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Article(id=1276896896715190616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, issueId=1276896661737701828, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/j.gyjzG26010801, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767801600000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782365543773, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365543773, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365543773, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365543773, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276896661737701828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, year='2026', volume='56', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365487751, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782367237543, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276904000968589318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, issueId=1276896661737701828, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276904000968589319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, issueId=1276896661737701828, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=87, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276896896929100122, articleId=1276896896715190616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, language=EN, title=Research on Adaptive Conservation Techniques for the Nanjing City Wall Under Dual Requirements of Historical Appearance Preservation and Structural Reinforcement： a Case Study of the Section from Jiefang Gate to Xuanwu Gate, columnId=null, journalTitle=Industrial Construction, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Nanjing City Wall represents the pinnacle of ancient Chinese city wall construction and holds significant cultural heritage value. However， due to the deterioration of its structural integrity and external environmental factors， it faces substantial safety concerns requiring urgent restoration and reinforcement. First， this study examined the structural configuration and damage conditions of the section from Jiefang Gate to Xuanwu Gate based on field surveys and literature review. Second， finite element analysis using ANSYS software was conducted on the wall structure. The analysis focused on evaluating the mechanical properties and safety under various combined conditions， including the effects of air-raid shelters and moisture absorption/expansion of internal brick-rubble-soil fill， to identify potential hazards. Finally， adaptive restoration and conservation measures were proposed， balancing both the preservation of historical appearance and the reinforcement of structural safety. This study implemented targeted reinforcement measures for different types and grades of deterioration， including structural strengthening of wall bodies， rampart top surfaces， and arches. Under the premise of preserving historical appearance， the wall structure was reinforced to achieve minimal intervention conservation for cultural heritage buildings， providing valuable insights and references for the preservation and restoration of ancient city walls.

, authors=null, authorsList=Fan SUN, Qing CHUN, Yu YUAN, Jiashun SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276896904826974616, articleId=1276896896715190616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, language=CN, title=风貌保护与结构加固双控下的南京城墙适应性保护技术研究——以解放门至玄武门段为例, columnId=1276896697703858872, journalTitle=工业建筑, columnName=工程诊断与性能提升技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

南京城墙是中国古城墙的集大成之作，具有重要的文物价值，但由于自身性能劣化及外部环境因素等影响，存在诸多安全问题，亟待修复加固。首先，在实地勘察的基础上结合文献资料，对南京城墙解放门至玄武门段的形制构造、残损病害展开研究。其次，利用ANSYS软件对南京城墙墙体结构进行了有限元模拟分析，重点分析了南京城墙在有无防空洞、内部碎砖三合土是否吸湿膨胀等组合工况下的受力性能与安全性，探究其潜在的安全隐患。最后，基于风貌保护与结构加固双重考虑提出适应性的修缮保护技术措施。对不同的残损病害类型与等级采取针对性的修缮加固措施，包括墙身、海墁、拱券的加固修缮，在保证历史风貌的前提下对城墙结构进行了加固，实现了对文物建筑的最小干预保护，为古城墙的保护与修缮工作提供了借鉴与参考。

, authors=

孙帆，硕士研究生，主要从事建筑技术科学方向研究。

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淳庆，博士，教授，主要从事建筑遗产保护方向研究， 。
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孙帆，硕士研究生，主要从事建筑技术科学方向研究。

