Article(id=1325141791602770196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20261008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767888000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-09, revisedDate=1772899200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-08, acceptedDate=1783353600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineDate=1793868023061, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1785859200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793868023061, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793868023061, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793868023061, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325141422059434771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='8', pageStart='080101-1', pageEnd='080111-13', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785859200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793867934956, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793868226120, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325142643738551272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325142643738551273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=080103-1, endPage=080103-26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325141794115158293, articleId=1325141791602770196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Microscopic Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation in High-Entropy Carbide (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C under Quasi-Isentropic and Ramp Compression, columnId=1325141422910878484, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Dynamic Damage and Failure of Metals and Alloys, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

High-entropy carbides (HECs), which are characterized by pronounced chemical disorder and lattice distortion, exhibit exceptional strength-toughness synergy and are promising candidates for impact protection and high-temperature structural applications. However, their microstructural evolution and stress response under extreme conditions, such as high stress and strain rates, remains poorly understood. In this work, a high-accuracy machine-learning interatomic potential is employed to investigate the representative multi-principal carbide (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C (HEC) through large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. To elucidate how multiple “high-entropy” effects govern atomic-scale plasticity in HECs, large-scale MD simulations are carried out to explore their response under quasi-isentropic compression and ramp-wave loading along three principal crystallographic orientations: [001], $ [01\overline{1}] $, and [111]. The results demonstrate that the high-entropy effects profoundly reshape the initiation of plasticity, the competition among slip systems, and the localized deformation modes in HEC. Local stress fluctuations and lattice distortions enhance transient Bain-type stacking rearrangements within the sublattice and promote the synergistic activation of multiple slip systems. This leads to a transformation of shear band formation from isolated nucleation to a network-like propagation. Complementary first-principles calculations reveal that the carbon vacancy formation energy in high-entropy ceramics is significantly reduced compared to their single-component carbides. This reduction of vacancy formation energy facilitates preferential displacement of carbon atoms and their participation in shear band nucleation during compression. Furthermore, the comparison between different loading paths highlights the complexity of the high-entropy effects’ response. The quasi-isentropic loading path helps to unveil the intrinsic deformation mechanisms governed by the high-entropy effect itself, whereas the stress gradients inherent in ramp-wave loading couple with the high-entropy effect, leading to a premature triggering and intensification of plastic localization.

, authors=Lanxi FENG, Chuanying LI, Wanghui LI, Xiaoqing ZHANG, Xiaohu YAO, authorsList=Lanxi FENG, Chuanying LI, Wanghui LI, Xiaoqing ZHANG, Xiaohu YAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wanghui LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325141829674467639, articleId=1325141791602770196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=高熵碳化物(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C在准等熵与斜波加载下的塑性变形微观机制, columnId=1325141423070262038, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=金属及合金材料动态损伤破坏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高熵碳化物(high-entropy carbide, HEC)因其显著的化学无序与晶格畸变,展现出优异的强-韧协同特性,有望成为冲击防护与高温结构应用领域的前沿材料。然而,在高压、高应变率等极端服役条件下,其微结构演化与动态力学响应仍缺乏系统认识。为此,基于高精度机器学习势,以 (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C为研究对象,开展了沿 [001]、$ [01\overline{1}] $和[111] 3个典型晶向的准等熵压缩以及斜波加载分子动力学模拟。从晶向与加载路径角度,系统地揭示了多重“高熵”效应如何影响高熵碳化物在原子尺度下的塑性变形机制。研究发现,引入多主元金属的高熵碳化物显著改善了陶瓷材料的塑性激活方式、滑移系竞争关系及局域变形模式。局域应力扰动与晶格畸变不仅强化了金属子晶格Bain型瞬态堆垛重排,提高了材料的承载能力和延展性,还促进了多滑移系协同激活,使剪切带由单向延伸转变为多向、网络化扩展。第一性原理计算结果表明,高熵碳化物中的碳空位形成能较单组分过渡金属碳化物显著降低,因此,在压缩过程中,碳原子更易先发生大位移,形成碳空位并参与剪切带成核。

, authors=奉兰西, 李传颖, 李旺辉, 张晓晴, 姚小虎, authorsList=奉兰西, 李传颖, 李旺辉, 张晓晴, 姚小虎, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李旺辉, authorNote=

奉兰西(1998-),女,博士研究生,主要从事冲击动力学和极端力学研究. E-mail:

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李旺辉(1989-),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事冲击动力学、极端力学和高压科学研究. E-mail:
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奉兰西(1998-),女,博士研究生,主要从事冲击动力学和极端力学研究. E-mail:

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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325141852063662441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=(a) Stress-strain curves of the [001], $ [01\overline{1}] $, and [111] crystallographic directions under quasi-isentropic loading; (b) maximum stress and the corresponding strains of the three curves in Fig.1(a); (c) dislocation density and root mean square displacement histograms of the FCC structure of metal atoms at the moment of maximum stress for the three crystallographic directions, figureFileSmall=I3TP7OSkAffBGayfyIk3iA==, figureFileBig=jpGvLPWTLYMwMpE9vFg49Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141852399206762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=CN, label=图1, caption=(a) [001]、$ [01\overline{1}] $以及[111]晶向在准等熵加载下的应力-应变曲线,(b) 图1(a)中3条曲线的最大应力及对应的应变,(c) 3个晶向在最高应力时刻所对应的金属原子所在的FCC结构的位错密度以及均方根位移柱状图, figureFileSmall=I3TP7OSkAffBGayfyIk3iA==, figureFileBig=jpGvLPWTLYMwMpE9vFg49Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141853577806187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=(a) Radial distribution functions of HEC, NbC, and TiC after full relaxation; (b) peaks and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the three materials in Fig.2(a); (c) relationship curves of the proportions of different atomic structures in the structures containing only metal atoms as a function of strain for the three materials under increasing compression; (d) evolution of the RMSD with compressive strain for C, Ti, and Nb atoms in the HEC, for C and Nb atoms in NbC, and for C and Ti atoms in TiC, figureFileSmall=g+AS/YYrTw7vvzkEy57IaQ==, figureFileBig=iFEtBTl4awfhmv5QxB2Gug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141853674275180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=CN, label=图2, caption=(a) HEC、NbC和TiC充分弛豫后的径向分布函数,(b) 3种材料在图2(a)中的峰值以及半高全宽,(c) 3种材料在压缩程度不断增加时,仅包含金属原子的结构中不同原子结构所占比例随应变变化的关系曲线,(d) HEC中C、Ti、Nb原子以及NbC中C、Nb 原子和TiC中C、Ti原子的均方根位移随压缩应变的演化, figureFileSmall=g+AS/YYrTw7vvzkEy57IaQ==, figureFileBig=iFEtBTl4awfhmv5QxB2Gug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141854043373933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=(a) Stress/temperature/localization deformation parameter-strain curves of HEC in the [001] crystallographic direction; correspond to (b) structural cloud maps of metal atoms, (c) shear strain cloud maps, and (d) shear strain cloud maps with atoms having shear strain larger than 0.200, respectively, at the strains marked by the gray lines in Fig. 3(a), figureFileSmall=q0R9iSMR4OKowc8NEj5WXg==, figureFileBig=8KejYSX9NZBYy4LVEkS8tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141854429249902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=CN, label=图3, caption=(a) 沿[001]晶向加载时HEC的剪应力/温度/局域化变形参数-应变曲线,其中灰色标记应变下的(b) 金属原子结构云图、(c) 剪应变云图、(d) 剪应变大于0.200的原子剪应变云图, figureFileSmall=q0R9iSMR4OKowc8NEj5WXg==, figureFileBig=8KejYSX9NZBYy4LVEkS8tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141854949343599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=(a)−(c) Radial distribution functions of all atoms, metal atoms, and carbon atoms at different loading times; (d)−(f) atomic arrangement diagrams for corresponding moments, with the left column showing the entire system and the right column showing the structure containing only metal atoms, figureFileSmall=RGcYvZwe3f2uwL1BhMrqKw==, figureFileBig=kgrMY3m6jWgxmE/LWYWUkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141855284887920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=CN, label=图4, caption=(a)~(c) 不同加载时刻下所有原子、金属原子以及碳原子的径向分布函数;(d)~(f) 对应时刻下的局部原子排列(左列为整个体系,右列仅金属原子的结构), figureFileSmall=RGcYvZwe3f2uwL1BhMrqKw==, figureFileBig=kgrMY3m6jWgxmE/LWYWUkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141855414911345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=(a) Stress, temperature, localization deformation parameter-strain curves of HEC in the $ [01\overline{1}] $ crystallographic direction; (b) and (c) correspond to the shear strain cloud maps, and shear strain cloud maps with atoms having shear strain larger than 0.200, respectively, at the four strains marked by the gray lines in Fig. 5(a), figureFileSmall=Nw1aSjhD1FR/ryp4R24/dA==, figureFileBig=WlwebZIDBXcCxVtekILwlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141855477825906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=CN, label=图5, caption=(a) $ [01\overline{1}] $晶向下HEC的应力/温度/局域化变形参数-应变曲线,(b) 图5(a)中的灰色线所标记的4个应变下的剪应变云图,(c) 剪应变大于0.200时原子的剪应变云图, figureFileSmall=Nw1aSjhD1FR/ryp4R24/dA==, figureFileBig=WlwebZIDBXcCxVtekILwlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141855553323379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=(a)–(d) Displacement cloud maps along the y-direction under various compressive strains (with atoms having shear strain less than 0.150 removed); (e)–(h) zoomed-in cloud maps corresponding to Fig. 6(a)–Fig. 6(d); (i)–(l) displacement