $
式中:$ {\varepsilon }_{1}、{\varepsilon }_{2} $为给定的允许误差率;$ \Delta {\textit{t}}_{n} $、$ {t}_{n+1} $分别为第n+1次迭代后的增量和时间;n=0, 1, 2, ···。
值得注意的是,冲击时间对相对密度与弹簧刚度的敏感程度不同,且它们的量级相差很大,直接用于迭代会出现奇异矩阵,使得增量计算错误,为此,需要对这2个参数分别选择合适的扰动值,并进行合理的缩放,使其在相近量级。
为了比较在2种不同边界下设计出的密度梯度,假设泡沫铝撞击刚性质量块后,被撞质量块分别以三角加速度和正弦加速度运动,以此反向求解相对密度分布。需要说明的是,正弦加速度并非完全的正弦函数,而是正弦波的一部分,其图像与坐标轴围成的面积等于函数$ {a}_{\text{M}}=3\,400g\, \sin (2\text{π} t/3) $在$ t\in [0,1.50\;\mathrm{ms}] $的积分值。以上设计需求在不同边界下的具体表达式见表2,初始参数和已知条件见表3。
分别将表3中的初始参数($ {\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}} $或者$ {\overline{\rho }}_{\text{f}}、{k}_{\text{s}} $)代入自由边界和弹性边界的密度梯度求解方程,得到的冲击时间作为高斯-牛顿迭代的初始值,合理设置允许误差率(自由边界:$ {\varepsilon }_{1}=0.003,{\varepsilon }_{2}=0.05 $;弹性边界:$ {\varepsilon }_{1}=0.03,{\varepsilon }_{2}=0.01 $),分别进行迭代直至收敛。随后,将收敛参数分别代入对应边界下的密度梯度求解方程,分别得到冲击波波头位置和相对密度分布,如图8所示。由此积分可得压实段的质量,再根据泡沫铝杆总质量减去压实段的质量,得到未压缩段质量,从而获得泡沫杆等效模型,见表4,以此进行加速度曲线的理论和仿真计算。
对于三角加速度模拟,在加速度靠近零时,即靠近自由端处,相对密度在较窄的拉格朗日坐标范围内急剧上升(图8(c)和图8(d)虚线处),这给生产制造梯度变化剧烈的泡沫铝带来了一定困难,且在一定程度上会降低拟合精度。若考虑将相对密度急剧上升段进行优化,将其也等效为质量块,则能较为方便地解决该问题。优化后的泡沫铝杆长度缩短,但梯度不变。
为了验证所推导控制方程与反向设计策略的有效性,使用商业有限元软件ABAQUS对2种边界冲击工况进行了模拟。根据表3和表4中的数据,在ABAQUS中分别建立梯度泡沫金属杆撞击自由刚性块和弹性刚性块的有限元模型。
背衬质量块、刚性块、刚性壁均用三维离散刚体表示,弹性边界采用弹簧模拟。根据2.2节得出的相对密度分布形式,杆的相对密度在靠近自由端上升得较快,而在远离自由端上升得较缓。因此,快速上升段均分为5段,其余部分均分为5段,分别将每个区域中间位置的材料参数赋予整个区域以实现密度梯度。泡沫杆横截面直径为50 mm,采用沙漏控制的C3D8R单元进行网格扫略。背衬质量块使用tie约束与杆自由端刚性固定。杆与质量块之间的切向行为使用罚函数表示,定义摩擦系数为0.02。使用连接两点的方式模拟弹簧,一点设置在质量块上,另一点设置在全固定的刚性壁上,两点间距设置为100 mm。整个杆和背衬质量块被同时赋予一瞬时初速度。
泡沫铝杆采用各向同性可压缩泡沫本构,其屈服面定义[27]如下
$ F=\sqrt{{q}^{2}+{\alpha }^{2}{p}^{2}}-B=0 $
式中:q为Mises应力;p为静水压力;B为屈服椭圆的竖轴长度;$ \alpha $为屈服椭圆形状因子,代表横轴与竖轴的相对大小。
$ \alpha $的计算公式为
$ \alpha =3k/\sqrt{9-{k}^{2}} $
式中:k为压缩屈服应力比。
各向同性可压缩泡沫本构的流动势G定义为
$ G=\sqrt{{q}^{2}+{\beta }^{2}{p}^{2}} $
式中:$ \beta $为子午线平面内流动势椭圆的形状。
$ \beta $与塑性泊松比$ {\nu }_{\text{p}} $有关,两者存在以下关系
$ \beta =\frac{3}{\sqrt{2}}\sqrt{\frac{1-2{\nu }_{\text{p}}}{1+{\nu }_{\text{p}}}} $
