Article(id=1276896981331080072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, issueId=1276896661737701828, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/j.gyjzG26033101, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1774886400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782365563948, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365563948, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365563948, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365563948, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276896661737701828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, year='2026', volume='56', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365487751, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782367237543, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276904000968589318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, issueId=1276896661737701828, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276904000968589319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, issueId=1276896661737701828, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=239, endPage=247, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276896981586932618, articleId=1276896981331080072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, language=EN, title=Image Recognition Method for Missing and Looseness of Hexagonal-Head Bolts Based on the Optimal Hexagon Rule, columnId=null, journalTitle=Industrial Construction, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A vision-based detection method for bolt missing and loosening using the optimal hexagon rule is proposed. High-quality images are obtained through preprocessing operations such as perspective transformation and distortion correction. Based on the optimal hexagon rule, combined with a regional attention mechanism and a residual efficient layer aggregation network, a keypoint detection algorithm based on YOLOv26 is developed to precisely locate the six vertex coordinates of the head of standard hexagonal-head bolts. The Graham scan algorithm is adopted to obtain the convex hull of the circumcircle of the six bolt vertices. Taking the centroid of the convex hull as the center, the sum of deviations between the actual and estimated values of the six vertices is minimized. The Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) quasi-Newton optimization algorithm is used to adjust the vertex coordinates and generate optimized regular hexagon vertex coordinates. By comparing the coordinate states of bolts, the rotation angle of the bolt can be calculated. Bolt joint rotation tests using 16-hole three-color bolt heads (gray, blue, and red) showed that within the loosening angle range of 0–60°, the absolute error of the identified bolt loosening angle ranged from -2° to 2°, with a maximum relative error of 8%, demonstrating that the proposed optimal hexagon method provided high detection accuracy and stability.

, authors=null, authorsList=Suyi MAO, Xiaoheng ZONG, Xiaoguang WEN, Xiaorui FENG, Wenlong CHEN, Guowei ZHANG, Ji ZHANG, Yingjie SUN, Yongxing ZHANG, Dongdong CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276896987828057002, articleId=1276896981331080072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, language=CN, title=基于最优六边形法则的六角头螺栓缺失及松动图像识别方法, columnId=1276896684756038168, journalTitle=工业建筑, columnName=工程诊治与运维数智化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

提出一种基于最优六边形法则的螺栓缺失及松动的视觉检测方法。通过透视变换、畸变校正等预处理获取高质量图片。基于最优六边形法则,结合区域注意力机制和残差高效层聚合网络,开发基于YOLOv26的关键点图像检测算法,精确定位六角头螺栓(标准型)头部6个顶点坐标。采用Graham扫描法,获取螺栓6个顶点外接圆凸包。以凸包质心为中心,使6个顶点实际值与估计值差之和最小,利用Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno(BFGS)拟牛顿优化算法对顶点坐标进行调整,生成优化后的正六边形顶点坐标,通过对比螺栓坐标状态,实现螺栓旋转角度计算。16孔三色螺栓头(灰色、蓝色和红色)螺栓节点转动试验表明:在0~60°松动角度范围中,螺栓松动角度识别绝对误差范围为-2°~2°,最大相对误差为8%,表明所提出的最优六边形法具有较高的检测精度和稳定性。

, authors=

毛苏毅,高级工程师,主要从事交通运输工程方向研究。

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陈冬冬,博士,副教授,主要从事压电智能传感方向研究,
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毛苏毅,高级工程师,主要从事交通运输工程方向研究。

