Article(id=1325148466753708227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20261034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1772640000000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-05, revisedDate=1779984000000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793869614542, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1783180800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793869614542, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793869614542, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793869614542, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325146207672214104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='7', pageStart='070101-1', pageEnd='070114-14', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783180800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793869075935, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793870526447, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325152292009279913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325152292009279914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325146207672214104, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=070107-1, endPage=070107-13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325148467559014596, articleId=1325148466753708227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Effect of Polyurethane Colloid Content on the Ballistic Performance of Prepreg PBO Fiber Composite Laminates, columnId=1325146208670458457, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Mechanical Behavior of Lightweight Composite Protective Materials and Structures, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of weak interfacial bonding and insufficient ballistic performance in poly-p-phenylene ben-zobisoxazole (PBO) fiber composites caused by the chemically inert fiber surface, the waterborne polyurethane impregnation followed by a hot-pressing process was employed to fabricate PBO composite laminates with varying resin mass fractions (18.40% and 20.45%) and numbers of fiber layers (10, 20, and 30 layers). The tensile properties, ballistic limit, failure modes, and energy absorption mechanisms of the composites were investigated through quasi-static tensile testing, ballistic experiments, and X-ray computed tomography (CT). The results indicate that this process can effectively improve the formability and protective performance of the PBO fiber composite laminates. In comparison with the specimen exhibiting a resin mass fraction of 20.45%, the 30-layer specimen with a resin mass fraction of 18.40% demonstrated a 14.86% increase in tensile strength and a 28.33% increase in elastic modulus. The ballistic limit increases with resin content. The ballistic limit of the 10-layer and 20-layer specimens with a resin mass fraction of 20.45% increases by 9.9% and 5.3%, respectively. However, the increasing effect diminishes with a greater number of layers. For