若已知塑性泊松比,则可通过关联流动法则确定压缩屈服应力比,即
$ k=\sqrt{3\left(1-2{\nu }_{\text{p}}\right)} $
Zhang等[28]指出,塑性泊松比与相对密度的关系为$ {\nu }_{\text{p}}=0.2{\overline{\rho }}^{0.51} $,由此可计算出屈服应力比。根据表1中的材料参数,可计算出泡沫材料的弹性模量。当$ \overline{\rho }<0.2 $时,泡沫材料的弹性模量与相对密度的关系为$ {E}_{\text{f}}\approx 0.32{E}_{\text{s}}\overline{\rho } $[29];当$ \overline{\rho }\geqslant 0.2 $时,则有$ {E}_{\text{f}}=0.32{E}_{\text{s}}({\overline{\rho }}^{2}+\overline{\rho }) $[30]。单轴压缩屈服应力和单轴压缩塑性应变绝对值的关系函数(硬化规律)采用R-PH模型。
泡沫铝有限元模型的单元尺寸决定了模型输出的载荷时间曲线绕平均值的波动,平均波动周期(单次波动对应的时间)随着单元尺寸的增大而增大,但对平均值影响不大[31]。因此,为了平衡仿真时间和减小波动,本研究中全局网格尺寸取2 mm。
为验证有限元模型的正确性,采用与Li等[4]相同的工况,得到的仿真结果如图9所示。可见,采用可压缩泡沫本构时,数值仿真得到的载荷时间曲线除了起始端与实验结果相差较大之外,整体变化趋势与实验结果及细观模型仿真结果基本一致。
图10展示了在自由边界下模拟正弦加速度时不同时刻梯度多孔杆中的纵向对数应变。从图10中可以明显地观察到冲击过程中波阵面的传播,与理论中假设冲击波是平面波相吻合。在冲击过程中,波阵面到背衬质量块处的对数应变几乎为零,说明质量块与未压缩段的运动状态基本一致,进一步说明图6中将剩余多孔杆等效为质量块是合理的。
从有限元分析中提取波后应力,将其与理论值和设计值进行对比,结果如图11和图12所示,其中,图11的仿真结果均由优化后的等效模型计算得到。图11中的仿真值与理论值、设计值的变化趋势基本一致,说明密度梯度设计策略对设计三角加速度波形是有效的。通过理论与仿真分析发现,优化后的等效模型对冲击时间的影响很小,对波形几乎没有影响。这是因为被优化部位的长度在总长度中的占比较小,同时说明泡沫铝长度不影响波形。图12中,零时刻附近的理论值与设计值存在差异,这是对撞击端的相对密度拟合效果不好所致。理论值在设计值上下明显波动,可通过更好的拟合方式使$ {R}^{2} $更接近1从而减小波动。仿真结果在设计值上下的波动较大,但整体变化趋势与理论值相同,说明密度梯度设计策略对于设计正弦加速度波形是有效的。
对比2种波形的模拟,在相同分段数下,使用可压缩泡沫本构模拟简单波形的幅值和脉宽的效果较好,而模拟复杂波形的效果稍差。仿真出现的较大波动可能是由于泡沫铝杆的分段数较少,相邻段之间的阻抗相差较大。若通过分段均匀的泡沫铝钎焊制成梯度泡沫铝杆,就需要考虑分段数的问题。因为这种波动将影响波形的饱满度,甚至会导致超过波形允差,如图13所示。从图13中可以看出,分段数不影响波形,但分段越多,产生的波动越小。此外,相同分段数下,弹性边界下产生的波形整体波动比自由边界要小。
为了进一步讨论边界的影响,将自由边界和弹性边界下的设计结果以及弹性边界下设计出的相对密度分布和等效模型代入自由边界得到的结果进行比较,如图14所示,其中:带圆点的红色线是在弹性边界下的设计结果,带三角的蓝色线是依据设计值重新设计出的结果,带正方形的绿色线是采用在弹性边界下设计出的相对密度分布和等效模型计算出的结果。可以看出,边界不影响设计结果,但相同的等效模型在不同边界下的冲击时间基本相同,波形存在较大差异。这说明边界不影响冲击时间,但会影响波形。
通过比较自由边界和弹性边界反向设计同种加速度波形的相对密度分布,如图14所示,可以发现:在自由边界条件下实现正弦加速度波形更合理,因为它需要的泡沫铝长度更短,所需相对密度的范围更小,也就意味着对于高幅值、宽脉宽的加速度波形在自由边界下的模拟效果更好;而实现三角加速度波形在弹性边界更为合理,因为它可通过调节刚度系数来影响相对密度,使得设计出的相对密度不至于过小,难以生产制造,也就意味着对于低幅值加速度波形的模拟在弹性边界下更为合适,同时弹性边界下可完整模拟整个波形。在自由边界下模拟三角加速度波形时,波形越靠近零,相对密度也越接近零,这将无法生产制造,同时也会导致迭代过程中容易出现相对密度为负数的情况,从而使泡沫铝自由端与被撞质量块的相对速度无法为零,从理论上无法预测冲击时间。因此,自由边界从理论上无法模拟完整三角波形,或者说无法完整模拟任意到零或接近零的波形。