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毛苏毅,高级工程师,主要从事交通运输工程方向研究。

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注:图中数字为置信度。

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基于最优六边形法则的六角头螺栓缺失及松动图像识别方法
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毛苏毅 1 , 宗笑珩 2 , 温晓光 3, 4 , 冯晓锐 5 , 陈文龙 4 , 张国卫 6 , 张记 5 , 孙英杰 4 , 张永兴 2 , 陈冬冬 2
工业建筑 | 工程诊治与运维数智化 2026,56(5): 239-247
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工业建筑 |工程诊治与运维数智化 2026 , 56 (5) : 239 -247
基于最优六边形法则的六角头螺栓缺失及松动图像识别方法
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毛苏毅1, 宗笑珩2, 温晓光3, 4, 冯晓锐5, 陈文龙4, 张国卫6, 张记5, 孙英杰4, 张永兴2, 陈冬冬2
作者信息
  • 1江苏宁沪高速公路股份有限公司,南京210049
  • 2南京林业大学土木工程学院,南京210037
  • 3中铁大桥勘测设计院集团有限公司,武汉430056
  • 4中铁桥隧技术有限公司,南京210061
  • 5北京京能国际综合智慧能源有限公司,北京101204
  • 6北京京能国际控股有限公司,北京100020
通讯作者:
陈冬冬,博士,副教授,主要从事压电智能传感方向研究,
Image Recognition Method for Missing and Looseness of Hexagonal-Head Bolts Based on the Optimal Hexagon Rule
Suyi MAO1, Xiaoheng ZONG2, Xiaoguang WEN3, 4, Xiaorui FENG5, Wenlong CHEN4, Guowei ZHANG6, Ji ZHANG5, Yingjie SUN4, Yongxing ZHANG2, Dongdong CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1Jiangsu Expressway Company Limited, Nanjing210049, China
  • 2School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing210037, China
  • 3China Railway Major Bridge Reconnaissance & Design Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhan430056, China
  • 4China Railway Bridge and Tunnel Technologies Co., Ltd., Nanjing210061, China
  • 5Beijing Jingneng International Integrated Smart Energy Co., Ltd., Beijing101204, China
  • 6Beijing Energy International Holding Co., Ltd., Beijing100020, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.3724/j.gyjzG26033101
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提出一种基于最优六边形法则的螺栓缺失及松动的视觉检测方法。通过透视变换、畸变校正等预处理获取高质量图片。基于最优六边形法则,结合区域注意力机制和残差高效层聚合网络,开发基于YOLOv26的关键点图像检测算法,精确定位六角头螺栓(标准型)头部6个顶点坐标。采用Graham扫描法,获取螺栓6个顶点外接圆凸包。以凸包质心为中心,使6个顶点实际值与估计值差之和最小,利用Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno(BFGS)拟牛顿优化算法对顶点坐标进行调整,生成优化后的正六边形顶点坐标,通过对比螺栓坐标状态,实现螺栓旋转角度计算。16孔三色螺栓头(灰色、蓝色和红色)螺栓节点转动试验表明:在0~60°松动角度范围中,螺栓松动角度识别绝对误差范围为-2°~2°,最大相对误差为8%,表明所提出的最优六边形法具有较高的检测精度和稳定性。

螺栓缺失  /  螺栓松动  /  计算机视觉  /  图像识别  /  最优六边形法则

A vision-based detection method for bolt missing and loosening using the optimal hexagon rule is proposed. High-quality images are obtained through preprocessing operations such as perspective transformation and distortion correction. Based on the optimal hexagon rule, combined with a regional attention mechanism and a residual efficient layer aggregation network, a keypoint detection algorithm based on YOLOv26 is developed to precisely locate the six vertex coordinates of the head of standard hexagonal-head bolts. The Graham scan algorithm is adopted to obtain the convex hull of the circumcircle of the six bolt vertices. Taking the centroid of the convex hull as the center, the sum of deviations between the actual and estimated values of the six vertices is minimized. The Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) quasi-Newton optimization algorithm is used to adjust the vertex coordinates and generate optimized regular hexagon vertex coordinates. By comparing the coordinate states of bolts, the rotation angle of the bolt can be calculated. Bolt joint rotation tests using 16-hole three-color bolt heads (gray, blue, and red) showed that within the loosening angle range of 0–60°, the absolute error of the identified bolt loosening angle ranged from -2° to 2°, with a maximum relative error of 8%, demonstrating that the proposed optimal hexagon method provided high detection accuracy and stability.