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label=图9, caption=震动观测点分布, figureFileSmall=/lmftjVYKwZApZjRb42/Tg==, figureFileBig=CZLb8lpXoIUr4uV8nGiGAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896917665739215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Horizontal displacement time-history curves at monitoring points under the El-Centro rare seismic wave, figureFileSmall=Z3/A9OV8levPUtvQP0+icw==, figureFileBig=J4Ri5ZzwYcNb6rQeSJ+FHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896917741236688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=图10, caption=罕遇地震时El-Centro地震波作用下各测点水平位移时程曲线, figureFileSmall=Z3/A9OV8levPUtvQP0+icw==, figureFileBig=J4Ri5ZzwYcNb6rQeSJ+FHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896917825122769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Shear stress time-history curves at monitoring points under the El-Centro rare seismic wave, figureFileSmall=Mn2z2pDZ3BI+g6JIy/aoLA==, figureFileBig=DqIsMV5xy5Q1tm6gOtSCEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896917896425938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=图11, caption=罕遇地震时El-Centro地震波作用下各测点剪应力时程曲线, figureFileSmall=Mn2z2pDZ3BI+g6JIy/aoLA==, figureFileBig=DqIsMV5xy5Q1tm6gOtSCEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896917963534803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Construction flowchart for the restoration of bulging defects, figureFileSmall=r0OUzZxkNHxi5VcbA2pm6A==, figureFileBig=gZ3OphgDRPEeJzrUnGdsXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896918064198100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=图12, caption=鼓胀病害修缮施工工艺流程, figureFileSmall=r0OUzZxkNHxi5VcbA2pm6A==, figureFileBig=gZ3OphgDRPEeJzrUnGdsXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896918131306965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Construction flowchart for the restoration of wall cracking defects （severe）, figureFileSmall=XKn6AEKDIljHdi9lCjThfA==, figureFileBig=BkkIpeyPPFBW4DvhQGD0TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896918190027222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=图13, caption=墙体裂缝病害（严重）修缮施工工艺流程, figureFileSmall=XKn6AEKDIljHdi9lCjThfA==, figureFileBig=BkkIpeyPPFBW4DvhQGD0TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896918265524695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Construction flowchart for the restoration of wall cracking defects （general， mild）, figureFileSmall=tQAmn6A+Pv1hsQjygyVYug==, figureFileBig=Xxu7Xs1eD11A8Ovj3N9xqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896918336827864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=图14, caption=墙体裂缝病害（一般、轻微）修缮施工工艺, figureFileSmall=tQAmn6A+Pv1hsQjygyVYug==, figureFileBig=Xxu7Xs1eD11A8Ovj3N9xqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896918403936729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Construction flowchart for the restoration of weathering defects, figureFileSmall=s9/b3i9Qt3oNyQMt3Pwu+Q==, figureFileBig=wf4FN0kbb7fJvfMUwURpLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896918475239898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=图15, caption=墙体风化修缮施工工艺, figureFileSmall=s9/b3i9Qt3oNyQMt3Pwu+Q==, figureFileBig=wf4FN0kbb7fJvfMUwURpLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896918546543067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Comparison of missing defects before and after restoration, figureFileSmall=+H1aWb17c+fEAsGgfnHS8g==, figureFileBig=QKq5F50bFfii1BdU1kYEXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896918613651932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=图16, caption=缺失病害修缮前后对比　（a） 修缮前 （b） 修缮后, figureFileSmall=+H1aWb17c+fEAsGgfnHS8g==, figureFileBig=QKq5F50bFfii1BdU1kYEXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896918697538013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Construction flowchart for the restoration of biological hazards, figureFileSmall=Jr6wcJxNNirPg1C7JJ7O0A==, figureFileBig=bwVFILnVMQiqrs/qMe1j7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896918781424094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=图17, caption=生物危害修缮施工工艺流程, figureFileSmall=Jr6wcJxNNirPg1C7JJ7O0A==, figureFileBig=bwVFILnVMQiqrs/qMe1j7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896918865310175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Comparison of human⁃induced defectsbefore and after restoration, figureFileSmall=EKArgsajluNlB4Cz+9mfiA==, figureFileBig=5B5h34VQOZbl7GSuZIgL9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896918928224736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=图18, caption=人为损伤修缮前后对比　（a） 修缮前 （b） 修缮后, figureFileSmall=EKArgsajluNlB4Cz+9mfiA==, figureFileBig=5B5h34VQOZbl7GSuZIgL9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896918995333601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Construction flowchart for the reinforcement and restoration of rampart top surfaces, figureFileSmall=X62hCnLdiMbDCZlT0bswog==, figureFileBig=VbxnX+99dU3Mr0305F9VTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896919062442466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=图19, caption=海墁加固修缮施工工艺流程, figureFileSmall=X62hCnLdiMbDCZlT0bswog==, figureFileBig=VbxnX+99dU3Mr0305F9VTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896919133745635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Construction flowchart for the reinforcement and restoration of arches, figureFileSmall=Aas8/kGNXc41Fyr4lP60Cw==, figureFileBig=fyq56yzSZyH5pgj1xmoiyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896919200854500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=图20, caption=拱券加固修缮施工工艺 mm, figureFileSmall=Aas8/kGNXc41Fyr4lP60Cw==, figureFileBig=fyq56yzSZyH5pgj1xmoiyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896919263769061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=Photos of the Xuanwu Gate arch after restoration, figureFileSmall=cia5dopz4Kn1QuYIJqHRJw==, figureFileBig=wOP5b/24LXjJjfFd2gzN+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896919343460838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=图21, caption=玄武门拱券修缮后效果　（a） 拱券嵌筋加固修缮后 （b） 拱券贯穿锚固修缮后, figureFileSmall=cia5dopz4Kn1QuYIJqHRJw==, figureFileBig=wOP5b/24LXjJjfFd2gzN+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896919418958311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification of disease types and severity levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构部位

病害类型

病害等级

病害描述图示
墙身鼓胀严重鼓胀突出原有墙面较大，构成安全隐患
轻微鼓胀突出原有墙面较小，尚不构成安全隐患
裂缝严重裂缝宽度≥2 cm
一般裂缝宽度<2 cm，深度≥4 cm
轻微裂缝宽度<2 cm，深度<4 cm

材料风化

严重风化深度≥砖块宽度的1/2
一般3 cm≤风化深度<砖块宽度的1/2
轻微风化深度<3 cm

砖块缺失

—城墙砖块缺失

生物危害

严重表面生长乔木、灌木
一般表面生长藤类、草本植物
轻微表面生长青苔

人为损伤

—搭建临时建筑设施、城墙青砖改为红砖、涂抹水泥砂浆等
海墁

海墁破损

—海墁部位城砖损坏、缺失

防水失效

—海墁防水层破损
拱券裂缝—拱券出现裂缝
), ArticleFig(id=1276896921092485608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

病害类型与等级分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构部位

病害类型

病害等级

病害描述图示
墙身鼓胀严重鼓胀突出原有墙面较大，构成安全隐患
轻微鼓胀突出原有墙面较小，尚不构成安全隐患
裂缝严重裂缝宽度≥2 cm
一般裂缝宽度<2 cm，深度≥4 cm
轻微裂缝宽度<2 cm，深度<4 cm

材料风化

严重风化深度≥砖块宽度的1/2
一般3 cm≤风化深度<砖块宽度的1/2
轻微风化深度<3 cm

砖块缺失

—城墙砖块缺失

生物危害

严重表面生长乔木、灌木
一般表面生长藤类、草本植物
轻微表面生长青苔

人为损伤

—搭建临时建筑设施、城墙青砖改为红砖、涂抹水泥砂浆等
海墁

海墁破损

—海墁部位城砖损坏、缺失

防水失效

—海墁防水层破损
拱券裂缝—拱券出现裂缝
), ArticleFig(id=1276896921188954601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Material properties of the Nanjing City Wall

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度/(kg·m-3)弹性模量/MPa泊松比抗拉强度/MPa抗压强度/MPa

内摩擦角/（°）

黏聚力/kPa
砖砌体220018070.200.1142.686——
石砌体255022500.200.0522.726——
C30混凝土2360300000.202.01020.100——

碎砖三合土（干燥）

19001200.25——4080

碎砖三合土（湿润）

2000800.30——3650
土1900400.35————
), ArticleFig(id=1276896921281229290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

南京城墙材料性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度/(kg·m-3)弹性模量/MPa泊松比抗拉强度/MPa抗压强度/MPa

内摩擦角/（°）

黏聚力/kPa
砖砌体220018070.200.1142.686——
石砌体255022500.200.0522.726——
C30混凝土2360300000.202.01020.100——

