Article(id=1325141910205104728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20251275, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765209600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-09, revisedDate=1768752000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793868051338, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1785859200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793868051338, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793868051338, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793868051338, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325141422059434771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='8', pageStart='080101-1', pageEnd='080111-13', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785859200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793867934956, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793868226120, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325142643738551272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325142643738551273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=080111-1, endPage=080111-13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325141910423208537, articleId=1325141910205104728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation Study on Hypervelocity Impact of High-Entropy Alloy Protective Structure, columnId=1325141422910878484, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Dynamic Damage and Failure of Metals and Alloys, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The space debris problem has become one of the most pressing challenges in the field of space environment protection. Currently, most spacecraft shielding systems adopt Whipple-type structures, in which aluminum alloys are commonly used as bumper materials. In this study, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method implemented in the AUTODYN software was employed to numerically investigate the hypervelocity impact of spherical projectiles on high-entropy alloy (HEA) protective structures. The characteristics of the resulting debris clouds, including fragment number, mass distribution, and momentum, were systematically analyzed under various impact conditions. In addition, the effects of impact velocity and the ratio of bumper thickness to projectile diameter (t/D) on the hypervelocity impact response of HEA shielding structures were examined. The results show that, under identical impact conditions, the debris cloud characteristics generated by HEA protective structures differ significantly from those of aluminum alloy structures, namely: the total number of fragments increases by approximately 51.86%; the number of small-mass fragments increases by about 79.56%, while the number of large-mass fragments decreases; and the maximum debris cloud momentum along the impact direction (z-direction) is less than 75% of that associated with aluminum alloy structures across multiple projectile diameters. Parametric analyses indicate that the expansion of the debris cloud is primarily governed by impact velocity, with higher velocities leading to faster expansion, while the influence of the t/D is relatively minor. In contrast, the mass and kinetic energy of hazardous fragments (large-mass/high-energy fragments) are mainly affected by t/D, with higher values resulting in greater impact severity. These findings provide theoretical support and reference for the application of high-entropy alloys in next-generation spacecraft shielding structures.

, authors=Yunfei YIN1, Qiuzu YANG1, Jia’ao GUO1, Zhiqiang LI1, 2, 3, 4, authorsList=Yunfei YIN, Qiuzu YANG, Jia’ao GUO, Zhiqiang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhiqiang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325141913703154288, articleId=1325141910205104728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=高熵合金防护结构的超高速撞击数值模拟研究, columnId=1325141423070262038, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=金属及合金材料动态损伤破坏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

空间碎片是当今空间环境保护领域最紧迫的问题。目前的航天器防护结构多数为Whipple结构,主体缓冲屏多采用铝合金材料。采用AUTODYN软件的光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法,模拟研究了球形弹丸超高速撞击高熵合金防护结构,分析了不同工况下碎片云数量、质量和动量等特性,探讨了撞击速度以及结构厚度与弹丸直径之比(t/D)对高熵合金防护结构超高速撞击特性的影响。结果表明,在相同的撞击条件下,高熵合金防护结构产生的碎片云特性显著区别于铝合金防护结构:碎片总量增加约 51.86%;小质量碎片数量增加约 79.56%,大质量碎片数量减少;沿撞击方向碎片云的最大动量低于铝合金结构的 75%(多种弹丸直径下均成立)。影响因素分析表明:碎片云膨胀程度主要受撞击速度控制,受t/D的影响较小,且撞击速度越大,膨胀越快;而危险碎片(大质量或高动能碎片)的质量和动能则主要受t/D影响,且t/D越高,影响越大。研究结果可为高熵合金在新一代航天器防护结构中的工程应用提供理论支持和参考。

, authors=尹云飞1, 杨秋足1, 郭家傲1, 李志强1, 2, 3, 4, authorsList=尹云飞, 杨秋足, 郭家傲, 李志强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李志强, authorNote=

尹云飞(2001-),男,硕士,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李志强(1973-),男,博士,教授,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《高压物理学报》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bWYJ40fuulinsHEeC7aU9g==, magXml=EQm86A5Mhww8hToxq/H/tA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=QZ84ZwRt7Mks33LuFEzZFw==, pdfFileSize=6557991, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=k4ntSGq9VSlyfdA54w7eSA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=XwlehlMhyB1PV9DU0PpF7w==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1325141914336494206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=15735116167@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325141914449740416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914336494206, language=EN, stringName=Yunfei YIN, firstName=Yunfei, middleName=null, lastName=YIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325141914521043585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914336494206, language=CN, stringName=尹云飞, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600, bio={"content":"