the 30-layer specimens, the difference in resin mass fraction between the two resins was less than 1%. The primary failure modes of the composite laminates include fiber shear fracture, matrix cracking and delamination, and fiber tensile fracture. Energy absorption is achieved through the synergistic mechanisms of fiber compressive deformation, shear, and tensile fracture. Efficiency of the energy absorption decreases with increasing impact velocity, while it increases with the number of layers under the same impact velocity. The effect of colloid content diminishes significantly for numerous layers. The study can provide a reference for the design of ballistic protection using PBO fiber composites.

, authors=Zihan SU1, Xiangyu LI1, Minzu LIANG1, 2, Jie WANG1, Yuliang LIN1, Yuwu ZHANG1, authorsList=Zihan SU, Xiangyu LI, Minzu LIANG, Jie WANG, Yuliang LIN, Yuwu ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Minzu LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325148473791750363, articleId=1325148466753708227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=聚氨酯胶体含量对预浸PBO纤维复合板弹道性能的影响, columnId=1325146208871785051, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对聚对苯撑苯并二噁唑(poly-p-phenylene ben-zobisthiazole,PBO)纤维表面化学惰性导致的复合材料界面结合弱、弹道性能不足的问题,采用水性聚氨酯预浸与热压工艺,制备了不同胶体质量分数(18.40%和20.45%)和纤维层数(10、20、30)的PBO复合板,通过准静态拉伸、弹道实验和X射线计算机断层扫描技术,研究了复合材料的拉伸性能、弹道极限、失效模式及能量吸收机制。结果表明:该工艺可有效改善PBO纤维复合板的成形与防护性能;与胶体质量分数为20.45%的试样相比,胶体质量分数为18.40%的30层试样的抗拉强度提升了14.86%,弹性模量提升28.33%;弹道极限随胶体质量分数的增加而提高,10、20层试样中20.45%胶体质量分数试样的弹道极限分别提升了9.9%、5.3%,但随着层数增加的幅度逐渐减弱,30层时二者差值不足1%;复合板的主要失效模式包括纤维剪切断裂、基体破裂分层及纤维拉伸断裂;能量吸收通过纤维压缩变形、剪切与拉伸断裂协同实现,吸能效率随冲击速度提高呈下降趋势,随层数增加而增强,而胶体质量分数的影响在高层数时减弱。研究结果可为PBO纤维复合材料的弹道防护设计提供参考。

, authors=苏子涵1, 李翔宇1, 梁民族1, 2, 王洁1, 林玉亮1, 张玉武1, authorsList=苏子涵, 李翔宇, 梁民族, 王洁, 林玉亮, 张玉武, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梁民族, authorNote=

苏子涵(2002-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事高效毁伤与防护研究. E-mail:

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梁民族(1989-),男,博士,教授,主要从事高效毁伤与防护研究. E-mail:
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Density/(g·cm−3)Tensile strength/GPaTensile modulus/GPaBreaking elongation/%
1.543.80129.713.98
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PBO纤维性能参数

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Density/(g·cm−3)Tensile strength/GPaTensile modulus/GPaBreaking elongation/%
1.543.80129.713.98
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Solid mass fraction/%pH valueTear resistance/MPaElastic modulus/MPa
406.8–7.533–453.2–5.6
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YC-2水性聚氨酯性能参数

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Solid mass fraction/%pH valueTear resistance/MPaElastic modulus/MPa
406.8–7.533–453.2–5.6
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Specimen No.Number of fabric layersColloid mass fraction/%Area density/(kg·m−2)
S11020.451.77
S22020.453.48
S33020.455.21
S41018.401.75
S52018.403.43