bolt missing  /  bolt looseness  /  computer vision  /  image recognition  /  optimal hexagon rule
毛苏毅, 宗笑珩, 温晓光, 冯晓锐, 陈文龙, 张国卫, 张记, 孙英杰, 张永兴, 陈冬冬. 基于最优六边形法则的六角头螺栓缺失及松动图像识别方法. 工业建筑, 2026 , 56 (5) : 239 -247 . DOI: 10.3724/j.gyjzG26033101
Suyi MAO, Xiaoheng ZONG, Xiaoguang WEN, Xiaorui FENG, Wenlong CHEN, Guowei ZHANG, Ji ZHANG, Yingjie SUN, Yongxing ZHANG, Dongdong CHEN. Image Recognition Method for Missing and Looseness of Hexagonal-Head Bolts Based on the Optimal Hexagon Rule[J]. Industrial Construction, 2026 , 56 (5) : 239 -247 . DOI: 10.3724/j.gyjzG26033101
螺栓作为机械连接的关键基础件,广泛应用于建筑、机械、航空航天及能源设施等领域。然而,由于受到交变荷载长期作用,螺栓容易产生松动甚至脱落,威胁结构安全。2006年德国的巴德瑞恒冰上体育馆由于节点部位失效而发生倒塌,造成11人死亡,30多人重伤1。2010年,深圳东部华侨城“太空迷航”游乐设施因螺栓松动引发疲劳断裂,发生垮塌事故,导致6人死亡、10人受伤2,2019年滁州市跨襄河大桥在施工过程中因支架螺栓松动,导致桥梁突然倒塌3
机械振动、环境荷载以及瞬态冲击等因素会导致螺栓松动甚至脱落:持续机械振动会引发螺栓连接件间的微小位移,长期作用会磨损螺纹,降低螺纹摩擦力,导致螺栓松脱;螺栓与连接件材料属性差异较大时,温度应力会导致预紧力损失;瞬时冲击载荷超过螺栓预紧后的摩擦力时会导致界面滑动,降低螺栓预紧力。
工程实践中,螺栓松动检测方法很多。传统方法为目视与划线辅助相配合的方法,即紧固螺栓后,在螺母和螺杆部位画一道连续的清晰垂线,检修人员通过观察线条是否错位判断螺栓状态。若发生松动,通过错位程度判断螺栓状态4。该方法方便直观,经济性好,是现场检测的重要手段之一。但该方法受限于人眼分辨率和观察角度,无法识别微小松动。敲击法也是螺栓松动现场检测的重要手段,检测人员手持敲击锤,通过判断敲击螺栓产生的声音,识别螺栓状态。该方法适用于开阔环境,对于狭小空间螺栓节点,该方法不易操作。
为了实现螺栓预紧力的量化测量,工程中一般用扭矩扳手实现扭矩的定量施加。但由于螺栓和螺母间存在摩擦,该方法对检测人员技术要求高,操作不当会使轴向力测量产生误差,最高可达50%5,难以满足现代工程对螺栓状态快速高效的监测需求。随着接触式传感器技术的发展,螺栓预紧力实时定量监测受到广泛关注。由于压电智能传感可以实现机械能和电能之间的转换,通过与螺栓进行耦合,可以实现预紧力检测与监测6-7。基于压电超声传感器,陈冬冬等8提出考虑螺杆轴向应力不均匀分布的超声纵波检测方法,实现轴力大于70%额定螺杆力情况下,检测结果相对误差小于7.22%,并对在役大跨径悬索桥索夹螺杆力损失开展时空特征分析。孙越等9采用COMSOL多物理场分析软件,对纵波在风机螺栓螺杆内的传播过程进行仿真,发现纵波波阵面传播至结构突变处时发生波型转换,产生边缘横波。螺栓松动会导致界面的“呼吸效应”,产生非线性谐波。根据上述原理,Luo等10基于非线性超声波混合方法对螺栓松动进行监测,探究了激发频率和电压对检测结果的影响。基于压电材料的阻抗特性,也可以实现螺栓节点的量化检测与监测。当螺栓处于紧固状态时,压电阻抗谐振频率和电阻通常为一个恒定数值,一旦螺栓发生松动,上述参数会发生偏移,通过提取参数变化,实现螺栓松动监测11。Chen等12提出了一种基于压电阻抗串、并联的方法,可以实现多个压电阻抗传感器一次信号激励,大大提高了检测效率。此外,基于接触式传感器的监测方法还包括光纤光栅传感器、应变传感器等。基于接触式传感器可以实现预紧力的精确量化监测,但对于数量多的螺栓连接节点检测成本高,操作复杂。