2种边界设计出的加速度波形基本一致,说明无论在哪种边界,通过本研究的设计策略均能设计出相同的波形。同时,结合三角和正弦加速度波形的设计算例,验证了密度梯度设计策略的通用性。因此,在本研究提及的2种边界中,密度梯度设计策略对于任意起始端非零加速度波形的设计是有效的,且具有通用性。
针对梯度泡沫金属在高冲击波形调控中的应用,系统开展了在不同边界条件下的冲击波形发生理论建模与逆向梯度设计方法研究。基于质量与动量守恒定律,分别构建了自由边界与弹性边界下梯度泡沫金属冲击波形发生的控制方程,揭示了冲击波传播与泡沫金属密度梯度之间的耦合机制。在此基础上,提出了一种基于平均相对密度约束与高斯-牛顿迭代的密度梯度反向设计策略,实现了从目标加速度波形到材料梯度分布的逆向求解。有限元仿真验证表明,仿真得到的波形特征与理论值及设计值基本吻合,在不同边界条件下,所提方法均能有效生成目标加速度波形,如三角波和半正弦波。
对比2种边界设计结果发现,在自由边界下模拟低幅值或末端趋零的波形时,理论设计中可能出现相对密度接近于零的区域,给实际制造带来困难,因此,模拟高幅值、宽脉宽的加速度波形效果更好;而弹性边界可通过刚度调节优化密度分布,改善低幅值波形的可制造性。梯度泡沫金属在分段制备时,若分段数过少,即相邻段的阻抗差异过大,会导致波形出现较大波动,影响波形的饱满度与精度。分析了边界对波形的影响,发现边界几乎不影响冲击时间,但会导致波形改变。
本研究提出的密度梯度反向设计策略具有通用性,适用于不同边界条件和多种目标波形,且设计过程不依赖于经验试错,显著提高了设计效率与精度。该方法为高冲击量值波形的精准生成提供了理论依据与实用化设计工具,可用于航空安全测试、冲击防护装备等领域的梯度泡沫材料定制化开发。

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2026年第40卷第7期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261046
  • 接收时间:2026-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2026-07-05
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-06
  • 修回日期:2026-04-20
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    1南京航空航天大学航空学院, 江苏 南京 210016
    2南京航空航天大学多功能轻量化材料与结构工信部重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210016
    3南京航空航天大学航空航天结构力学及控制全国重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210016
    4中国飞机强度研究所强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710065

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刘家贵(1985-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事爆炸力学与冲击动力学研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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种数
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species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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