cloud maps of a pair of atomic layers along the (111) plane at the moments corresponding to Fig. 6(a)–Fig. 6(d), figureFileSmall=g1PclIDAFsRQnafRSFCBXA==, figureFileBig=jjaiMxax2Gpb1dsBtrHrRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141855687541108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=CN, label=图6, caption=(a)~(d) 不同压缩应变下沿y方向的位移云图(去除了剪应变小于0.150的原子),(e)~(h) 图6(a)~图6(d)中的局部放大云图,(i)~(l) 沿(111)平面的2层原子在与图图6(a)~图6(d)对应时刻沿y方向的位移云图, figureFileSmall=g1PclIDAFsRQnafRSFCBXA==, figureFileBig=jjaiMxax2Gpb1dsBtrHrRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141855771427189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=(a) Stress/temperature/localization deformation parameter-strain curves of HEC in the [111] crystallographic direction; (b) shear strain cloud maps, and (c) shear strain cloud maps with atoms having shear strain larger than 0.200 and dislocation clouds with analyzing only metal atoms, respectively, at the four strains marked by the gray lines in Fig. 7(a), figureFileSmall=+rV0SosVSHWkuPTiJBDbmg==, figureFileBig=CIxIZiQ0fgL1zzY9Toy1Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141855838536054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=CN, label=图7, caption=(a) [111]晶向下HEC的应力/温度/局域化变形参数-应变曲线,(b) 图7(a)中灰色线所标记的4个应变下的剪应变云图,(c) 剪应变大于0.200的原子剪应变云图以及仅金属原子的位错云图, figureFileSmall=+rV0SosVSHWkuPTiJBDbmg==, figureFileBig=CIxIZiQ0fgL1zzY9Toy1Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141855897256311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=(a)−(c) Atomic shear strain cloud maps of the material on the (100) plane under different compressive strains after removing atoms with shear strain less than 0.100; (d)−(f) trajectory cloud maps of the corresponding planes in Fig. 8(a)−Fig. 8(c), colored by the displacement of the atoms in those planes, figureFileSmall=GMUOkUmwWvSZU5RMwdW+Wg==, figureFileBig=cR973KC9dcpjlMbagMJ3Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141855964365176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=CN, label=图8, caption=(a)~(c) (100)平面上不同压缩应变下去除剪应变小于0.100后材料的原子剪应变云图,(d)~(f) 与图8(a)~图 8(c)相对应的平面以该平面原子位移着色的轨迹云图, figureFileSmall=GMUOkUmwWvSZU5RMwdW+Wg==, figureFileBig=cR973KC9dcpjlMbagMJ3Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141856127943033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Evolution of compressive deformation in (a) HEC, (b) NbC, and (c) TiC along the [111] orientation, showing the early (top row) and late (bottom row) stages of plasticity, figureFileSmall=wpCHrNviJx0YFr//Kzl50A==, figureFileBig=15iUW8BjAvyOlQgXF1+jGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141856551567738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=CN, label=图9, caption=(a) HEC、(b) NbC和(c) TiC在[111]晶向下的压缩变形模式(第1行和第2行分别对应塑性变形前期和后期), figureFileSmall=wpCHrNviJx0YFr//Kzl50A==, figureFileBig=15iUW8BjAvyOlQgXF1+jGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141857088438651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Atomic displacement maps, figureFileSmall=LqUJnaXOKzS18h/779cUaw==, figureFileBig=49Fa3YP9vScihCYzhAV2aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141857503674748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=CN, label=图10, caption=原子位移云图, figureFileSmall=LqUJnaXOKzS18h/779cUaw==, figureFileBig=49Fa3YP9vScihCYzhAV2aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141858233483645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=(a) Evolution of the number of metal (TM) and carbon (C) vacancies and their distribution cloud maps within the time range of 7.9−8.5 ps; (b) C-vacancy formation energies of HEC and its monocarbides under both carbon-rich (C-rich) and metal-rich (TM-rich) conditions, figureFileSmall=L1oV4G7JUNi1vdX6/DD/pw==, figureFileBig=Uh+tjKic/cgobLawHMgppg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141859068150142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=CN, label=图11, caption=(a) 7.9~8.5 ps内金属(TM)与碳(C)空位数量的演化及分布云图,(b) HEC及其单组分碳化物在富碳和富金属环境下的C空位形成能, figureFileSmall=L1oV4G7JUNi1vdX6/DD/pw==, figureFileBig=Uh+tjKic/cgobLawHMgppg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141860510990719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=(a) Distribution of resolved shear stress (RSS) for each atom of HEC under ε=0.200, along the <110>{100}, <110>{110} and <110>{111} slip systems; (b)−(g) RSS distribution maps for different slip systems, figureFileSmall=uJoBY5JocSra7zRpc0xd9A==, figureFileBig=LQEKMJj7CQE6vcx0Ne7m0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141861156913536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=CN, label=图12, caption=(a) HEC在压缩应变ε=0.200时,原子沿<110>{100}、<110>{110}以及<110>{111}滑移系下的每个原子的分解剪应力(RSS)分布;(b)~(g) 不同滑移系下的分解剪应力云图, figureFileSmall=uJoBY5JocSra7zRpc0xd9A==, figureFileBig=LQEKMJj7CQE6vcx0Ne7m0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141861584732545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Shear strain snapshots and normal stress-shear stress-shear strain wave profiles under ramp wave loading along the (a) [001], (b) $ [01\overline{1}] $, and (c) [111] directions at t=10 ps, respectively, figureFileSmall=BeZB+YqI6kwFKZ25QRsgOA==, figureFileBig=sYFeqKgn4eS3VO+SzKZnyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141861974802818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=CN, label=图13, caption=沿(a) [001]、(b) $ [01\overline{1}] $ 和(c) [111]晶向斜波加载下,t=10 ps时剪应变云图以及正应力-剪应力-剪应变波剖面曲线, figureFileSmall=BeZB+YqI6kwFKZ25QRsgOA==, figureFileBig=sYFeqKgn4eS3VO+SzKZnyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141862088049027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=(a) Profiles of particle velocity and density waves at t=10 ps for the [001], $ [01\overline{1}] $, and [111] crystallographic directions; (b) evolution of average shear strain and local deformation parameters over time for the three crystallographic directions, figureFileSmall=9SMfoxW9BVkD8Sb7+yMEfA==, figureFileBig=fhGz7KIQbuBW3k0gJLSXWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141864181006724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=CN, label=图14, caption=t=10 ps时(a) [001]、$ [01\overline{1}] $以及[111] 3个晶向的粒子速度以及密度波剖面曲线,(b) 3个晶向下切片内的平均剪应变以及局域变形参数随时间的演化曲线, figureFileSmall=9SMfoxW9BVkD8Sb7+yMEfA==, figureFileBig=fhGz7KIQbuBW3k0gJLSXWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141864919204229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141791602770196, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=(a) 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高熵碳化物(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C在准等熵与斜波加载下的塑性变形微观机制
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奉兰西 , 李传颖 , 李旺辉 , 张晓晴 , 姚小虎
高压物理学报 | 金属及合金材料动态损伤破坏 2026,40(8): 080103-1-080103-26
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高压物理学报 |金属及合金材料动态损伤破坏 2026 , 40 (8) : 080103-1 -080103-26
高熵碳化物(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C在准等熵与斜波加载下的塑性变形微观机制
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奉兰西 , 李传颖, 李旺辉 , 张晓晴, 姚小虎
作者信息
  • 华南理工大学土木与交通学院, 广东 广州 510641
通讯作者:
李旺辉(1989-),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事冲击动力学、极端力学和高压科学研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

奉兰西(1998-),女,博士研究生,主要从事冲击动力学和极端力学研究. E-mail:

Microscopic Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation in High-Entropy Carbide (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C under Quasi-Isentropic and Ramp Compression
Lanxi FENG , Chuanying LI, Wanghui LI , Xiaoqing ZHANG, Xiaohu YAO
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2026-08-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261008
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高熵碳化物(high-entropy carbide, HEC)因其显著的化学无序与晶格畸变,展现出优异的强-韧协同特性,有望成为冲击防护与高温结构应用领域的前沿材料。然而,在高压、高应变率等极端服役条件下,其微结构演化与动态力学响应仍缺乏系统认识。为此,基于高精度机器学习势,以 (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C为研究对象,开展了沿 [001]、$ [01\overline{1}] $和[111] 3个典型晶向的准等熵压缩以及斜波加载分子动力学模拟。从晶向与加载路径角度,系统地揭示了多重“高熵”效应如何影响高熵碳化物在原子尺度下的塑性变形机制。研究发现,引入多主元金属的高熵碳化物显著改善了陶瓷材料的塑性激活方式、滑移系竞争关系及局域变形模式。局域应力扰动与晶格畸变不仅强化了金属子晶格Bain型瞬态堆垛重排,提高了材料的承载能力和延展性,还促进了多滑移系协同激活,使剪切带由单向延伸转变为多向、网络化扩展。第一性原理计算结果表明,高熵碳化物中的碳空位形成能较单组分过渡金属碳化物显著降低,因此,在压缩过程中,碳原子更易先发生大位移,形成碳空位并参与剪切带成核。

高熵碳化物  /  高熵效应  /  准等熵压缩  /  斜波压缩  /  各向异性  /  滑移  /  碳空位

High-entropy carbides (HECs), which are characterized by pronounced chemical disorder and lattice distortion, exhibit exceptional strength-toughness synergy and are promising candidates for impact protection and high-temperature structural applications. However, their microstructural evolution and stress response under extreme conditions, such as high stress and strain rates, remains poorly understood. In this work, a high-accuracy machine-learning interatomic potential is employed to investigate the representative multi-principal carbide (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C (HEC) through large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. To elucidate how multiple “high-entropy” effects govern atomic-scale plasticity in HECs, large-scale MD simulations are carried out to explore their response under quasi-isentropic compression and ramp-wave loading along three principal crystallographic orientations: [001], $ [01\overline{1}] $, and [111]. The results demonstrate that the high-entropy effects profoundly reshape the initiation of plasticity, the competition among slip systems, and the localized deformation modes in HEC. Local stress fluctuations and lattice distortions enhance transient Bain-type stacking rearrangements within the sublattice and promote the synergistic activation of multiple slip systems. This leads to a transformation of shear band formation from isolated nucleation to a network-like propagation. Complementary first-principles calculations reveal that the carbon vacancy formation energy in high-entropy ceramics is significantly reduced compared to their single-component carbides. This reduction of vacancy formation energy facilitates preferential displacement of carbon atoms and their participation in shear band nucleation during compression. Furthermore, the comparison between different loading paths highlights the complexity of the high-entropy effects’ response. The quasi-isentropic loading path helps to unveil the intrinsic deformation mechanisms governed by the high-entropy effect itself, whereas the stress gradients inherent in ramp-wave loading couple with the high-entropy effect, leading to a premature triggering and intensification of plastic localization.