S63018.405.16
), ArticleFig(id=1325148506951917863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148466753708227, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PBO纤维复合板参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Specimen No.Number of fabric layersColloid mass fraction/%Area density/(kg·m−2)
S11020.451.77
S22020.453.48
S33020.455.21
S41018.401.75
S52018.403.43
S63018.405.16
), ArticleFig(id=1325148507358765352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148466753708227, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Ballistic limit performance test results of composite panels, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test No.SpecimenNumber of layersColloid mass fraction/%Impact velocity/(m·s–1)Residual velocity/(m·s–1)Energy absorption/JDeformation/mmPenetrated or not
T1S11020.45238−26116.514.38No
T2S11020.45297−24182.318.48No
T3S11020.45313−14203.420.28No
T4S11020.453190211.721.04No
T5S11020.45327229113.59.34Yes
T6S11020.45333244106.89.48Yes
T7S22020.45333−13230.319.08No
T8S22020.45339147194.113.28Yes
T9S33020.453420243.315.52No
T10S33020.45349111227.713.04Yes
T11S41018.40292−21176.425.00No
T12S41018.4029621090.511.50Yes
T13S41018.4033326287.511.50Yes
T14S52018.40319−13211.325.58No
T15S52018.40320129178.415.26Yes
T16S63018.403390239.016.06No
T17S63018.40349144210.215.16Yes
), ArticleFig(id=1325148507778195753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325148466753708227, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

复合板弹道极限性能测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test No.SpecimenNumber of layersColloid mass fraction/%Impact velocity/(m·s–1)Residual velocity/(m·s–1)Energy absorption/JDeformation/mmPenetrated or not
T1S11020.45238−26116.514.38No
T2S11020.45297−24182.318.48No
T3S11020.45313−14203.420.28No
T4S11020.453190211.721.04No
T5S11020.45327229113.59.34Yes
T6S11020.45333244106.89.48Yes
T7S22020.45333−13230.319.08No
T8S22020.45339147194.113.28Yes
T9S33020.453420243.315.52No
T10S33020.45349111227.713.04Yes
T11S41018.40292−21176.425.00No
T12S41018.4029621090.511.50Yes
T13S41018.4033326287.511.50Yes
T14S52018.40319−13211.325.58No
T15S52018.40320129178.415.26Yes
T16S63018.403390239.016.06No
T17S63018.40349144210.215.16Yes
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聚氨酯胶体含量对预浸PBO纤维复合板弹道性能的影响
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苏子涵 1 , 李翔宇 1 , 梁民族 1, 2 , 王洁 1 , 林玉亮 1 , 张玉武 1
高压物理学报 | 轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为 2026,40(7): 070107-1-070107-13
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高压物理学报 |轻质复合防护材料与结构的力学行为 2026 , 40 (7) : 070107-1 -070107-13
聚氨酯胶体含量对预浸PBO纤维复合板弹道性能的影响
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苏子涵1 , 李翔宇1, 梁民族1, 2 , 王洁1, 林玉亮1, 张玉武1
作者信息
  • 1国防科技大学理学院, 湖南 长沙 410073
  • 2军事科学院国防工程研究院目标易损性评估全国重点实验室, 北京 471000
通讯作者:
梁民族(1989-),男,博士,教授,主要从事高效毁伤与防护研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

苏子涵(2002-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事高效毁伤与防护研究. E-mail:

Effect of Polyurethane Colloid Content on the Ballistic Performance of Prepreg PBO Fiber Composite Laminates
Zihan SU1 , Xiangyu LI1, Minzu LIANG1, 2 , Jie WANG1, Yuliang LIN1, Yuwu ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, Hunan, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Target Vulnerability Assessment, Defense Engineering Institute, ASM, Beijing 471000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261034
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针对聚对苯撑苯并二噁唑(poly-p-phenylene ben-zobisthiazole,PBO)纤维表面化学惰性导致的复合材料界面结合弱、弹道性能不足的问题,采用水性聚氨酯预浸与热压工艺,制备了不同胶体质量分数(18.40%和20.45%)和纤维层数(10、20、30)的PBO复合板,通过准静态拉伸、弹道实验和X射线计算机断层扫描技术,研究了复合材料的拉伸性能、弹道极限、失效模式及能量吸收机制。结果表明:该工艺可有效改善PBO纤维复合板的成形与防护性能;与胶体质量分数为20.45%的试样相比,胶体质量分数为18.40%的30层试样的抗拉强度提升了14.86%,弹性模量提升28.33%;弹道极限随胶体质量分数的增加而提高,10、20层试样中20.45%胶体质量分数试样的弹道极限分别提升了9.9%、5.3%,但随着层数增加的幅度逐渐减弱,30层时二者差值不足1%;复合板的主要失效模式包括纤维剪切断裂、基体破裂分层及纤维拉伸断裂;能量吸收通过纤维压缩变形、剪切与拉伸断裂协同实现,吸能效率随冲击速度提高呈下降趋势,随层数增加而增强,而胶体质量分数的影响在高层数时减弱。研究结果可为PBO纤维复合材料的弹道防护设计提供参考。

PBO纤维  /  聚氨酯胶体  /  弹道极限  /  失效模式  /  能量吸收

To address the issue of weak interfacial bonding and insufficient ballistic performance in poly-p-phenylene ben-zobisoxazole (PBO) fiber composites caused by the chemically inert fiber surface, the waterborne polyurethane impregnation followed by a hot-pressing process was employed to fabricate PBO composite laminates with varying resin mass fractions (18.40% and 20.45%) and numbers of fiber layers (10, 20, and 30 layers). The tensile properties, ballistic limit, failure modes, and energy absorption mechanisms of the composites were investigated through quasi-static tensile testing, ballistic experiments, and X-ray computed tomography (CT). The results indicate that this process can effectively improve the formability and protective performance of the PBO fiber composite laminates. In comparison with the specimen exhibiting a resin mass fraction of 20.45%, the 30-layer specimen with a resin mass fraction of 18.40% demonstrated a 14.86% increase in tensile strength and a 28.33% increase in elastic modulus. The ballistic limit increases with resin content. The ballistic limit of the 10-layer and 20-layer specimens with a resin mass fraction of 20.45% increases by 9.9% and 5.3%, respectively. However, the increasing effect diminishes with a greater number of layers. For the 30-layer specimens, the difference in resin mass fraction between the two resins was less than 1%. The primary failure modes of the composite laminates include fiber shear fracture, matrix cracking and delamination, and fiber tensile fracture. Energy absorption is achieved through the synergistic mechanisms of fiber compressive deformation, shear, and tensile fracture. Efficiency of the energy absorption decreases with increasing impact velocity, while it increases with the number of layers under the same impact velocity. The effect of colloid content diminishes significantly for numerous layers. The study can provide a reference for the design of ballistic protection using PBO fiber composites.

