Article(id=1325141499733749850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11858/gywlxb.20251246, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1761840000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-31, revisedDate=1765123200000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-08, acceptedDate=1775059200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineDate=1793867953474, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1785859200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793867953474, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793867953474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793867953474, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325141422059434771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, year='2026', volume='40', issue='8', pageStart='080101-1', pageEnd='080111-13', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785859200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-05', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793867934956, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793868226120, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325142643738551272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325142643738551273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, issueId=1325141422059434771, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=080110-1, endPage=080110-12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325141500044128347, articleId=1325141499733749850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=EN, title=Dynamic Plastic Deformation Mechanism of 301 Stainless Steel at Low Temperatures, columnId=1325141422910878484, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, columnName=Dynamic Damage and Failure of Metals and Alloys, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Deep space exploration faces challenges from extreme temperatures and complex high-speed operating environments, placing higher demands on the low-temperature impact resistance of materials. In this study, a low-temperature Hopkinson bar impact experimental device was developed to achieve dynamic loading of materials under ultra-low temperature conditions within a vacuum liquid helium environment. The dynamic mechanical response of 301 stainless steel produced by two rolling processes was investigated under the combined effects of low temperature (30–298 K) and high strain rates (4000–5000 s−1). Experimental results show that the yield strength of both materials exhibits a significant negative correlation with temperature and a positive correlation with strain rate. The unidirectionally rolled samples displayed an anomalous increase in toughness at 77 K. The study indicates that the unidirectional rolling process induces a higher content of martensitic phase, thereby endowing the material with greater strength. Microstructural characterization results reveal that the anomalies in macroscopic mechanical behavior stem from the competition of deformation mechanisms. At room temperature, the samples mainly exhibit a toughness fracture mechanism, dominated by ductile dimples, whereas at low temperatures, they transition to a brittle fracture mode, dominated by quasi-cleavage. Based on this, the Johnson-Cook constitutive model was used to fit the mechanical properties, demonstrating good consistency with the experimental results. This research provides important experimental methods and theoretical support for the dynamic strength and toughness design of metallic materials under extreme low-temperature impact conditions.

, authors=Tingting HUANG1, Pengfei WANG1, Meiduo CHEN1, Junlan ZHAN1, Jie TIAN2, Songlin XU1, authorsList=Tingting HUANG, Pengfei WANG, Meiduo CHEN, Junlan ZHAN, Jie TIAN, Songlin XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pengfei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325141504041300080, articleId=1325141499733749850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847867265597444, language=CN, title=低温下301不锈钢的动态塑性变形机制研究, columnId=1325141423070262038, journalTitle=高压物理学报, columnName=金属及合金材料动态损伤破坏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

深空探测面临极端温度与复杂高速运行环境的挑战,对材料的低温抗冲击性能提出了更高要求。通过发展真空液氦环境下的低温霍普金森杆冲击实验装置,实现了材料在超低温条件下的动态加载,研究了2种轧制工艺的301不锈钢在低温(30~298 K)与高应变率(4 000~5 000 s–1)耦合作用下的动态力学响应。研究结果表明:2种材料的屈服强度均表现出显著的温度负相关和应变率正相关特性,单向轧制样品在77 K环境下呈现出反常的韧性增强现象;单向轧制工艺诱导产生较高含量的马氏体相,从而赋予材料更高的强度。微观结构表征结果指出,宏观力学行为的异常源于变形机制的竞争,常温条件下试样主要呈现以韧窝为主导的韧性断裂机制,而低温条件下则转变为以准解理断裂为主导的脆性断裂模式。在此基础上,采用Johnson-Cook本构模型对其力学性能进行拟合,结果具有较好的一致性。本研究为极端低温冲击环境下金属材料的动态强韧化设计提供了重要的实验方法和理论支撑。

, authors=黄婷婷1, 王鹏飞1, 陈美多1, 詹骏岚1, 田杰2, 徐松林1, authorsList=黄婷婷, 王鹏飞, 陈美多, 詹骏岚, 田杰, 徐松林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王鹏飞, authorNote=

黄婷婷(2001-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事低温下材料的塑性变形研究. E-mail:

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王鹏飞(1985-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事材料动态力学行为研究. E-mail:
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tableContent=
Rolling methodA/GPaB/GPanCm
Multidirectional rolling3.10210.780.071.02
Unidirectional rolling7.0080.500.131.05
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J-C本构模型参数

