Article(id=1276896697422840501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, issueId=1276896661737701828, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/j.gyjzG26030401, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1772553600000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782365496258, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365496258, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365496258, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365496258, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276896661737701828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, year='2026', volume='56', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365487751, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782367237543, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276904000968589318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, issueId=1276896661737701828, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276904000968589319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, issueId=1276896661737701828, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=113, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276896697624167095, articleId=1276896697422840501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, language=EN, title=Research on the Mechanical Properties of a Hyperbolic Cooling Tower Based on Measured Geometric Imperfections, columnId=null, journalTitle=Industrial Construction, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hyperbolic cooling tower shells are mostly cast-in-place reinforced concrete thin-walled structures. Their high-altitude construction poses significant challenges, and geometric imperfections often occur due to issues in construction layout accuracy. Focusing on a specific engineering case, this study employed terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technology to capture precise geometric imperfection data of the tower shell. Based on the scanned data, finite element models of the hyperbolic cooling tower, both with and without geometric imperfections, were developed using ABAQUS. The effects of geometric imperfections on the mechanical properties of the cooling tower, as well as the sensitivity of different load effects to these imperfections, were systematically investigated. The results indicated that when the actual imperfection magnitude was introduced based on the measured distribution pattern, the bearing capacity and crack resistance of the tower shell decreased significantly. Moreover, no deterioration in mechanical properties was observed when the imperfection magnitude remained below 150 mm. The effects of dead load and external wind pressure were highly sensitive to geometric imperfections, whereas temperature effects remained almost unaffected. Furthermore, the locations along the meridian lines of the tower shell where the maximum external wind suction occurs were identified as critical regions for safety assessment.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yuewen HUANG, Youquan FENG, Junling CHEN, Yanchen WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276896701210297042, articleId=1276896697422840501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, language=CN, title=基于实测几何缺陷的双曲冷却塔受力性能研究, columnId=1276896697703858872, journalTitle=工业建筑, columnName=工程诊断与性能提升技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

双曲冷却塔塔筒多为现浇钢筋混凝土薄壳结构,其高空施工难度极大,往往会由于施工放样的精度问题导致几何缺陷的产生。以某工程实例为研究对象,利用地面激光扫描(TLS)技术获取了塔筒的真实几何缺陷数据,并据此在ABAQUS中建立了有/无几何缺陷的双曲冷却塔有限元模型,系统研究了几何缺陷对双曲冷却塔结构受力性能的影响以及不同荷载效应对几何缺陷的敏感性。结果表明:基于实测几何缺陷分布模式,采取实际缺陷幅值时冷却塔塔筒的承载能力和抗裂性能显著降低,而缺陷幅值小于150 mm时塔筒受力性能则未出现劣化现象;永久荷载和外风压荷载效应对几何缺陷尤为敏感,而温度效应几乎不受缺陷影响;最大外风吸力所处塔筒子午线上的缺陷部位是安全性评估的关键区域。

, authors=

黄粤文,硕士研究生,主要从事高耸结构研究,

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陈俊岭,博士,教授,主要从事高耸结构方面的研究,
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黄粤文,硕士研究生,主要从事高耸结构研究,

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keyword=几何缺陷), Keyword(id=1276896706981659386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896697422840501, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=荷载效应), Keyword(id=1276896707325592315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896697422840501, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=缺陷敏感性)], refs=[Reference(id=1276896712010629913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896697422840501, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=27, issue=12, pageStart=1794, pageEnd=1800, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=BAMU P C, ZINGONI A, journalName=Engineering Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAMU P CZINGONI A. 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journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896697422840501, language=CN, label=图12, caption=有缺陷模型的FY分布(荷载组合:D+Wout, figureFileSmall=2obK6TRgTbyLF3ykPtrd5A==, figureFileBig=/jdbIVcMUP6pSssAg+VZDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1276896711658308372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276577754012160025, articleId=1276896697422840501, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Load combinations