poly-p-phenylene ben-zobisoxazole fiber  /  polyurethane colloid  /  ballistic limit  /  failure mode  /  energy absorption
苏子涵, 李翔宇, 梁民族, 王洁, 林玉亮, 张玉武. 聚氨酯胶体含量对预浸PBO纤维复合板弹道性能的影响. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (7) : 070107-1 -070107-13 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261034
Zihan SU, Xiangyu LI, Minzu LIANG, Jie WANG, Yuliang LIN, Yuwu ZHANG. Effect of Polyurethane Colloid Content on the Ballistic Performance of Prepreg PBO Fiber Composite Laminates[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (7) : 070107-1 -070107-13 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261034
在现代战场环境中,防护装甲性能对装备和人员的安全至关重要。传统装甲材料虽然具备较高的防护能力,但其质量大、灵活性差的缺点限制了装备的机动性和作战效能。纤维增强树脂基复合材料因其高比强度、高比模量以及轻质化特性,成为替代传统装甲的重要选择[1]。如何进一步提高纤维增强树脂基复合材料的防弹性能,实现装备的轻质高强防护,仍是当前研究的关键挑战。近年来,聚对苯撑苯并二噁唑(poly-p-phenylene ben-zobisthiazole,PBO)纤维因其卓越的力学性能和耐高温、阻燃特性,在防弹材料领域备受关注[2–3]。然而,PBO纤维极高的表面化学惰性导致其与树脂基体的界面结合强度不足,严重制约了在复合材料中充分发挥其优异的力学性能[4],导致PBO纤维复合材料的实际弹道性能往往低于理论预期。
近年来,为改善PBO纤维的界面性能,国内外学者针对PBO纤维复合材料进行了大量研究,并取得了一系列进展。在PBO纤维力学性能方面,Lei等[5]通过实验研究了PBO纤维的准静态和动态力学性能,发现随着应变速率的增大,PBO纤维发生了韧-脆转变,在高应变速率下,PBO纤维中出现明显的径向劈裂和纤维化现象。Xie等[6]通过不同功率和时间的氧气等离子体处理对PBO纤维进行表面改性,显著提升了PBO纤维与树脂的界面剪切强度。Tang等[7]通过表面接枝改性制备的复合材料的抗弯强度与层间剪切强度均获得大幅提升。Liu等[8]以PBO纤维作为增强材料,制备了波透明层压复合材料,层间剪切强度和弯曲强度分别为50.7和682.5 MPa。王斌等[9]通过引入纳米纤维膜构建梯度界面,以增强层间性能。Peng等[10]将一系列具有不同刚度和韧性的环氧树脂与PBO纤维结合,评价其准静态力学性能,分析其抵抗弹道冲击的有效性,发现基体韧性在提高防弹性能方面发挥着关键作用,它促进了更好的能量分配,减轻了纤维损伤。在复合材料抗冲击领域,He等[11]以高性能PBO纤维作为增强材料,将PBO纤维经过氧气等离子体表面处理,并与环氧树脂三聚体相结合,设计了一种具有多尺度耗能结构的新型复合材料,复合材料表现出优异的界面黏合性能。Chen等[12]采用能量法结合应力波传播和弹丸运动分析,构建了目标损伤工程分析模型,通过弹道测试测量PBO复合材料层压板穿孔后钢圆柱形弹丸的残余速度,并将其与分析模型预测值进行比较,误差小于2.6%。宫平等[13]采用铺层模压的方式制备了PBO纤维织物增强复合材料,并研究了其防弹特性,分析了不同树脂基体、纤维含量及铺层方式等因素对PBO纤维复合材料抗弹性能的影响。陆瑶等[14]通过静电纺丝在PBO平织织物上涂覆了一层聚丙烯腈(polyacrylonitrile,PAN)纳米纤维膜,分层固化获得复合材料,在PBO纤维与环氧树脂之间形成梯度界面,从而提高复合材料的界面强度。Guo等[15]在PBO纤维表面开发了一种刚柔过渡界面,以增强其界面黏附并改善碳纤维层压板的层间增韧效果,这种刚柔结构还为界面载荷传递提供了平滑的模量梯度,有效利用了PBO纤维的优异机械性能,并耗散更多的断裂能量。
以上研究表明,PBO纤维具有良好的抗冲击性能,可作为增强材料与树脂相结合形成复合材料,通过改变树脂的种类和含量、纤维的铺层方式以及对纤维本身进行改性,可以改善PBO纤维弹道的防护性能。然而,已有研究主要集中于通过定性方法改善PBO纤维复合材料的防护性能。对于决定装甲设计的关键定量参数,如弹道极限速度、能量吸收率及纤维随冲击速度变化的规律缺乏系统性的实验研究与机理分析,特别是关于聚氨酯基体中胶体含量与复合材料铺层层数如何协同影响PBO纤维复合材料的弹道性能与失效机理尚缺乏深入探讨,极大地限制了其在弹道防护工程中的应用。
为了探明PBO纤维弹道极限性能和能量吸收机制,解决现有研究对聚氨酯胶体含量与纤维铺层层数的作用规律揭示不足的问题,为现代战争中急需的具有良好弹道防护性能的靶板提供新的解决方案。本研究将采用水性聚氨酯预浸与热压工艺,制备不同胶体含量及纤维布层数的PBO纤维复合材料,系统分析其弹道响应、损伤失效模式及能量吸收规律。在界面调控机理上,明确聚氨酯胶体含量与纤维层数对PBO纤维-基体界面结合及应力传递的协同影响规律,补充聚氨酯基体下两者耦合调控界面性能的定量研究;在弹道吸能机制上,厘清胶体含量与层数共同作用下复合板多失效模式的吸能协同机制,完善弹道极限、能量吸收率等关键参数的系统性分析;在工艺优化应用上,优化水性聚氨酯预浸PBO纤维的热压工艺参数,为PBO纤维复合材料在弹道防护领域的工程应用提供参考。
PBO纤维采用浙江中科金绮新材料公司生产的AS 1100/330高强纤维平纹布,面密度为140 g/m2,性能参数见表1。水性聚氨酯采用安徽远辰新材料公司生产的YC-2阴离子聚酯型脂肪族聚氨酯分散液,性能参数见表2。
试样制备前对PBO纤维布进行预浸处理。首先,对纤维平纹布进行电晕处理,以提升表面活性;随后,将其浸入调配好的水性聚氨酯胶液中,使胶体充分浸润纤维;接着,用精密轧辊均匀挤除多余胶料后,将纤维布送入多段控温烘道,先以较低温度温和脱除大部分水分,再逐步升温使聚氨酯乳胶粒子聚结、成膜并固化,形成聚氨酯含量(质量分数)分别为18.40%和20.45%的PBO纤维布预浸料。