碎砖三合土（干燥）

19001200.25——4080

碎砖三合土（湿润）

2000800.30——3650
土1900400.35————
), ArticleFig(id=1276896921344143851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Finite element simulation scenarios for the wall structure of the Nanjing City Wall section from Jiefang Gate to Xuanwu Gate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况工况类型模拟描述
(1)自重+上部荷载+干燥碎砖三合土内芯+无防空洞主要模拟无防空洞段城墙在无雨水入侵时工况
(2)自重+上部荷载+干燥碎砖三合土内芯+有防空洞主要模拟有防空洞段城墙在无雨水入侵时工况
(3)自重+上部荷载+湿润碎砖三合土内芯膨胀0.4%+无防空洞主要模拟无防空洞段城墙在有雨水入侵时工况
(4)自重+上部荷载+湿润碎砖三合土内芯膨胀0.4%+有防空洞主要模拟有防空洞段城墙在有雨水入侵时工况
), ArticleFig(id=1276896921415447020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

南京城墙解放门至玄武门段墙体结构有限元模拟工况类型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况工况类型模拟描述
(1)自重+上部荷载+干燥碎砖三合土内芯+无防空洞主要模拟无防空洞段城墙在无雨水入侵时工况
(2)自重+上部荷载+干燥碎砖三合土内芯+有防空洞主要模拟有防空洞段城墙在无雨水入侵时工况
(3)自重+上部荷载+湿润碎砖三合土内芯膨胀0.4%+无防空洞主要模拟无防空洞段城墙在有雨水入侵时工况
(4)自重+上部荷载+湿润碎砖三合土内芯膨胀0.4%+有防空洞主要模拟有防空洞段城墙在有雨水入侵时工况
), ArticleFig(id=1276896921482555885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of finite element simulation results for brick and stone masonry with and without air-raid shelters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情况碎砖三合土（干燥无膨胀）碎砖三合土(湿润膨胀0.4%)
σ1max/MPaσ3max/MPaδmax/mσ1max/MPaσ3max/MPaδmax/m
变化率/%-9.43-18.63-4.7612.78-30.27-10.00

无防空洞

0.1060.9340.0211.6043.1310.040

有防空洞

0.0960.7600.0201.8092.1830.036
), ArticleFig(id=1276896921570636270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

有无防空洞砖石砌体有限元模拟结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情况碎砖三合土（干燥无膨胀）碎砖三合土(湿润膨胀0.4%)
σ1max/MPaσ3max/MPaδmax/mσ1max/MPaσ3max/MPaδmax/m
变化率/%-9.43-18.63-4.7612.78-30.27-10.00

无防空洞

0.1060.9340.0211.6043.1310.040

有防空洞

0.0960.7600.0201.8092.1830.036
), ArticleFig(id=1276896921650328047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Finite element simulation results of dynamic responses of brick and stone masonry to different seismic waves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震波峰值第一主应力/MPa峰值第三主应力/MPa峰值位移变形/m
多遇地震设防地震罕遇地震多遇地震设防地震罕遇地震多遇地震设防地震罕遇地震
平均值1.8541.9252.1032.4452.5432.9370.0480.0530.071
El-Centro地震波1.8541.9612.2332.4452.5793.2090.0540.0550.081
Northridge地震波1.8541.8722.0162.4452.4452.7170.0440.0490.063
南京人工地震波1.8541.9432.0602.4452.6052.8850.0460.0560.069
), ArticleFig(id=1276896921734214128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896896715190616, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

砖石砌体对不同地震波动力响应有限元模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震波峰值第一主应力/MPa峰值第三主应力/MPa峰值位移变形/m
多遇地震设防地震罕遇地震多遇地震设防地震罕遇地震多遇地震设防地震罕遇地震
平均值1.8541.9252.1032.4452.5432.9370.0480.0530.071
El-Centro地震波1.8541.9612.2332.4452.5793.2090.0540.0550.081
Northridge地震波1.8541.8722.0162.4452.4452.7170.0440.0490.063
南京人工地震波1.8541.9432.0602.4452.6052.8850.0460.0560.069
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风貌保护与结构加固双控下的南京城墙适应性保护技术研究——以解放门至玄武门段为例
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孙帆 , 淳庆 , 袁昱 , 石加顺
工业建筑 | 工程诊断与性能提升技术 2026,56(5): 87-98
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工业建筑 |工程诊断与性能提升技术 2026 , 56 (5) : 87 -98
风貌保护与结构加固双控下的南京城墙适应性保护技术研究——以解放门至玄武门段为例
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孙帆, 淳庆 , 袁昱, 石加顺
作者信息
  • 1东南大学建筑学院， 南京210096
通讯作者:
淳庆，博士，教授，主要从事建筑遗产保护方向研究， 。
Research on Adaptive Conservation Techniques for the Nanjing City Wall Under Dual Requirements of Historical Appearance Preservation and Structural Reinforcement： a Case Study of the Section from Jiefang Gate to Xuanwu Gate
Fan SUN, Qing CHUN , Yu YUAN, Jiashun SHI
Affiliations
  • 1School of Architecture， Southeast University， Nanjing210096， China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.3724/j.gyjzG26010801
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摘要
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南京城墙是中国古城墙的集大成之作，具有重要的文物价值，但由于自身性能劣化及外部环境因素等影响，存在诸多安全问题，亟待修复加固。首先，在实地勘察的基础上结合文献资料，对南京城墙解放门至玄武门段的形制构造、残损病害展开研究。其次，利用ANSYS软件对南京城墙墙体结构进行了有限元模拟分析，重点分析了南京城墙在有无防空洞、内部碎砖三合土是否吸湿膨胀等组合工况下的受力性能与安全性，探究其潜在的安全隐患。最后，基于风貌保护与结构加固双重考虑提出适应性的修缮保护技术措施。对不同的残损病害类型与等级采取针对性的修缮加固措施，包括墙身、海墁、拱券的加固修缮，在保证历史风貌的前提下对城墙结构进行了加固，实现了对文物建筑的最小干预保护，为古城墙的保护与修缮工作提供了借鉴与参考。