high-entropy carbides  /  high-entropy effect  /  quasi-isentropic compression  /  ramp compression  /  anisotropy  /  slip  /  carbon vacancy
奉兰西, 李传颖, 李旺辉, 张晓晴, 姚小虎. 高熵碳化物(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C在准等熵与斜波加载下的塑性变形微观机制. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (8) : 080103-1 -080103-26 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261008
Lanxi FENG, Chuanying LI, Wanghui LI, Xiaoqing ZHANG, Xiaohu YAO. Microscopic Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation in High-Entropy Carbide (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C under Quasi-Isentropic and Ramp Compression[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (8) : 080103-1 -080103-26 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261008
过渡金属碳化物(transition metal carbides, TMCs)陶瓷,如TiC、ZrC等,因其卓越的硬度(维氏硬度常超过20 GPa)和优异的热稳定性(熔点通常高于3 000 ℃),在高温防护、航空航天热结构以及核能系统等极端环境下展现出不可替代的应用价值[1–3]。然而,陶瓷材料典型的强共价/离子键合特性在赋予其高强度和良好的热稳定性的同时,也导致了极高的位错成核能和有限的滑移系,使其在室温乃至中高温下难以通过塑性变形有效耗散能量,从而极易发生脆性破坏[4–5]。此外,陶瓷材料较差的断裂韧性严重限制了其在复杂应力环境下的应用,特别是在超高速冲击或超高压等极端加载条件下,传统的TMCs[6]在极端载荷下易诱发微裂纹的萌生与剪切局域化,并迅速演化为灾难性的脆性断裂,且缺乏可持续的塑性变形机制来抑制损伤累积。
实际上,如何实现陶瓷增韧一直是陶瓷研究领域的核心课题。为改善陶瓷材料的塑性,研究者们围绕微结构设计进行了大量的探索,通过调控晶粒结构、缺陷类型(如空位、位错、层错)、界面等策略,使材料在保持强度的同时,在一定程度上提升塑性变形能力。例如,在非平衡烧结过程中引入高密度缺陷或氧空位,可有效促进位错的形核与迁移。由闪速烧结(flash sintering)制备的TiO2在200~400 ℃温度区间表现出以纳米层错与孪晶主导的塑性变形机制[7]。Zhang等[8]设计了一种具有共格界面的双相氮化硅(Si3N4)陶瓷,通过共格界面处的“键切换”实现了氮化硅陶瓷的塑性变形。研究还发现,陶瓷局部塑性不足往往与裂纹尖端或晶界处预存的位错密切相关[9–10],通过在SrTiO3中引入高位错密度,可以观察到显著的局部塑性。然而,这种通过“预制”位错改善材料塑性的方式难以 “一劳永逸”,一旦可动位错被耗尽,材料就无法继续产生塑性形变。Dong等[11]则进一步通过界面设计在金属/陶瓷界面引入可动位错,在金属相激活的位错能够源源不断地通过界面传入陶瓷相,避免了陶瓷内部直接形核过程,显著提升了陶瓷的拉伸延展性。此外,通过在陶瓷纳米片中引入扭转层间结构,并构筑三维互锁的纳米架构后,也可在陶瓷体系中实现有效的变形协同[12]。这些微结构调控策略在提升部分陶瓷体系的延性方面都取得了不错的进展,但仍面临若干关键挑战。例如:大部分增韧策略的针对性太强,仅依赖特定陶瓷体系中的微观机制(如特定类型的位错或界面结构),难以推广至更广泛的材料体系;材料的制备难度高,如实现高位错密度、纳米层错等关键微结构通常依赖精密的工艺条件,相关方法仍局限于实验室,难以规模化制备;并且上述“预制缺陷”策略多在准静态或室温条件下验证,其在高温、高应变率等极端环境下的结构稳定性与力学性能尚未明确,使其在关键极端工况中的应用潜力受到限制。
在此背景下,高熵陶瓷作为新兴的多主元陶瓷材料体系,因其优异的力学性能引发了广泛关注。其设计理念来源于高熵合金[13–14],通过在单组分固溶体中引入5种或以上等摩尔比例的金属元素,形成稳定的固溶体结构。因此,该类体系通常具备与高熵合金类似的4大效应,即高熵效应、晶格畸变、迟滞扩散以及“鸡尾酒”效应。从热力学角度来看,这种多主元随机固溶体可通过提高构型熵 $ \Delta {S}_{\text{conf}} $降低体系的混合自由能$\Delta G $($ \Delta G=\Delta {H}_{\rm{mix}}-T\Delta {S}_{\text{conf}} $,$ \Delta {H}_{\rm{mix}} $为混合焓,T为温度),从而在一定程度上扩大固溶体稳定区间并提升高温相稳定性[15]。更进一步地,这种随机占位引入的元素尺寸差异和价态错配会导致金属-碳(TM-C)键的键长与键强度在空间上呈现不均匀分布,进而形成非均匀弹性场与局域畸变,使滑移相关的层错势垒、位错成核阻力等由单一特征值扩展为空间涨落的分布。因此,也有研究[16–17]通过键长的离散程度$ \delta =\left[\dfrac{1}{N}{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}{\left(\frac{{r}_{i}-\overline{r}}{\overline{r}}\right)}^{2}}}\right]^{1/2} $($ {r}_{i} $为超胞中第i对TM-C的键长,$ \overline{r} $为平均键长,N为统计的键数)来定量表征高熵体系的本征畸变程度,并进一步建立其与滑移竞争、多点形核及剪切局域化行为之间的关联,即δ越大,表明TM-C键长分布越宽、局域应变场越强、晶格畸变越显著;反之,则更接近理想晶格。在极端载荷下,上述结构无序与畸变效应还可能诱发区别于传统陶瓷的变形与耗能机制。研究发现,高熵氧化物陶瓷中能够稳定存在超高密度的位错(约为109 mm−2),其密度比传统氧化物陶瓷高3个数量级,使材料的断裂韧性提高约70%[18]。此外,高熵陶瓷中的化学无序在辐照或高压变形过程中被认为能够促进缺陷的重组或湮灭,为材料提供潜在的“自愈”通道,从而提高结构稳定性[3]。进一步研究表明,在高熵体系4大效应的共同作用下,可通过引入复杂的应力场、促进多滑移系竞争以及迟滞扩散等途径,在保持陶瓷高强度与热稳定性的同时,协同激活多重微观变形机制,实现塑性耗能与局域失稳的有效调控[19–20],从而为突破陶瓷材料长期存在的强度与韧性难以兼顾的瓶颈提供了新思路。
已有研究发现,Ti、Zr、Hf、Ta等过渡金属元素可形成稳定的、具有岩盐结构(B1)的高熵陶瓷[19],并且由多元素引起的局部晶格畸变不会诱发结构失稳[20]。以(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C为代表的高熵碳化物(high-entropy carbide, HEC)包含了ⅣB族(Ti、Zr、Hf)和ⅤB族(Ta、Nb)过渡金属元素,展现出极高的硬度、优异的热稳定性以及抗氧化性能[21],是高熵碳化物代表性体系之一[22]。值得深入探讨的是,尽管不同族的TMC(如ⅣB族的ZrC和ⅤB族TaC)均具有相似的岩盐结构,但其金属元素d电子轨道的填充数不同,直接影响了其共价键、离子键和金属键的比例,进而显著影响滑移系激活与位错运动等塑性行为。例如,ⅣB族碳化物(如ZrC)具有较强的方向性共价键,使位错运动面临更高的形核能垒,滑移系激活相对困难,变形以<110>{110}滑移为主;而ⅤB族碳化物(如TaC)因金属键比例增加,位错核心更易扩展,从而具有更优异的塑性变形能力,变形以<110>{111}滑移为主[23–24]。微柱压缩实验表明,高熵碳化物(Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb)C的屈服强度和失效强度均显著高于其单组元碳化物(HfC和TaC),且以<110>{110}滑移系变形为主,同时仍保持与延性最佳的单组元碳化物TaC相似的塑性变形能力。基于此,当 (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C沿不同晶向加载时,其多主元协同的“鸡尾酒效应”是否会同时激活多重滑移系,从而改变剪切局域化和塑性耗能路径?基于密度泛函理论(density functional theory, DFT)的研究[25]指出,对于B1结构过渡金属碳化物,体系的价电子数越高,碳空位形成能往往越低,并且在富金属条件下,几乎所有的B1碳化物都倾向于形成碳空位。然而,在(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C复杂多主元体系中,体系的空位形成能和偏聚行为受到晶格畸变以及化学无序性等多重影响,其原子迁移以及塑性变形模式仍缺乏系统性认识。此外,B1结构高度有序的原子排布使其在不同晶向下展现出显著的弹塑各向异性。因此,从多个典型晶向出发,系统探究多组元引入后对高熵碳化物(high-entropy carbide, HEC)的塑性变形能力及内部微结构演化的影响,对于理解其强-韧协同机制具有重要意义。
尽管高熵陶瓷已成为材料科学领域的研究热点,但现有研究主要集中在成分设计、相稳定性及基础物性表征[20]方面,包括显微硬度[19, 21]、压缩与弯曲强度[26]等准静态力学性能测试。相较之下,对高温、高压和高应变率等动态载荷条件下的力学响应、塑性变形机制及失效模式仍缺乏系统研究。考虑到高熵碳化物在极端服役环境中展现出巨大的应用潜力[27–29],深入理解其在不同加载路径和极端工况下的力学响应与塑性变形机理,是检验“高熵”设计理念能否在极端条件下有效缓解陶瓷“强度-韧性”矛盾的关键科学问题,对高熵陶瓷的工程应用具有重要理论意义和实践价值。