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组合编号荷载系数
DTwWoutWin
Z011.31.5
Z021.31.0×0.61.5
Z031.31.01.5×0.6
Z041.01.5
Z051.01.0×0.61.5
Z061.01.01.5×0.6
S011.01.0
S021.01.0×0.61.0
S031.01.01.0×0.6
V011.01.01.0
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荷载组合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合编号荷载系数
DTwWoutWin
Z011.31.5
Z021.31.0×0.61.5
Z031.31.01.5×0.6
Z041.01.5
Z051.01.0×0.61.5
Z061.01.01.5×0.6
S011.01.0
S021.01.0×0.61.0
S031.01.01.0×0.6
V011.01.01.0
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Maximum principal tensile stress σtp and deformation w of the tower shell with imperfections

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荷载组合σtp/MPa荷载组合w/mm
Z01(W11)5.826S01(W11)90.460
Z02(W11)7.174S02(W11)90.480
Z03(W11)6.796S03(W11)56.447
Z04(W11)5.148
Z05(W11)6.496
Z06(W11)6.131
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含缺陷塔筒的最大主拉应力σtp及变形w

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
荷载组合σtp/MPa荷载组合w/mm
Z01(W11)5.826S01(W11)90.460
Z02(W11)7.174S02(W11)90.480
Z03(W11)6.796S03(W11)56.447
Z04(W11)5.148
Z05(W11)6.496
Z06(W11)6.131
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基于实测几何缺陷的双曲冷却塔受力性能研究
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黄粤文 1 , 冯又全 2 , 陈俊岭 1 , 汪彦辰 2
工业建筑 | 工程诊断与性能提升技术 2026,56(5): 113-120
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工业建筑 |工程诊断与性能提升技术 2026 , 56 (5) : 113 -120
基于实测几何缺陷的双曲冷却塔受力性能研究
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黄粤文1 , 冯又全2, 陈俊岭1 , 汪彦辰2
作者信息
  • 1同济大学土木工程学院, 上海200092
  • 2同济大学建筑设计研究院(集团)有限公司, 上海200092
通讯作者:
陈俊岭,博士,教授,主要从事高耸结构方面的研究,
Research on the Mechanical Properties of a Hyperbolic Cooling Tower Based on Measured Geometric Imperfections
Yuewen HUANG1 , Youquan FENG2, Junling CHEN1 , Yanchen WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
  • 2Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai200092, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.3724/j.gyjzG26030401
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双曲冷却塔塔筒多为现浇钢筋混凝土薄壳结构,其高空施工难度极大,往往会由于施工放样的精度问题导致几何缺陷的产生。以某工程实例为研究对象,利用地面激光扫描(TLS)技术获取了塔筒的真实几何缺陷数据,并据此在ABAQUS中建立了有/无几何缺陷的双曲冷却塔有限元模型,系统研究了几何缺陷对双曲冷却塔结构受力性能的影响以及不同荷载效应对几何缺陷的敏感性。结果表明:基于实测几何缺陷分布模式,采取实际缺陷幅值时冷却塔塔筒的承载能力和抗裂性能显著降低,而缺陷幅值小于150 mm时塔筒受力性能则未出现劣化现象;永久荷载和外风压荷载效应对几何缺陷尤为敏感,而温度效应几乎不受缺陷影响;最大外风吸力所处塔筒子午线上的缺陷部位是安全性评估的关键区域。

冷却塔  /  受力性能  /  有限元分析  /  几何缺陷  /  荷载效应  /  缺陷敏感性

Hyperbolic cooling tower shells are mostly cast-in-place reinforced concrete thin-walled structures. Their high-altitude construction poses significant challenges, and geometric imperfections often occur due to issues in construction layout accuracy. Focusing on a specific engineering case, this study employed terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technology to capture precise geometric imperfection data of the tower shell. Based on the scanned data, finite element models of the hyperbolic cooling tower, both with and without geometric imperfections, were developed using ABAQUS. The effects of geometric imperfections on the mechanical properties of the cooling tower, as well as the sensitivity of different load effects to these imperfections, were systematically investigated. The results indicated that when the actual imperfection magnitude was introduced based on the measured distribution pattern, the bearing capacity and crack resistance of the tower shell decreased significantly. Moreover, no deterioration in mechanical properties was observed when the imperfection magnitude remained below 150 mm. The effects of dead load and external wind pressure were highly sensitive to geometric imperfections, whereas temperature effects remained almost unaffected. Furthermore, the locations along the meridian lines of the tower shell where the maximum external wind suction occurs were identified as critical regions for safety assessment.

