Article(id=1245390365683987020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0601, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699286400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-07, revisedDate=1703606400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853801413, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853801413, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853801413, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853801413, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390357958082790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='237', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853799571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854467826, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245393160877224589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245393160877224590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390366006948438, articleId=1245390365683987020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Performance evaluation of feature selection algorithm for selection of collapse estimated ground motion intensity measures, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To identify an efficient and accurate feature selection algorithm for filtering seismic intensity indicators, the performance of four common feature selection algorithms, MIC, ReliefF, XGBoost and Lasso, was compared and analyzed. Based on the incremental dynamic analysis results of single-degree-of-freedom structures and the ground motion features, the feature selection regression model was established, the ground motion features was sorted and screened according to the Euclidean distance, the performance of the feature selection algorithm was evaluated according to the screening results, and the least squares regression model was established based on the incremental dynamic analysis results of the 2-storey, 4-storey, 8-storey and 12-storey reinforced concrete frame structures, and the standard deviation change of residual was used to measure the prediction ability of ground motion intensity measure selected by different feature selection algorithms for structural collapse. The results show that the accuracy of the ground motion features screened by the Lasso regression algorithm is 31% higher than that of other algorithms when used for structural collapse prediction. The results can be used as a feature selection algorithm reference for the selection of ground motion intensity measures in the uncertainty analysis of ground motion in the structural vulnerability analysis under the performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) framework, and can also be used as an effective feature selection algorithm reference for the selection of ground motion intensity measure s suitable for structural collapse prediction.

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为了筛选有效预测结构倒塌能力的地震动强度指标,对比分析了MIC、ReliefF、XGBoost和Lasso这4种常见特征选择算法用于地震动强度指标筛选时的性能。基于单自由度结构增量动力分析结果及地震动强度指标建立特征选择回归模型,根据回归模型输出权重及频数得到欧氏距离大小排序并筛选地震动强度指标,利用筛选结果对特征选择算法的性能进行评估。同时基于2层、4层、8层和12层钢筋混凝土框架结构的增量动力分析结果对筛选后强度指标建立最小二乘回归模型,以残差的标准差变化衡量不同特征选择算法筛选出的地震动强度指标对结构倒塌的预测能力。结果表明:基于Lasso回归算法筛选的地震动强度指标比其他算法用于结构倒塌预测时准确率提高31%。结果可为基于性能地震工程(performance-based earthquake engineering,PBEE)框架下结构易损性分析中及地震动不确定性分析中地震动强度指标筛选的特征选择算法提供参考,也可为结构倒塌预测的地震动强度指标筛选提供有效特征选择算法参考。

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胡进军(1978—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震动特征分析和模拟方面的研究。E-mail:

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胡进军(1978—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震动特征分析和模拟方面的研究。E-mail:

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胡进军(1978—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震动特征分析和模拟方面的研究。E-mail:

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Analysis of correlation between principal components of multivariate earthquake intensity measures and structural damage[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 2018, 35(8): 122-129, 137. 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postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390374265533171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, companyId=1245390374252950256, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080)]), AuthorCompany(id=1245390374450082555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390374462665468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, companyId=1245390374450082555, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390374483636989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, companyId=1245390374450082555, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080)]), AuthorCompany(id=1245390374647214850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390374689157891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, companyId=1245390374647214850, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390374701740804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, companyId=1245390374647214850, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.湖南科技大学 土木工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1245390379890095008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=SDOF restoring force model (Modified-IMK constitutive model), figureFileSmall=gLlqrmPC3WUoroh6Dkzp4A==, figureFileBig=tQyaOEL7RVkB4jXT26U7aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390379978175395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, language=CN, label=图1, caption=SDOF恢复力模型(改进IMK本构模型), figureFileSmall=gLlqrmPC3WUoroh6Dkzp4A==, figureFileBig=tQyaOEL7RVkB4jXT26U7aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390380397605811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, language=EN, 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ArticleFig(id=1245390385841811516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Feature selection algorithm principle and characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征选择算法基本原理特点
MIC[19](Maximal Information Coefficient)将任意两特征组成的散点图的数据点分割开,通过穷举所有的网格栅的方法计算MIC算法稳定,但非线性分析效果较差
ReliefF[20]计算各个特征与类的关联性,赋予相应的权值,选取权值较大的特征算法简便效果好,但不能剔除无关特征
XGBoost(eXtreme Gradient Boosting)[21]构建多个决策树并计算特征重要性得分来确定特征的重要程度准确性高但消耗大量计算资源
Lasso(Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator)[22]回归模型引入L1正则化项构造惩罚函数逐步减小无关特征权重至0,实现对特征的筛选能剔除无关特征提高筛选准确率,模型复杂度低
), ArticleFig(id=1245390385971834950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