采用激光光束将PBO预浸纤维布裁剪成尺寸为150 mm×150 mm的方形试样,采用热压工艺制备复合板,流程如图1所示。含胶量分别为20.45%与18.40%的2类试样均在接触压力下升温至160 ℃,随后执行不同的热压过程。对于含胶量为20.45%的试样,直接施加8 MPa并保压;对于含胶量为18.40%的试样,先加压至10 MPa并保压10 min,再升压至24 MPa继续保压。所有试样的保压时间均根据纤维布层数确定,其中10、20和30层分别保压15、20和30 min。保压结束后对试样进行水冷处理,最终得到具有不同面密度与含胶量的PBO纤维复合板,具体参数见表3。
参照国家标准GB/T 1447—2005,采用电子万能试验机对PBO复合材料试样进行准静态拉伸实验。试样尺寸为205 mm×10 mm×4.32 mm,有效拉伸区长度为60 mm,两端夹持区长度为45 mm,夹持区宽度为20 mm,如图2所示。以2 mm/min恒定横梁位移速率进行单轴拉伸,直至试样失效。实验全程同步采集载荷及位移数据,基于标距段原始尺寸计算得到材料的应力-应变曲线,从而获取其弹性模量、拉伸强度及断裂伸长率等力学性能参数。
采用20 mm口径的轻气炮加载系统开展弹道性能实验,实验布置如图3所示。弹体为钢制球形弹丸,直径为10 mm,质量为4.16 g。为满足发射密封要求并确保弹丸达到预定速度,弹丸外部包覆特制的聚四氟乙烯弹托。在炮口与复合靶板之间设置的分离装置作用下,弹托于出膛后与弹丸分离,从而保证弹丸以设定的速度飞行。在弹道一侧垂直布置高速摄影机(帧频30000 幅/秒,快门1/60000 s)及照明系统,用于观测PBO纤维复合靶板的变形过程与弹丸运动姿态。实验中通过电磁传感器触发示波器与高速相机,示波器的触发电压设置为920 mV。
剩余速度是评估PBO纤维复合板弹道防护性能与能量吸收效率的关键参数。本实验采用单目视觉测量方法,基于高速摄影获取弹体的初始速度与剩余速度。利用高速相机的高帧频特性,连续记录弹丸在已知距离内的运动过程。距炮口25 cm处设置尺度参考靶板,通过图像处理获取弹丸在相邻帧之间的像素位移。
图4给出了2组30层PBO纤维复合板试样的拉伸应力-应变曲线,其聚氨酯胶体质量分数分别为20.45%(试样S3)和18.40%(试样S6)。由曲线初始线性段可知,试样S3的弹性模量和抗拉强度分别为4913和370 MPa,试样S6则分别为6305和425 MPa。胶体质量分数为18.40%的试样S6的树脂占比更低,相应的PBO纤维体积分数更高,在准静态拉伸载荷下,纤维能直接承担主要载荷,充分发挥其高模量、高强度的固有力学特性,因此,抗拉强度与弹性模量显著更优,其抗拉强度较试样S3提升了14.86%,弹性模量提升了28.33%。在拉伸过程中,2种试样均表现出明显的弹性变形特征,且试样S6的线性段斜率更大,在相同铺层数下,胶体质量分数较低的试样在弹性阶段具有更强的抗变形能力。此外,胶体质量分数为20.45%的复合板表现出更高的极限应变,其延展性更好。准静态加载下应变率低、载荷传递充分,力学性能主要由纤维体积分数决定,纤维占比越高,强度与模量越优。
在拉伸载荷作用下,试样变形形貌如图5所示,主要失效模式包括层间剥离、局部塑性变形及纤维断裂。层间界面受剪切应力与法向拉应力的共同作用,当其超过层间结合强度时,引发界面脱黏与分层现象,表现为典型的层间开裂形貌。试样中段因应力集中,基体材料发生了明显的局部塑性拉伸变形,该区域形貌呈现颈缩或局部延展特征。试样边缘区域的纤维在应力达到其抗拉强度极限后出现断裂,纤维拔出与拔断痕迹清晰可见。以上破坏模式共同反映了材料在复杂应力状态下的渐进失效过程,变形失效形貌与材料的界面性能、基体延性及纤维强度密切有关。
为研究PBO纤维层数与靶板胶体含量对弹道性能、变形失效模式和能量吸收特性的影响规律,开展了26发弹道侵彻实验,其中参与数据计算的有效实验为17发。实验采用对比设计,将试样按胶体含量分为2组,T1~T10为高胶体含量组(20.45%),T11~T17为低胶体含量组(18.40%)。每组调整纤维铺层数来考察层数效应,实现对胶体含量和纤维层数2个关键参数分析。实验结果及对应的冲击速度、剩余速度、变形量、能量吸收量等数据见表4。
通过V50法[16]计算复合板的弹道极限速度,采用平均2次撞击速度(一次为穿透的最小速度,一次为未穿透的最大速度)方法进行计算,并要求其差值在15 m/s以内,以确保数据的一致性。弹道极限速度可表示为
$ \mathit{v} _{ \mathrm{50}} =\mathrm{(} \mathit{v} _{ \mathrm{p,min}} +\mathit{v} _{\mathrm{np,\max }} \mathrm{)/2} $
$ \mathit{v} _{ \mathrm{p,min}} - \mathit{v} _{ \mathrm{np,\max }} \mathrm{\leqslant 15} $
式中:v50为弹道极限速度,vp,min为弹丸击穿复合板时的最小初始撞击速度,vnp,max为弹丸未击穿复合板时的最大初始撞击速度。
图6展示了不同胶体含量和铺层数下PBO纤维复合板的弹道极限。实验测得胶体质量分数为18.40%的10、20、30层复合板的弹道极限分别为294、319和344 m/s。胶体质量分数为20.45%的10、20和30层复合板的弹道极限分别为323、336和346 m/s。随着纤维铺层数增加,复合板弹道极限持续提高,但提升幅度逐渐减小,呈现明显的层合板厚度饱和效应[17–18]。当层数由10增至20、30时,靶板整体刚度与厚度显著提升,冲击应力波在板内的传播距离增加、应力衰减加快,难以在厚度方向形成充分的拉伸变形区。
在层数相同时,适当提高胶体质量分数可提升弹道极限:当层数较低(10层)时,提升幅度最为明显,提升了29 m/s,增幅为9.9%;20层时,弹道极限提升了17 m/s,增幅为5.3%;30层时,2类复合板的弹道极限相近,仅增加2 m/s,增幅不足1%。基体对弹道极限性能的影响逐渐减弱,层数较少时,复合板的抗侵彻性能主要依赖于纤维-基体界面的应力传递效率和基体对纤维的支撑作用。较高的胶体含量能形成更连续、强韧的树脂基体,增强层间黏结,从而更有效地激发纤维的拉伸变形与断裂等能量吸收机制,因此,胶体质量分数在18.40%~20.45%区间内,弹道极限呈现随胶体质量分数增加而提高的趋势。
准静态力学性能与弹道冲击性能呈现不同规律,其根本原因在于加载速率与主导机制的显著差异。在准静态条件下,性能由纤维体积分数主导,低胶体含量因纤维占比高而强度与模量更优;高速冲击属于高应变率动态加载,应力波在极短时间内传播,能量耗散不依赖静态强度,而是由界面黏结效率、层间约束能力和基体韧性共同决定。结合图7靶板损伤形貌可以看出:低胶体质量分数(18.40%)试样的界面结合较弱,高速冲击下易出现早期层间分层与纤维-基体脱黏,试样S6中迎弹面无明显局部凹陷,仅呈现大范围面内屈曲及星芒状放射褶皱,褶皱扩展范围大,纤维层松散翘起,呈现明显的层间剥离痕迹,纤维拔出长度较长、分布分散,无局部压实变形特征,应力无法快速传递至深层纤维,参与吸能的纤维数量有限,能量耗散不充分,因此,弹道性能偏低;而高胶体质量分数(20.45%)试样的界面黏结更强,基体连续性更好,可有效抑制层间提前分层,保证应力在厚度方向快速传递,试样S3中弹点周围呈现明显的局部侵彻凹陷,迎弹面以星芒状放射裂纹为主,褶皱扩展范围更收敛、多集中在侵彻点周边,纤维拔出长度短、分布紧凑,层间界面未发生明显脱黏与分层,使多层纤维协同变形、协同断裂吸能,从而获得更高的弹道极限。