cooling tower  /  mechanical properties  /  finite element analysis  /  geometric imperfections  /  load effects  /  imperfection sensitivity
黄粤文, 冯又全, 陈俊岭, 汪彦辰. 基于实测几何缺陷的双曲冷却塔受力性能研究. 工业建筑, 2026 , 56 (5) : 113 -120 . DOI: 10.3724/j.gyjzG26030401
Yuewen HUANG, Youquan FENG, Junling CHEN, Yanchen WANG. Research on the Mechanical Properties of a Hyperbolic Cooling Tower Based on Measured Geometric Imperfections[J]. Industrial Construction, 2026 , 56 (5) : 113 -120 . DOI: 10.3724/j.gyjzG26030401
冷却塔是火/核电厂循环水冷却系统的核心组成部分,是当下电力建设发展中的核心生命线工程。为了适应冷却性能的需求,目前绝大多数冷却塔采用双曲线或类似双曲线的多段线作为其子午线型,故也被称作双曲冷却塔。冷却塔高空施工作业难度大,极易出现壁厚、半径偏差等几何缺陷。此外,荷载作用、地基不均匀沉降、混凝土徐变或收缩等因素也会导致塔筒产生几何缺陷1-2。几何缺陷的产生与累积对冷却塔的结构安全造成了极大隐患。1973年,英国Adeer Nylon电站的一座冷却塔因子午向缺陷引起的高环向应力导致环向钢筋屈服,进而引发塔体倒塌3。1979年,法国Bouchain的一座冷却塔因施工阶段积累了严重的几何缺陷导致其在微风下倒塌1。1984年,英国Fiddlers Ferry电站的一座冷却塔由于塔筒下部环梁上方的轴对称外凸缺陷而发生倒塌4。此后,各国学者针对含缺陷双曲冷却塔的力学性能开展了大量研究。这些研究可归纳为两个主要方向:其一为缺陷模拟与稳定性分析,Song等5和Zhi等6分别采用一阶屈曲模态和多阶组合模态的形状模拟初始几何缺陷,以此评估不同加劲环布置方案的缺陷敏感性及对整体稳定性的提升效果。Wu等7的研究则进一步指出,一阶屈曲模态并非总是最不利缺陷分布形式。其二为缺陷对塔筒内力的影响,Godbole等8研究了含有外凸缺陷的冷却塔在永久荷载及风荷载下的力学行为,提出应将缺陷区环向拉应力作为关注重点。Kato等9发现缺陷对塔筒环向应力和子午向弯矩影响显著。Choi等10将几何缺陷建模为随机场,发现相较于位移,应力对缺陷更为敏感;相较于壁厚变化,半径偏差更容易引起荷载效应的变化。肖南等11的研究则表明永久荷载和风荷载引起的塔筒应力极值对子午向几何缺陷十分敏感。
需指出的是,目前含缺陷冷却塔研究大多基于模态缺陷或随机缺陷等虚拟缺陷。其中,模态缺陷通常仅引入单一屈曲波形,难以反映真实缺陷的局部突变性和随机分布特征;而随机缺陷通常基于平稳随机场生成,难以模拟实际工程中局部缺陷集中的非平稳现象。此外,不同荷载效应对几何缺陷的敏感性存在明显差异,这可能导致含缺陷筒壁上最不利部位、控制内力和控制性荷载等发生变化。为此,本文以某冷却塔为例,采用三维激光扫描获取塔筒的真实几何数据,以此建立含缺陷的有限元模型,系统分析了几何缺陷对双曲冷却塔受力性能的影响。在此基础上,通过对各类荷载效应的缺陷敏感性分析,进一步揭示几何缺陷导致结构受力性能劣化的内在机理。