基于此,本工作采用自主构建的高精度深度势能函数(deep potential, DP)[28],对典型高熵碳化物(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C在[001]、$ [01\overline{1}] $与[111] 3个晶向上的准等熵压缩和斜波加载力学响应进行系统研究。一方面,通过准等熵加载,解耦在传统冲击过程中剧烈温升以及冲击波结构带来的强应变梯度对材料塑性变形的影响,从而明确高熵效应对碳化物本征力学行为的调控作用,包括滑移系的激活、碳空位的形成与演化,以及子晶格的瞬态晶格重构过程等;另一方面,通过对比准等熵压缩与斜波加载这2类具有代表性的加载路径,揭示在无明显波结构与存在应力波结构2种工况下,高熵效应对微观机制演化和塑性变形模式的差异化影响,以期为评估高熵设计在缓解陶瓷“强-韧”矛盾的潜力提供理论依据。
在此前的研究中,基于大规模第一性原理计算数据,利用 DeePMD-kit 软件[30–31]构建了适用于描述 (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C 在宽温压范围内(300~5 000 K,0~200 GPa)的机器学习势能函数,并系统验证了其在描述高熵碳化物冲击响应及微结构演化方面的可靠性[28]。本研究采用基于该DP势[28]的大规模分子动力(molecular dynamics, MD)模拟方法,系统研究高熵碳化物陶瓷 (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C在准等熵压缩和斜波压缩2种加载条件下的塑性变形行为。为解耦多主元引入的晶格畸变与化学无序对塑性变形的影响,本研究还选取了ⅣB族TiC和ⅤB族NbC 2种典型单组分TMC,采用MEAM势[32–33],在与(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C完全相同的模拟工况下开展对比分析。上述所有MD模拟均基于LAMMPS[34]程序实现。此外,为深入揭示高熵碳化物中碳空位的形成与演化行为,结合第一性原理计算,系统评估了单组元TMCs(TiC、ZrC、HfC、TaC和NbC)及其高熵体系(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C 的碳空位形成能。所有第一性原理计算均基于VASP[35]软件完成,模拟过程中的原子结构演化与变形结果利用OVITO[36]软件进行可视化和定量分析。
TMC陶瓷通常具有NaCl型岩盐结构,即金属原子和碳原子分别构成2组互穿的面心立方(face-centered cubic, FCC)子晶格,金属原子占据金属子晶格格点,碳原子占据其全部八面体间隙,从而形成典型的B1结构。因此,可在TMC结构的金属子晶格上随机以Ti、Zr、Hf、Ta、Nb替换,构建 (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C模型,从而为模型引入了完全的化学无序,而金属原子的尺寸不同,也为体系引入了晶格畸变以及高熵效应。
考虑不同晶向下加载的各向异性,本研究分别构建了3种沿不同方向加载的模型。具体而言,沿z轴加载时,分别构建3组取向模型,其对应的晶向设置为:z-[001]、x-[100]、y-[010]、z-$ [01\overline{1}] $、x-[111]、y-$ [2\overline{1}\,\overline{1}] $,z-[111]、x-$ [2\overline{1}\,\overline{1}] $、y-$ [01\overline{1}] $。
准等熵压缩模拟[37]采用边长约为19 nm的立方模型,体系包含约5.6×105个原子,沿z方向以恒定应变率压缩,实现对材料的均匀加载。设置目标压缩比为0.75,使体系在z方向的尺寸变为初始长度的75%,相当于施加–25%的工程应变,时间步长为0.002 ps。加载12 500步,对应的加载应变率$ \dot{\varepsilon } $为1010 s–1。在正式加载前,先采用等温等压(NPT)系综在室温与近零压条件下对体系进行充分弛豫,以消除初始残余应力。需要指出的是,这里的“准等熵压缩”旨在不引入显著激波结构的前提下,获得近似绝热的高应变率压缩路径。因此,在正式加载阶段,将系综切换为微正则(NVE)系综,使体系近似为与外界无能量交换的孤立系统,从而保证加载过程中总能量守恒,并避免NPT系综对温度和应力状态的外场干预。由于斜波加载需要在加载方向实现压缩波的传播,相比于准等熵加载的立方模型,需在z加载方向对模型进行适当的延长以满足压缩波的传播,因此,模型沿x、y方向的尺寸约为14 nm,沿z方向(加载方向)的长度约为82 nm,整个体系包含超过1.3×106个原子,同样采用NVE系综,设置时间步长为0.001 ps。压缩模拟中采用“活塞法”加载,即沿z轴设置质量无限大的虚拟活塞,不同于常规冲击压缩的恒定冲击速度[38],本研究通过控制活塞速度随时间线性增加来实现斜波加载。在10 ps的加载时间内从0 km/s线性增加到目标速度2 km/s。因此,加载时间$ {t}_{\text{rise}} $以及目标速度$ {v}_{\text{target}} $共同决定了加载应变率$ \dot{\varepsilon } $
$ \dot{\varepsilon }=\frac{\dot{{v}_{\text{p}}}}{C}=\frac{{v}_{\text{target}}}{C{t}_{\text{rise}}}$
式中:C为弹性波波速,$ {\dot{v}_{\text{p}}} $为粒子速度对时间的变化率。
需要强调的是,在正式加载前,2种模型均需采用NPT系综在室温300 K下进行结构弛豫,设置x、y、z方向为周期性边界条件(periodic boundary),并确保弛豫后消除结构残余应力,能量/温度-时间曲线收敛。在弛豫后,将z加载方向的边界条件修改为可收缩边界(shrinkable boundary)。
采用第一性原理计算系统评估了TMCs(TiC、ZrC、HfC、TaC、NbC)及(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C的碳空位形成能。所有体系均为岩盐结构($Fm\overline {3} m $),沿x-[100]、y-[010]和z-[001]晶向构建2×2×4的常规超胞,共包含128个原子。对于单组分碳化物,由于晶格结构的对称性和组分均匀性,每个碳原子所处的几何环境和化学环境完全等价,因此,在构建碳空位缺陷模型时,仅需从超胞中移除任意一个碳原子即可。而对于HEC,其金属亚晶格点位由5种金属原子随机占据,这种显著的化学无序使每个碳位点所处的局部化学环境不再等价。为准确评估HEC的碳空位形成能,本研究首先生成由多个不同随机金属原子排布的初始构型;随后在每个初始构型中选择具有不同局域环境的碳原子进行移除,构建一系列碳空位缺陷构型。据此得到的空位形成能以平均值加减标准误差(误差棒)的形式表示。这种方法有效避免了因个别特殊局部环境导致的偏差,确保了数据结果的统计可靠性。第一性原理计算采用GGA-PBE(generalized gradient approximation-Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof)交换-关联能,结合投影缀加波(projector augmented wave, PAW)赝势,平面波截断能统一设为900 eV;布里渊区采样使用Monkhorst-Pack网格,k点间距约为0.15 Å–1。所有完美和缺陷超胞均进行充分的几何弛豫,在电子结构收敛后获得体系的总能量,据此计算碳空位形成能。
在富碳(C-rich)的条件下,碳空位形成能[25]可由下式计算
$ E_{\rm{f}}^{\rm{C-rich}}={E}_{\text{D}}-{E}_{\text{H}}+\mu _{\text{C}}^{0} $
式中:$ {E}_{\text{D}} $为含缺陷的超胞总能量,$ {E}_{\text{H}} $为理想超胞的总能量,$ \mu _{\text{C}}^{0} $为石墨参考状态下的碳化学势。在富金属(TM-rich)情况下,碳空位形成能可表示为
$ E_{\rm{f}}^{\rm{TM-rich}}={E}_{\text{D}}-{E}_{\text{H}}+\mu _{\text{C}}^{0}+\Delta {H}_{\rm{f}}\left(\text{TMC}\right) $
对于单组分TMCs,其形成焓$ \Delta {H}_{\rm{f}}(\rm{TMC}) $可以表示为
$ \Delta {H}_{\rm{f}}\left(\text{TMC}\right)={E}_{\rm{total}}\left(\text{TMC}\right)-{n}_{\text{TM}}\mu _{\text{TM}}^{0}-{n}_{\text{C}}\mu _{\text{C}}^{0} $
式中:$ {E}_{\rm{total}}\left(\text{TMC}\right) $为含有$ {n}_{\text{TM}} $个金属原子和$ {n}_{\text{C}} $个碳原子的碳化物超胞总能量,$ \mu _{\text{TM}}^{0} $为对应过渡金属单质的参考化学势。
在高熵碳化物中,由多主元构成的复杂的化学环境会引入显著的晶格畸变以及化学无序,因此,也呈现高熵体系的典型效应[14, 39]。与金属材料不同,过渡金属碳化物中的M―C键兼具强共价性和离子性[40],键合具有明显的方向性,使弹性模量、理想剪切强度以及滑移系活化能等力学参量在不同晶向上表现出显著差异。当高熵效应引入的局域畸变场与这种本征晶体各向异性相互耦合时,高熵碳化物在不同加载方向下的力学响应则进一步表现出更加显著的各向异性。图1(a)给出了沿3个典型晶向([001]、$ [01\overline{1}] $和[111])进行准等熵压缩获得的应力-应变曲线,可以看出,3条曲线的峰值强度以及变形能力均表现出明显差异。图1(b)对3种取向的最大压应力与相应的应变进行了统计:沿[001]方向的峰值应力最高,但对应的峰值应变最小;$ [01\overline{1}] $方向的峰值应力略低于[001]方向,却表现出最大的可压缩应变;[111]方向的峰值应力最低,但其峰值应变仍高于[001]方向,处于前两者之间。上述结果表明,高熵碳化物的强度和峰值应变在不同晶向呈现显著的取向依赖性,表现为典型的强-韧权衡关系。
