Article(id=1325141910205104728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20251275, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765209600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-09, revisedDate=1768752000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793868051338, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1785859200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793868051338, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793868051338, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793868051338, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325141422059434771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='8', pageStart='080101-1', pageEnd='080111-13', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785859200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793867934956, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793868226120, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325142643738551272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325142643738551273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=080111-1, endPage=080111-13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325141910423208537, articleId=1325141910205104728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation Study on Hypervelocity Impact of High-Entropy Alloy Protective Structure, columnId=1325141422910878484, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Dynamic Damage and Failure of Metals and Alloys, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The space debris problem has become one of the most pressing challenges in the field of space environment protection. Currently, most spacecraft shielding systems adopt Whipple-type structures, in which aluminum alloys are commonly used as bumper materials. In this study, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method implemented in the AUTODYN software was employed to numerically investigate the hypervelocity impact of spherical projectiles on high-entropy alloy (HEA) protective structures. The characteristics of the resulting debris clouds, including fragment number, mass distribution, and momentum, were systematically analyzed under various impact conditions. In addition, the effects of impact velocity and the ratio of bumper thickness to projectile diameter (t/D) on the hypervelocity impact response of HEA shielding structures were examined. The results show that, under identical impact conditions, the debris cloud characteristics generated by HEA protective structures differ significantly from those of aluminum alloy structures, namely: the total number of fragments increases by approximately 51.86%; the number of small-mass fragments increases by about 79.56%, while the number of large-mass fragments decreases; and the maximum debris cloud momentum along the impact direction (z-direction) is less than 75% of that associated with aluminum alloy structures across multiple projectile diameters. Parametric analyses indicate that the expansion of the debris cloud is primarily governed by impact velocity, with higher velocities leading to faster expansion, while the influence of the t/D is relatively minor. In contrast, the mass and kinetic energy of hazardous fragments (large-mass/high-energy fragments) are mainly affected by t/D, with higher values resulting in greater impact severity. These findings provide theoretical support and reference for the application of high-entropy alloys in next-generation spacecraft shielding structures.
, authors=Yunfei YIN1, Qiuzu YANG1, Jia’ao GUO1, Zhiqiang LI1
, 2
, 3
, 4, authorsList=Yunfei YIN, Qiuzu YANG, Jia’ao GUO, Zhiqiang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhiqiang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325141913703154288, articleId=1325141910205104728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=高熵合金防护结构的超高速撞击数值模拟研究, columnId=1325141423070262038, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=金属及合金材料动态损伤破坏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
空间碎片是当今空间环境保护领域最紧迫的问题。目前的航天器防护结构多数为Whipple结构,主体缓冲屏多采用铝合金材料。采用AUTODYN软件的光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法,模拟研究了球形弹丸超高速撞击高熵合金防护结构,分析了不同工况下碎片云数量、质量和动量等特性,探讨了撞击速度以及结构厚度与弹丸直径之比(t/D)对高熵合金防护结构超高速撞击特性的影响。结果表明,在相同的撞击条件下,高熵合金防护结构产生的碎片云特性显著区别于铝合金防护结构:碎片总量增加约 51.86%;小质量碎片数量增加约 79.56%,大质量碎片数量减少;沿撞击方向碎片云的最大动量低于铝合金结构的 75%(多种弹丸直径下均成立)。影响因素分析表明:碎片云膨胀程度主要受撞击速度控制,受t/D的影响较小,且撞击速度越大,膨胀越快;而危险碎片(大质量或高动能碎片)的质量和动能则主要受t/D影响,且t/D越高,影响越大。研究结果可为高熵合金在新一代航天器防护结构中的工程应用提供理论支持和参考。
, authors=尹云飞1, 杨秋足1, 郭家傲1, 李志强1
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, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《高压物理学报》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bWYJ40fuulinsHEeC7aU9g==, magXml=EQm86A5Mhww8hToxq/H/tA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=QZ84ZwRt7Mks33LuFEzZFw==, pdfFileSize=6557991, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=k4ntSGq9VSlyfdA54w7eSA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=XwlehlMhyB1PV9DU0PpF7w==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1325141914336494206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=15735116167@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325141914449740416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914336494206, language=EN, stringName=Yunfei YIN, firstName=Yunfei, middleName=null, lastName=YIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=