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Rolling methodA/GPaB/GPanCm
Multidirectional rolling3.10210.780.071.02
Unidirectional rolling7.0080.500.131.05
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低温下301不锈钢的动态塑性变形机制研究
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黄婷婷 1 , 王鹏飞 1 , 陈美多 1 , 詹骏岚 1 , 田杰 2 , 徐松林 1
高压物理学报 | 金属及合金材料动态损伤破坏 2026,40(8): 080110-1-080110-12
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高压物理学报 |金属及合金材料动态损伤破坏 2026 , 40 (8) : 080110-1 -080110-12
低温下301不锈钢的动态塑性变形机制研究
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黄婷婷1 , 王鹏飞1 , 陈美多1, 詹骏岚1, 田杰2, 徐松林1
作者信息
  • 1中国科学技术大学中国科学院材料力学行为和设计重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230027
  • 2中国科学技术大学工程与材料科学实验中心, 安徽 合肥 230027
通讯作者:
王鹏飞(1985-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事材料动态力学行为研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

黄婷婷(2001-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事低温下材料的塑性变形研究. E-mail:

Dynamic Plastic Deformation Mechanism of 301 Stainless Steel at Low Temperatures
Tingting HUANG1 , Pengfei WANG1 , Meiduo CHEN1, Junlan ZHAN1, Jie TIAN2, Songlin XU1
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Materials Mechanical Behavior and Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
  • 2Engineering and Materials Science Experimental Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
出版时间: 2026-08-05 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251246
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深空探测面临极端温度与复杂高速运行环境的挑战,对材料的低温抗冲击性能提出了更高要求。通过发展真空液氦环境下的低温霍普金森杆冲击实验装置,实现了材料在超低温条件下的动态加载,研究了2种轧制工艺的301不锈钢在低温(30~298 K)与高应变率(4 000~5 000 s–1)耦合作用下的动态力学响应。研究结果表明:2种材料的屈服强度均表现出显著的温度负相关和应变率正相关特性,单向轧制样品在77 K环境下呈现出反常的韧性增强现象;单向轧制工艺诱导产生较高含量的马氏体相,从而赋予材料更高的强度。微观结构表征结果指出,宏观力学行为的异常源于变形机制的竞争,常温条件下试样主要呈现以韧窝为主导的韧性断裂机制,而低温条件下则转变为以准解理断裂为主导的脆性断裂模式。在此基础上,采用Johnson-Cook本构模型对其力学性能进行拟合,结果具有较好的一致性。本研究为极端低温冲击环境下金属材料的动态强韧化设计提供了重要的实验方法和理论支撑。

冲击加载  /  低温  /  应变率  /  绝热剪切  /  断裂模式

Deep space exploration faces challenges from extreme temperatures and complex high-speed operating environments, placing higher demands on the low-temperature impact resistance of materials. In this study, a low-temperature Hopkinson bar impact experimental device was developed to achieve dynamic loading of materials under ultra-low temperature conditions within a vacuum liquid helium environment. The dynamic mechanical response of 301 stainless steel produced by two rolling processes was investigated under the combined effects of low temperature (30–298 K) and high strain rates (4000–5000 s−1). Experimental results show that the yield strength of both materials exhibits a significant negative correlation with temperature and a positive correlation with strain rate. The unidirectionally rolled samples displayed an anomalous increase in toughness at 77 K. The study indicates that the unidirectional rolling process induces a higher content of martensitic phase, thereby endowing the material with greater strength. Microstructural characterization results reveal that the anomalies in macroscopic mechanical behavior stem from the competition of deformation mechanisms. At room temperature, the samples mainly exhibit a toughness fracture mechanism, dominated by ductile dimples, whereas at low temperatures, they transition to a brittle fracture mode, dominated by quasi-cleavage. Based on this, the Johnson-Cook constitutive model was used to fit the mechanical properties, demonstrating good consistency with the experimental results. This research provides important experimental methods and theoretical support for the dynamic strength and toughness design of metallic materials under extreme low-temperature impact conditions.