尹云飞(2001-),男,硕士,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

尹云飞(2001-),男,硕士,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325141913912869489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913925452402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913933841011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600)])]), Author(id=1325141914596541059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325141914705592965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914596541059, language=EN, stringName=Qiuzu YANG, firstName=Qiuzu, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325141914768507526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914596541059, language=CN, stringName=杨秋足, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325141913912869489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913925452402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913933841011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600)])]), Author(id=1325141914839810696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325141914927891082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914839810696, language=EN, stringName=Jia’ao GUO, firstName=Jia’ao, middleName=null, lastName=GUO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325141916580446859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914839810696, language=CN, stringName=郭家傲, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325141913912869489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913925452402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913933841011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600)])]), Author(id=1325141916668527245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lizhiqiang@tyut.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325141916794356370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141916668527245, language=EN, stringName=Zhiqiang LI, firstName=Zhiqiang, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, address=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
2Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
3Shanxi Basic Disciplines Research Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
4National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325141916857270931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141916668527245, language=CN, stringName=李志强, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, address=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600
2太原理工大学材料强度与结构冲击山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030024
3太原理工大学山西省力学基础学科研究中心, 山西 太原 030024
4太原理工大学力学国家级实验教学示范中心, 山西 太原 030024, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325141913912869489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913925452402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913933841011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325141914021921396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914030310005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914021921396, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914038698614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914021921396, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2太原理工大学材料强度与结构冲击山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325141914097418871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914110001784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914097418871, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Shanxi Basic Disciplines Research Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914118390393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914097418871, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3太原理工大学山西省力学基础学科研究中心, 山西 太原 030024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325141914181304954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914193887867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914181304954, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914202276476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914181304954, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4太原理工大学力学国家级实验教学示范中心, 山西 太原 030024)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1325141916953739924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=space debris), Keyword(id=1325141917016654485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=hypervelocity impact), Keyword(id=1325141917087957654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=high-entropy alloys (HEAs)), Keyword(id=1325141917142483607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=fragment cloud characteristics), Keyword(id=1325141917201203864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=空间碎片), Keyword(id=1325141917255729817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=超高速撞击), Keyword(id=1325141917327032986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=高熵合金), Keyword(id=1325141917385753243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=碎片云特性)], refs=[Reference(id=1325141919357076150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ARSHAD M, BAZZOCCHI M C F, HUSSAIN F. Emerging strategies in close proximity operations for space debris removal: a review [J]. Acta Astronautica, 2025, 228: 996–1022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141919436767927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邸德宁, 陈小伟, 文肯, 等. 超高速碰撞产生的碎片云研究进展 [J]. 兵工学报, 2018, 39(10): 2016–2047., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141921131266746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DI D N, CHEN X W, WEN K, et al. A review on the study of debris cloud produced by normal hypervelocity impact upon a thin plate [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2018, 39(10): 2016–2047., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141921219347131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=龚自正, 赵秋艳, 李明, 等. 空间碎片防护研究前沿问题与展望 [J]. 空间碎片研究, 2019, 19(3): 2–13., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141921668137661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GONG Z Z, ZHAO Q Y, LI M, et al. The frontier problem and prospect of space debris protection research [J]. Space Debris Research, 2019, 19(3): 2–13., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141922045625022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HE Q G, CHEN X W, CHEN J F. Finite element-smoothed particle hydrodynamics adaptive method in simulating debris cloud [J]. Acta Astronautica, 2020, 175: 99–117., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141922376975039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAO X, ZHOU J Q, XU H D, et al. An SPH model reconstruction framework with fragment mapping method for multiplate structure hypervelocity impact simulation [J]. Advances in Space Research, 2025, 75(11): 8140–8157., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141922477638336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAI A, KAWASE M, NISHIDA M, et al. 3D numerical and experimental investigation of hypervelocity impacts on dual bumper plate Whipple shields for spacecraft protection [J]. Acta Astronautica, 2025, 232: 374–386., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141923291333313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CLINE C J, CHRISTIANSEN E L, MCCANDLESS R, et al. Preliminary experimental investigation of multi-shock shield performance against meteoritic and other lithic projectiles [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2025, 203: 105324., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141923685597890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SATHISH KUMAR S K, KIM Y, CHA J H, et al. Hybrid interspaced and free-boundary aramid fabric back bumper for hypervelocity impact shielding system [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2023, 171: 104377., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141924079862467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI J, WEN X Z, HUANG J, et al. Study on shielding performance of aerogel/fiberglass composite stuffed shield [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2023, 173: 104467., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141925749195460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAI A, MUJUMDAR N, PICCHOLIYA A, et al. Computational studies on hyper velocity impact of spherical projectiles on whipple shield with hybrid Newtonian fluid-filled core [J]. Acta Astronautica, 2024, 220: 230–242., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141926294454981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VOILLAT R, GALLIEN F, MORTENSEN A, et al. Hypervelocity impact testing on stochastic and structured open porosity cast Al-Si cellular structures for space applications [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2018, 120: 126–137., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141926692913862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=REN S Y, WU Q, ZHANG P L, et al. Damage effects of aluminum alloy honeycomb sandwich panel double-layer structure induced by reactive projectile hypervelocity impact [J]. Thin-Walled Structures, 2024, 202: 112076., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141927078789831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KAMAREH F, PANG B J, CAO W X, et al. Proposing novel body-centered cubic lattice core sandwich panels as satellite structure [J]. Advances in Space Research, 2024, 74(11): 5779–5802., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141927468860104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ÖNDER A. Projectile fragmentation and debris cloud formation behaviour of wavy plates in hypervelocity impact [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2024, 183: 104788., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141927552746185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PUTZAR R, ZHENG S G, AN J, et al. A stuffed Whipple shield for the Chinese space station [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2019, 132: 103304., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141927833764554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DUAN Y P, CHI R Q, PANG B J, et al. Experimental and numerical study of hypervelocity impact damage on composite overwrapped pressure vessels [J]. Defence Technology, 2024, 31: 58–72., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141927921844939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG X G, YIN C, RU H Q, et al. Hypervelocity impact damage behavior of B4C/Al composite for MMOD shielding application [J]. Materials & Design, 2020, 186: 108323., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141927997342412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=REN S Y, LONG R R, ZHANG Q M, et al. The hypervelocity impact resistance behaviors of NbC/Al2024 ceramic-metal composites [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2021, 148: 103759., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141928307720909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=武强, 张庆明, 龚自正, 等. 活性Whipple结构超高速撞击防护性能实验研究 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2021, 41(2): 021406., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141928681013966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Q, ZHANG Q M, GONG Z Z, et al. Experimental investigation into performances of an active Whipple shield against hypervelocity impact [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2021, 41(2): 021406., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141930367124175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=REN S Y, ZHANG Q M, Wu Q, et al. Influence of impact-induced reaction characteristics of reactive composites on hypervelocity impact resistance [J]. Materials & Design, 2020, 192: 108722., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141930778165968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FAN J T, TANG J Q, CAI Z Q, et al. Transverse impact response of movable fiber bundle with constant resistance [J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2026, 310: 111105., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141931214373585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALI S F, FAN J T. Capturing dynamic behaviors of a rate sensitive, elastomer with strain energy absorptions and dissipation effects [J]. International Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2021, 13(9): 2150104., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141931658969810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘承哲, 王海福, 张甲浩, 等. 轻质高熵合金聚能射流毁伤混凝土靶行为研究 [J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(Suppl 1): 60–69., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141932057428691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU C Z, WANG H F, ZHANG J H, et al. Research on behavior of lightweight high-entropy alloy jet penetrating concrete targets [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(Suppl 1): 60–69., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141932434916052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAO S, FAN J T. Numerical model for penetration process of a deformable projectile into ductile metallic target plate considering the interaction of projectile and target [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2025, 195: 105107., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141932569133782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=UDDIN J, FAN J T. Interpretable machine learning framework to predict the glass transition temperature of polymers [J]. Polymers, 2024, 16(8): 1049., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141932900483800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FATEH ALI S, FAN J T. Mechanism-based modeling of strain rate-dependent transition of macromechanical behavior accompanied by temperature rise effects of a toughened polymer composite [J]. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2024, 150(5): 04024015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141934544650970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG J Q, FAN J T, CHEN S H. A numerical model for calculating the impact-induced depression [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2024, 183: 104792., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141934636925659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邸德宁, 陈小伟. 碎片云SPH方法数值模拟中的材料失效模型 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2018, 38(5): 948–956., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141934959887068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DI D N, CHEN X W. Material failure models in SPH simulation of debris cloud [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2018, 38(5): 948–956., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141935018607325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHERNIAEV A, TELICHEV I. Weight-efficiency of conventional shielding systems in protecting unmanned spacecraft from orbital debris [J]. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 2017, 54(1): 75–89., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141935442232030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HE Q G, CHEN J F, CHEN X W. Velocity-space analysis method for hazardous fragments in debris clouds [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2022, 161: 104087., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325141935836496607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ADEBA M M, FAN J T. Framework and computational model of bubble dynamics under water [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2025, 37(10): 106127., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325141913912869489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913925452402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913933841011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325141914021921396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914030310005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914021921396, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914038698614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914021921396, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2太原理工大学材料强度与结构冲击山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325141914097418871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914110001784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914097418871, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Shanxi Basic Disciplines Research Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914118390393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914097418871, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3太原理工大学山西省力学基础学科研究中心, 山西 太原 030024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325141914181304954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914193887867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914181304954, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914202276476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914181304954, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4太原理工大学力学国家级实验教学示范中心, 山西 太原 030024)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325141917511582364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Numerical model for hypervelocity impact, figureFileSmall=gFpGSsxJg7dXsiDone7UVg==, figureFileBig=k4ntSGq9VSlyfdA54w7eSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141917574496925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图1, caption=超高速撞击数值计算模型, figureFileSmall=gFpGSsxJg7dXsiDone7UVg==, figureFileBig=k4ntSGq9VSlyfdA54w7eSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141917834543774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Comparison of morphology between simulated (upper)and experimental (lower)[29] debris clouds, figureFileSmall=6M8GJUBqw3jy0Yu+35uV+w==, figureFileBig=6kio9a3iMhQ7K3ABFnw5XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141917901652639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图2, caption=模拟(上)与实验(下)[29]得到的碎片云形貌对比, figureFileSmall=6M8GJUBqw3jy0Yu+35uV+w==, figureFileBig=6kio9a3iMhQ7K3ABFnw5XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141917968761504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Variations of fragments number of two protective structures under different impact velocities, figureFileSmall=yLUVmH0fcNEltSUKSMgB+w==, figureFileBig=X/Ja/ddtiuM+4OSvUOBWbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918040064673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同撞击速度下2种防护结构的碎片数量变化, figureFileSmall=yLUVmH0fcNEltSUKSMgB+w==, figureFileBig=X/Ja/ddtiuM+4OSvUOBWbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918102979234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Mass distribution of debris cloud of two protective structures under different impact velocities, figureFileSmall=JFOmL6bgQY8fVrbR5fYhxw==, figureFileBig=P6yYlVRp1sQ4qzohdULklQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918165893795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同撞击速度下2种防护结构的碎片云质量分布, figureFileSmall=JFOmL6bgQY8fVrbR5fYhxw==, figureFileBig=P6yYlVRp1sQ4qzohdULklQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918233002660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Fragment momentum distribution in the z-direction, figureFileSmall=60tmCTwzGaiZLp1wXL5Rwg==, figureFileBig=C8I/fJTFMV2iKNB7GkOkIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918295917221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图5, caption=碎片的z方向动量和分布, figureFileSmall=60tmCTwzGaiZLp1wXL5Rwg==, figureFileBig=C8I/fJTFMV2iKNB7GkOkIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918367220390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Radial expansion velocity of the outer bubble debris cloud, figureFileSmall=unBBZSOaH7MI9pMRvFZ14w==, figureFileBig=ceu0QxeXydz4f2S4zXS3Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918442717863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图6, caption=外泡碎片云径向膨胀速度, figureFileSmall=unBBZSOaH7MI9pMRvFZ14w==, figureFileBig=ceu0QxeXydz4f2S4zXS3Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918501438120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Expansion velocity of the head of the outer bubble debris cloud, figureFileSmall=jx8maQH+TBOY/sN1PeJedQ==, figureFileBig=1vu+Lne1eUMoy8YocIc2AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918560158377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图7, caption=外泡碎片云头部膨胀速度, figureFileSmall=jx8maQH+TBOY/sN1PeJedQ==, figureFileBig=1vu+Lne1eUMoy8YocIc2AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918623072938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Variations of debris cloud diameter with time, figureFileSmall=BGrp3HI9wPsW2zc7f7uKlg==, figureFileBig=7xc+dLcxlDwtwkwOWEMAzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918690181803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图8, caption=碎片云直径随时间变化, figureFileSmall=BGrp3HI9wPsW2zc7f7uKlg==, figureFileBig=7xc+dLcxlDwtwkwOWEMAzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918744707756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Variations of debris cloud length with time, figureFileSmall=6kO8AA7yU17ueJIecxvUPA==, figureFileBig=L/PSj3FHMyQQrEk4Bdq0Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918811816621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图9, caption=碎片云长度随时间变化, figureFileSmall=6kO8AA7yU17ueJIecxvUPA==, figureFileBig=L/PSj3FHMyQQrEk4Bdq0Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918870536878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Mass distribution of hazardous debris, figureFileSmall=X1hb6rohRK5o+msac0p+qA==, figureFileBig=4kTahJkVYvzFy18AyfQ4bQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918925062831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图10, caption=危险碎片质量分布, figureFileSmall=X1hb6rohRK5o+msac0p+qA==, figureFileBig=4kTahJkVYvzFy18AyfQ4bQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918971200176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Kinetic energy distribution of hazardous debris, figureFileSmall=4dNnk2WS0X9GgmPG8/H8IQ==, figureFileBig=2DxHBOYQGgI1DmLW1PcNTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141919025726129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图11, caption=危险碎片动能分布, figureFileSmall=4dNnk2WS0X9GgmPG8/H8IQ==, figureFileBig=2DxHBOYQGgI1DmLW1PcNTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141919080252082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Material models, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StructureMaterialEquation of stateConstitutive equationFailure model
ProjectileAl6061-T6GrüneisenJohnson-CookGrady
Protection plateAl2024-T4GrüneisenJohnson-CookGrady
Protection plateCoCrFeNiTiGrüneisenJohnson-CookGrady
Rear panelAl6061-T6GrüneisenJohnson-CookJohnson-Cook
), ArticleFig(id=1325141919130583731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料所选模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StructureMaterialEquation of stateConstitutive equationFailure model
ProjectileAl6061-T6GrüneisenJohnson-CookGrady
Protection plateAl2024-T4GrüneisenJohnson-CookGrady
Protection plateCoCrFeNiTiGrüneisenJohnson-CookGrady
Rear panelAl6061-T6GrüneisenJohnson-CookJohnson-Cook
), ArticleFig(id=1325141919193498292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Material parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material $ \rho $/(g·cm−3) $ \gamma $ $ {C}_{0} $/(m·s−1) $ S $ $ {T}_{0} $/K $ {T}_{\rm m} $/K
Al6061-T62.7031.9752401.40293885
Al2024-T42.7852.0 5328 1.338293863
CoCrFeNiTi6.42 1.9 49021.531775
Material $ A $/MPa $ B $/MPa $ C $ $ n $ $ \dot{\varepsilon }_0 $/s−1 $ m $
Al6061-T63241140.0020.421.341.0
Al2024-T43254140.0150.201.0 1.0
CoCrFeNiTi3817550.03520.78 0.76
Material $ {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}} $ $ {D}_{1} $ $ {D}_{2} $ $ {D}_{3} $ $ {D}_{4} $ $ {D}_{5} $
Al6061-T60.15−0.771.45−0.4701.6
Al2024-T40.15
CoCrFeNiTi0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1325141919264801461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material $ \rho $/(g·cm−3) $ \gamma $ $ {C}_{0} $/(m·s−1) $ S $ $ {T}_{0} $/K $ {T}_{\rm m} $/K
Al6061-T62.7031.9752401.40293885
Al2024-T42.7852.0 5328 1.338293863
CoCrFeNiTi6.42 1.9 49021.531775
Material $ A $/MPa $ B $/MPa $ C $ $ n $ $ \dot{\varepsilon }_0 $/s−1 $ m $
Al6061-T63241140.0020.421.341.0
Al2024-T43254140.0150.201.0 1.0
CoCrFeNiTi3817550.03520.78 0.76
Material $ {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}} $ $ {D}_{1} $ $ {D}_{2} $ $ {D}_{3} $ $ {D}_{4} $ $ {D}_{5} $
Al6061-T60.15−0.771.45−0.4701.6
Al2024-T40.15
CoCrFeNiTi0.20
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1255846718311514113, delFlag=0, nameCn=高压物理学报, nameEn=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1000-5773, eissn=null, cn=51-1147/O4, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=KWePOcsfwWv2cMGG6VIsRw==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1777346790154, updatedTime=1788952099200, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=G, firstLetterEn=G, subjectCode=Science, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Science, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=KWePOcsfwWv2cMGG6VIsRw==, picEn=yfL33fksqTlch2QW39glNg==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1304522912573182860, language=CN, name=高压物理学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788952099221, updatedTime=1788952099221, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://gywlxbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionEditorUrl=https://gywlxbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionReviewUrl=https://gywlxbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1304522912619320205, language=EN, name=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1788952099232, updatedTime=1788952099232, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://gywlxbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionEditorUrl=https://gywlxbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionReviewUrl=https://gywlxbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1255847867265597444, websiteList=[Website(id=1255847989789208939, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1255847867265597444, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1777347093294, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1777347319285, updateBy=18614031015, name=高压物理学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=高压物理学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1255849119986364878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1777347362753, updateTime=1777347362753, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849119952810443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1777347362745, updateTime=1777347362745, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849120045085137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1777347362767, updateTime=1777347362767, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849119944421834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=5J9nsSD+WX0mc+nIBFk2Hg==, createTime=1777347362743, updateTime=1777347362743, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849120368046547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1777347362844, updateTime=1777347362844, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849119973781965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1777347362750, updateTime=1777347362750, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849120347075026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1777347362839, updateTime=1777347362839, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849119965393356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1777347362748, updateTime=1777347362748, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849120007336399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1777347362758, updateTime=1777347362758, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849120019919312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989789208939, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1777347362761, updateTime=1777347362761, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1255847989940203908, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1255847867265597444, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1777347093329, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1777347316256, updateBy=18614031015, name=高压物理学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1255849089909010882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1777347355582, updateTime=1777347355582, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089871262143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1777347355573, updateTime=1777347355573, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089934176709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1777347355588, updateTime=1777347355588, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089858679230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=5J9nsSD+WX0mc+nIBFk2Hg==, createTime=1777347355570, updateTime=1777347355570, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089950953927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1777347355592, updateTime=1777347355592, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089888039361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1777347355577, updateTime=1777347355577, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089942565318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1777347355590, updateTime=1777347355590, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089879650752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1777347355575, updateTime=1777347355575, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089917399491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1777347355584, updateTime=1777347355584, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1255849089925788100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1255847989940203908, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1777347355586, updateTime=1777347355586, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=高压物理学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.gywlxb.cn, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, journalPhotoCn=KWePOcsfwWv2cMGG6VIsRw==, journalPhotoEn=yfL33fksqTlch2QW39glNg==, journalFirstLetter=G, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/CN/10.11858/gywlxb.20251275, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/EN/10.11858/gywlxb.20251275, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/CN/PDF/10.11858/gywlxb.20251275, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/EN/PDF/10.11858/gywlxb.20251275, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1785859200000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
高熵合金防护结构的超高速撞击数值模拟研究
收藏切换
PDF下载
尹云飞 1 , 杨秋足 1 , 郭家傲 1 , 李志强 1, 2, 3, 4
高压物理学报 | 金属及合金材料动态损伤破坏 2026,40(8): 080111-1-080111-13
收起
收藏切换
高压物理学报 |金属及合金材料动态损伤破坏 2026 , 40 (8) : 080111-1 -080111-13
高熵合金防护结构的超高速撞击数值模拟研究
全屏
[Author(id=1325141914336494206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=15735116167@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325141914449740416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914336494206, language=EN, stringName=Yunfei YIN, firstName=Yunfei, middleName=null, lastName=YIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325141914521043585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914336494206, language=CN, stringName=尹云飞, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600, bio={"content":"