材料的力学响应与微观结构演化密不可分,图1(c)进一步统计了HEC在达到峰值应力时,金属原子FCC子晶格中的位错密度以及原子的均方根位移(root mean square displacement, RMSD)。在沿[111] 晶向压缩时,观察到最高的位错密度,且$\dfrac{1}{6} $<110>型位错的占比最高,表明密排平面上的滑移系在该取向下更易被激活。相比之下,尽管$ [01\overline{1}] $晶向表现出最大可压缩应变,但其位错密度却最低,说明其塑性变形机制并非完全依赖传统位错滑移,而可能伴随更强的局域畸变行为。另一方面,RMSD的变化趋势与位错密度相反,不同晶向在原子偏移和非弹性变形机制上存在明显的差异:[111]晶向的RMSD最低,而[001]晶向的RMSD最高。这意味着多主元可能在该取向上引起更显著的局部晶格起伏,从而影响其变形行为。综合应力-应变曲线、位错密度及RMSD等结果可以看出,晶体本征各向异性在很大程度上决定了不同晶向的初始滑移难易程度和可承载的应力水平,而多主元引入的局域畸变场和化学无序则可能与这种晶体各向异性相互耦合从而放大这些差异。基于上述认识,本研究选取沿[001]、$ [01\overline{1}] $和[111] 3个在立方晶系中具有代表性的典型高对称取向开展系统分析,以此作为切入点解耦并阐明高熵效应在不同加载取向下的具体作用方式。
图2(a)展示了(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C、NbC和TiC模型在300 K温度下,仅结构弛豫后的径向分布函数(radial distribution function,RDF),为进一步解耦热振动的影响,附录A还给出了在0 K下的RDF 对比结果。可以看到,HEC的RDF第1峰值明显低于2种单组元碳化物,第2个峰的峰值亦呈现相同的规律。进一步对第1峰值及其半峰宽(full width at half maximum, FWHM)进行统计,如图2(b)所示,可以发现HEC的 FWHM 明显增大。FWHM作为表征材料微观结构无序程度的重要参数[41–42],其显著增大表明HEC最近邻配位环境具有更强的局域无序性和晶格畸变。这一特征与高熵陶瓷中普遍存在的“局域应变场涨落”相吻合,即多主元的引入产生多尺度随机畸变,使得配位几何更分散。从晶体学来看,岩盐(B1)结构属于由二原子基底(包含1个金属原子和1个碳原子)所组成的FCC Bravais点阵。在此类结构中,位错的Burgers矢量首先由底层Bravais点阵的平移对称性决定,属于由点阵几何约束定义的拓扑量[43]。基于此,本研究采用“子晶格分解”策略[44–45],进一步以金属原子占据的FCC子晶格作为可识别的晶体骨架开展结构演化分析,聚焦金属骨架层面的堆垛重排、位错网络与局域晶体学重构过程,并对识别出的不同局域构型进行定量化统计,如图2(c)所示。在压缩过程中,HEC经历了一个明显的瞬态晶格重排过程,即金属子晶格的局域环境由FCC构型短暂识别为体心立方(body-centered cubic, BCC)构型,随后又在应力释放后,部分恢复为FCC结构。需要强调的是,这里的FCC和BCC均来自对子晶格的几何结构识别,其反映的是由局域应力扰动与键长波动所驱动的原子堆垛重排[46–48],并不意味着体系发生了传统意义上的稳定热力学相变。在Nb与TiC中亦可观察到类似的BCC-like瞬态重构行为,但其BCC结构占比峰值明显低于HEC。此外,相比单组元TMC,HEC这种瞬态重构所发生的应变区间明显滞后,表明多主元引起的晶格畸变可能推迟了结构不稳定性的触发。这一猜测在RMSD的统计结果中得到进一步印证(图2(d))。可以看到,无论是C原子还是Ti、Nb原子,在HEC中的RMSD均在瞬态重构区间内出现更陡峭的跃升,表现出更强烈的原子迁移和局域结构重排。而NbC和TiC的RMSD则在更低的应变下开始快速上升,这与其较早发生的局域结构失稳相对应。结合图2(c)可知,当金属子晶格由FCC重排至与BCC结构相似的构型并达到一定比例后,体系经历急剧的塑性软化,最终发生失效。BCC结构的占比迅速降低,FCC构型重新占据主导地位,体现出典型的应力驱动型瞬态结构响应与部分回退特征。
为了更深入理解在引入高熵效应后的瞬态结构重排行为,图3(a)给出了沿[001]晶向压缩时HEC 的剪应力($ {\sigma }_{xy} $)、温度及局域化变形参数随应变的演化关系。其中,应变局域化参数$ \varphi $[49]用于表征材料内部原子尺度局域变形的非均匀性,具体定义如下
$ \varphi =\sqrt{\frac{1}{{N}_{0}}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{{N}_{0}}(\eta _{i}^{\rm{vM}}-\eta _{\rm{ave}}^{\rm{vM}}{)}^{2}}$
式中:N0为体系总原子数;$ \eta _{i}^{\rm{vM}} $为第i个原子的局部von Mises等效应变,即在OVITO中输出的原子剪应变(shear strain);$ \eta _{\rm{ave}}^{\rm{vM}} $为体系的平均von Mises应变。$ \eta _{i}^{\rm{vM}} $具体表示为
$ \eta _{i}^{\rm{vM}}=\sqrt{{E_{xy}^{2}+E_{x\textit{z}}^{2}+E_{y\textit{z}}^{2}+\frac{1}{6}\left[{\left({E}_{xx}-{E}_{yy}\right)}^{2}+{\left({E}_{xx}-{E}_{\textit{z}\textit{z}}\right)}^{2}+{\left({E}_{yy}-{E}_{\textit{z}\textit{z}}\right)}^{2}\right]}} $
式中:$ {E}_{\alpha \beta }\left(\alpha ,\beta \in \left\{x,y,\textit{z}\right\}\right) $为Green-Lagrange有限应变张量E的分量。$ \eta _{i}^{\rm{vM}} $能够以旋转不变的形式表征材料的局域剪切变形强度,常用于识别剪切局域化的萌生与演化。在得到$ \eta _{i}^{\rm{vM}} $后,$\eta _{\rm{ave}}^{\rm{vM}} $可以表示为
$ \eta _{\rm{ave}}^{\rm{vM}}=\frac{1}{{N}_{0}}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{{N}_{0}}\eta _{i}^{\rm{vM}}$
因此,这里的$ \varphi $能够定量反映局部剪切应变分布的离散程度,$ \varphi $越大,表明体系中剪切变形越集中于少数区域,局域化越显著;当$ \varphi $接近零时,则表明变形近似均匀。从图3(a)可以看到,在加载初期,$ \varphi $趋近于零,结构变形均匀;而沿[001]方向压缩至峰值剪应力到来之前,$ \varphi $先显著上升。随后,当剪应力逼近峰值时,体系温度开始急剧升高,表明局部区域经历了强烈的结构扰动。当剪应力超过峰值后,材料迅速进入软化阶段,此时$ \varphi $达到最大值,对应明显的塑性局域化。通过原子结构分析(polyhedral template matching, PTM)[49],图3(b)展示了此过程中金属子晶格结构演化,分别对应图3(a)中灰色标记的4个关键应变。可以观察到,这种晶格重构行为在达到最高应力前就已经出现,且FCC结构原子与BCC结构原子相互渗透,并非均匀的堆垛重排过程。当达到最高应力时,BCC结构原子的比例更高,且局域结构更加均匀,掺杂的FCC结构变少,同时出现少量的“Other”结构原子(灰色原子),即算法无法识别出的原子结构。此后,随着剪应力从峰值迅速下降,部分BCC结构在剪应力释放后恢复到FCC结构,但由于局部结构发生剧烈变形,“Other”原子数持续增加。最终,BCC结构原子几乎完全恢复到FCC结构,但留下多条由“Other”原子组成的灰色条带区域。对应于HEC这一塑性变形模式,图3(c)给出了对应压缩应变下的剪应变云图;图3(d)对应展示了剪应变大于0.200的原子,以更直观地呈现大变形区域。图3(c)表明,体系内部先形成局域化的高剪切带,并在ε=0.170附近迅速扩展。随着进一步加载,这些剪切带逐渐联合,最终贯穿材料,导致材料失效。图3(d)清晰地展示了这些高剪切区域的形成、生长与连接路径,由最初的多点位、小规模团簇,逐渐演变形成大规模的贯通网络(ε=0.180),揭示了从局域原子变形到整体失效的连续演化过程。
为了进一步揭示上述瞬态FCC-BCC重排的微观机制,分别对不同时刻下(0、7.1、8.5 ps)HEC中的全部原子、过渡金属原子以及碳原子进行了系统的RDF分析(图4(a)~图4(c))。同时追踪了一组典型原子在相应时刻下的结构变化,选取典型原子点位进行标号,如图4(d)~图4(f)所示,并将对应编号同步标注在图4(a)~图4(c)中相应的峰值。其中,图4(d)~图4(f)中第1列为同时包含碳原子和金属原子的完整HEC结构,第2列仅含金属原子的子晶格构型。从图4(f)可以看出,在初始结构t=0 ps时,以①号金属原子为中心的局域配位呈典型FCC特征,其第一近邻的金属原子配位数为12,对应于RDF中第一主峰(①~②/③),此时②和③位点的原子几何位置等价。然而,随着沿[001]方向的持续压缩,中心层原子(如编号①、②、④)位置基本保持不变,而位于该上下两端的金属原子发生明显的沿z向靠拢,使第一近邻配位数由 12 (图4(f))降至 8(图4(d))。此时,图4(c)中金属原子RDF的第1主峰(①~②/③)逐渐分裂为图4(b)和图4(c)的2个子峰(①~②和①~③),即①和③位点的原子距离更近形成了第1个峰,由于z向压缩导致2组近邻距离分化,②和③位点的原子不再等价,原子间距呈现典型的有序拉伸/压缩。