impact loading  /  low temperature  /  strain rate  /  adiabatic shear  /  fracture mode
黄婷婷, 王鹏飞, 陈美多, 詹骏岚, 田杰, 徐松林. 低温下301不锈钢的动态塑性变形机制研究. 高压物理学报, 2026 , 40 (8) : 080110-1 -080110-12 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251246
Tingting HUANG, Pengfei WANG, Meiduo CHEN, Junlan ZHAN, Jie TIAN, Songlin XU. Dynamic Plastic Deformation Mechanism of 301 Stainless Steel at Low Temperatures[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026 , 40 (8) : 080110-1 -080110-12 . DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251246
301不锈钢(12Cr17Ni7)作为一种典型的亚稳奥氏体不锈钢,具有屈服强度高、抗拉强度优异、塑性良好以及硬度适中等力学特性[1–2]。其显著加工硬化能力源于塑性变形过程中发生的形变诱发马氏体相变[3–4]。通过冷变形处理,可在提升材料强度和硬度的同时,保持其良好的塑性和韧性[5]。这种独特的强度-塑性平衡特性,结合优异的耐腐蚀性和加工硬化能力[6],使其在航空航天、轨道交通等关键工程领域具有广泛的应用[7]。
在实际服役条件下,301不锈钢构件常面临极端复杂环境:包括深空探测和液化气体储运涉及的液氮、液氦温区等极端低温条件[3, 8]以及与之耦合的高应变率载荷[9–11]。研究表明,材料在动态加载条件下的力学性能表现(如动态屈服强度、流动应力演化、失效应变)及其失效机制(如绝热剪切带形成、动态断裂模式),与准静态或常温工况存在显著差异[12],而这些性能与机制直接决定了相关工程结构的安全性、可靠性和服役寿命[13–14]。作为核心结构材料,其力学行为对环境温度变化具有高度敏感性。因此,深入研究301不锈钢在极端低温与高应变率耦合作用下的动态力学性能,对评估其在复杂服役环境中的可靠性具有重要的工程意义[15–16]。其中,温度和应变率参数对材料动态响应的协同影响机制,构成了本研究的核心科学问题[17]。
现有的关于奥氏体不锈钢动态力学行为的研究主要集中在应变率强化效应[18–19]和温度敏感性[20]等方面。例如,Schröder等[18]系统研究了材料在室温附近、应变率高达5 000 s−1条件下的动态拉伸行为,定量表征了其显著的应变率强化效应。然而,针对301不锈钢在超低温(低于77 K)与超高应变率(高于103 s–1)耦合条件下的系统性研究仍存在明显不足,特别是在同时考虑动态压缩和动态拉伸2种基本加载模式下的性能对比及断裂机制差异方面[21–22],现有研究多受限于实验设备的温控范围或加载能力,难以实现从深冷到室温的全温度范围精确控制,或在超高应变率条件下无法保证准确的温度调控与力学测量[23–24]。这种系统性数据缺失严重制约了对301不锈钢在实际极端服役环境下力学行为的深入探究。
本研究拟通过开发一套基于真空环境的液氦超低温冲击加载系统,实现30 K超低温度下的高应变率加载。基于该实验平台,研究301不锈钢在30~298 K(室温)宽温域范围内的动态压缩与动态拉伸性能,重点揭示温度与应变率耦合作用下材料动态屈服强度、流动应力演化、加工硬化行为及失效模式的机理和规律,以期为航空航天器抗空间碎片冲击的安全可靠性评估提供实验数据和理论依据。
选用301不锈钢作为研究对象,探究其在30 K(超低温)至298 K(室温)宽温域范围内的动态压缩与动态拉伸力学性能。301不锈钢凭借其优异的强度-塑性协同效应、良好的耐腐蚀性能以及显著的加工硬化能力,在航空航天、轨道交通等关键工程领域具有重要的应用价值。本研究采用经多向轧制和单向轧制2种工艺处理的301不锈钢材料进行对比分析。