尹云飞(2001-),男,硕士,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

尹云飞(2001-),男,硕士,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325141913912869489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913925452402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913933841011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600)])]), Author(id=1325141914596541059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325141914705592965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914596541059, language=EN, stringName=Qiuzu YANG, firstName=Qiuzu, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325141914768507526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914596541059, language=CN, stringName=杨秋足, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325141913912869489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913925452402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913933841011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600)])]), Author(id=1325141914839810696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325141914927891082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914839810696, language=EN, stringName=Jia’ao GUO, firstName=Jia’ao, middleName=null, lastName=GUO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325141916580446859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914839810696, language=CN, stringName=郭家傲, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325141913912869489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913925452402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913933841011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600)])]), Author(id=1325141916668527245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lizhiqiang@tyut.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325141916794356370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141916668527245, language=EN, stringName=Zhiqiang LI, firstName=Zhiqiang, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, address=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
2Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
3Shanxi Basic Disciplines Research Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
4National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325141916857270931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141916668527245, language=CN, stringName=李志强, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, address=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600
2太原理工大学材料强度与结构冲击山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030024
3太原理工大学山西省力学基础学科研究中心, 山西 太原 030024
4太原理工大学力学国家级实验教学示范中心, 山西 太原 030024, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325141913912869489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913925452402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141913933841011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141913912869489, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325141914021921396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914030310005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914021921396, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914038698614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914021921396, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2太原理工大学材料强度与结构冲击山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325141914097418871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914110001784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914097418871, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Shanxi Basic Disciplines Research Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914118390393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914097418871, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3太原理工大学山西省力学基础学科研究中心, 山西 太原 030024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325141914181304954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914193887867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914181304954, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914202276476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914181304954, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4太原理工大学力学国家级实验教学示范中心, 山西 太原 030024)])])]
尹云飞1 , 杨秋足1, 郭家傲1, 李志强1, 2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600
  • 2太原理工大学材料强度与结构冲击山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030024
  • 3太原理工大学山西省力学基础学科研究中心, 山西 太原 030024
  • 4太原理工大学力学国家级实验教学示范中心, 山西 太原 030024
通讯作者:
李志强(1973-),男,博士,教授,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

尹云飞(2001-),男,硕士,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:

Numerical Simulation Study on Hypervelocity Impact of High-Entropy Alloy Protective Structure
Yunfei YIN1 , Qiuzu YANG1, Jia’ao GUO1, Zhiqiang LI1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
  • 2Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
  • 3Shanxi Basic Disciplines Research Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
  • 4National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-08-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251275
文章导航
收藏切换

空间碎片是当今空间环境保护领域最紧迫的问题。目前的航天器防护结构多数为Whipple结构,主体缓冲屏多采用铝合金材料。采用AUTODYN软件的光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法,模拟研究了球形弹丸超高速撞击高熵合金防护结构,分析了不同工况下碎片云数量、质量和动量等特性,探讨了撞击速度以及结构厚度与弹丸直径之比(t/D)对高熵合金防护结构超高速撞击特性的影响。结果表明,在相同的撞击条件下,高熵合金防护结构产生的碎片云特性显著区别于铝合金防护结构:碎片总量增加约 51.86%;小质量碎片数量增加约 79.56%,大质量碎片数量减少;沿撞击方向碎片云的最大动量低于铝合金结构的 75%(多种弹丸直径下均成立)。影响因素分析表明:碎片云膨胀程度主要受撞击速度控制,受t/D的影响较小,且撞击速度越大,膨胀越快;而危险碎片(大质量或高动能碎片)的质量和动能则主要受t/D影响,且t/D越高,影响越大。研究结果可为高熵合金在新一代航天器防护结构中的工程应用提供理论支持和参考。