随着纤维层数的增加,胶体含量对弹道极限的影响逐渐减弱,在30层时,2种胶体含量复合板的弹道极限只相差不足1%。随着复合板层数增加,材料的整体厚度和面密度均变大,靶板厚度效应与多层纤维的协同承载作用占据主导,成为抗侵彻的主要因素。纤维的承载作用和层间应力波耗散机制增强,胶体含量在能量分配中的相对贡献下降,导致其对弹道极限的影响随层数增加而趋于弱化。在PBO纤维复合材料弹道设计时:对于薄型结构,应注重优化胶体含量以强化界面;而对于较厚复合板,则需更加注重纤维铺层架构与整体刚度性能。
图7为典型工况中PBO纤维复合板迎弹面的破坏形貌。在弹丸速度为327 m/s的侵彻工况下,弹丸发生回弹,此时靶板背弹面变形量为20.28 mm。当侵彻速度提高至333 m/s时,弹丸贯穿靶板,背弹面变形量降至9.48 mm,较327 m/s工况降低了53.25%。此时,厚度方向已被贯穿,复合板中的横向应力波尚未充分扩展至远处,因此对弹丸后续运动的影响显著减弱。当弹丸速度超过弹道极限后,侵彻速度越高,纤维主导的失效模式越倾向于瞬时剪切断裂,而纤维拉伸变形与界面分层等吸能机制的作用减弱,导致复合板整体吸能效率下降。该现象与季海波等[19]在研究芳纶层合板抗平头弹侵彻性能时所得的结论一致。弹丸初始速度超过靶板弹道极限后,残余速度随初始速度近似线性递增。此时,靶板吸能机制由纤维拉伸主导转向由剪切主导,吸能效率降低。结果表明,当侵彻速度超过弹道极限时,复合板的主要失效机理会发生转变。
受实验条件限制,以及复合板较小、弹道散布等问题,弹丸击中复合板的位置存在微小偏移,这对复合板的抗冲击宏观表现会产生一定的影响,但失效区域都未延伸到复合板边缘,因此忽略此微小影响。在弹道侵彻实验后,观察到所有复合板外观均出现了损伤,主要表现为复合板穿孔、背面凸起以及整体弯曲,这些现象反映了复合板在吸收弹丸能量过程中的响应特征。
本研究制备的PBO纤维复合材料界面结合行为与传统高性能纤维复合材料基本一致:界面附着力升高,层间界面结合强度随之增强,应力传递效率与层间抵抗分层能力也相应提升[20]。可以看出,图7中迎弹面褶皱以星芒状放射形为主,该形貌由弹丸侵彻产生的面内剪切应力沿弹着点呈放射状扩散所致,应力传导过程中引发纤维与基体的协同变形,形成规律性星芒状褶皱。在弹丸侵彻作用下,S2、S3组(含胶量为20.45%)试样的迎弹面均出现较为明显的凹陷,因胶体含量较高,形成了更连续的树脂基体,层间黏结力更强,冲击能量更多集中于侵彻局部区域,引发基体与纤维的局部压实变形;而S5、S6组(含胶量为18.40%)试样的迎弹面除出现部分面内屈曲褶皱变形外,无明显凹陷,源于较低胶体含量下纤维体积分数更高,基体对纤维的约束相对较弱,冲击能量更易通过面内屈曲与褶皱变形耗散,而非局部压实。相同弹速、相同胶体质量分数下,20层靶板的放射裂纹扩展范围更大,30层靶板的放射褶皱长度更短、扩展范围更收敛且多集中在侵彻点周边小区域内,这是因为靶板层数增加使层间约束与多层纤维协同承载能力显著增强,应力波的传播与扩散被有效抑制,难以向远场传递。褶皱产生的原因是冲击应力超过层间界面结合强度引发的分层现象,纤维层数增加可通过层间的相互约束提升结构抗变形能力,从而有效抑制复合板分层失效的扩散。含胶量20.45%的靶板呈现侵彻凹陷的破坏模式,这是因为高胶含量下强界面黏结使靶板以局部塑性压实为主要能量吸收方式;而含胶量为18.40%的靶板呈现局部压痕、面内屈曲和褶皱变形的复合破坏模式,因低胶含量下界面黏结相对温和,冲击能量可通过局部压痕、面内屈曲及层间褶皱等多种形式协同耗散,与该含量下靶板的变形与吸能特性匹配。
图8展示了PBO纤维复合板在弹道实验后的典型失效形貌。破坏模式主要表现为纤维的宏观拉伸变形与断裂、基体材料的变形与破裂,该特征与文献[21]中硬质合金破片侵彻超高分子量聚乙烯(ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene,UHMWPE)层合板所报告的失效行为具有一致性。具体而言,在迎弹面弹孔周边区域,纤维断口平齐,呈现典型的剪切断裂特征;而在复合板内部及背面,可观察到纤维的显著拉伸变形、颈缩乃至拉断现象,并伴有基体碎裂产生的碎片分布(图8(a)和图8(b)),这分别对应了以纤维剪切和纤维拉伸为主导的2种失效机制,反映了冲击过程中材料响应的应变率效应与应力状态差异。
进一步地,根据损伤区域的力学响应特征,可将失效区域划分为主变形区和次变形区(图8(c))。将以弹着点为中心的十字形区域定义为主变形区,该区域内纤维与弹体直接相互作用,承受极高的压缩与剪切应力,导致材料压实、剪切破坏与背部凹陷。主变形区外围为次变形区,其变形主要来源于应力波的传播与复合板的整体弯曲响应,形貌上表现为纤维的褶皱变形与层间的轻微分离,能量吸收以纤维的拉伸变形和界面脱黏为主。失效模式表明,PBO纤维复合板的抗侵彻性能与其在局部冲击下的多模式失效机制密切相关,不同区域主导的破坏形式共同决定了整体能量耗散效率。
在不同弹丸速度侵彻下PBO纤维复合板的CT扫描结果如图9所示。当弹丸初速度为238和297 m/s时,未达到复合板弹道极限,PBO纤维复合板在弹丸侵彻作用下发生明显的背凸变形,挠度分别达到14.38和18.48 mm。复合板达到最大背凸后开始回弹,在弹靶开始接触时以剪切失效为主要失效模式,随后复合板失效模式逐渐转变为基体破裂和纤维拉伸变形。当弹丸初速度为327 m/s,高于复合板弹道极限时,在弹靶接触初期,依旧以剪切失效为主要失效模式,背凸挠度可达20.28 mm,随着弹丸与复合板的持续作用,复合板基体发生破裂分层,纤维出现拉伸变形,当拉伸变形达到极限后,随着弹丸继续侵彻,纤维发生拉伸断裂,最终弹丸击穿复合板。当弹丸初速度为333 m/s,远大于复合板弹道极限时,复合板失效以剪切失效为主,背凸变形明显减少,挠度仅为9.48 mm。
图10展示了弹丸侵彻PBO纤维复合板过程中应力波传播主导的动态失效机理。弹靶接触瞬间,由于相对速度极高,在接触界面法向激发出强烈的压缩应力波,同时在面内方向产生显著的剪切应力分量。该剪切应力导致表层纤维发生瞬时剪切断裂,形成初始弹孔。压缩应力波传播至复合板背面自由面后发生反射,转化为拉伸应力波反向传播。在拉伸波作用下,背弹面附近纤维发生明显的拉伸变形。同时,弹丸持续侵入,接触区前沿的纤维继续承受高剪切载荷而发生断裂。随着入射压缩波与反射拉伸波在板内特定位置交汇,其叠加产生的拉应力超过层间界面强度,引发基体分层失效,表现为典型的层间剥离现象。在侵彻后期,弹靶相对速度逐渐减小,纤维主要承受拉伸载荷并发生大变形。当纤维变形达到其极限应变时,最终发生拉伸断裂,完成整个侵彻穿孔过程。该过程表明,PBO纤维复合板在高速冲击下的失效是多种应力波共同作用、多种破坏模式时序叠加的结果,能量吸收机制依次体现为纤维剪切、层间分层与纤维拉伸断裂。