1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325141914521043585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914336494206, language=CN, stringName=尹云飞, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=
1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600, bio={"content":"
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尹云飞(2001-),男,硕士,主要从事冲击动力学研究. E-mail:15735116167@163.com
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1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600)])]), Author(id=1325141914839810696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325141914927891082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141914839810696, language=EN, stringName=Jia’ao GUO, firstName=Jia’ao, middleName=null, lastName=GUO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=
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1College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
2Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
3Shanxi Basic Disciplines Research Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
4National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325141916857270931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, authorId=1325141916668527245, language=CN, stringName=李志强, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1
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1太原理工大学航空航天学院, 山西 晋中 030600
2太原理工大学材料强度与结构冲击山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030024
3太原理工大学山西省力学基础学科研究中心, 山西 太原 030024
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2太原理工大学材料强度与结构冲击山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325141914097418871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914110001784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914097418871, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3Shanxi Basic Disciplines Research Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914118390393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914097418871, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3太原理工大学山西省力学基础学科研究中心, 山西 太原 030024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325141914181304954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914193887867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914181304954, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
4National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325141914202276476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, companyId=1325141914181304954, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
4太原理工大学力学国家级实验教学示范中心, 山西 太原 030024)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325141917511582364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=
Numerical model for hypervelocity impact, figureFileSmall=gFpGSsxJg7dXsiDone7UVg==, figureFileBig=k4ntSGq9VSlyfdA54w7eSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141917574496925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
超高速撞击数值计算模型, figureFileSmall=gFpGSsxJg7dXsiDone7UVg==, figureFileBig=k4ntSGq9VSlyfdA54w7eSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141917834543774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Comparison of morphology between simulated (upper)and experimental (lower)[29] debris clouds, figureFileSmall=6M8GJUBqw3jy0Yu+35uV+w==, figureFileBig=6kio9a3iMhQ7K3ABFnw5XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141917901652639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
模拟(上)与实验(下)[29]得到的碎片云形貌对比, figureFileSmall=6M8GJUBqw3jy0Yu+35uV+w==, figureFileBig=6kio9a3iMhQ7K3ABFnw5XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141917968761504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Variations of fragments number of two protective structures under different impact velocities, figureFileSmall=yLUVmH0fcNEltSUKSMgB+w==, figureFileBig=X/Ja/ddtiuM+4OSvUOBWbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918040064673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
不同撞击速度下2种防护结构的碎片数量变化, figureFileSmall=yLUVmH0fcNEltSUKSMgB+w==, figureFileBig=X/Ja/ddtiuM+4OSvUOBWbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918102979234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Mass distribution of debris cloud of two protective structures under different impact velocities, figureFileSmall=JFOmL6bgQY8fVrbR5fYhxw==, figureFileBig=P6yYlVRp1sQ4qzohdULklQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918165893795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
不同撞击速度下2种防护结构的碎片云质量分布, figureFileSmall=JFOmL6bgQY8fVrbR5fYhxw==, figureFileBig=P6yYlVRp1sQ4qzohdULklQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918233002660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Fragment momentum distribution in the z-direction, figureFileSmall=60tmCTwzGaiZLp1wXL5Rwg==, figureFileBig=C8I/fJTFMV2iKNB7GkOkIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918295917221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
碎片的z方向动量和分布, figureFileSmall=60tmCTwzGaiZLp1wXL5Rwg==, figureFileBig=C8I/fJTFMV2iKNB7GkOkIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918367220390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Radial expansion velocity of the outer bubble debris cloud, figureFileSmall=unBBZSOaH7MI9pMRvFZ14w==, figureFileBig=ceu0QxeXydz4f2S4zXS3Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918442717863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