空间碎片  /  超高速撞击  /  高熵合金  /  碎片云特性

The space debris problem has become one of the most pressing challenges in the field of space environment protection. Currently, most spacecraft shielding systems adopt Whipple-type structures, in which aluminum alloys are commonly used as bumper materials. In this study, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method implemented in the AUTODYN software was employed to numerically investigate the hypervelocity impact of spherical projectiles on high-entropy alloy (HEA) protective structures. The characteristics of the resulting debris clouds, including fragment number, mass distribution, and momentum, were systematically analyzed under various impact conditions. In addition, the effects of impact velocity and the ratio of bumper thickness to projectile diameter (t/D) on the hypervelocity impact response of HEA shielding structures were examined. The results show that, under identical impact conditions, the debris cloud characteristics generated by HEA protective structures differ significantly from those of aluminum alloy structures, namely: the total number of fragments increases by approximately 51.86%; the number of small-mass fragments increases by about 79.56%, while the number of large-mass fragments decreases; and the maximum debris cloud momentum along the impact direction (z-direction) is less than 75% of that associated with aluminum alloy structures across multiple projectile diameters. Parametric analyses indicate that the expansion of the debris cloud is primarily governed by impact velocity, with higher velocities leading to faster expansion, while the influence of the t/D is relatively minor. In contrast, the mass and kinetic energy of hazardous fragments (large-mass/high-energy fragments) are mainly affected by t/D, with higher values resulting in greater impact severity. These findings provide theoretical support and reference for the application of high-entropy alloys in next-generation spacecraft shielding structures.