特征算法原理及特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征选择算法基本原理特点
MIC[19](Maximal Information Coefficient)将任意两特征组成的散点图的数据点分割开,通过穷举所有的网格栅的方法计算MIC算法稳定,但非线性分析效果较差
ReliefF[20]计算各个特征与类的关联性,赋予相应的权值,选取权值较大的特征算法简便效果好,但不能剔除无关特征
XGBoost(eXtreme Gradient Boosting)[21]构建多个决策树并计算特征重要性得分来确定特征的重要程度准确性高但消耗大量计算资源
Lasso(Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator)[22]回归模型引入L1正则化项构造惩罚函数逐步减小无关特征权重至0,实现对特征的筛选能剔除无关特征提高筛选准确率,模型复杂度低
), ArticleFig(id=1245390388010266701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Key parameters and settings of different feature selection algorithm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征选择算法关键参数参数设定方法
MIC[19](Maximal Information Coefficient)划分网格数的上限Bn实证检验[19] Bn)= nα,参数α由样本量决定
ReliefF[20]迭代次数m,近邻数k实证检验[20]mk由样本量确定
XGBoost(eXtreme Gradient Boosting)[21]迭代次数n,最大深度max_depth,学习率η,子节点二阶导数和min_child_weightn通过改进学习曲线方法确定;max_depth通过交叉验证调整默认值确定;η通常取默认值;min_child_weight通常在默认值附近调整
Lasso(Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator)[22]正则化参数λ交叉验证方法确定λ值,使Lasso回归模型的均方误差最小
), ArticleFig(id=1245390388228370519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同特征选择算法关键参数与设定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征选择算法关键参数参数设定方法
MIC[19](Maximal Information Coefficient)划分网格数的上限Bn实证检验[19] Bn)= nα,参数α由样本量决定
ReliefF[20]迭代次数m,近邻数k实证检验[20]mk由样本量确定
XGBoost(eXtreme Gradient Boosting)[21]迭代次数n,最大深度max_depth,学习率η,子节点二阶导数和min_child_weightn通过改进学习曲线方法确定;max_depth通过交叉验证调整默认值确定;η通常取默认值;min_child_weight通常在默认值附近调整
Lasso(Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator)[22]正则化参数λ交叉验证方法确定λ值,使Lasso回归模型的均方误差最小
), ArticleFig(id=1245390388488417375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Earthquake events and the number of ground motion records

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地震事件编号NGA序号地震事件日期震级Mw地震动条数/条
1231Mammoth Lakes-011980-05-256.12
21203Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
3829Cape Mendocino1992-04-257.02
4169Imperial Valley-061979-10-156.52
51176Kocaeli1999-08-177.52
6163Imperial Valley-061979-10-156.52
71201Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
81402Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
91158Kocaeli1999-08-177.52
10281Trinidad1980-11-087.22
11730Spitak1988-12-076.82
12768Loma Prieta1989-10-186.92
131499Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
14266Victoria1980-06-096.32
15761Loma Prieta1989-10-186.92
16558Chalfant Valley-021986-07-216.22
171543Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
182114Denali2002-11-037.92
19179Imperial Valley-061979-10-156.52
20931Big Bear-011992-06-286.52
21900Landers1992-06-287.32
221084Northridge-011994-01-176.72
2368San Fernando1971-02-096.62
24527N. Palm Springs1986-07-086.12
25776Loma Prieta1989-10-186.92
261495Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
271194Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
28161Imperial Valley-061979-10-156.52
291236Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
301605Duzce1999-11-127.12
311500Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
32802Loma Prieta1989-10-186.92
336Imperial Valley-021940-05-197.02
342656Chi-Chi1999-09-206.22
35982Northridge-011994-01-176.72
362509Chi-Chi1999-09-206.22
37800Loma Prieta1989-10-186.92
38754Loma Prieta1989-10-146.92
391183Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
403512Chi-Chi1999-09-226.32
), ArticleFig(id=1245390388807184488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