南京城墙  /  残损病害  /  结构分析  /  结构加固  /  风貌保护

The Nanjing City Wall represents the pinnacle of ancient Chinese city wall construction and holds significant cultural heritage value. However， due to the deterioration of its structural integrity and external environmental factors， it faces substantial safety concerns requiring urgent restoration and reinforcement. First， this study examined the structural configuration and damage conditions of the section from Jiefang Gate to Xuanwu Gate based on field surveys and literature review. Second， finite element analysis using ANSYS software was conducted on the wall structure. The analysis focused on evaluating the mechanical properties and safety under various combined conditions， including the effects of air-raid shelters and moisture absorption/expansion of internal brick-rubble-soil fill， to identify potential hazards. Finally， adaptive restoration and conservation measures were proposed， balancing both the preservation of historical appearance and the reinforcement of structural safety. This study implemented targeted reinforcement measures for different types and grades of deterioration， including structural strengthening of wall bodies， rampart top surfaces， and arches. Under the premise of preserving historical appearance， the wall structure was reinforced to achieve minimal intervention conservation for cultural heritage buildings， providing valuable insights and references for the preservation and restoration of ancient city walls.

Nanjing City Wall  /  deterioration and damage  /  structural analysis  /  structural reinforcement  /  historical appearance preservation
孙帆, 淳庆, 袁昱, 石加顺. 风貌保护与结构加固双控下的南京城墙适应性保护技术研究——以解放门至玄武门段为例. 工业建筑, 2026 , 56 (5) : 87 -98 . DOI: 10.3724/j.gyjzG26010801
Fan SUN, Qing CHUN, Yu YUAN, Jiashun SHI. Research on Adaptive Conservation Techniques for the Nanjing City Wall Under Dual Requirements of Historical Appearance Preservation and Structural Reinforcement： a Case Study of the Section from Jiefang Gate to Xuanwu Gate[J]. Industrial Construction, 2026 , 56 (5) : 87 -98 . DOI: 10.3724/j.gyjzG26010801
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城墙是人类文明遗存中兼具“军事防御”与“城市肌理”双重意义的宏大纪念碑，以其体量之巨、构造之坚，不仅勾勒了古代城池的空间轮廓，更在历史长河中凝固了山、水、城、林共生的和谐图景。南京城墙作为中国规模最大、保存原真性最好的古代城垣，以其“因天时，就地利”，依山傍水而建的自由布局，在中国都城建设史上独树一帜，代表了明代筑城技艺的巅峰水平。这一防御体系融合了全城砖墙、城砖条石混砌墙、条石城墙、包山式城墙等多种结构类型，巧妙解决了在丘陵、湿地等复杂地基上构筑高墙的技术难题，更以“龙盘虎踞，雄伟壮丽”的视觉意象，实现了军事技术理性与自然审美浪漫的完美融合。