space debris  /  hypervelocity impact  /  high-entropy alloys (HEAs)  /  fragment cloud characteristics
尹云飞, 杨秋足, 郭家傲, 李志强. 高熵合金防护结构的超高速撞击数值模拟研究. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (8) : 080111-1 -080111-13 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251275
Yunfei YIN, Qiuzu YANG, Jia’ao GUO, Zhiqiang LI. Numerical Simulation Study on Hypervelocity Impact of High-Entropy Alloy Protective Structure[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (8) : 080111-1 -080111-13 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251275
随着人类航天活动的日益频繁,空间碎片数量呈现显著上升趋势。据美国宇航局统计,目前,地球近地轨道上存在超过11000 t的空间碎片,这将对航天探索造成巨大的影响[1]。空间碎片的主要构成物质是铝合金,除此之外,由铝、锌、钛元素形成的各类氧化物也是重要组成部分,这类碎片的平均密度大约为2.8 g/cm3。碎片环绕地球运行的速度主要取决于碎片所处轨道高度[2]。实际观测结果表明,空间碎片的尺度跨度较大,约7.5×105个碎片的尺寸处于1~10 cm之间,约1×108个碎片的尺寸分布在1~10 mm区间,数量最为庞大的是亚毫米级(小于1 mm)碎片,其总量估计达百亿之巨[3]。因此,研究空间碎片防御问题对于未来的航天活动具有重要意义。
目前,应用最广泛的空间碎片防护方案是由Whipple提出的,其核心是在航天器舱体外部安装一层防护结构。空间碎片以超高速冲击该防护结构,导致碎片发生破碎和分散,最终产生由大量微小碎片构成的云团,该碎片云在扩散过程中显著耗散了碎片动能,并分散冲击载荷,从而大幅减轻了对内层舱壁的损伤[4]。研究证实,缓冲屏有效地缓解了空间碎片冲击,显著降低了空间碎片对航天器的威胁。在此基础上,相关学者又提出了很多Whipple结构的改型。在结构构型方面,Cao等[5]针对多层板结构提出了一种基于碎片映射方法的重建框架,可大幅降低多层板超高速撞击数值模拟的计算时间,并且在重建框架中考虑了碎片的相互作用,提高了模拟的准确性。Pai等[6]对多层板结构进行了数值模拟和实验研究,提出了一个全3D数值模拟模型,以解决常用2D轴对称模型造成的误差,同时对能量变化、应力分布、塑性应变和变形等进行了分析验证。Cline等[7]验证了弹丸异质性对多层板结构超高速撞击损伤的影响。Sathish等[8]设计了一种包含间隔和自由边界织物系统的混合织物系统,并评估了该混合防护结构在不同冲击速度下的超高速冲击性能。Li等[9]将SiO2/玻璃纤维复合材料填充到防护结构中,并进行了一系列超高速撞击实验,证明了填充SiO2/玻璃纤维复合材料的防护结构的防护性能优于铝合金防护结构。Pai等[10]通过数值模拟验证了牛顿流体填充高性能纤维增强聚合物芯在填充式防护结构中的有效应用。Voillat等[11]通过实验对比研究了泡沫铝合金作为夹芯板防护材料的应用前景。Ren等[12]采用二级轻气炮对铝合金蜂窝夹芯板结构进行了超高速撞击实验,对比了普通铝合金弹丸和活性材料弹丸对夹芯板结构的损伤效果。Kamareh等[13]对体心立方格纹核心夹层板的防护性能进行了数值模拟研究,提出了防护性能更出色的BCCz-Ⅱ结构。Önder[14]研究了具有波浪表面的防护结构对超高速撞击的响应,对具有4种不同表面波廓线的铝板进行了数值模拟研究,以评估其对撞击弹丸的破碎性能。
针对防护结构材料,学术界也开展了选材方面的研究。Putzar等[15]对中国空间站使用的编织材料填充式防护结构进行了9次超高速撞击实验,得到了弹道极限方程,验证了编织材料填充式防护结构的可靠性。Duan等[16]研究了复合材料外包裹压力容器对空间碎片撞击的动态响应,揭示了非灾难性损伤的特征和机制。Huang等[17]将烧制的B4C/Al作为防护结构的缓冲屏,开展了超高速撞击实验,得到了其弹道极限方程,由此分析了其防护机理。Ren等[18]利用二级轻气炮对以NdC/Al2024陶瓷金属复合材料为缓冲屏的Whipple防护结构进行了超高速撞击实验,分析了弹丸撞击对NdC/Al2024保险杠的损伤过程以及材料损伤状态。武强等[19]针对以 PTFE/Al 活性材料为防护屏的 Whipple 防护结构,开展了不同弹丸尺寸、不同碰撞速度的超高速撞击实验,获得了碎片云特性,结果表明,相较于同面密度的铝合金材料,活性材料在超高速撞击下的冲击起爆反应使碎片云中具有侵彻能力的碎片大幅减少,从而显著提升防护能力。Ren等[20]开展了以PTFE/Al、PTFE/Ti和Al2024为缓冲层的Whipple防护板的超高速撞击实验,比较了2种反应材料的抗超高速撞击能力,结果表明,PTFE/Al和PTFE/Ti活性材料的防护性能优于Al2024,且PTFE/Al活性材料的防护性能优于PTFE/Ti。研究人员还开发了各种缓冲和吸能材料,以减轻高速撞击的影响,包括可移动纤维束、速率敏感弹性体。这些材料都有一个共同的特点,即在动载荷下增强能量吸收和耗散[21–22]。
综上所述,国内外学者针对Whipple结构的材料选择和结构改型做了大量工作,但是多数防护结构采用铝合金、陶瓷、纤维等传统材料作为缓冲屏,依靠多层防护或填充复材试图降低空间碎片动能,受材料本身属性、制备工艺等限制,其防护性能有限。近年来,高熵合金(high-entropy alloys,HEA)的兴起为缓冲屏材料的选择提供了新选项。高熵合金属于先进的多主元合金材料,由多种金属元素以特定比例混合而成,其原子结构特征是长程化学无序但短程有序,这种特殊的原子排布赋予了高熵合金超越常规合金的优异抗冲击性能[23]。
本研究将CoCrFeNiTi高熵合金材料创新性地应用于Whipple防护结构的缓冲屏。为评估高熵合金防护结构的性能,建立球形弹丸高速撞击高熵合金防护结构数值模型,对不同撞击工况下碎片云的碎片数量、质量、动量以及影响因素进行分析;同时,与普通铝合金防护结构进行对比,准确评估高熵合金防护结构的防护性能,以期为空间碎片防护结构研究提供新思路。
弹丸的可变形过程及其与防护板的相互作用会显著影响破碎形态和碎片谱,已有研究将弹丸动力学与目标响应耦合,以模拟穿甲过程,从而为本研究中弹丸的选取及离散方式提供了参考[24]。应用AUTODYN软件的无网格光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法,建立了三维模型,如图1所示。
为模拟空间碎片特性,弹丸材料选用6061-T6铝合金,其密度接近空间碎片;CoCrFeNiTi高熵合金结构的厚度为0.84 mm,面密度为0.54 g/cm2,与2 mm厚的2024-T4铝合金结构等效,缓冲屏的平面尺寸为15 mm×15 mm;后板采用6061-T6铝合金,厚度为4 mm,平面尺寸为60 mm×60 mm,后板与防护板的间距为100 mm。在数值模型中,弹丸及缓冲屏均采用SPH粒子进行离散,而后板则采用传统的实体单元进行建模。
针对超高速撞击过程中材料所承受的高压、高应变率的极端工况,已有的基于力学机理的模型将应变率敏感性与温升效应耦合起来,用以解释在高速冲击下材料宏观力学行为的转变,这为本研究采用应变率-温度耦合的本构框架提供了理论依据[25–26]。为准确表征材料在高速冲击下的力学响应,选用Johnson-Cook模型。Johnson-Cook模型主要用于预测金属材料在高温、高应变速率、大塑性变形影响下的动态响应特性,具体表达式为
$ \sigma =\left(A+B{\varepsilon }^{n}\right)\left(1+C\ln \frac{\dot{\varepsilon }}{{\dot{\varepsilon }}_{0}}\right)\left(1-{T}^{\mathrm{*}m}\right) $
式中:$ \sigma $为材料的等效应力,$ A $为初始屈服应力,$ B $为应变硬化模量,$ n $为应变硬化指数,$ C $为应变率敏感系数,$ m $为温度软化系数,$ \varepsilon $为等效塑性应变,$ \dot{\varepsilon } $为应变率,$ {\dot{\varepsilon }}_{0} $为参考应变率,$ {T}^{*} $为归一化温度。
采用 Mie-Grüneisen 状态方程描述极高压力环境中金属材料的压力(p)与比内能(e)的关系,表达式如下
$ p={p}_{\mathrm{H}}+\gamma \rho \left(e-{e}_{\mathrm{H}}\right) $
式中:$ \gamma $为Grüneisen系数,用于描述材料的可压缩性;$ \rho $为材料密度;$ {p}_{\mathrm{H}} $和$ {e}_{\mathrm{H}} $分别为冲击Hugoniot 曲线上参考点的压力和比动能。
针对材料的损伤失效,已有研究建立了基于应力-应变和断裂准则的数值模型,用以刻画碎裂起始与扩展过程[27]。本研究采用Grady-Spall 模型和Johnson-Cook损伤模型来描述材料损伤。
Grady-Spall模型是用于分析材料在动态加载(如高速冲击或爆炸)下发生层裂时碎片尺寸分布的理论模型[28],表达式为
$ {p}_{\mathrm{s}}=\sqrt{2\rho c_{0}^{2}Y{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}}} $