基于图像识别方法可以实现钢结构螺栓群状态的快速高效监测13。Zhou等14提出基于YOLOv3算法的断裂螺栓检测方法,该方法能够快速、自动地检测高强度螺栓的断裂,但无法对螺栓松动病害进行检测。徐建平等15提出了一种通过深度学习技术来识别高强度螺栓关键点的方法,该方法设计并搭建以ResNet50为主干网络的模型来定位螺母螺栓头的6个角点和1个中心点,从而为定量计算螺栓松动角度提供基础。Park等16提出了一种基于视觉的风力发电塔螺栓松动检测技术,通过对拍摄的螺栓节点正视图运用Canny算子及Hough变换,获得螺栓边线,实现非接触、自动化的检测,但该方法对边缘轮廓的清晰度和完整性要求较高,边缘模糊或不连续都会直接降低检测精度。康晶杰等17提出基于红色防松标记线结合图像识别的方法,使用红色油漆笔和3D打印的标准化划线工具,通过基于动态Gamma调整的红色标记线分割方法,实现对螺栓松动的识别。虽然该方法识别精度很高,但是人工标记过程费时费力,且标记容易被覆盖甚至脱落,故该方法的鲁棒性有待提升。
本文提出一种能够同时实现螺栓缺失及松动检测的方法。通过标注螺栓缺失和松动的图像,制作数据集,用于训练基于YOLOv26算法的螺栓缺失及松动检测模型。并提出最优六边形法则,通过识别螺栓头6个顶点外接圆凸包及质心点,实现螺栓松动角度的高精度检测。
识别六角头螺栓6个顶点坐标,获得顶点坐标点集Pi={xiyi}(i=1, 2, 3, …, 6)。选取6个顶点坐标中纵坐标最小的点作为螺栓6个顶点编号起始点,并计为P1={x1y1}(若存在纵坐标相同的两点则取横坐标最小点),根据极角排序方法,计算其余点相对于P1的极角θi和欧氏距离di
θi=atan2(yi-y1xi-x1
di=(xi-x1)2+(yi-y1)2
θi升序排序(若极角相同,则按di升序排列),得到排序后的坐标点集Pi={P1P2, …, P6}。在排序后的点集基础上构建凸包,初始化栈stack=[P1P2P3],遍历剩余点Pkk>3)对于栈顶Pi和栈底Pj,计算叉积判断方向:
cross(Pi,Pj,Pk)=(xj-xi)(yk-yi)-(yj-                         yi)(xk-xi)
cross>0,则点Pk​位于向量​​PiPj的逆时针方向,当前栈顶点Pj保留,将Pk压入栈。若cross≤0,则点Pk位于向量PiPj的​​顺时针方向​​或共线。此时栈顶点Pj​不是凸包顶点,将其弹出栈,并回溯检查栈中前驱点,最终栈中所有点按逆时针顺序构成凸包顶点。
以凸包的质心为中心,生成正六边形顶点。根据式(4)生成预估顶点。
xj=16i=16xi+rcos(2πj6)yj=16i=16yi+rsin(2πj6)
式中:j为生成的预估顶点编号,j=1, 2, …, 6;r为正六边形的半径,r取值为凸包顶点到质心的最小距离。
通过最小化实际顶点与估计顶点之间的距离差,利用Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno(BFGS)拟牛顿优化算法对顶点坐标进行调整,使6个顶点相应距离实际值与估计值的差的和最小,此时的坐标为优化后顶点坐标,目标函数为:
f(θ)=mini=16(xi-xj')2+(yi-yj')2
式中:(xiyi)为实际顶点坐标;(xjyj)为估计顶点坐标;θ为旋转角度。顶点坐标优化过程如图1所示。