作为南京的城市名片，南京城墙至今仍承担着文化展示、市民休闲及城市交通枢纽等多元功能。然而，在自然环境侵蚀、水文地质变化及材料自身衰退的共同耦合作用下，这段历经六百余年风雨的建筑遗产普遍呈现出材料劣化—构造损伤—结构失稳的级联式病变。其中解放门至玄武门段墙体频现鼓胀、开裂及局部坍塌隐患，使得墙体稳定性面临严峻挑战。因此系统开展对南京城墙典型段落的病害机理与加固修缮技术研究迫在眉睫，厘清鼓胀、裂缝等核心病害的成因，为城墙的科学修缮提供关键依据。
目前，学者们对古城墙的形制演变、筑造工艺、病害机理以及加固修缮技术等方面开展了广泛的研究。在形制演变与筑造工艺方面，梁法伟［1］通过对郑州商城内城墙的剖析，详细阐述了古代“墙芯”与“夹墙”的版筑技术及坡角控制工艺，厘清了早期城墙的营造法式。王文丹等［2］以石峁遗址发现的“絍木”为切入点，结合《营造法式》，论证了古代城墙中木骨拉筋技术对土体稳定性的补强机制。Amer等［3］通过对开罗中世纪多层石砌墙的广泛调研，根据芯墙厚度及内外墙的连接方式，提出了三种典型墙体构造假设。Christie等［4］通过考古调查与结构分析，系统研究了意大利拉文纳城墙的建造历史、结构特征与建造技术。在病害机理方面，乔敬淇等［5］及吴恺等［6］分别以平遥古城和苏州盘门城墙为背景，通过试验与数值模拟揭示了降雨入渗对城墙土水特性及稳定性的影响。张兵良等［7］基于长期监测数据，量化了降水、温度等气象因子对南京城墙本体臌胀变形的滞后性影响。Chen等［8］通过热-水-力耦合分析，论证了暴雨冲刷与冻融循环是导致墙体鼓胀与裂隙扩展的主导因素。Jin等［9］利用X射线衍射与热重分析，微观表征了西安城墙砖的盐结晶风化产物，阐明了可溶盐迁移对砖石结构的腐蚀机理。de Soto García等［10］对西班牙阿维拉古城墙及其周边建筑的灰浆进行了化学分析，证实了可溶性盐的污染是导致墙体材料劣化的主要原因。在修缮加固方面，国内学者王新生［11］结合多年古城墙保护维修实践，提出修缮需坚持“修旧如旧”核心原则。雷宏刚等［12］、周长东等［13］对不同城墙提出了针对性的加固修缮技术，有效提升了城墙结构的整体稳定性。国外学者Sassu等［14］针对干砌石城墙的修复提出了“3R”修复原则，即可识别性（Recognizable）、可逆性（Reversible）和尊重原状（Respectful），详细阐述了修复坍塌城墙和加固地基的具体流程，为干砌石城墙的预防性保护提供了可操作的范式。Langenhorst等［15］通过对德国米尔豪森古城墙修复失效案例的分析，揭示了使用水泥基材料修复含石膏的砌体遗产的灾难性后果，为古城墙修复中材料兼容性评估提供了警示。
综上所述，尽管已有学者对古城墙进行了多维度的研究，但在城墙病害机理方面，现有研究多关注材料自身劣化与环境作用，而在材料、结构叠加影响下对城墙稳定性的量化分析研究较少；在城墙修缮加固方面，虽然形成了“修旧如旧”“3R”等修缮原则，但现有研究多聚焦于结构稳定性加固或遗产风貌保护等单一维度，缺乏风貌保护和结构加固双控下的适应性保护技术研究。本文通过文献查阅、实地勘测与有限元分析等多种手段，对南京城墙解放门至玄武门段的形制建造、残损病害、结构安全等展开研究，旨在风貌保护与结构加固的双重要求下，探究南京城墙的适应性保护技术，为类似复杂环境下的古城墙保护提供科学依据与技术支撑。
1　南京城墙形制构造
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南京城墙作为古代城垣建筑，始建于元至正26年（公元1366年），建成于明洪武19年（公元1386年），由四重城墙组成［16］。现存的南京城墙是指南京城墙的第三重京城城墙，建时长度为35.27 km，目前遗存25.09 km［17］。南京城墙解放门至玄武门段包括解放门、玄武门两座城门与其间连续的墙体（图1），全长1.47 km，城墙内侧靠近主城区，外侧临近玄武湖。本研究综合实地勘测、无人机摄影、三维激光扫描与历史文献查阅等方式，厘清该段城墙的形制构造与几何尺寸。
解放门位于鸡鸣寺东北，为单券城门，上无城楼。玄武门（图2）位于玄武湖正西，有三个门洞，均为砖券门洞，上有歇山顶仿古钢木结构城楼。解放门至玄武门段墙体为典型的条石城砖混砌墙（图3、4），地面以上高约15.3~24.1 m，剖面近似梯形，上窄下宽，底宽约3.8~7 m，顶宽约3~4.7 m。墙体结构分为墙基、墙身、墙顶三个层次［18］。墙基大部分为大条石，深砌于地下，部分区段存在木桩基础。墙身呈现外砌砖石、内填碎砖三合土的复合构造。内墙通体为一顺一丁式的砖砌表皮，外墙呈现分层混砌特征，下部（地表以上3~4 m）用条石砌筑，上部砌筑方式与内墙表皮相同。两壁间用碎砖三合土填充，即夯土与碎砖交替使用。底部存在大量陈旧的拱形人防工事，整体用砖砌筑，后用混凝土圈梁加固，宽约1.6 m，高约2.3 m。城墙顶部两侧分砌女墙与雉堞，高约1.2 m。雉堞垛口宽约0.45 m，高约0.7 m，间距约2.5 m。墙顶平面铺设海墁，横向由外侧向内侧找坡，坡度在2%~3%；纵坡根据城墙自身走势，坡度在3%~7%。城墙两侧地坪外高内低，内外高差在0~8 m。
2　南京城墙残损病害
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总体来说，南京城墙自建成至今已有600余年，因超期服役、材料劣化以及外部条件的不断变迁，尚有多处险情和隐患。本文对南京城墙解放门至玄武门段现存的残损病害进行了分类与统计，如表1所示，包括墙身残损、海墁残损与拱券残损。
2.1　墙身残损
在长期自然风化、生物侵蚀及人类活动的耦合作用下，墙身呈现出材料劣化—构造损伤—结构失稳的级联式病变特征。首先，结构稳定性病害尤为突出，墙体多处出现鼓胀与开裂现象，局部甚至处于坍塌临界状态，构成重大安全隐患。实测数据显示，墙身裂缝宽度介于1~3 cm，延伸长度达2~12 m，部分深层裂缝深度超过10 cm，显著削弱了砌体的整体性。其次，材料劣化与生物侵蚀严重，全段墙身广泛存在砖块风化、松动及缺失现象，直接损害城墙的历史风貌与承载能力；同时墙身还存在渗水、泛潮及苔藓覆盖等生物性危害，植物根系沿砖缝深入砌体进一步加剧了墙体鼓胀变形。此外，人为干预损伤亦不容忽视，局部采用现代材料的不当修补以及依附墙体的临时建筑设施，严重破坏了文物的原真性，为城墙安全埋下隐患。