图1(a)和图1(b)分别展示了多向轧制和单向轧制样品的背散射电子衍射(electron back scatter diffraction, EBSD)相分布特征,图1(c)为相组成对比。结果表明,单向轧制样品的马氏体相含量显著高于多向轧制样品。X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)谱如图1(d)所示,与标准卡片(PDF#33-0397和37-0474)比对发现,样品在2θ(入射X射线束与衍射探测器之间的夹角)为43.582°、50.791°、74.697°、90.694°、95.965°、44.645°和82.281°等位置均呈现明显的特征衍射峰。其中,γ-Fe(111)晶面衍射峰强度最显著,且单向轧制样品的衍射峰强度高于多向轧制样品。
这一现象可归因于EBSD技术与XRD测试原理的差异:EBSD检测相组成含量,而XRD反映晶面取向分布。虽然多向轧制样品的奥氏体总量较多,但其奥氏体晶粒呈随机取向分布;相比之下,单向轧制样品的奥氏体含量较低,但具有更强的择优取向,导致其(111)晶面与XRD测试方向的平行度更高,从而产生更强的衍射信号。这一结果证实了2种样品的奥氏体相具有显著不同的取向分布特征,其中单向轧制样品表现出更强的织构特征。
图2(a)和图2(b)分别展示了多向轧制和单向轧制样品的取向成像图、晶粒尺寸分布、极图和反极图(inverse pole figure, IPF)。多向轧制样品由于变形路径在不断变化,打乱了单向变形中形成的强烈择优取向,使得织构变得随机化或弱化,其反极图和极图上的取向密度分布更均匀,最终获得粗大、等轴、低位错密度的再结晶晶粒组织。而单向轧制是一种强烈的单向变形过程,容易使晶粒的某个特定晶向平行于轧制方向。反极图上Z轴方向{111}的集中证实了存在强烈的<111>//ND纤维织构,与XRD分析吻合。极图上的环形花样是纤维织构的典型特征,表示晶粒围绕某个轴向随机旋转。最终获得高度拉长、破碎的纤维状晶粒,在EBSD图上表现为平均尺寸很小。
为了实现对材料在复杂应力状态下的冲击加载与超低温冷却同步控制,设计了一套基于真空环境的液氦超低温冲击测试系统,如图3所示。该平台整合了改进的分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB)技术与超低温真空腔体,能够精确实现4.2~298 K温区的力学性能测试。出于实验可行性与成本效益的考虑,所有测量均在30 K的稳定环境温度下进行,此温度足以满足本研究探测低温物性的需求。实验温度通过位于样品架下的温度传感器进行监测,测得的温度为实验时样品腔体的稳定环境温度。
实验操作流程如下:首先,依据试样尺寸选择适配的样品架,通过观察窗将试样精确定位,并由入射杆与透射杆实现稳固夹持;然后,通过分子泵控制器与金属波纹管联动真空系统,确保实验腔体达到高真空状态(低于10–3 Pa),采用氦气泵驱动液氦循环系统,通过液氦传输管路将杜瓦罐中的液氦注入腔体传输入口,经回流出口形成闭环冷却回路;最后,结合控温模块与高精度温度传感器,系统可在5 min内实现从室温至液氦温区的快速降温。
在分离式霍普金森压杆测试中,通过气炮中的高压气体使冲击杆撞击入射杆,产生压应力脉冲,并沿着入射杆向试样方向传播,当应力波传至入射杆与试样的界面时,一部分反射回入射杆,另一部分对试样加载并传向透射杆,最终由吸收杆和动量阱吸收能量,通过粘贴在入射杆与透射杆上的应变片记录入射脉冲、反射脉冲以及透射脉冲。
本研究对单向轧制和多向轧制工艺制备的301不锈钢进行对比分析。实验样品均为圆柱形301不锈钢,直径为3 mm、高度为2 mm。实验采用分离式霍普金森压杆系统,该系统由直径为14.5 mm的入射杆、透射杆及长度为300 mm的子弹组成,所有杆件均为钢制材料,中心轴线保持水平对齐。杆件材料的弹性模量为210 GPa,密度为7 800 kg/m3,弹性波速为5 000 m/s。实验过程中,通过安装在杆件中部的应变片连接应变仪与示波器,实时采集应力、应变率及应变数据[25–26]。
实验参数控制采用以下方法:通过调节气炮气压控制子弹速度,实现应变率在4 000~5 000 s–1范围内调节;采用低温制冷装置控制试样温度范围为30~298 K;采用应变仪进行波形整形,通过能量吸收装置动量阱与吸能杆有效消除残余应力波干扰,并由示波器记录波形数据,再根据一维应力波理论计算试样的应力(σ)、应变率($ \dot{\varepsilon } $)及应变(ε)曲线
$ \sigma \left(t\right)=A E {\varepsilon }_{\rm{t}}\left(t\right)/2{A}_{\rm{s}} $