外泡碎片云径向膨胀速度, figureFileSmall=unBBZSOaH7MI9pMRvFZ14w==, figureFileBig=ceu0QxeXydz4f2S4zXS3Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918501438120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
Expansion velocity of the head of the outer bubble debris cloud, figureFileSmall=jx8maQH+TBOY/sN1PeJedQ==, figureFileBig=1vu+Lne1eUMoy8YocIc2AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918560158377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
外泡碎片云头部膨胀速度, figureFileSmall=jx8maQH+TBOY/sN1PeJedQ==, figureFileBig=1vu+Lne1eUMoy8YocIc2AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918623072938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=
Variations of debris cloud diameter with time, figureFileSmall=BGrp3HI9wPsW2zc7f7uKlg==, figureFileBig=7xc+dLcxlDwtwkwOWEMAzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918690181803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
碎片云直径随时间变化, figureFileSmall=BGrp3HI9wPsW2zc7f7uKlg==, figureFileBig=7xc+dLcxlDwtwkwOWEMAzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918744707756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=
Variations of debris cloud length with time, figureFileSmall=6kO8AA7yU17ueJIecxvUPA==, figureFileBig=L/PSj3FHMyQQrEk4Bdq0Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918811816621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
碎片云长度随时间变化, figureFileSmall=6kO8AA7yU17ueJIecxvUPA==, figureFileBig=L/PSj3FHMyQQrEk4Bdq0Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918870536878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=
Mass distribution of hazardous debris, figureFileSmall=X1hb6rohRK5o+msac0p+qA==, figureFileBig=4kTahJkVYvzFy18AyfQ4bQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918925062831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
危险碎片质量分布, figureFileSmall=X1hb6rohRK5o+msac0p+qA==, figureFileBig=4kTahJkVYvzFy18AyfQ4bQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141918971200176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=
Kinetic energy distribution of hazardous debris, figureFileSmall=4dNnk2WS0X9GgmPG8/H8IQ==, figureFileBig=2DxHBOYQGgI1DmLW1PcNTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141919025726129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
危险碎片动能分布, figureFileSmall=4dNnk2WS0X9GgmPG8/H8IQ==, figureFileBig=2DxHBOYQGgI1DmLW1PcNTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325141919080252082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Material models, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Structure | Material | Equation of state | Constitutive equation | Failure model |
|---|
| Projectile | Al6061-T6 | Grüneisen | Johnson-Cook | Grady |
| Protection plate | Al2024-T4 | Grüneisen | Johnson-Cook | Grady |
| Protection plate | CoCrFeNiTi | Grüneisen | Johnson-Cook | Grady |
| Rear panel | Al6061-T6 | Grüneisen | Johnson-Cook | Johnson-Cook |
), ArticleFig(id=1325141919130583731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
材料所选模型
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Structure | Material | Equation of state | Constitutive equation | Failure model |
|---|
| Projectile | Al6061-T6 | Grüneisen | Johnson-Cook | Grady |
| Protection plate | Al2024-T4 | Grüneisen | Johnson-Cook | Grady |
| Protection plate | CoCrFeNiTi | Grüneisen | Johnson-Cook | Grady |
| Rear panel | Al6061-T6 | Grüneisen | Johnson-Cook | Johnson-Cook |
), ArticleFig(id=1325141919193498292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Material parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Material | $ \rho $/(g·cm−3) | $ \gamma $ | $ {C}_{0} $/(m·s−1) | $ S $ | $ {T}_{0} $/K | $ {T}_{\rm m} $/K |
|---|
| Al6061-T6 | 2.703 | 1.97 | 5240 | 1.40 | 293 | 885 |
| Al2024-T4 | 2.785 | 2.0 | 5328 | 1.338 | 293 | 863 |
| CoCrFeNiTi | 6.42 | 1.9 | 4902 | 1.53 | | 1775 |
|
| Material | $ A $/MPa | $ B $/MPa | $ C $ | $ n $ | $ \dot{\varepsilon }_0 $/s−1 | $ m $ |
| Al6061-T6 | 324 | 114 | 0.002 | 0.42 | 1.34 | 1.0 |
| Al2024-T4 | 325 | 414 | 0.015 | 0.20 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| CoCrFeNiTi | 381 | 755 | 0.0352 | 0.78 | | 0.76 |
|
| Material | $ {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}} $ | $ {D}_{1} $ | $ {D}_{2} $ | $ {D}_{3} $ | $ {D}_{4} $ | $ {D}_{5} $ |
| Al6061-T6 | 0.15 | −0.77 | 1.45 | −0.47 | 0 | 1.6 |
| Al2024-T4 | 0.15 | | | | | |
| CoCrFeNiTi | 0.20 | | | | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1325141919264801461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, articleId=1325141910205104728, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
材料参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Material | $ \rho $/(g·cm−3) | $ \gamma $ | $ {C}_{0} $/(m·s−1) | $ S $ | $ {T}_{0} $/K | $ {T}_{\rm m} $/K |
|---|
| Al6061-T6 | 2.703 | 1.97 | 5240 | 1.40 | 293 | 885 |
| Al2024-T4 | 2.785 | 2.0 | 5328 | 1.338 | 293 | 863 |
| CoCrFeNiTi | 6.42 | 1.9 | 4902 | 1.53 | | 1775 |
|
| Material | $ A $/MPa | $ B $/MPa | $ C $ | $ n $ | $ \dot{\varepsilon }_0 $/s−1 | $ m $ |
| Al6061-T6 | 324 | 114 | 0.002 | 0.42 | 1.34 | 1.0 |
| Al2024-T4 | 325 | 414 | 0.015 | 0.20 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| CoCrFeNiTi | 381 | 755 | 0.0352 | 0.78 | | 0.76 |
|
| Material | $ {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}} $ | $ {D}_{1} $ | $ {D}_{2} $ | $ {D}_{3} $ | $ {D}_{4} $ | $ {D}_{5} $ |
| Al6061-T6 | 0.15 | −0.77 | 1.45 | −0.47 | 0 | 1.6 |
| Al2024-T4 | 0.15 | | | | | |
| CoCrFeNiTi | 0.20 | | | | | |
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