2.2　海墁残损
海墁既是防御体系的功能平台，也是墙体防水的关键屏障，目前海墁层正面临防水系统失效与海墁砖破损的双重挑战。经现场勘察，由于早期修缮工艺的局限性，解放门至玄武门段顶部防水层采用的混凝土刚性防水+卷材的复合构造已进入失效期。目前，刚性防水层多处开裂破碎，卷材耐久性丧失，导致显著的积水与渗漏。与此同时，作为表层保护的海墁砖因长期经受风雨侵蚀与冻融循环，出现大面积破损与缺失。防水系统失效与海墁砖破损的综合作用，不仅造成墙顶积水，还导致雨水沿裂隙入渗，诱发墙体内部碎砖三合土膨胀与侧压力激增，成为威胁城墙整体稳定性的核心诱因。
2.3　拱券残损
玄武门北次孔拱券出现的10 m贯通性裂缝，直接危及城门结构的力学稳定。
3　南京城墙结构安全评估
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为了更加深入地评估南京城墙的解放门至玄武门段潜在的结构安全隐患，利用ANSYS软件对城墙墙体结构进行了非线性有限元数值模拟分析，重点分析了荷载、防空洞、雨水侵入、地震作用等工况及组合作用下，结构的受力特征和安全性。
3.1　简化和假定
南京城墙为砌体结构，主要由砖、石、碎砖三合土复合承重，整体结构较为复杂且残损严重。假定对鼓胀、裂缝等进行了拆除重砌，将城墙按砖砌壁面、石砌壁面、碎砖三合土内芯、防空洞拱券等不同砌筑方式简化为各向同性连续均质材料。几何外观按现场实际测绘尺寸，内部尺寸按勘察、文献记载结果。由于碎砖三合土内芯吸水后产生的体积膨胀类似于材料的温度效应，且湿度场变化产生的应力场类似于温度应力场，采用温度应力场理论中的应力、应变分析和计算方法来计算湿度应力场［19］。
3.2　材料与荷载取值
砖砌体、石砌体、碎砖三合土（干燥）材料参数结合现场检测数据、勘测报告和GB 50003—2011《砌体结构设计规范》[20]，按偏保守的原则取值。现场检测采用回弹法，判定砖的强度等级为MU20，料石的强度等级为MU20，石灰黏结剂抗压强度平均值为1.0 MPa，参照GB 50003—2011［20］，获得砖、石砌体的力学参数。碎砖三合土（干燥）力学参数参照相似研究成果［21-23］，同时参考了同类土质材料在不同含水率下的力学性能演变规律［24］，对碎砖三合土（干燥）材料参数进行折减得到雨水入侵后的碎砖三合土材料参数，防空洞的拱券按C30混凝土取值。材料参数取值如表2所示。
墙体部分荷载除考虑材料自重外，顶面设定3.5 kN/m2的活荷载和3 kN/m2的恒荷载，作为面荷载施加于顶面海墁，下部土层约束了底部及两侧三个方向的自由度。
3.3　有限元模型
选取墙体结构的典型剖面，采用商用有限元软件ANSYS建立二维实体模型。结构分析单元采用自动搭配的PLANE 182+PLANE 183，单元边长约为0.2 m，另外对砖石砌体和防空洞拱券附近加密2倍。碎砖三合土采用Mohr-Coulomb模型，其他材料采用线弹性模型。有限元模型与网格划分如图5所示。
3.4　静力分析
3.4.1　工况类型
对南京城墙解放门至玄武门段墙体结构在4个工况（表3）作用下的变形与应力进行了有限元数值模拟静力分析。
3.4.2　有限元分析结果
砖石砌体的有限元模拟结果如图6所示。对南京城墙墙体结构在4个工况组合下的对比计算分析结果表明，对砖石砌体结构最不利的工况组合是工况（4）：最大第一主应力（σ1max）为1.809 MPa，远超过砖砌体抗拉强度（0.114 MPa），出现在城墙外侧砖砌体中部，位置与城墙鼓胀、裂缝区域较为吻合；最大第三主应力（σ3max）为2.183 MPa，出现在石砌体底部，小于石砌体抗压强度（2.726 MPa）但富余量不足。对比工况（2），σ1max为0.096 MPa，σ3max为0.760 MPa，均小于砖石砌体的承载极限。类似地，对比工况（1）与工况（3），在碎砖三合土吸湿膨胀后，σ1max和σ3max增加了约14.47倍和2.35倍。
由此可见，降水渗入碎砖三合土内芯引起的重度增加与体积膨胀，对两侧的砖石砌体产生了较大的侧向挤压力，导致了砌体结构的整体稳定性大幅降低，砖石砌体的抗倾覆、抗滑移能力不足，进而诱发墙体的鼓胀与裂缝。因此解决南京城墙鼓胀与裂缝问题的关键除了对鼓胀区与裂缝区进行拆除重砌以卸载内部膨胀应力外，还应减少雨水入渗，修复并改善墙顶的排水系统，使雨水有效排出。
对比有无防空洞对砖石砌体结构的影响（表4）可以发现，在碎砖三合土干燥无膨胀时，由于防空洞的加建，砖石结构的σ1max、σ3max、最大位移变形（δmax）都有不同程度的降低。原因不仅在于防空洞的加建使碎砖三合土内部形成一个空腔，降低了自重，还在于防空洞的拱券改变了结构的传力方式，拱券上方的土体重量大部分被防空洞拱券承担，并传递给拱脚与地基，使墙体受到的侧向推力大幅减小。
在碎砖三合土吸湿膨胀时，防空洞的加建导致砖石结构的σ3max、δmax降低，而σ1max却增加12.781%。此时，防空洞拱券依然辅助承担上部荷载，形成的内部空腔也降低了碎砖三合土的膨胀总量，因此砖石结构的σ3max、δmax降低。但由于C30混凝土的弹性模量极大，防空洞拱券上方的巨大膨胀压力被推向两侧，转化为侧向推力，导致了砖石壁体中部的拉应力集中。
因此，在干燥状态下，防空洞的加建有助于提升城墙整体稳定性，但在碎砖三合土吸湿膨胀后，防空洞的加建加剧了南京城墙的鼓胀风险，应加强对存在防空洞段城墙的监测。
3.5　地震动力分析
为进一步模拟有防空洞段城墙在吸湿膨胀前提下，遭受突发地震的受力情况，在工况（4）基础上进行地震动力响应分析。