这种局域变形模式具有Bain型晶格畸变(lattice distortion)特征,即该路径描述了金属材料中立方晶体结构在轴向拉伸/压缩下发生的FCC和BCC相互转换的理想化几何路径[50–51]。在这一过程中,一个具有FCC结构的局部区域沿z轴受到压缩,同时沿x、y方向发生等比例伸长,尽可能保持局部体积不变,从而形成瞬态BCC-like的中间结构。图4(d)中的金属原子几何恰恰呈现出这一典型的Bain变形特征。结合图3(a)中$ \varphi $的迅速上升,可以推断这些局域Bain畸变区域已诱发了局部的应变集中。当压缩持续,原子构型进一步被扰动,伴随更大范围的原子队列错动与滑移,类BCC结构开始破坏,逐渐演化为“Other”结构。而多主元引入的晶格畸变为此类局域协同的原子重排提供了丰富的能垒起伏与构型空间。
HEC沿着$ [01\overline{1}] $晶向的加载结果与[001]晶向呈现出明显不同的变形特征。图5(a)展示了$ [01\overline{1}] $取向下的剪应力、局域化参数$ \varphi $以及温度随应变的演化曲线,图5(b)~图5(c)分别给出了关键应变点所对应的体系剪应变场分布。与[001]晶向不同,在$ [01\overline{1}] $晶向加载下并未观察到明显的由FCC到BCC的瞬态重排或类似结构转变。尽管2种取向均显示出$ \varphi $在剪应力达到峰值前发生迅速上升,但在$ [01\overline{1}] $晶向下体系进入剧烈塑性变形所对应的压应变要明显晚于[001]晶向。在 ε=0.198时,材料内部几乎没有出现显著的局部塑性区域;当应变增至0.200时,才开始在多个离散位置观察到初始塑性形核点。随着应变继续增加至0.204~0.210,塑性萌生区域开始进一步扩展,形成多条分布离散、覆盖面积更广的局域剪切带。值得注意的是,与[001]晶向下晶格重构诱导的结构坍塌行为不同,$ [01\overline{1}] $晶向下形成的塑性变形带呈现更高的剪应变幅值,说明局域塑性区的变形更剧烈、局域能量耗散更显著。这一差异可能与不同晶向下可激活的潜在滑移系数量差异以及高熵体系固有的化学不均匀性有关。
为进一步揭示$ [01\overline{1}] $晶向下塑性变形的微观机制,对局域剪应变超过0.150的原子进行追踪,分析其应变在0.194~0.202区间内的时空演化(图6)。图6中对所有原子的y方向位移进行着色,白色原子表示几乎无位移,红色与蓝色分别对应沿正、负方向的显著位移。可以看到,局域塑性变形并非由单一形核源触发,而是由多个分散点位同时启动,具有极强的空间离散性(图6(a)~图6(d))。从局部放大的原子位移图(图6(e)~图6(h))可以清晰地观察到,这些初始塑性萌生点随压缩应变增加首先沿{111}晶面扩展,并逐渐形成较为连续的滑移带。随着应变进一步增加,不同滑移面之间发生交汇,诱发了侧向{100}及另一{111}晶面上的次级塑性活动。值得注意的是,沿{100}晶面形成的滑移带形态更为规整、界面清晰,而沿{111}面滑移时则常伴随周围大量未发生协调滑移的原子,使滑移前沿呈现出更加“粗糙”的变形特征。相比之下,在相同加载条件下,TiC仅观察到少量沿{111}面的剧烈滑移,而NbC则观察到较多沿{100}晶面的滑移,具体演化过程可见附录A。图6(i)~图6(l)进一步展示了HEC的一组典型{111}晶面在变形过程中的原子位移分布。可以看到,在滑移初始阶段,位于晶面几何中心的原子最先发生明显错动,随后外围原子进入滑移过程。由于HEC内部存在显著的晶格畸变(图6(i)),滑移并非均匀推进,而是以局域畸变原子为基础逐步向外扩展。此外,滑移发生后,这种畸变进一步加剧(图6(j))。不同原子环境的错配程度进一步加剧,从而形成更强烈的扰动,表现为局域变形的持续增强。从能垒的角度来看,已有DFT研究[23]为上述滑移差异提供了重要参照。对于ⅣB族碳化物(TiC、ZrC、HfC),<112>{111}面的广义层错能(generalized stacking fault energy,GSFE)曲线通常不出现稳定层错对应的局部极小值,即本征层错(intrinsic stacking fault,ISF)缺失,表现为“猴鞍点”结构,表明{111}面不易通过部分位错滑移。ⅤB族碳化物(TaC、NbC)则存在明显的ISF和不稳定层错(unstable stacking fault,USF),表明{111}面能通过部分位错滑移。也就是说,HEC中观察到的{111}面滑移机制与ⅤB族塑性更好的碳化物更为接近。进一步地,Li等[52]在高熵碳化物(HfTiZr)1–x(NbTa)xC的DFT研究中指出,金属组元比例能够显著改变滑移面偏好、屈服剪切强度及{111}面位错分解趋势,表明高熵体系中的滑移竞争可通过成分设计进行有效调控。这也进一步表明,多主元固溶导致的局域能垒涨落与滑移阻力分布展宽,是促使多滑移系协同激活与变形分散的重要来源。
与2.1节的[001]晶向和2.2节的$ [01\overline{1}] $晶向相比,[111]晶向下的加载响应呈现出不同的微观变形机制。已有的ZrC原位微柱压缩研究表明,B1结构存在显著的取向各向异性,即ZrC(111)主要通过<110>{001}滑移变形,且相较于ZrC(100)要“软”得多[53]。相应地,图1(a)中沿[111]加载的应力-应变曲线也表现为更低的强度和更高的应变,与ZrC中的规律一致。基于此,本研究进一步对HEC沿[111]晶向加载的微观机制开展深入分析。图7(a)进一步给出了该取向下的剪应力、局域化参数$ \varphi $以及温度随应变的演化曲线,图7(b)~图7(d)展示了关键应变点对应的材料剪应变场分布以及金属子晶格的位错结构演化云图。总体来看,[111]晶向同样在剪应力达到峰值附近时,$ \varphi $快速上升,并伴随显著温升。但与[001]和$ [01\overline{1}] $晶向相比,[111]晶向从$ \varphi $开始上升(ε=0.160)到剪应力达到峰值(ε=0.184)之间具有更大的应变间隔,即在塑性变形被激活后,该方向并没有立即进入软化失效,而是保持承载,剪应力继续上升。
值得注意的是,从图7(b)的剪应变云图可以看出,[111]晶向加载下产生的所有塑性变形带几乎均严格沿着{100}晶面展开,呈现出典型的双层滑移特征。就晶体几何学而言,FCC结构位错的主滑移方向通常为<110>密排方向。当沿着[111]晶向压缩时,<110>{110}滑移系的施密特因子为零,意味着该滑移系在此加载取向下几乎无法获得有效分解剪应力(resolved shear stress, RSS);相对地,<110>{111}与<110>{100} 2类滑移系具有非零RSS,其中前者的施密特因子约为0.27,而后者的施密特因子更高,约为0.47。因此,从RSS的角度出发,滑移更倾向于在{100}晶面族上优先形核扩展,从而在[111]晶向压缩下,{100}晶面更易承担主要剪切变形,并表现为少数能够有效承载滑移的高对称性晶面族[54]。此外,对金属子晶格的原子结构分析也表明,该方向上未出现类似[001]晶向加载时观测到的瞬态FCC到BCC的晶格重构行为。然而,如图7(d)显示,在应变逐渐增加的过程中,大量位错在滑移面的前沿被激活,并形成密集的位错网络。位错分析(dislocation analysis, DXA)[26]结果显示,这些位错主要为FCC晶格中最典型的本征位错$\dfrac{1}{2} $<110>,它们广泛分布于各滑移面之间,数量多、间距近。这一现象表明,沿[111]加载下的塑性变形机制主要由位错滑移主导,而非由局域原子重排或瞬态畸变造成的结构崩塌。
为了进一步揭示[111]晶向下滑移带的微观演化特征,提取了位于单层{100}晶面的原子进行局域分析。图8(a)~图8(c)中的原子按照剪应变着色,并去除了剪应变小于0.100的原子,以突出强剪切带的空间分布特征。可以观察到,多条滑移带均在{100}晶面内沿不同的<100>方向扩展,如图8(a)中红色箭头所示。然而,由于高熵碳化物固有的晶格畸变和化学无序,滑移并不会严格按照几何意义上的理想方向传播。当滑移带穿越局域失配较强的区域时,其传播路径可能受到扰动而发生偏折;而当来自不同方向的滑移带相互汇聚时(红圈部分),界面附近的原子会经历更强的错动与剪切,使局部剪应变迅速增大并促进滑移传播路径的改变。为更直观呈现上述滑移行为,图8(d)~图8(f)采用原子在(100)晶面的投影位移对其轨迹进行着色。可以看到,位移较大的原子主要集中在滑移带区域,而未参与滑移的原子位移几乎可以忽略。
值得注意的是,高熵碳化物中显著的化学无序和晶格畸变对位错行为产生了强烈的限制作用[49, 55]。位错难以沿滑移面顺利滑移,而是在滑移面附近发生堆积、弯折甚至被“钉扎”,从而形成密度高、分布广、取向复杂的位错结构(图7(d))。这一机制在图9中得到了进一步体现。为验证高熵效应对塑性变形模式的调控作用,图9对比了在相同加载条件下HEC、NbC与TiC的塑性变形演化过程。已有研究表明,第ⅤB族TMCs(如TaC和NbC)具有较低的本征层错能,能够激活更多类型的位错,其塑性相对较强;相反,ⅣB族TMCs(如TiC和ZrC)的层错能较高,位错难以成核且滑移受限,呈现出更明显的脆性特征[23–24]。从图9(b)可以看出,NbC的滑移带传播高度连续,几乎所有滑移系一经激活便可以沿贯通整个晶体的路径滑移,形成清晰的长程滑移带。相比之下,ⅣB族碳化物TiC的层错能较高、位错滑移受限,其塑性变形呈现出强烈的局域性(图9(c)),几乎难以形成完整的滑移带,滑移活动多为短程、分散的局域错动。对于 HEC,其变形模式则介于上述两者之间。图9(a)显示,HEC能够激活丰富的滑移活动,说明多主元环境并未完全抑制位错的成核;然而,由于多主元固溶引入的强烈晶格畸变以及高度不均匀的局域能垒分布,滑移带在传播过程中往往发生中断、偏折甚至重新定向,难以像NbC那样保持长程且单向的强连续滑移,也有别于TiC被严格限制在极短尺度内的极度局域滑移。由此形成一种“多滑移被广泛激活,但传播路径和空间尺寸受到复杂随机晶格环境调控”的变形模式,使滑移带呈现分段化、网络化和方向多样性的特征。