式中:$ {p}_{\mathrm{s}} $为主应力失效阈值;$ {c}_{0} $为材料的体积声速;Y为屈服应力;$ {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}} $为临界失效应变,对于铝合金材料,$ {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}} $=0.15[24]。
Johnson-Cook损伤模型属于半经验模型,广泛用于金属材料失效过程的动态预测,特别适合高应变率、高温以及复杂应力状态下材料断裂现象的分析,表达式如下
$ {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}}=[{D}_{1}+{D}_{2}\exp {(D}_{3}{\sigma }^{*})]\left(1+{D}_{4}\ln {\dot{\varepsilon }}^{*}\right)\left(1+{D}_{5}{T}^{*}\right) $
式中:$ {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{f}} $为材料断裂时的应变,$ {D}_{1} $、$ {D}_{2} $、$ {D}_{3} $、$ {D}_{4} $、$ {D}_{5} $为与材料有关的断裂常数,$ {\sigma }^{*} $为应力与有效应力之比,$ {\dot{\varepsilon }}^{*} $为有效塑性应变率。
本研究涉及的材料模型及详细的材料参数列于表1和表2,其中:Tm为熔化温度,T0为参考温度,C0和S为冲击速度-粒子速度曲线的斜率和截距,高熵合金材料参数源于文献[23]。
为检验数值计算方法的准确性,应用本研究提出的计算方法及材料参数,对Cherniaev等[29]的超高速冲击实验现象开展模拟计算。弹丸、防护板和后板材料选取6061-T6 铝合金;弹丸直径为1 mm,撞击速度为7.102 km/s;防护板厚度设定为0.4 mm;后板的两板间距为16 mm,厚度均为0.4 mm。建立三维计算模型,得到的对比结果如图2所示。模拟结果显示,碎片云的形态特征接近。碎片云数据显示,实验与数值模拟结果的相对误差低于5%,说明本数值计算流程和材料数据可靠。
统计了铝合金防护结构和高熵合金防护结构在不同直径弹丸以不同速度撞击下产生的碎片数量,受建模粒子尺寸(0.1 mm)限制,仅统计尺寸大于0.1 mm的碎片,结果如图3所示。可以看出:弹丸直径(D)越大,碎片数量(N)越多;保持弹丸直径不变,则碎片数量随撞击速度(v0)的增大而增多;当撞击速度为3.5 km/s 时,2类防护结构的碎片数量增长速率差异不明显。值得注意的是,随着弹丸直径和撞击速度的持续增大,碎片数量的增长率呈现显著的非线性跃升;每种撞击工况下,高熵合金防护结构均比铝合金防护结构产生更多的碎片,增长幅度约为51.86%。
高熵合金具有较高的屈服强度和显著的应变硬化能力,在超高速撞击产生的高应变率条件下仍能保持较高的承载水平,使得缓冲屏在撞击瞬间形成更强的应力波与剪切失稳区,促进弹丸和自身材料发生多点破碎。同时,相较于铝合金,高熵合金具有更高的密度和声阻抗,弹丸与缓冲屏接触时可以产生更强的压缩和反射冲击波,这种阻抗失配效应加剧了弹丸的初始破碎过程,使其在早期即被充分打散,因此,高熵合金防护结构可以产生更多的碎片,有利于降低弹丸的入射能量,减轻后板的损伤程度。
基于上述分析结果可以得出:在相同的撞击条件下,相较于传统材料防护结构,高熵合金防护结构能够更有效地破碎弹丸,导致碎片数量显著增加,并促使碎片云的空间分布趋于均匀化。为了进行定量分析,选取直径均为 5 mm 的弹丸,针对2种防护结构,分别开展3.0、3.5和4.6 km/s的超高速撞击模拟,撞击后形成的碎片云质量分布统计结果如图4所示。在所有撞击速度下,高熵合金防护结构产生的小质量碎片数量均显著多于铝合金防护结构,平均增幅达到 79.56%;高熵合金防护结构形成的较大质量碎片颗粒数量占比低于铝合金防护结构,两者之间的数量差随撞击速度的提升呈递减趋势。
高熵合金因多主元随机固溶而具有严重的晶格畸变,裂纹扩展时,路径复杂且易分叉。因此,在超高速冲击下,高熵合金更倾向于碎裂成大量小尺度碎片,而非形成完整的大块剥落,从而有效抑制大质量、高动能危险碎片的产生,显著降低其绝对数量,极大地降低大尺寸、高动能碎片对防护目标造成二次损伤的风险。
为评估防护效果,选用碎片云z方向动量和(pz,tot)进行分析。对比了超高速撞击下2种防护结构后板的损伤状态,以衡量其抵御穿透或失效的能力。首先,选取碎片云稳定状态,即碎片云中的碎片不再碰撞和破碎并且每个碎片保持其当前的运动状态[30],根据AUTODYN导出的碎片信息,确定碎片云中各碎片的z方向速度(vz),进而计算碎片到达后板所需时间(tf),根据所需时间以及碎片$ x $、$ y $方向的速度(vx、vy),确定碎片最终到达后板的区域位置。定义公式如下
$ t_{\rm f}=\frac{100-{\textit{z}}_{\text{Center}}}{{v}_{\textit{z}}} $
$ \left(x,y\right)=\left({x}_{\text{Center}}+{v}_{x}t,\,{y}_{\text{Center}}+{v}_{y}t\right) $
式中:$ {x}_{\text{Center}} $、$ {y}_{\text{Center}} $、$ {\textit{z}}_{\text{Center}} $分别为碎片云稳定状态下x、$ y $、z方向的坐标,$ \left(x,y\right) $为碎片在后板的坐标。根据式(5)和式(6),将后板划分为等边的单元网格,统计每个单元网格内碎片的pz,tot。利用Matlab编写程序进行数据处理,得到铝合金防护结构和高熵合金防护结构的pz,tot,如图5所示。
由图5可知:pz,tot的最大值集中于后板中心区域,与超高速撞击实验中后板损伤主要集中在中心区域的现象相符;在弹丸直径和撞击速度相同的条件下,高熵合金防护结构的pz,tot均低于铝合金防护结构的pz,tot,在弹丸直径为3.5、4.0 mm的工况下,pz,tot的最大值未达到铝合金防护结构的50%,在5.0 mm工况下,pz,tot的最大值低于铝合金防护结构的75%。
后板损伤区域分布显示,高熵合金防护结构的损伤面积超过铝合金防护结构,损伤程度显著低于铝合金防护结构。因为高熵合金对高应变率高度敏感,塑性变形过程中可吸收并耗散大量冲击能量,致使入射动能更多地转化为材料内部的塑性耗能和损伤演化能,而非碎片的平动动能,从而降低单个碎片的速度和动量。该损伤特性与Whipple防护结构的防御机制更加契合,能够有效地执行载荷分布传递与能量耗散转化过程。
本研究主要探究2个影响高熵合金防护结构抗冲击防护性能的关键参数,即结构厚度与弹丸直径之比t/D、弹丸撞击速度v0。在研究v0的影响规律时,保持t/D等因素不变;研究t/D的影响时,保持v0、高熵合金缓冲屏的面密度、缓冲屏厚度t不变,仅调整弹丸直径D。
碎片云的径向/头部膨胀行为与经典流体动力学膨胀问题在数学形式上存在相似性,相关的气泡动力学建模框架[31]可为碎片云散布的定量描述提供参考,具体包括径向膨胀特征速度vr和头部方向膨胀特征速度va。t/D和v0对高熵合金防护结构碎片云膨胀特性的影响如图6和图7所示。可以看出,碎片云膨胀速率随v0的增大明显提高,碎片云外泡头部膨胀速度持续超过内核部分径向膨胀速度;同时,膨胀速度也随着t/D的增大逐渐增大,但是变化并不明显,径向膨胀速度增长率为8.2%,头部膨胀速度增长率为5.5%,说明 t/D对外泡碎片云膨胀速度的影响较小。
为进一步得到碎片云膨胀规律,以弹丸直径D=5.0 mm的工况为例进行计算。高熵合金防护结构的碎片云直径和长度随时间的变化如图8和图9所示,两者均随时间推移呈线性变化趋势,且撞击速度越大,线性变化越显著。5 μs时,不同工况中碎片云的直径和长度的差异较小;随着时间的增加,差异逐渐增大;在40 μs左右,碎片云撞击到后板,碎片云直径发生突变,碎片云长度达到防护结构与后板的距离。
危险碎片是指结构遭受撞击后,碎片云达到稳定阶段时,依然保持较大质量和较高动能的碎片,其量化公式[30]如下
$ m\geqslant 450\text{π} {\left[\frac{6.62}{7\,860{\left(\dfrac{v}{5\,238}\right)}^{{2}/{3}}}\right]}^{{54}/{19}} $
高熵合金防护结构的危险碎片质量和动能与t/D及v0的关系如图10和图11所示。随着t/D增加,危险碎片质量逐渐增大,这是因为,随着弹丸直径的增加,弹丸质量和危险碎片质量增加;在同一t/D下,随着v0增加,弹丸破碎得更加剧烈,致使危险碎片的质量下降。在动能方面,t/D越大,危险碎片所携带的动能越大,与危险碎片质量增加相对应;然而,在同一t/D下,v0越大,危险碎片动能越小,说明高熵合金防护结构具有良好的防护性能。
采用SPH方法研究了高熵合金防护结构在超高速撞击环境中的防护性能,并将其与应用广泛的铝合金防护结构进行对比,深入分析了关键因素对防护性能的影响规律,得到如下结论:
(1) 弹丸撞击下高熵合金防护结构产生的碎片数量显著多于铝合金防护结构,相同工况下增幅达51.86%;但在低速撞击条件下,两者产生的碎片数量无明显差异;
(2) 相同弹丸以不同速度撞击时,高熵合金防护结构使碎片云中小质量碎片占比更大,表明其能促使弹丸更充分碎裂;
(3) 高熵合金防护结构的碎片云散布范围更大,且核心区域碎片动量和显著低于铝合金防护结构,当弹丸直径为3.5和4.0 mm时,高熵合金防护结构的碎片云动量和不足铝合金防护结构的50%,当弹丸直径为5.0 mm时,则不足75%;
(4) 碎片云膨胀程度主要受撞击速度影响,且撞击速度越高,碎片云膨胀越大,后板损伤面越大;而危险碎片的质量和动能主要受t/D影响,且t/D越大,危险碎片的质量和动能越大,后板损伤的风险越高;
(5) 超高速撞击下,高熵合金使弹丸更充分地破碎,碎片总数增加,小质量碎片占比提高,而危险碎片数量减少,同时,碎片云的动量降低,冲击载荷更均匀地分散,后板局部损伤减轻,穿透风险降低,防护性能优异。