参照GB/T 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计标准》［25］的规定，以南京地区设防烈度7度、设计地震分组第一组、场地类别Ⅱ类考虑，场地特征周期为0.35 s。选取3条地震波分别为El-Centro地震波、Northridge地震波（数据来源于PEER数据库）、南京人工地震波，3条地震波的加速度时程曲线如图7所示。基于图8所示与南京地区设防谱吻合良好的3条地震波，考虑城墙垂直于侧墙方向抗侧移刚度较弱的特点，将该方向设为地震动输入方向。按多遇、设防、罕遇地震水准分别将峰值加速度调幅至35，100，220 cm/s2后，施加于模型底部。
砖石砌体对多遇地震、设防地震、罕遇地震水平下3条地震波的动力响应结果如表5所示。结果表明，在多遇地震下，3条地震波引起的峰值第一主应力与第三主应力结果高度趋同，且较静力分析中工况（4）的增幅分别为2.5%与12.0%，说明在多遇地震下吸湿膨胀引起的静态应力场仍占据主导地位。随着地震动峰值加速度的增大，结构各响应参数均呈不同程度增长。砖石砌体峰值第一主应力平均值从1.854 MPa增长到2.103 MPa，增幅约13.4%；峰值第三主应力平均值从2.445 MPa增长到2.937 MPa，增幅约20.1%；峰值位移变形平均值从0.048 m增长到0.071 m，增幅约47.9%。由此可见，碎砖三合土吸湿膨胀后的城墙在罕遇地震工况下存在极高的破坏风险。
比较发现，罕遇地震作用下的El-Centro波输入对结构最为不利，具备工况代表性，后续将基于该工况开展进一步的动力响应分析。为监测城墙在不同高度处的位移响应，沿其高度方向均匀设置5个等间距测点，由下至上依次编号为测点1~5（图9）。图10所示的位移响应表明，城墙峰值位移沿高度呈先升后降趋势，于测点4附近达到峰值，加剧了墙体鼓胀变形。结合图11剪应力时程分析，测点1、2、5与测点3、4分别呈现相反方向的剪应力波动，由此产生的剪切梯度力显著增加了侧墙的坍塌风险。鉴于剪应力峰值同样出现在测点4附近，该区域最易发生剪切破坏。据此，建议对城墙中上部采取加固措施以控制其失稳风险。
4　南京城墙加固修缮
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4.1　风貌保护与结构加固双控保护
南京城墙作为城墙建筑遗产，其保护面临历史原真性保护与结构安全性加固的动态矛盾。现有研究多关注于单一的风貌保护或常规的结构加固，常规的结构加固如嵌补水泥砂浆或增设钢筋混凝土往往会破坏历史原真性，而单纯的风貌保护如简单修补或白灰勾缝又难以解决结构安全隐患。本文提出的风貌保护与结构加固双控保护技术，旨在风貌保护的最小干预与结构安全的必要加固之间寻求平衡，实现城墙建筑遗产的科学保护与可持续利用。
结构安全的必要加固是在实地勘测、有限元分析的基础上，确定残损病害的类型、范围及危害程度，采取精准而适度的修缮加固措施，避免出现无效加固或过度加固。风貌保护的最小干预是最大限度保留建筑遗产的历史原真性，修缮加固的材料性能与传统材料相近协同，节点处理与传统工艺相符，确保城墙的外观风貌、砌筑工艺与原状尽可能一致。
相较于传统修缮措施，风貌保护与结构加固的双控保护技术具有显著的科学性与适应性。首先，在修缮依据上，双控保护技术基于实地勘测与有限元分析，不仅消除了传统修缮的经验主义盲区，而且实现了病害的根源治理。其次，在干预程度上，双控保护技术根据残损病害的危害程度采取适度修缮，最大化保留建筑遗产的历史信息，有效规避了传统修缮中的无效加固或过度加固。最后，在修缮效果上，双控保护技术实现了风貌保护与结构加固的统一，打破了传统修缮的单一维度。
4.2　墙身加固修缮措施
南京城墙作为文物本体的核心载体，重点解决鼓胀、裂缝、风化及生物病害等影响结构安全的问题。根据残损病害的类型与等级，墙身的加固修缮应采用相应的修缮措施。
4.2.1　鼓胀病害修缮
根据现场勘察及安全性评估，对于明显构成安全隐患的鼓胀病害（严重），为了卸载内部巨大的膨胀应力，采用局部拆除重砌并锚筋加固的修缮措施（图12）。施工时，需自上而下将鼓胀砌体拆除至稳定部位，拆除形状严格控制为倒梯形，深度控制在0.5~1.0 m之间，以确保新老墙体的有效搭接。补砌材料选用无明显风化的老城砖或尺寸、色泽及强度接近的同质新砖，配合水硬性石灰砂浆，利用“马牙槎”咬合工艺，确保修缮后的墙体在外观与力学性能上与原状保持一致。补砌过程中，引入不锈钢锚筋以增强整体性：水平方向设置ϕ8不锈钢筋连接左右新旧墙体；垂直方向植入ϕ10螺纹不锈钢筋，尾端做燕尾处理以增加握裹力，通过无应力钻孔的方式深入旧墙体1500 mm，钻孔后采用强度为M10的水硬性石灰砂浆灌注填充。对于鼓胀较小且基本稳定的鼓胀区（轻微），则维持现状并加强监测。
4.2.2　裂缝病害修缮
根据裂缝的宽度、深度及贯穿情况，采取分级修缮措施。对于宽度超过2 cm的贯穿性裂缝（严重），采取拆除裂缝两侧各50 cm范围墙体后重新补砌的方式（图13），其施工工艺、材料选用及质量控制标准与鼓胀病害（严重）的修缮保持一致，从根本上消除结构分离隐患。对于宽度较小但深度较大的深层裂缝（一般），则采用嵌筋加固技术［图14（a）］，即清理裂缝左右墙体的灰缝后，在灰缝中嵌入ϕ10水平钢筋，并利用水硬性石灰砂浆进行深层嵌缝，以形成拉结体系。对于表层裂缝（轻微），则主要通过清理剔缝［图14（b）］与重新勾缝处理［图14（c）］，防止雨水渗入导致病害加剧。
4.2.3　风化病害修缮
根据现场勘察及砖块风化程度，采取分级修缮措施（图15）。对于风化深度超过1/2砖厚的区域（严重），鉴于砖块承载截面损失严重，采取整砖置换的措施，选用无明显风化老城砖或尺寸、色泽及强度接近的同质新砖和水硬性石灰砂浆进行补砌。对于风化深度介于3 cm至1/2砖厚之间的区域（一般），采取局部剔凿镶补工艺，先剔除表面风化层，用砖片镶嵌后以水硬性石灰砂浆粘接，再使用同规格水硬性石灰砂浆嵌缝。对于风化深度小于3 cm的区域（轻微），鉴于其尚未影响结构安全，则维持现状并加强日常监测。