某双曲线型钢筋混凝土自然通风冷却塔的特征尺寸如图1所示,结构总高度为225 m,其中下部斜支柱高37 m,塔筒高188 m。塔顶出口半径为61.15 m,喉部半径为57.91 m,喉部标高为168.750 m。该冷却塔塔筒采用C45混凝土,上下两端各设一道刚性环梁,并通过52榀钢管混凝土(Q355钢管,内置C45混凝土)双交叉斜支柱与基础连接。塔筒最大壁厚为1.7 m,最小壁厚为0.375 m。
由于施工放样偏差,133.250 m高程以下的塔筒半径与原设计发生较大偏差。利用地面激光扫描(TLS)技术12对冷却塔塔筒的内外壁进行测绘,得到了塔筒几何缺陷(即中面半径偏差)分布(图2),其中方位角0°对应现场正北方向,以顺时针为正。本案例中塔筒模板沿厚度方向设有撑杆,壁厚偏差可忽略,故测点中面半径可取为其内外半径的均值。图2中外凸缺陷为正,最大值为479 mm;内凹缺陷为负,最大值为424 mm。由此可见,该案例中的几何缺陷已远远超出GB 50573—2010《双曲线冷却塔施工与质量验收规范》13规定的容许值(±25 mm),需对结构进行安全性评估。
采用ABAQUS软件建立双曲冷却塔无/有缺陷的有限元模型(图3),塔筒采用壳单元(S4R),顶部刚性环梁采用实体单元(C3D8R)并与塔筒壳单元绑定;双交叉X形钢管混凝土斜支柱及柱间钢环箍均采用梁单元(B31)进行建模,每根斜支柱顶端作为一个参考点,与塔筒下边缘相应局部区域进行运动耦合,约束6个自由度,即局部刚接。
从无缺陷模型的inp文件获取有限元模型网格构型,根据现场测绘数据利用临近点插值算法重写inp文件中的塔筒结点坐标,以此获得包含真实几何缺陷的冷却塔有限元模型。分析中仅考虑几何非线性,材料均为线弹性本构。
该双曲冷却塔所在地的设防烈度为6度,地震作用不起控制作用,故只考虑永久荷载(D)、风荷载(包括外风压Wout和内吸力Win)以及温度作用(Tw)。该冷却塔厂址位于我国北方地区,经分析,日照引起的非均匀温度作用(如日照温差应力)在该地气候条件下影响较小,故仅考虑冬季运行工况下筒壁温度应力,即计算由筒壁内外表面温差产生的温度梯度作用。计算温度梯度作用时,筒壁内空气温度取-10 ℃,筒壁外最低气温取-39.6 ℃。设计基本风压w0为0.5 kPa,地面粗糙度为B类,风振系数β为1.9,塔间干扰系数Cg为1.2,风速剖面指数为0.30。图4为根据文献[14]确定的冷却塔平均风压分布。
由于几何缺陷的分布不具有中心对称性,故需考虑风向变化对结构的影响。因此,选取X轴(方位角0°方向)为初始风向W01,绕Y轴顺时针每隔14.4°为一个风向,共分为25个风向,见图5
该冷却塔的安全性评估中共考虑了10种荷载组合(表1),其中Z01~Z06组合用于承载能力极限状态分析;S01~S03组合用于正常使用极限状态分析;V01组合用于稳定性分析。
该双曲冷却塔塔筒为钢筋混凝土结构,遵循第一强度准则(即最大主拉应力准则)。因此,根据表 2选取Z02(W11)组合为承载能力极限状态分析中的最不利荷载组合。同时,以塔筒变形值最大的S02(W11)工况为正常使用极限状态分析中的最不利荷载组合。