BFGS拟牛顿优化算法的步骤为18
步骤1:取初始点θ0​∈Rn,初始对称正定矩阵B0​,精度ε>0,令迭代计数器k=0;
步骤2:计算当前目标函数的梯度gk=Fθk)。如果梯度范数‖gk≤ε,则认为算法已收敛,停止计算,最优解为θk。否则,计算搜索方向dk
dk=-Bk-1gk
步骤3:基于Wolfe条件的线性搜索机制来更新步长λk​;​
步骤4:令θk+1kkdk,计算gk+1,如果‖gk+1≤ε,优解为θ=θk+1,否则转至下一步;
步骤5:计算变量增量与梯度差,并由BFGS算法的校正公式计算Bk+1
Bk+1=Bk-Bk(θk+1-θk)(θk+1-θk)TBk(θk+1-θk)TBk(θk+1-θk)+    (gk+1-gk)(gk+1-gk)T(θk+1-θk)T(gk+1-gk)
步骤6:令k=k+1,转至步骤2,直至梯度范数‖g≤ε
设计了基于YOLOv26算法的螺栓旋转角度视觉检测方法,通过将最优六边形法则融入关键点后处理模块,用于螺栓图像角度计算,检测流程如图2所示。该流程主要包括两个阶段:1)使用基于YOLO目标检测算法对螺栓缺失进行自动识别;2)使用改进的YOLO关键点检测算法和角度计算准则进行螺栓松动计算,设计了基于YOLOv26姿态估计模型的螺栓旋转角度视觉检测方法。各阶段分析步骤如下:
第一阶段:螺栓缺失自动识别,该部分分为三个步骤。
1)采集螺栓连接节点图像,并按照8∶1∶1比例将图片划分为训练集、测试集和验证集;
2)将训练集图像数据标注并输入YOLOv26目标检测模型进行训练;
3)将测试集输入训练好的螺栓缺失检测模型中进行识别。
第二阶段:螺栓旋转角度识别,该部分同样分为三个步骤。
1)采集螺栓连接节点图像,应用透视变换算法进行图像校正,并按8∶1∶1比例划分训练集、测试集和验证集;
2)识别螺栓顶点,计算螺栓角点,得到螺栓相对垂直角度;
3)将算得角度与前一次测得角度对比计算旋转角度。
松动检测算法基于YOLOv26开发,网络结构图如图3所示,YOLOv26算法的核心改进包括端到端非极大值抑制(Non-Maximum Suppression,NMS)推理架构和分布焦点损失(Distribution Focal Loss,DFL)移除。其中,端到端无NMS推理通过重新设计预测头直接输出无冗余的边界框预测,彻底消除了传统非极大值抑制的后处理瓶颈,显著降低推理延迟并简化部署流程。分布焦点损失移除将边界框回归从概率分布预测简化为直接坐标回归,在保持检测精度的同时大幅降低了计算复杂度和模型导出难度,实现了更轻量、硬件友好的模型架构。同时,其引入的渐进式损失平衡机制通过动态调整不同损失组件的权重防止训练后期简单样本主导,结合小目标感知标签分配策略优先为微小或遮挡实例分配标签,有效提升了训练稳定性并显著改善了小目标检测性能。此外,引入动量统一的随机梯度下降优化器,实现了更快、更平滑的收敛过程,为边缘设备和低功耗平台上的稳定训练提供了可靠保障19
通过识别的六边形螺栓顶点计算螺栓中心点坐标,对螺栓中心点坐标进行排序,选出最左上、左下、右上、右下的螺栓中心点作为参考点,当参考点缺失时,可利用已识别出的螺栓中心坐标,基于螺栓在行和列上的共线性推算出参考点坐标,再根据这四个参考点对图像进行透视变换。设畸变图像平面坐标为(u′, v′),标准平面坐标为(uv),畸变图像视平面可以通过式(8)转换成标准节点视平面。式中,T为图像透视变换矩阵,由选出的四个参考点和四个理论标准点坐标求出20图4给出了畸变图像矫正前后图像。
uv1=Tu'v'1=t11t12t13t21t22t23t31t321u'v'1
螺栓的旋紧角度是判断其是否松动的重要指标,为了判断螺栓是否发生松动,需要将当前检测到的螺栓6个角位置与历史记录中的6个角位置进行对比,如图5所示。因此,螺栓松动角度需要经过两步计算得到:1)初始角度;2)转动后角度。首先,通过1.1节中顶点坐标基准点识别算法,找到螺栓6个顶点中纵坐标最小点P1作为参考点,通过将其与质心的连线,计算该线段斜率:
k=y1-ycx1-xc
则计算斜率对应角度为:
θ=π2k=π2-arctankk
螺栓松动角度可以通过计算点P1与质心的连线前后两次与y轴夹角的差值得到。
Δθ=θ-θ'
式中:θ为当前六边形螺栓顶点P1与质心连线和y轴的夹角;θ′为前一次识别图像中六边形螺栓顶点P1′与质心连线和y轴的夹角;Δθ为螺栓松动角度。
为消除实际检测过程中的顶角识别误差,通过设置松动阈值θthreshold进行螺栓松动量化判断。当|Δθ|>θthreshold,判定螺栓松动。郭珍珠21通过试验得出当螺栓松动角度在10°~15°之间时,此阶段预紧力损失幅值变化离散性较低,并由紧固状态变为松动状态。因此,本文识别过程中松动角度最大阈值θthreshold设为10°,后期部署可根据实际螺栓尺寸、规格以及监测精度等进行修改。
使用Dell G15作为模型训练平台,其中,CPU为12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-12700H,14核心20线程,GPU为NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3060 Laptop GPU,显存为8 GB,使用YOLO v26深度学习框架和OpenCV图像处理库。训练图片使用Iphone14pro拍摄,像素为4800万Pixel。
制作16孔螺栓连接节点板,高强螺栓为HS10.9S级,尺寸为M30×80。螺栓原色为灰褐色,考虑实际工程中螺栓的颜色,将部分螺栓喷涂为蓝色和红色。试验使用的螺栓如图6所示。
构建螺栓缺失和松动数据集,流程包括:1)使用智能手机或消费级单反相机,也可采用轻型无人机,抵近构件采集较为清晰的螺栓构件正立面局部图像;2)根据缺失和松动数据集,对收集的图片进行标注,其中螺栓缺失标签为“hole”,螺栓松动数据集标注螺栓六角头的6个顶点,如图7(a)和(b)所示;3)通过随机旋转、缩放、平移、添加噪声和模糊等操作对数据集进行扩充;4)按照8∶1∶1比例将图片划分为训练集、测试集和验证集。为了提高方法在不同光线下识别螺栓缺失和松动的鲁棒性,在收集缺失和松动数据集时分别加入普通光照环境、阴暗环境、暖色光照射环境下的螺栓图片,分别如图8(a)~(c)所示,其中松动数据集共收集原始图片562张,经旋转、平移以及修改对比度等方法进行图片扩增,扩充后共5620张;缺失数据集收集原始图片342张,扩充后共3078张。
模型训练轮次为700轮,训练样本批次大小为16,初始学习率设为0.01,学习率衰减因子0.1,分别训练松动和缺失检测模型。
为验证模型泛化能力,除收集到的数据集外,额外拍摄了100张螺栓图片,并随机对螺栓转动一定角度,再次拍摄。前后拍摄图片输入模型中进行松动角度检测,将识别转动角度与实际转动角度进行对比,检验提出方法的可靠性。
基于PyCharm开发模型环境,建立螺栓缺失和松动检测模型的数据集。如图9所示,螺栓缺失识别精确率和召回率分别为0.98和0.99,呈现理想上升趋势;mAP50(B)是一个常用的性能评估指标,表示螺栓缺失检测的识别精度,其值为0.98,表明模型在不同条件下的预测准确性较高,能有效识别目标。为测试螺栓缺失检测识别效果,将16孔螺栓连接节点板随机取下3颗进行测试,结果如图10所示,表明可以识别螺栓孔及螺栓。此外,模型处理单张图像的平均推理时间为82.0 ms,可以满足一般的工业部署需求。