$ \dot{\varepsilon }\left(t\right)=-2c {\varepsilon }_{\rm{r}}\left(t\right)/{l}_{\rm{s}} $
$ \varepsilon \left(t\right)=-2c \int\nolimits_{0}^{{t}}{\varepsilon }_{\rm{r}}\left(t\right){\rm{d}}t/{l}_{\rm{s}} $
式中:E、c、A分别为压杆的弹性模量、波速及横截面积,$ {A}_{\mathrm{s}} $、$ {l}_{\mathrm{s}} $分别为试样的初始横截面积和初始长度,${\varepsilon }_{\rm{t}} $、${\varepsilon }_{\rm{r}} $分别为透射应变和反射应变。
298 K温度下、应变率为5 000 s–1时的典型波形如图4(a)所示,应力均匀性如图4(b)所示,每种工况下重复开展3次实验。
为研究多向轧制试样在不同温度与加载条件下的力学行为,在298、77和30 K温度条件下分别开展了冲击压缩与拉伸实验。图5(a)展示了不同温度及应变率下的压缩工程应力-应变曲线。结果表明,材料强度随温度降低呈现显著提升趋势。值得注意的是,低温环境显著改变了材料的硬化特性:在30 K条件下,4 000和5 000 s–1 2种应变率下均观察到更高的应变硬化率,表现为应力-应变曲线持续快速上升;而在298和77 K时,4 000和5 000 s–1 2种应变率下曲线呈现平稳上升趋势。这主要归因于塑性变形过程中绝热温升导致的热软化效应,该效应显著抵消了应变硬化作用。此外,虽然低温条件下材料强度显著提高,但其塑性指标整体呈下降趋势。
如图5(b)所示,通过对不同温度、不同应变率工况下应变为20%时对应的材料应力($\sigma_{\rm{f}} $)进行统计分析,发现材料表现出应变率强化效应和温度效应:应力随应变率增加而增加,随温度的升高而降低。这一现象可归因于高应变率条件下位错运动等塑性变形机制无法充分开展,导致材料塑性流动应力升高。特别地,本研究采用的多向轧制试样经剧烈塑性变形后具有细化的晶粒结构和高位错密度,这种微观结构特征进一步促进了位错在快速加载条件下的塞积行为[27–28],从而协同增强了材料的应变率敏感性,使得强度随应变率提升。
图6给出了多向轧制样品在5 000 s–1应变率下拉伸与压缩工况的应力-应变曲线塑性段的对比,可知材料在小应变范围内都呈现出显著的拉压对称性,然而在大应变、77 K温度下则呈现出拉压不对称性[29–30],表现为拉伸强度始终高于压缩强度。这种力学行为的差异揭示了材料在77 K时2种应力状态下存在不同的微观变形机制。研究结果表明,该现象主要源于多向轧制工艺形成的特定微观组织结构特征。具体而言,材料内部的晶粒择优取向和微观缺陷在不同性质的外加载荷作用下表现出不同的响应行为:在拉伸过程中,这些微观结构特征有助于提高材料的承载能力;而在压缩过程中,它们则更容易成为应力集中源,从而导致材料强度降低。因此,这种观测到的拉压不对称性本质上反映了材料微观结构对不同应力状态的固有响应特性。
在298、77和30 K温度条件下,采用5 000 s–1应变率对单向轧制试样进行动态冲击压缩实验,研究材料的力学响应行为。图7(a)所示的工程应力-应变曲线表明,相较于常温(298 K)条件下的力学行为,材料在77 K时表现出独特的力学特性:其强度显著提升的同时,断裂应变明显增大,呈现罕见的“强韧化”协同效应[31],这一现象暗示该温度可能位于某种变形机制转变的临界点附近[32]。当温度进一步降至30 K时,材料强度持续上升,但塑性显著降低,表现出典型的低温脆性特征,其韧性相较于77 K时出现明显退化。
根据图7(b)所示的屈服强度($\sigma_{\rm{s}} $)演变规律可进一步揭示材料对温度的敏感性:在准静态加载条件下,材料的屈服强度为810 MPa。随着温度从298 K降至77和30 K,屈服强度呈现单调上升趋势,表明低温显著增加了位错滑移的能垒,从而提高了材料的初始抗塑性变形能力。特别值得注意的是,在77~298 K温度区域,屈服强度的增长趋势相对平缓,这与变形过程中孪生机制的激活或相变诱导塑性效应有关,最终导致材料的强度和韧性同时提升;而在30 K条件下,强度的继续提升伴随着韧性的急剧下降,表明在极低温环境中位错运动受到严重限制,缺陷容纳能力显著降低,裂纹形核与扩展的倾向性明显增强。