基于上述分析,在W11风向下对有缺陷冷却塔塔筒分别进行Z02组合下的承载能力验算及S02组合下的抗裂性能验算。由于该塔筒的子午向配筋具有较大的安全冗余,本文只给出与塔筒环向配筋对应的验算结果(图6)。图中YFZ(W11)为W11迎风轴(方位角144°),CFM⁃1(方位角74°)和CFM⁃2(方位角214°)分别为迎风轴的左右70°侧风面。该图中的验算结果是基于有限元分析得到的塔筒内力和工程实际配筋,依据GB/T 50010—2010《混凝土结构设计标准》15中第6.2节和第7.1节规定,按板构件计算所得。若塔筒截面内力与承载力之比大于1,则说明其承载力不足[图6(a)中灰色区域];若塔筒最大裂缝宽度wmax超过设计容许的塔筒最大裂缝宽度wlim(本文取0.3 mm),则认为其抗裂性能未达设计要求[图6(b)中灰色区域]。
图6中可以看出,有缺陷冷却塔在CFM-2轴附近的外凸缺陷区域内出现明显超限部位,其塔筒截面内力与承载力之比高达1.970,最大裂缝宽度高达0.541 mm。为便于对比,本文对无缺陷冷却塔在相同荷载组合下进行了计算分析。结果表明:无缺陷冷却塔未出现超限部位(限于篇幅,不再给出云图),其塔筒截面内力与承载力之比的最大值为0.388,最大裂缝宽度为0.044 mm,并且二者均位于70°侧风面(即CFM⁃1和CFM⁃2轴)喉部与塔顶加劲环之间的区域。综合上述分析可得,有缺陷冷却塔塔筒的承载能力及抗裂性能显著下降,且超限部位集中于最大外风吸力所处侧风面附近的外凸缺陷区域。因此,应对该区域采取局部加强措施,例如在外壁加设碳纤维布或补强钢筋。
值得注意的是,上述分析中缺陷幅值为479 mm,对应的塔筒截面内力与承载力之比及裂缝宽度的最大值均远超各自的临界值。然而,结构响应与缺陷幅值并非简单的线性关系,这也引出了工程界关注的焦点——几何缺陷幅值对塔筒承载能力及抗裂性能的影响程度。为此,本文基于TLS实测的几何缺陷分布模式,建立了一系列不同缺陷幅值(0,25,50,100,150,200,250,300,350,400,450,479 mm)的冷却塔有限元模型,并以此分析了不同缺陷幅值下的塔筒承载能力和抗裂性能,见图7,图中(S/Rmax为塔筒截面内力与承载力之比的最大值。可以看出,对文中的双曲冷却塔,当几何缺陷幅值不超过150 mm时,塔筒承载能力及抗裂性能均无明显变化;当几何缺陷幅值大于300 mm时,塔筒开始出现承载能力超限区域。
依据GB/T 50102—2014《工业循环水冷却设计规范》14对无/有缺陷冷却塔的塔筒局部稳定进行验算,验算公式见式(1):
σcr1=0.985E(1-v2)34tRT4/3K1
σcr2=0.612E(1-v2)34tRT4/3K2
0.8KB(σ1σcr1+σ2σcr2)+0.2K2B[(σ1σcr1)2+(σ2σcr2)2]=1
式中:σ1σ2分别为(D+Wout+Win)组合下的塔筒环向、子午向压应力,MPa,若为拉应力则取为零;σcr1σcr2分别为塔筒环向、子午向的临界压应力,MPa;E为混凝土弹性模量,MPa;RT为塔筒喉部半径,m;v为混凝土泊松比;t为塔筒壁厚,m;K1K2为塔筒几何参数,本文取K1=0.201,K2=1.456;KB为局部稳定安全系数,应满足KB≥5。
经计算,有缺陷冷却塔在W11和W12风向下的KBmin值最低,分别为1.937和1.929。考虑到这两个风向下的KBmin基本持平,且W11风向下的塔筒超限区域更广(W11风向下超限结点数为2056,W12风向下超限结点数为2047),因此选取V01(W11)组合为局部稳定验算的最不利荷载组合。基于上述最不利组合,对比无/有缺陷冷却塔的局部稳定验算结果:无缺陷冷却塔塔筒的局部稳定最不利部位位于塔筒侧风面喉部,且KBmin为5.103(≥5),满足设计要求;有缺陷冷却塔塔筒(图8,图中灰色区域表示KB>5)的局部稳定最不利部位位于CFM⁃2附近的最大内凹缺陷处,且KBmin仅为1.937(<5),远低于设计要求。进一步对比图2图8可以看出,有缺陷冷却塔KB<5的部位集中在塔筒侧风面的内凹缺陷区域,这表明按规范14公式[(式(1)]验算时,塔筒侧风面上的内凹几何缺陷处易发生局部屈曲。