2.3节提到,Kiani等[53]通过原位微柱压缩实验发现,B1结构ZrC单晶呈现显著取向依赖,ZrC(111)比 ZrC(100)软一个数量级,且ZrC(100)更倾向于<110>{110}滑移,而ZrC(111)则更易沿<110>{001}滑移。与上述发现一致,本研究对HEC在[001]、$ [01\overline{1}] $和[111] 3个晶向下的准等熵压缩响应进行了系统分析,可以看出,多主元固溶对不同晶体取向微观塑性机制的影响也具有明显的各向异性。且在3个晶向的加载中,[100]方向也呈现最高的压缩强度,[111]方向的压缩强度最低,且与ZrC类似,在[111]晶向的压缩同样以 <110>{100} 滑移系为主。值得注意的是,区别于Ⅳ族的ZrC由单一滑移系主导的变形模式,本研究在$ [01\overline{1}] $晶向下,识别到了由{111}与{100}共同主导的多滑移协同特征,提示高熵化学无序与晶格畸变可能促使滑移竞争加剧并诱导协同激活,从而使塑性变形更趋多样化与分散化。塑性滑移能力更好的Ⅴ族NbC(001)的微柱压缩[56]同样显示,在特定应力状态下,{110}乃至{111}面的相关滑移均可被激活。另一方面,针对高熵碳化物,Csanádi等[26]对由放电等离子烧结(spark plasma sintering, SPS)制备的 (Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb)C开展了微柱压缩,发现相比于单碳化物,高熵碳化物的屈服与失效强度均显著提高,同时其塑性变形能力与较“韧”的TaC接近。Csanádi等[26]还指出,晶体取向与应力状态会调控滑移系的激活。总体而言,上述实验揭示的“高熵碳化物强度显著提升且塑性并未明显劣化”的趋势,与本研究模拟中多滑移系协同激活、剪切带分散扩展等机制具有一致性。当然,尽管微柱压缩在几何尺度上更接近原子模拟所关注的局域变形尺度,但两者在加载与缺陷条件上仍存在本质差异。分子动力学模拟的应变率通常远高于实验,这会系统性提升屈服应力,并改变热-力耦合与缺陷演化的时间尺度;另一方面,微柱压缩实验不可避免地受到利用聚焦离子束技术(focused ion beam, FIB)制样引入的初始缺陷与表面损伤层影响,使位错更容易从自由表面或缺陷处萌生并扩展,从而降低实际触发滑移所需的临界剪切应力。上述差异也为局域结构失稳在更大应变下才被触发的现象以及本研究中得到的更高的临界剪应力提供了合理解释。接下来将进一步围绕高熵调控下的缺陷演化展开讨论,并重点分析空位形成、局域结构瞬态重排及多滑移系协同激活之间的内在关联。
沿[001]加载时,由于局域应力扰动与化学无序的共同作用,金属子晶格发生大规模瞬态重排(FCC到BCC),并在随后的结构崩塌时呈现强烈的局域化特征。相比之下,$ [01\overline{1}] $方向未出现明显的晶格重构,但塑性变形由多核化、多滑移面协同驱动,剪切带的形成和扩展呈现出显著的分散性与非均匀性。而[111]方向的塑性行为则主要由{100}平面上的高度平面化滑移主导,位错密度高、分布广,且几乎不伴随明显原子堆垛重构。总体而言,多主元固溶体所带来的严重晶格畸变与局域能垒的涨落,是造成上述3种晶向在微观塑性响应上表现出显著差异的关键因素。图10展示了沿[001]晶向加载下,HEC在原子尺度的连续变形与损伤演化过程,原子以位移距离着色,其中小球代表碳原子,较大球对应金属原子。如图10(b)所示,在最初阶段,碳原子首先沿着<110>方向发生显著偏移(红色箭头所示),随后同一方向上相邻的碳原子也出现同步响应。尽管金属原子与碳原子分别占据B1结构中2个FCC子晶格,但它们的变形并不完全同步,可以观察到,碳原子在整体塑性变形开始前先于金属原子发生较大范围的迁移。随着加载持续,多个碳原子的连续位移导致局部碳空位的形成(图10(c))。由于体系的局域键强度与弹性场高度不均匀,不同位置形成空位所需的能垒差异显著,因此空位的最初成核表现出高度随机性。然而,一旦某一区域出现空位,周围的键合作用被削弱,致使该区域更易产生新的空位,从而表现出一定的局域富集。当碳空位积累到一定程度后,周围原子会随之发生错动(图10(d)),带动金属原子发生迁移,并逐渐形成与特定滑移面相关的局域错动结构,形成早期剪切变形区。在后续压缩过程中,这些最先发生偏移的碳原子区域逐渐演化为更大范围的滑移带,并不断吸纳周围的局部应变(图10(e)~图10(g)),最终导致材料整体快速软化与失效。而在B1结构过渡金属碳化物中,碳空位属于最常见的本征点缺陷之一,其对塑性行为的影响通过降低局域层错或滑移的相关势垒,从而降低位错成核门槛。已有研究表明,碳空位会显著改变层错能与堆垛结构的稳定性,从而影响部分位错或层错带的形成与扩展。例如,Ding等[55]指出碳空位能够显著降低TiC的层错能并促进层错形成。另外,这种空位点缺陷及其团簇会引入局域应力扰动,降低局部的屈服阈值,从而更易触发局域塑性与剪切带萌生。相关MD研究[56]显示,空位与空位团簇会降低金属钨的屈服应力,并改变缺陷触发塑性的方式;氧空位富集还促进了(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3陶瓷基中位错的形核与激活[57]。为进一步建立“空位演化与剪切带萌生”的时空关联,附录A中给出了与图10对应的空位分布演化结果(图A2),直观地展示了空位的产生、扩展及其在剪切带成核位置附近的富集。
图11(a)进一步统计了7.9~8.5 ps时间段内HEC中碳空位与金属空位数量的演化趋势。在变形初期,首先形成的是碳空位;随着加载继续,金属空位逐渐形成。此外,一旦空位形成,其数量在后续的变形过程中迅速累积,并呈指数增长趋势,表现出与金属材料类似的破坏模式[58]。从整体数量来看,HEC中碳空位显著多于金属空位,这一现象与图10所示的原子迁移规律高度一致。由于碳原子的质量轻,且原子半径远小于金属原子,其键合环境更易受高熵晶格畸变的扰动,它们在载荷作用下容易先发生非弹性位移,直接导致局域碳空位的快速形成与聚集,形成了“碳子晶优先响应”的机制。碳空位的富集削弱了局部原子键合,引发剪应变集中(局域软化),从而为剪切带成核提供了条件。这一趋势在过渡金属碳化物体系中已有理论研究支持,Råsander等[25]利用第一性原理计算对二元TMCs中的碳空位形成进行了系统分析,指出在富金属条件下,所有B1结构TMCs均倾向于形成碳空位;而在富碳条件下,部分TMCs仍然保持一定的碳空位形成倾向。为了验证这一机制在多主元高熵体系中是否成立,基于第一性原理计算系统地评估了TiC、ZrC、HfC、TaC、NbC以及HEC在富碳与富金属条件下的碳空位形成能(图11(b))。结果表明,HEC在2种环境下的碳空位形成能均为负值,且数值略低于各单组元碳化物,尤其是在富金属条件下,碳空位形成进一步显著降低。这表明碳空位在HEC中不仅更容易形成,并且从富碳到 富金属的较宽化学势区间内均具有热力学稳定性。这一结果与NbZrTi中熵合金[59]辐照过程的研究结果一致,即严重的晶格畸变显著降低空位形成能,从而直接影响缺陷复合过程。因此,可以认为,当这类空位行为与多主元随机固溶导致的局部晶格畸变耦合时,会进一步重塑变形过程中滑移通道与缺陷通道之间的竞争关系,使材料的塑性演化呈现出更复杂且高度非均匀的空间特征。
此外,除了碳空位形成能的变化,多主元引入也会显著影响滑移系的激活条件。在单组分过渡金属碳化物中,塑性变形通常由单一主滑移系主导,例如ZrC和HfC主要沿<110>{110}滑移,而NbC则更倾向于沿<110>{111}滑移[23–24]。然而,如3.2节所示,HEC在加载过程中同时出现了沿{100}与{111}晶面的滑移,该结果表明,在压缩过程中多主元引入的局域应变涨落与非均匀滑移阻力极有可能促使了多个滑移系在相近应力条件下被激活。为了定量比较不同滑移系在外载下的滑移驱动力,进一步计算了沿$ [01\overline{1}] $ 加载方向,在ε=0.200时,3组典型滑移系<110>{100}、<110>{110}与<110>{111}下原子的最大分剪应力$ {\tau }_{\rm{R}} $(resolved shear stress, RSS)[37, 60]
$ {\tau }_{\rm{R}}={\sigma }_{\textit{z}\textit{z}}m $
式中:$ m $为施密特因子。
$ m=\mathrm{cos}\;\theta \mathrm{cos}\;\lambda $
式中:$ \theta $为施加应力方向与滑移面法向之间的夹角,$ \lambda $为应力方向与滑移方向之间的夹角。$ \theta$和$ \lambda $共同决定了外加载荷在该滑移系上的分解能力,从几何上反映了“该滑移系在此加载方向下能够承受的有效剪切分量”。
原子在各晶面族的最大RSS分布结果如图12(a)所示,{100}、{110}、{111} 3组晶面族滑移系的RSS峰值分别约为41.86、30.28、49.14 GPa。其中,{100}与{111}晶面族的最大RSS更接近,而{110}的最大 RSS显著低于{100}和{111}晶面族。进一步,从图12(b)~图12(g)的RSS场分布可以看到:在ε=0.194时,各滑移面的RSS相对均匀,尚未出现明显的局域滑移迹象;而在ε=0.200时,不同晶面上均出现了局域应力快速释放,标志着滑移的激活。结合图6中观察到的沿{100}与{111}面的滑移行为,可以判断这2个滑移系在ε=0.200时已达到其临界剪应力(critical resolved shear stress, CRSS),分别约为41.86 GPa(<110>{100})与49.14 GPa(<110>{111})。相比之下,<110>{110}滑移系的RSS显著低于另外2个滑移面,且未在压缩过程中观察到{110}面的滑移,RSS仍低于其CRSS,因此,滑移未被激活。而这种多滑移系的激活在高熵合金研究中已有共识[61],原子尺度的化学无序会在晶体内部持续引入局域应力波动,使主滑移带在交汇或弯折处抬高邻近滑移系的RSS。一旦局部RSS超过相应滑移系的CRSS,原本非主导的{100}等滑移系也会被协同激活,使得塑性变形不再受限于单一滑移系,塑性响应呈现多滑移系并行的高度非均匀特征。这一行为与B2相高熵合金中所报道的多滑移系同时激活相似[61]。这一过程中,滑移带的传播又会进一步诱发局域晶格旋转和原子重排,加剧局域晶格畸变,从而在塑性变形与晶格畸变之间形成正反馈:畸变增强降低了局部滑移能垒,而滑移活动又反过来增强畸变场。整体上,这种由多主元固溶所驱动的多滑移系协同激活及其与局域畸变场的正反馈耦合,正是高熵体系中“鸡尾酒效应”的体现。