为了更好地了解多向轧制和单向轧制样品压缩后的样品形貌,利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)对其进行表征。从图8(a)可以看出,在不同温度及应变率条件下,经过多向轧制处理的样品均表现出优异的塑性变形能力,应变可达50%以上,显示出良好的高速冲击韧性。在塑性变形区域内可见由强烈剪切应变引起的共轭剪切带,在图8(a)中呈现为白色亮带[33],这一现象归因于原始样品多向轧制工艺提供了粗大、等轴、低位错密度的晶粒组织(见图2(a)),从而有效抑制了剪切带内部微裂纹的萌生与扩展,提高了材料在动态加载条件下的能量吸收能力。此外,冲击后晶粒的显著细化为材料带来了更强的位错积累与应变硬化能力,如图8(c)和图8(d)所示。综上所述,多向轧制制备的优异初始组织与冲击中动态细化的晶粒两者协同,共同贡献了材料优异的高速冲击韧性和能量吸收能力。
相比之下,单向轧制样品由于缺乏有效的能量耗散机制,在高速变形过程中以绝热剪切为主导,导致材料迅速局部升温、软化,最终发生脆性断裂。如图8(b)所示,裂纹沿剪切带迅速扩展,表现出明显的脆性特征。这说明单向轧制处理未能有效调动多重韧化机制,无法缓解应力集中,从而在动态载荷下表现出较差的抗断裂性能。
为深入研究材料在高应变率载荷下的拉伸与压缩断裂机理,对多向轧制试样的动态断口形貌进行了系统的SEM表征。宏观拉伸冲击实验结果表明,材料的力学行为表现出显著的温度依赖性,该现象通过微观断口分析得到了合理解释。在室温(298 K)动态拉伸条件下,断口表面呈现大量均匀分布的等轴韧窝,如图9(a)所示[34],显示出典型的韧性断裂特征。高密度韧窝的形成源于塑性变形过程中微孔洞的形核、长大和聚合,如图9(b)所示,这种细小的韧窝形貌通常与高应变率下位错增殖和运动受限相关,表明材料在室温动态加载条件下仍保持良好的能量吸收能力,其断裂机制以等轴韧窝为主导。
然而,在低温(77 K)动态拉伸条件下,断口形貌发生显著改变,主要表现为准解理断裂(图9(c))与局部剪切韧窝(图9(d))的混合模式。低温环境显著抑制了位错滑移,导致材料塑性降低,从而沿特定晶面快速扩展,形成河流花样等脆性特征;局部区域的剪切失稳则形成拉长状剪切韧窝。这种形貌特征表明断裂机制从韧性转变为以准解理为主的脆性断裂,与宏观冲击韧性下降的观察结果一致。
压缩断口同样呈现出明显的温度依赖性。在室温(298 K)动态压缩条件下,断口表面出现规则排列的滑移线(见图9(e)黄色区域),表明塑性变形主要由位错滑移主导,材料表现出均匀塑性流动。而在低温(77 K)压缩条件下,断口则由大量拉长剪切韧窝组成(见图9(f)),表明变形过程高度局部化,剪切失稳成为主要失效机制。低温抑制了常规滑移过程,促进了绝热剪切带的形成与发展,最终导致沿剪切带的韧性撕裂。
上述微观表征结果与宏观冲击拉伸和压缩力学性能测试数据高度吻合,共同揭示了温度和加载方式对材料动态断裂行为的协同影响:低温通过提高屈服强度、抑制位错运动,促使变形机制从均匀塑性滑移向局部化剪切变形及解理断裂转变,最终导致材料由韧性向脆性转变。本研究为理解材料在极端动态载荷下的失效机制提供了重要的微观结构证据,对抗冲击、抗爆结构设计与材料选型具有重要的工程指导价值。
实验结果表明,在30~298 K温度区间内,301不锈钢的强度与温度呈显著负相关,该现象在不同轧制工艺处理的样品中均具有普遍性。微观机制分析表明,这种温度依赖性主要源于热激活效应的减弱。
$ U(\tau )=-k_{\rm{B}}T\ln \frac{{\dot{\gamma }}^{\rm{p}}}{{\dot{\gamma }}_{0}}=k_{\rm{B}}T\ln \frac{{\dot{\gamma }}_{0}}{{\dot{\gamma }}^{\rm{p}}} $
$ \tau ={\tau }_{G}(G)+{\tau }^{*}(T,\dot{\varepsilon }) $
式中:U为热激活能,kB为Boltzmann常数,T为温度,$ {\dot{\gamma }}^{\mathrm{p}} $为塑性应变率,$ \dot{{\gamma }_{0}} $为指前因子,G为剪切模量,$ \dot{\varepsilon } $为应变率。
由式(4)和式(5)可知,随着温度降低,位错运动的激活能逐渐减小,说明低温环境显著抑制了位错的热激活过程,从而提高了位错滑移的临界剪切应力,最终导致材料变形抗力增加。