需指出的是,式(1)源自德国VGB规范,由于该方法存在若干缺陷16,现行VGB规范17中已摒弃该方法,故此处的局部稳定验算结果并不一定能反映实际。
从上述分析可以看出,施工造成的几何缺陷对冷却塔的受力性能影响显著,如图6图8所示。从根源上来看,导致结构内力发生变化的根本原因是作用于结构上的各种荷载与几何缺陷产生强烈的耦合作用,相互激化,使问题急剧恶化。通常来讲,永久荷载(自重)作用下主要关注整体倾斜类缺陷,而风荷载和温度作用则与结构的几何形态密切相关,且温度作用受塔筒壁厚和约束条件的影响较大。文献[11]指出几何缺陷对温度作用下的冷却塔结构性能几乎没有影响,但这一结论是在特定条件下得出的,即:几何缺陷集中于冷却塔的喉部附近,该区域壁厚较小,温差也较小,温度作用并不显著。为进一步探究几何缺陷对塔筒内力的影响规律,明确其导致冷却塔受力性能劣化的内在机理,本文对各类荷载效应进行了几何缺陷敏感性分析。需指出的是,内吸力主要引起有利的环向压力,GB/T 50102—201414条文说明第3.5.5条规定内力计算时不计入内吸力,故本文不对其进行讨论。
永久荷载为竖向作用,具有中心对称性,本文提取塔筒外凸缺陷最大点(图2中,方位角:107.9°,高度:72.603 m)所在的子午线上的内力进行分析,结果见图9,图中下标X为子午向,Y为环向,FX为子午向轴力,MY为环向弯矩,以此类推。轴力以受拉为正,弯矩以塔筒外表面受拉为正。可以看出,永久荷载作用下的环向轴力FY与子午向弯矩MX对几何缺陷较为敏感,其余内力则仅随缺陷发生小幅波动。这主要是由于永久荷载单独作用时,塔筒缺陷分布区域的环向轴力为压力,类似“压力环箍”,其压力水平随环向正曲率(即曲率中心位于壳体内部)增大而提高。外凸几何缺陷使得筒壁环向正曲率减小,压力向拉力转变,最大外凸缺陷处环向轴力由-331.36 kN/m变为169.67 kN/m;内凹几何缺陷使得环向正曲率增大,环向压力显著增大,在所选子午向路径上的最大内凹缺陷处(缺陷值:-317.03 mm,方位角:107.9°,高度:91.657 m),有缺陷模型的环向压力相较于无缺陷模型增大了157.33%。需特别指出的是,一般认为永久荷载使得无缺陷塔筒的子午向和绝大部分环向处于受压状态,故其在塔筒配筋设计时往往被视作有利的“预应力”18。然而,对有缺陷塔筒,由永久荷载引起的环向轴力可能在外凸几何缺陷处符号反转,见图9(a)、(c),导致永久荷载变为不利作用。
冬季运行工况下筒壁内外温差引起的温度梯度作用在环向均匀分布,仅随壁厚沿子午向变化,提取外凸缺陷最大点所在的塔筒子午线上无/有缺陷模型的内力,结果见图10。可以看出,温度作用在结构中的主导响应是幅值相当的双向弯矩,而由此产生的轴力甚微。此外,对比无/有缺陷模型的计算结果发现,两者在温度作用下的内力分布基本相同,说明几何缺陷对温度作用下的塔筒内力几乎没有影响。