上述分析均基于准等熵压缩模拟,该加载方式能够在无激波干扰的情况下反映材料在高应变率下的塑性响应。然而,在真实的动态载荷环境中,材料往往承受的是具有明显波结构的加载过程,其中包括应力波的形成、传播与相互作用。为此,本研究采用斜波加载,进一步探究HEC在具有波前传播特征的加载路径下,其微观变形机制是否依旧与准等熵条件下相似。斜波在保留应力波传播特征的同时避免了强激波的形成。与经典冲击加载[28]中直接对“活塞”施加恒定冲击速度不同,斜波加载通过在设定时间内将活塞速度从零线性提升到目标值[62],使材料内部的应力场得以平滑增长。因此,斜波加载常被视为比传统激波加载更接近准等熵路径的加载方式。然而,这种等效近似的加载方式并不完全等价。应力波在材料中的传播、叠加与反射也可能导致材料出现准等熵加载中未显现的应力梯度、波前不均匀性及塑性启动路径差异,乃至变形模式的差异。为系统评估这些差异,对上述3个典型晶向([001]、$ [01\overline{1}] $与[111])开展了斜波加载模拟,在10 ps的加载时间内,将活塞速度由零线性增加至 2 km/s,比较2种加载方式下的力学响应与微结构演化。
图13展示了3种晶向在斜波加载下的剪应变分布云图,以及正应力($ {\sigma }_{\textit{z}\textit{z}} $)、剪应力($ {\sigma }_{xy} $)与剪应变沿波传播方向的剖面曲线,其中,灰色阴影线分别标注了曲线转折点,同时对应HEC云图中的塑性波和弹性波的传播前沿,3种取向在弹塑性演化上呈现出显著差异。从[001]晶向的剪应变云图可以清晰分辨出靠近加载端(左侧)的塑性剪切区,随后依次为弹性区与尚未被波前扰动的区域(深蓝色)。结合波剖面曲线,在完全进入塑性区之前,材料整体剪应变在弹性阶段基本保持平稳,没有明显上升;相应的剪应力剖面在远离加载端的右侧近似线性变化,而在靠近加载端的位置出现弹-塑性转折与明显的剪应力释放。此外,相比另外2个晶向,[001]方向的弹性波速最高。对于$ [01\overline{1}] $晶向,虽然在剪应力与剪应变曲线中同样可以识别出清楚的弹-塑性转变,但正应力随波前推进几乎呈线性增长,并未出现类似[001]晶向中的转折,且塑性波速在三者中最慢。相较之下,[111]晶向的塑性波速反而最快,但从变形云图来看,其整体塑性变形程度明显弱于前两者,剪应力曲线也缺乏典型的塑性平台段。这些差异表明,在具有波传播特征的斜波加载下,不同晶向的变形路径与准等熵加载存在非等同的响应机制。
图14(a)展示了t=10 ps时[001]、$ [01\overline{1}] $和[111] 3个晶向沿传播方向(z方向)的粒子速度与密度分布,更直观地对比了不同晶向在斜波加载下的变形梯度响应。在加载端附近,[001]晶向的粒子速度自加载面的最高值沿压缩波传播方向迅速衰减至零,表现出最陡峭的速度梯度。换言之,该晶向在弹性压缩阶段具有更高的可压缩性和更快的波速,相比另外2个晶向更为突出。为进一步分析弹-塑性转变对剪切响应的影响,图14(b)显示了3个晶向在靠近加载端位置(沿垂直于z方向、厚度为2 nm的切片)处的平均剪应变与局域变形参数$ \varphi $随时间的演化曲线。结果表明,$ [01\overline{1}] $与[111] 2个晶向的演化路径较为接近,两者的平均剪应变与$ \varphi $均随时间平缓上升;而[001]晶向在整个加载过程中始终保持更高的剪应变水平,并在接近塑性启动阶段出现更显著的$ \varphi $增长,表明其剪切局域化启动得更早且强度更高。同时可以看出,在斜波加载下,粒子速度并非简单的线性增长,而是与局部塑性变形演化过程相互耦合。一方面,塑性软化会降低局部抗压能力,从而使粒子速度进一步提升;另一方面,速度梯度的增强又反过来促进局部应变积累与滑移激活。由此产生的速度场-塑性场正反馈,使不同晶向在斜波条件下的力学响应更加敏感,也放大了晶向依赖的差异性。
图15展示了[001]晶向下斜波加载与准等熵加载2种路径下的应力、应变响应的差异。图15(a)给出了2种加载方式下的剪应变(实线)与剪应变率(虚线)随时间的演化关系,其中紫色虚线为在斜波加载中靠近加载端切片处的平均粒子速度。在加载初期(0~6 ps),体系变形由晶格弹性响应主导,2种路径下的剪应变与应变率几乎重合,尚未进入塑性流动阶段,变形行为主要由原子间键合控制,对加载路径并不敏感。然而,随着加载推进,两者的差异显著增大,在斜波加载下,剪应变在约7.5 ps迅速上升,并伴随着剪应变率陡增,显著高于同一时刻的准等熵加载。这表明斜波加载下塑性变形被更早触发,其直接驱动力来自于斜波加载过程中粒子速度(紫色虚线)持续上升。相比之下,准等熵路径下的粒子速度变化十分缓慢,剪应变近似呈线性增长,前期表现出典型的“均匀变形-迟滞流动”。直至约8.5 ps时,准等熵加载的应变率激增,并在达到峰值后迅速回落,伴随材料失稳,而此时斜波加载仍然维持着较高的应变率,继续承载。对应地,图15(b)给出了2种加载方式下HEC的应力/温度-应变曲线。2种加载方式下的应力-应变曲线在前期几乎重合。当应变增至0.120时,2条路径分叉。斜波加载路径虽然仍能维持一定的承载能力,但后续应力上升缓慢,表现出一定程度的“塑后承载”;而准等熵加载下的应力则持续增加,并在应变约为0.17时达到峰值,随后快速衰减,呈现出典型的“峰后崩塌”塑性失效行为。
在斜波加载下,由于存在显著的应变梯度,塑性变形主要沿波阵面逐步推进,靠近加载端局部变形与温升较为剧烈,而后端仍能保持承载,形成具有空间分布特征的承载模式。换言之,这种以波效应动能输入为主的非平衡加载路径有利于抑制材料在整体协同软化下的快速失稳。温度-应变曲线(图15(b))表明,斜波加载下,塑性功向热能的转化更早且更分散,虽然有利于抑制整体协同软化引发的瞬时失稳和热集中,但也明显削弱了材料的峰值承载强度。相比之下,准等熵加载前期的能量与温升演化更为平缓可控,变形主要由协同滑移及应变诱导子晶格重构等微结构演化主导,塑性变形分布更均匀,因此能够在延缓局部失稳的情况下达到更高的压缩强度,但一旦塑性流动失控,累积的塑性变形功会以突发式温升释放,快速诱发热软化和材料崩塌。总体而言,高熵陶瓷因显著的化学无序与局部晶格畸变,在不同加载路径下展现出高度路径依赖的变形响应。斜波加载更适用于揭示极端动态条件下的响应机制;而准等熵加载则提供了一条更接近本征热力学过程的路径,有利于剥离耦合效应,并清晰追踪缺陷的本征演化序列。
在HEC中,由于复杂的化学无序和显著的晶格畸变,其在准等熵与斜波等极端加载条件下展现出区别于单组分碳化物的独特力学响应。其微观结构特征不仅影响应力诱导的Bain型晶格重构、空位演化和滑移激活机制,也使材料在不同加载路径下表现出更显著的响应差异性。基于高精度机器学习势,以 (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C为研究对象,开展了沿[001]、$ [01\overline{1}] $和[111] 3个典型晶向的准等熵压缩以及斜波加载分子动力学模拟。从晶向与加载路径角度,系统地揭示了多重“高熵”效应如何影响HEC在原子尺度下的塑性变形机制,得到以下主要结论。
(1) Bain型子晶格重排的容限显著提高。[001]晶向加载下,金属子晶格发生由FCC到BCC的Bain型晶格重构,HEC中的这种晶格重构程度远高于单组元TMCs,延缓了材料失效,使HEC具备更强的承载能力与失效延展性,反映出高熵组分对结构稳定性的强化。
(2) 空位形成能降低使“空位-滑移耦合”成为主要的塑性变形机制。相较于单组分TMC,HEC具有更低的碳空位形成能,碳原子更易在外载作用下先发生迁移并形成空位,促进了剪切带成核,在变形过程中主导了初期缺陷演化。
(3) 局部晶格畸变重构滑移竞争模式。多主元带来的晶格畸变增强了局部应力扰动,使主滑移带在交汇与偏转处有效提高了临近滑移系的RSS,从而激活了{111}、{100}等滑移系协同变形,促进了不同滑移带扩展。
(4) HEC在准等熵压缩与斜波加载下呈现差异化的变形响应。斜波加载下,由于应变梯度显著且动能输入更强,塑性更早启动,并更快向局部化变形演化;相比之下,准等熵加载的热-力输入更平缓,有利于微观结构逐步演化与协调变形,从而保持更均匀的塑性分布,并提高峰值应力到来前的承载稳定性。需要强调的是,该差异首先来自加载路径本身;晶格畸变与化学无序进一步放大了力-热耦合下的路径敏感性,从而导致不同的变形机制与失效模式。

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2026年第40卷第8期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261008
  • 接收时间:2026-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2026-08-05
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-09
  • 修回日期:2026-03-08
  • 录用日期:2026-07-07
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    华南理工大学土木与交通学院, 广东 广州 510641

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李旺辉(1989-),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事冲击动力学、极端力学和高压科学研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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