然而值得注意的是,单向轧制处理的样品在77 K时表现出反常的力学行为,其强度和韧性同时提高,与传统理论中低温导致韧性下降的认知相矛盾。XRD分析表明,该工艺保留了较高比例的奥氏体相,可能与该特定温度区间(约77 K)发生了变形机制转变相关。
研究还发现,301不锈钢表现出明显的应变率强化效应。当应变率从4 000 s–1增至5 000 s–1时,材料的屈服强度呈现单调递增趋势。这种现象可归因于高应变率条件下位错运动受到更强的黏性阻力,以及塑性功转化产生的绝热温升效应。
冲击拉伸实验的SEM断口分析进一步验证了上述结论。298 K时断口主要表现为正交韧窝形貌,呈现典型的韧性断裂特征,而77 K时则转变为以准解理断裂为主,表现出明显的脆性断裂特征。这种断裂模式的转变与微观变形机制的变化密切相关。
基于实验数据,本研究建立了适用于宽温域和高应变率条件的301不锈钢动态本构模型,该模型可准确描述流动应力与温度、应变率的函数关系。采用Johnson-Cook本构方程进行表征,其表达式为
$ \sigma=({A}+{B}{\varepsilon }^{n})\left(1+C{\rm{ln}}\frac{\dot{\varepsilon }}{\dot{{\varepsilon }_{0}}}\right)\left(1-{T}^{*m}\right) $
式中:$ {T}^{*}=\dfrac{T-{T}_{\rm{r}}}{{T}_{\rm{m}}-{T}_{\rm{r}}} $,T为当前温度,Tr为室温,Tm为熔化温度;A为参考条件下的屈服强度;B为应变硬化系数;n为应变硬化指数;C为应变率敏感系数;m为温度敏感指数。实验数据的拟合结果如表1所示。
根据实验所得数据,多向轧制样品和单向轧制样品在应变率为5 000 s–1时的拟合结果分别如图10(a)和图10(b)所示。可以看出:试验与拟合曲线具有很好的一致性。
通过研发的液氦超低温冲击实验装置,研究了不同轧制工艺的301不锈钢在宽温域(30~298 K)与高应变率(4 000~5 000 s–1)耦合作用下的动态力学行为,得到以下主要结论。
(1) 301不锈钢的强度随着温度的降低逐渐增大,多向轧制样品表现出最佳的塑性变形能力,单向轧制样品在77 K温度下表现出反常的增强增韧现象。这与单向轧制样品的高比例奥氏体相有关。
(2) 301不锈钢材料的屈服强度呈现随应变率升高而增大的趋势。微观形貌分析与宏观冲击拉伸及压缩力学性能测试数据高度吻合。在此基础上,将J-C本构方程与实验曲线进行拟合,两者具有很好的一致性。本工作为极端低温冲击环境下金属材料动态强韧化领域的发展提供了重要的实验依据和理论支撑。

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2026年第40卷第8期
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doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251246
  • 接收时间:2025-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2026-08-05
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-31
  • 修回日期:2025-12-08
  • 录用日期:2026-04-02
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    1中国科学技术大学中国科学院材料力学行为和设计重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230027
    2中国科学技术大学工程与材料科学实验中心, 安徽 合肥 230027

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王鹏飞(1985-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事材料动态力学行为研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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