对螺栓松动检测模型数据集进行训练,模型训练结果如图11所示,所有损失曲线都呈健康的收敛态势,表明训练过程是有效的,模型成功地从数据中学习了规律,能有效完成目标定位、识别目标类别和关键点定位等任务。其中训练集关键点损失最终稳定在0.12~0.13之间,验证集关键点损失稳定在0.17~0.18之间,训练损失和验证损失之间的差距始终很小,这表明模型对关键点的定位不仅在训练集上表现良好,泛化能力也比较理想。对采用16个螺栓连接的节点板进行试验,结果如图12所示,姿态估计(P)的精度、召回率mAP50都为0.97,表明模型具备极高的定位精度,关键点训练集和验证集的损失曲线均呈现良好下降趋势,训练与验证损失差距保持在合理范围内,说明模型未出现过拟合现象,关键点mAP50-95(P)为0.97,同样展现出在多尺度下优异的适应性。并且,在无人机巡检和工业部署时,需要一定的时效性,经过多轮测试,得出模型处理单张图像的平均推理时间为57.68 ms。
为验证算法的鲁棒性,对3.3节不同光照环境下拍摄的16个三色螺栓头(灰色、蓝色和红色)混合图片进行检测。对1、2、4~11号螺栓进行了随机转动,转动角度在20°~30°之间,检测结果如图13~15所示,图中的误差为相对误差。结果表明:1、2、4~11号螺栓均发生明显转动,模型识别转动角度与实际转动结果接近;普通光照环境下绝对误差范围为-1.1°~2°,最大转动角度识别相对误差发生在1号螺栓,误差为6.6%;阴暗环境下绝对误差范围为-2°~2°,最大转动角度识别相对误差发生在7号螺栓,误差为-5.7%;暖色光照射环境下绝对误差范围为-1.3°~2°,最大转动角度识别相对误差发生在6号螺栓,误差为8%,其余螺栓未发生明显转动。上述识别结果表明,所提出算法可以实现螺栓松动的精确判断。
1)提出一种基于最优六边形法则的螺栓缺失及松动视觉检测方法,通过最小化螺栓实际顶点与估计顶点之间的距离差,结合BFGS拟牛顿算法,优化螺栓6个顶点坐标,实现了松动角度的自动化识别,显著提升了检测精度与鲁棒性。
2)构建了不同光照环境下灰、蓝和红三种常见螺栓头颜色的螺栓缺失与松动数据集,并基于YOLOv26算法完成模型训练,有效解决了传统检测中顶点偏移过大的问题。
3)模型对螺栓缺失识别精确率为0.98,mAP50为0.98,表明模型对螺栓缺失具有很好的识别效果。
4)不同光线下,模型对螺栓松动检测范围为0°~60°,松动角度识别绝对误差区间为-2°~2°,最大检测相对误差8%,表明所提出方法能够高精度识别螺栓早期松动。
5)松动和缺失平均推理时间分别为57.68 ms和82.0 ms,基本满足无人机巡检或远程在线监测的需求。

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2026年第56卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/j.gyjzG26033101
  • 接收时间:2026-03-31
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-31
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    1江苏宁沪高速公路股份有限公司,南京210049
    2南京林业大学土木工程学院,南京210037
    3中铁大桥勘测设计院集团有限公司,武汉430056
    4中铁桥隧技术有限公司,南京210061
    5北京京能国际综合智慧能源有限公司,北京101204
    6北京京能国际控股有限公司,北京100020

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陈冬冬,博士,副教授,主要从事压电智能传感方向研究,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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