参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
ARSHAD M, BAZZOCCHI M C F, HUSSAIN F. Emerging strategies in close proximity operations for space debris removal: a review [J]. Acta Astronautica, 2025, 228: 996–1022.
[2]
邸德宁, 陈小伟, 文肯, 等. 超高速碰撞产生的碎片云研究进展 [J]. 兵工学报, 2018, 39(10): 2016–2047.
DI D N, CHEN X W, WEN K, et al. A review on the study of debris cloud produced by normal hypervelocity impact upon a thin plate [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2018, 39(10): 2016–2047.
[3]
龚自正, 赵秋艳, 李明, 等. 空间碎片防护研究前沿问题与展望 [J]. 空间碎片研究, 2019, 19(3): 2–13.
GONG Z Z, ZHAO Q Y, LI M, et al. The frontier problem and prospect of space debris protection research [J]. Space Debris Research, 2019, 19(3): 2–13.
[4]
HE Q G, CHEN X W, CHEN J F. Finite element-smoothed particle hydrodynamics adaptive method in simulating debris cloud [J]. Acta Astronautica, 2020, 175: 99–117.
[5]
CAO X, ZHOU J Q, XU H D, et al. An SPH model reconstruction framework with fragment mapping method for multiplate structure hypervelocity impact simulation [J]. Advances in Space Research, 2025, 75(11): 8140–8157.
[6]
PAI A, KAWASE M, NISHIDA M, et al. 3D numerical and experimental investigation of hypervelocity impacts on dual bumper plate Whipple shields for spacecraft protection [J]. Acta Astronautica, 2025, 232: 374–386.
[7]
CLINE C J, CHRISTIANSEN E L, MCCANDLESS R, et al. Preliminary experimental investigation of multi-shock shield performance against meteoritic and other lithic projectiles [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2025, 203: 105324.
[8]
SATHISH KUMAR S K, KIM Y, CHA J H, et al. Hybrid interspaced and free-boundary aramid fabric back bumper for hypervelocity impact shielding system [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2023, 171: 104377.
[9]
LI J, WEN X Z, HUANG J, et al. Study on shielding performance of aerogel/fiberglass composite stuffed shield [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2023, 173: 104467.
[10]
PAI A, MUJUMDAR N, PICCHOLIYA A, et al. Computational studies on hyper velocity impact of spherical projectiles on whipple shield with hybrid Newtonian fluid-filled core [J]. Acta Astronautica, 2024, 220: 230–242.
[11]
VOILLAT R, GALLIEN F, MORTENSEN A, et al. Hypervelocity impact testing on stochastic and structured open porosity cast Al-Si cellular structures for space applications [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2018, 120: 126–137.
[12]
REN S Y, WU Q, ZHANG P L, et al. Damage effects of aluminum alloy honeycomb sandwich panel double-layer structure induced by reactive projectile hypervelocity impact [J]. Thin-Walled Structures, 2024, 202: 112076.
[13]
KAMAREH F, PANG B J, CAO W X, et al. Proposing novel body-centered cubic lattice core sandwich panels as satellite structure [J]. Advances in Space Research, 2024, 74(11): 5779–5802.
[14]
ÖNDER A. Projectile fragmentation and debris cloud formation behaviour of wavy plates in hypervelocity impact [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2024, 183: 104788.
[15]
PUTZAR R, ZHENG S G, AN J, et al. A stuffed Whipple shield for the Chinese space station [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2019, 132: 103304.
[16]
DUAN Y P, CHI R Q, PANG B J, et al. Experimental and numerical study of hypervelocity impact damage on composite overwrapped pressure vessels [J]. Defence Technology, 2024, 31: 58–72.
[17]
HUANG X G, YIN C, RU H Q, et al. Hypervelocity impact damage behavior of B4C/Al composite for MMOD shielding application [J]. Materials & Design, 2020, 186: 108323.
[18]
REN S Y, LONG R R, ZHANG Q M, et al. The hypervelocity impact resistance behaviors of NbC/Al2024 ceramic-metal composites [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2021, 148: 103759.
[19]
武强, 张庆明, 龚自正, 等. 活性Whipple结构超高速撞击防护性能实验研究 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2021, 41(2): 021406.
WU Q, ZHANG Q M, GONG Z Z, et al. Experimental investigation into performances of an active Whipple shield against hypervelocity impact [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2021, 41(2): 021406.
[20]
REN S Y, ZHANG Q M, Wu Q, et al. Influence of impact-induced reaction characteristics of reactive composites on hypervelocity impact resistance [J]. Materials & Design, 2020, 192: 108722.
[21]
FAN J T, TANG J Q, CAI Z Q, et al. Transverse impact response of movable fiber bundle with constant resistance [J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2026, 310: 111105.
[22]
ALI S F, FAN J T. Capturing dynamic behaviors of a rate sensitive, elastomer with strain energy absorptions and dissipation effects [J]. International Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2021, 13(9): 2150104.
[23]
刘承哲, 王海福, 张甲浩, 等. 轻质高熵合金聚能射流毁伤混凝土靶行为研究 [J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(Suppl 1): 60–69.
LIU C Z, WANG H F, ZHANG J H, et al. Research on behavior of lightweight high-entropy alloy jet penetrating concrete targets [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(Suppl 1): 60–69.
[24]
CAO S, FAN J T. Numerical model for penetration process of a deformable projectile into ductile metallic target plate considering the interaction of projectile and target [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2025, 195: 105107.
[25]
UDDIN J, FAN J T. Interpretable machine learning framework to predict the glass transition temperature of polymers [J]. Polymers, 2024, 16(8): 1049.
[26]
FATEH ALI S, FAN J T. Mechanism-based modeling of strain rate-dependent transition of macromechanical behavior accompanied by temperature rise effects of a toughened polymer composite [J]. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2024, 150(5): 04024015.
[27]
TANG J Q, FAN J T, CHEN S H. A numerical model for calculating the impact-induced depression [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2024, 183: 104792.
[28]
邸德宁, 陈小伟. 碎片云SPH方法数值模拟中的材料失效模型 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2018, 38(5): 948–956.
DI D N, CHEN X W. Material failure models in SPH simulation of debris cloud [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2018, 38(5): 948–956.
[29]
CHERNIAEV A, TELICHEV I. Weight-efficiency of conventional shielding systems in protecting unmanned spacecraft from orbital debris [J]. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 2017, 54(1): 75–89.
[30]
HE Q G, CHEN J F, CHEN X W. Velocity-space analysis method for hazardous fragments in debris clouds [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2022, 161: 104087.
[31]
ADEBA M M, FAN J T. Framework and computational model of bubble dynamics under water [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2025, 37(10): 106127.
2026年第40卷第8期
PDF下载
13
6
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251275
  • 接收时间:2025-12-09
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2026-08-05
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-12-09
  • 修回日期:2026-01-19
基金
作者信息
    1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600
    2太原理工大学材料强度与结构冲击山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030024
    3太原理工大学山西省力学基础学科研究中心, 山西 太原 030024
    4太原理工大学力学国家级实验教学示范中心, 山西 太原 030024

通讯作者:

李志强(1973-),男,博士,教授,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/gywlxb/CN/10.11858/gywlxb.20251275
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