弹丸侵彻PBO复合板过程中,复合板的能量吸收Ea等于弹丸动能的降低量,可以表示为
$ E_{\mathrm{a}}=\frac{1}{2}mv_{\mathrm{i}}^2-\frac{1}{2}mv_{\mathrm{r}}^2 $
式中:m为弹丸质量。
考虑到弹丸速度通过轻气炮气压调控难以实现完全一致,本实验将相近工况下的弹速误差控制在10%以内,该误差范围不会对能量吸收特性的分析结果产生显著影响。
图11(a)展示了不同撞击速度下PBO纤维复合板的能量吸收情况。对于10层胶体质量分数为20.45%的复合板,撞击速度为333 m/s时吸收能量为106.8 J;相比之下,胶体质量分数为18.40%的10层复合板的能量吸收为87.5 J,整体较低。在相同冲击速度下,胶体质量分数较高(20.45%)的复合板普遍表现出更优的能量吸收性能。这种差异主要源于较高胶体含量所提供的更强界面黏结与应力传递能力,从而更有效地调动纤维的拉伸变形与断裂机制进行能量耗散。随着冲击速度的提高,2组试样的能量吸收量均有所上升,但高胶体含量体系的增长幅度更为显著,表明其在高速冲击下仍能维持较高的能量转化效率。因此,胶体含量是影响PBO纤维复合板弹道吸能性能的关键因素之一,通过调节胶体质量分数可有效调控复合板在动态冲击过程中的能量吸收行为。
如图11(b)所示,随着纤维层数的增加,以胶体质量分数为20.45%的复合板为例,在弹速为340 m/s左右的工况下:10层试样的能量吸收为106.8 J;20层试样的能量吸收提升至194.1 J,提升了87.3 J,提升幅度为81.6%;当进一步增至30层时,吸收能量为227.7 J,提升了33.6 J,提升幅度降至17.3%,吸能能力的提升幅度显著放缓。这一现象的本质机制在于,复合板中纤维布层数的增加会增大板材厚度,从而提升其抗弹性能,但随着纤维布层数增加,复合板整体刚度增强,弹丸侵彻过程中结构整体变形能力下降,导致弹丸与靶板达到速度一致所需时间延长,剪切作用阶段相应拉长。由于能量吸收主要依赖于纤维拉伸变形与断裂,可参与该过程的纤维数量随厚度增加而趋于饱和,因此,吸能效率的提升逐渐放缓。
对比图11(b)中的2个折线,胶体含量对能量吸收能力的影响随着纤维层数增加表现出逐渐弱化的趋势。在10层纤维复合板中,胶体质量分数为18.40%的试样的能量吸收为87.5 J,而胶体质量分数20.45%的试样的能量吸收为106.8 J,提升了19.3 J,提升约22.1%;20层纤维复合板中,胶体含量18.40%的试样的吸收能量为178.4 J,胶体质量分数20.45%的试样的吸收能量为194.1 J,提升了15.7 J,提升约8.8%;在30层纤维复合板条件下,试样S6和S3的能量吸收分别为210.2和 227.7 J,升高了17.5 J,能量吸收提升约8.3%。该变化趋势表明,胶体质量分数对能量吸收的增强效应随纤维层数增加而逐渐减弱。
该现象主要与应力波在复合材料中的传播特性及复合材料刚度有关。当层数较少时,由冲击激发的压缩波与背面反射的拉伸波交会显著,有利于诱发基体分层;此时,适当提高胶体含量可增强界面黏结,从而提升分层阶段的能量耗散效率。随着层数增加,靶板厚度增大导致应力波传播距离延长、波系交互作用减弱,分层吸能机制的贡献下降。同时,结构整体刚度显著提高,基体发生断裂所需能量阈值上升,使得胶体含量变化对最终吸能表现的影响相对降低。因此,在低层数体系中,提高胶体含量可通过促进分层变形与优化界面传力有效提升吸能;而在高层数条件下,由于复合材料刚度成为主导吸能行为的关键因素,胶体含量的调控作用则趋于有限。
通过开展准静态拉伸、弹道侵彻和CT扫描实验,分析了不同胶体质量分数和铺层数PBO纤维复合板的拉伸性能、弹道极限、失效模式和能量吸收规律,得到以下主要结论。
(1) 水性聚氨酯预浸与热压工艺可有效改善PBO纤维界面结合状态,解决了PBO纤维布成形难题,并提升了复合板的综合防护性能。与胶体质量分数为20.45%的试样相比,18.40%胶体质量分数30层试样的抗拉强度、弹性模量分别提升了14.86%、28.33%,抗变形能力更强,高胶体含量试样则极限应变更高,延展性更好。
(2) 在本研究选取的18.40%~20.45%胶体质量分数区间内,弹道极限呈现随胶体含量增加而提高的趋势,该效应随纤维层数增加明显弱化,20.45%胶体质量分数的10、20层试样的弹道极限较18.40%试样分别提升9.9%、5.3%,30层时两者差值不足1%。层数低时,抗侵彻性能依赖界面应力传递与基体支撑,胶体含量高可强化层间黏结;层数高时,多层纤维协同承载与厚度效应占据主导,胶体含量贡献大幅降低。
(3) 复合板的动态失效模式主要为纤维剪切断裂、基体破裂分层及纤维拉伸断裂,且随弹速呈现明显转变特征。弹速低于弹道极限时,以基体破裂、纤维拉伸为主,并出现背凸回弹;超过弹道极限后,纤维剪切断裂占主导,吸能效率下降。
(4) 复合板能量吸收由纤维压缩、剪切及拉伸断裂协同实现,吸能特性受冲击速度、纤维层数与胶体含量共同影响。相同冲击速度下,吸能能力随层数增加而增强,但增幅减缓;胶体含量的影响程度具有层数依赖性,层数少时可通过强化界面提升吸能效率,层数高时多层纤维协同承载与厚度效应占据主导,胶体含量影响显著弱化。

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2026年第40卷第7期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261034
  • 接收时间:2026-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2026-07-05
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-05
  • 修回日期:2026-05-29
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    1国防科技大学理学院, 湖南 长沙 410073
    2军事科学院国防工程研究院目标易损性评估全国重点实验室, 北京 471000

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梁民族(1989-),男,博士,教授,主要从事高效毁伤与防护研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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