外风压为空间分布的水平荷载,其子午向与环向分布形式均发生变化,因此需要提取整个塔筒的内力进行全面分析,限于篇幅,本文仅给出无/有缺陷模型中FYMX的对比结果(图11)。可以看出,环向轴力FY与子午向弯矩MX对几何缺陷十分敏感,其余内力分量仅发生小幅波动。结合图2图11(a)、(b)可以看出:在缺陷分布区域,迎风轴附近的环向受力状态类似于负曲率“悬链线”,而其左右约70°的侧风面区域则近似于正曲率“悬链线”。根据悬链线力学特性,曲率趋零时拉应力水平最高。因此,迎风轴内凹缺陷处环向拉力显著增大,而外凸缺陷处则发生拉力卸载,甚至转为压力;在70°侧风面,环向轴力的变化则与迎风轴恰好相反。结合图2图11(c)、(d)可看出,塔筒缺陷分布区域产生了显著的子午向附加弯矩,进一步改变了结构的受力状态。
叠加永久荷载[图9(c)]和外风压[图11(b)]的环向轴力分布见图12。由图可见,在迎风轴附近,永久荷载和外风压引起的环向轴力随凹/凸缺陷的变化趋势相反,两者叠加后,该区域的环向为低水平压力,受力状态相对缓和;在左右70°侧风面上,两类荷载引起的环向轴力变化趋势相同,导致其效应叠加放大,内凹缺陷处环向压力急剧增大,外凸缺陷处则产生显著的环向拉力。这恰好解释了前文中有缺陷冷却塔的各类不利现象:CFM⁃2子午线外凸缺陷处出现明显的子午向裂缝[图6(b)],且环向钢筋受拉屈服[图6(a)];CFM⁃2子午线内凹缺陷处KB急剧下降(图8)。值得注意的是,本文中CFM-2子午线是W11迎风轴的70°侧风面之一,是最大外风吸力的作用部位。综合以上分析,对有缺陷的冷却塔进行安全性评估时,必须重点关注最大外风吸力所在子午线上的缺陷部位,其内凹和外凸缺陷分别对应塔筒局部稳定验算和环向配筋验算的关键区域。
基于激光扫描实测数据建立了无/有缺陷冷却塔精细化有限元模型,通过按现行规范进行的安全性评估与不同荷载效应对几何缺陷的敏感性分析,得出的主要结论如下:
1)考虑实测几何缺陷后,双曲冷却塔的承载能力及抗裂性能显著下降,需对超限部位采取局部补强措施。此外,在实测缺陷分布模式下,当缺陷幅值在150 mm以内时,塔筒承载能力及抗裂性能无明显变化;当缺陷幅值大于300 mm时,塔筒开始出现承载力超限部位。
2)冬温作用引起的塔筒内力对缺陷不敏感,而永久荷载和外风压引起的塔筒环向轴力和子午向弯矩对缺陷十分敏感。特别地,永久荷载在较大外凸缺陷处将产生不利的环向拉力,颠覆了其作为“有利预应力”的传统认知。
3)在对有缺陷冷却塔进行安全性评估时,应重点关注最大外风吸力所在子午线上的缺陷部位,其中内凹缺陷会引起压应力集中,导致塔筒局部稳定安全系数KB急剧下降;外凸缺陷会引起拉应力集中并导致环向受拉破坏。

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2026年第56卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/j.gyjzG26030401
  • 接收时间:2026-03-04
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-04
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    1同济大学土木工程学院, 上海200092
    2同济大学建筑设计研究院(集团)有限公司, 上海200092

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陈俊岭,博士,教授,主要从事高耸结构方面的研究,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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