4.2.4　缺失病害修缮
根据现场勘察，对墙身出现的砖块缺失，采用无明显风化的老城砖或尺寸、色泽及强度接近的同质新砖和水硬性石灰砂浆进行嵌补。缺失病害修缮前后对比如图16所示。
4.2.5　生物危害修缮
根据现场勘察及植物病害对墙体的危害程度，采取分级修缮措施。如图17所示，对于墙面滋生的乔木、灌木，为防止根系生长膨胀对砌体结构产生破坏，首先在远离墙体表面处截断树干，保留根系并施加除草剂或生长抑制剂，待两周后根部逐渐枯萎时，谨慎剔除根系，防止手工强行拔除带出灰浆。根部清除后形成的较大孔洞，采取局部补砌的措施进行修补。对于爬藤类植物与草本植物，在城墙表面处截断藤蔓，采用上述相同工艺处理主根，待其枯萎后清除并修补孔洞；对于次要根系，待其枯萎后维持现状。对于一般藻类、霉菌和青苔滋生区域，采取维持现状、加强监测的措施。
4.2.6　人为损伤修缮
根据现场勘察，墙身局部存在早期采用水泥砂浆、红砖等非城墙原有材料进行不当修缮的部位，严重影响文物真实性。首先对上述不当修缮区域进行拆除清理，随后选用无明显风化的老城砖或尺寸、色泽接近的同质新砖和水硬性石灰砂浆进行补砌，恢复墙体历史原貌。针对紧临城墙建造违章建筑导致的墙面涂刷白灰，在违章建筑拆除后，采用物理清洗方式去除墙体表面白灰残留，显露城砖原有色泽。人为损伤修缮前后对比如图18所示。
4.3　海墁加固修缮措施
海墁系统不仅是其顶部构造层，更是保护墙体内部碎砖三合土免受雨水侵蚀的关键屏障。鉴于解放门至玄武门段海墁存在砖块缺失、防水层失效及排水不畅等问题，本次修缮对海墁防水系统进行了修缮。修缮施工流程如图19所示。
防水层的重构是本次修缮的核心环节。首先对原有海墁砖进行编号拆解，在修补下层刚性防水层裂缝的基础上，引入了现代高性能防水材料——2.0 mm厚双面自黏高分子防水卷材。该卷材具有优异的延展性与黏结力，且其铺设方式具备显著的可逆性，既起到了阻断雨水入渗的作用，又能在必要时实现无损伤拆除，为未来更加科学的保护方式预留了空间。施工中遵循古建筑屋面防水构造要求，将卷材铺设延伸至现状排水沟内，并在女墙根部及外侧雉堞交接处进行上翻，确保防水层形成连续封闭的整体，阻断雨水下渗路径。
修缮方案依据现场地势控制排水坡度。通过地坪找坡施工，纵向排水坡度维持在5%~8%，利用城墙自身的走势引导水流；横向朝向女墙方向设定不小于2%的排水坡度，确保在大雨时排水顺畅，小雨时墙面不滞水，从源头上消除了墙顶渗水对墙体稳定性的威胁。在海墁砖的重铺过程中，选用无明显风化的老城砖或尺寸、色泽及强度接近的同质新砖和水硬性石灰砂浆进行补砌，恢复墙体历史原貌。
4.4　拱券加固修缮措施
针对玄武门北次孔拱券出现的贯通性裂缝病害，采取表层与深层相结合的加固措施（图20）。在表层加固方面，采用嵌筋加固技术，沿裂缝两侧水平灰缝埋入ϕ8不锈钢筋，间距控制为400 mm，利用钢筋抗拉性能约束表面裂缝扩展，并采用水硬性石灰砂浆重新勾缝。在深层加固方面，实施沿墙身厚度方向的贯穿锚筋加固技术，沿拱券弧度每隔30°设置一道锚固点，共植入7根ϕ20高强度不锈钢筋。施工采用对砌体扰动极小的无应力钻孔工艺，成孔孔径为24 mm，钢筋由内拱券水平穿透至外拱券，形成整体销栓效应。钻孔后采用强度等级为M10的水硬性石灰砂浆进行低压力自流灌浆，在避免二次破坏的前提下确保浆液饱满，从而有效恢复拱券结构的整体性与安全性。玄武门拱券修缮后效果如图21所示。
5　结论
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南京城墙是中国古城墙的集大成之作，具有重要的历史、文化、艺术和科学价值。以南京城墙解放门至玄武门段为例，在实地勘察的基础上结合文献资料对其形制构造、残损病害等展开研究，并利用ANSYS软件对南京城墙墙体结构进行了有限元模拟分析，探究其潜在的安全隐患，以此提出适应性保护技术。研究结果如下：
1）城墙的修缮保护应遵循“真实性”“完整性”“安全性”有机结合的原则，在风貌保护与结构加固双重考虑下，针对不同的残损病害类型与等级，采取针对性的修缮加固措施。
2）墙身部位残损病害类型多样，对鼓胀及裂缝严重部位采取局部拆除重砌并锚筋加固的修缮措施，风化部位采取整砖置换、局部剔凿镶补工艺或砖缝修补工艺，同时消除了砖块缺失、生物危害、人为损伤等病害，兼顾了风貌保护与结构加固。
3）海墁部位破损是引发内芯膨胀的核心诱因，本次修缮引入具有施工可逆性的高分子防水卷材，修复了防水层并重新铺设海墁砖，不仅恢复了城墙海墁的历史风貌，还大大提升了海墁的防水性能。
4）对玄武门拱券的贯通裂缝，采用了表层沿水平灰缝的嵌筋加固与深层沿墙身厚度方向的贯穿锚杆加固相结合的修缮措施，在保护拱券历史风貌的同时对拱券结构进行了加固。
古城墙的劣化机理是一个受多物理场影响的复杂演变过程，受限于数据积累与篇幅限制，温度变化、不均匀沉降等长期影响效应是后续研究的方向。

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doi: 10.3724/j.gyjzG26010801
  • 接收时间：2026-01-08
  • 首发时间：2026-06-25
  • 出版时间：2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期：2026-01-08
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    1东南大学建筑学院， 南京210096

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淳庆，博士，教授，主要从事建筑遗产保护方向研究， 。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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