地震事件及地震动个数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震事件编号NGA序号地震事件日期震级Mw地震动条数/条
1231Mammoth Lakes-011980-05-256.12
21203Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
3829Cape Mendocino1992-04-257.02
4169Imperial Valley-061979-10-156.52
51176Kocaeli1999-08-177.52
6163Imperial Valley-061979-10-156.52
71201Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
81402Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
91158Kocaeli1999-08-177.52
10281Trinidad1980-11-087.22
11730Spitak1988-12-076.82
12768Loma Prieta1989-10-186.92
131499Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
14266Victoria1980-06-096.32
15761Loma Prieta1989-10-186.92
16558Chalfant Valley-021986-07-216.22
171543Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
182114Denali2002-11-037.92
19179Imperial Valley-061979-10-156.52
20931Big Bear-011992-06-286.52
21900Landers1992-06-287.32
221084Northridge-011994-01-176.72
2368San Fernando1971-02-096.62
24527N. Palm Springs1986-07-086.12
25776Loma Prieta1989-10-186.92
261495Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
271194Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
28161Imperial Valley-061979-10-156.52
291236Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
301605Duzce1999-11-127.12
311500Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
32802Loma Prieta1989-10-186.92
336Imperial Valley-021940-05-197.02
342656Chi-Chi1999-09-206.22
35982Northridge-011994-01-176.72
362509Chi-Chi1999-09-206.22
37800Loma Prieta1989-10-186.92
38754Loma Prieta1989-10-146.92
391183Chi-Chi1999-09-207.62
403512Chi-Chi1999-09-226.32
), ArticleFig(id=1245390389063037037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Classification of ground motion intensity measure

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类型强度指标
幅值型ApgVpgDpg
持时型RvaRdvTd
频谱型Sa,avgSv,avgSd,avgAepVepDepAsiVsiDsiIsVoApsVpsDpsVfi
混合型IAIamPaarmsPvvrmsPddrmsEaArsEvVrsEdDrsVcaDcaIcaArmsVrmsDrmsIcIfIaIvId
), ArticleFig(id=1245390389390192758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365683987020, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

地震动IM分类

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类型强度指标
幅值型ApgVpgDpg
持时型RvaRdvTd
频谱型Sa,avgSv,avgSd,avgAepVepDepAsiVsiDsiIsVoApsVpsDpsVfi
混合型IAIamPaarmsPvvrmsPddrmsEaArsEvVrsEdDrsVcaDcaIcaArmsVrmsDrmsIcIfIaIvId
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面向抗倒塌地震动强度指标选取的特征选择算法性能评估
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胡进军 1, 2 , 刘亦恒 1, 2 , 刘巴黎 3
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(6): 1-11
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(6): 1-11
面向抗倒塌地震动强度指标选取的特征选择算法性能评估
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胡进军1, 2 , 刘亦恒1, 2, 刘巴黎3
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 3.湖南科技大学 土木工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 胡进军(1978—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震动特征分析和模拟方面的研究。E-mail:

Performance evaluation of feature selection algorithm for selection of collapse estimated ground motion intensity measures
Jinjun HU1, 2 , Yiheng LIU1, 2, Bali LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0601
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为了筛选有效预测结构倒塌能力的地震动强度指标,对比分析了MIC、ReliefF、XGBoost和Lasso这4种常见特征选择算法用于地震动强度指标筛选时的性能。基于单自由度结构增量动力分析结果及地震动强度指标建立特征选择回归模型,根据回归模型输出权重及频数得到欧氏距离大小排序并筛选地震动强度指标,利用筛选结果对特征选择算法的性能进行评估。同时基于2层、4层、8层和12层钢筋混凝土框架结构的增量动力分析结果对筛选后强度指标建立最小二乘回归模型,以残差的标准差变化衡量不同特征选择算法筛选出的地震动强度指标对结构倒塌的预测能力。结果表明:基于Lasso回归算法筛选的地震动强度指标比其他算法用于结构倒塌预测时准确率提高31%。结果可为基于性能地震工程(performance-based earthquake engineering,PBEE)框架下结构易损性分析中及地震动不确定性分析中地震动强度指标筛选的特征选择算法提供参考,也可为结构倒塌预测的地震动强度指标筛选提供有效特征选择算法参考。

地震动强度指标  /  特征选择算法  /  结构倒塌分析  /  增量动力分析  /  最小二乘回归

To identify an efficient and accurate feature selection algorithm for filtering seismic intensity indicators, the performance of four common feature selection algorithms, MIC, ReliefF, XGBoost and Lasso, was compared and analyzed. Based on the incremental dynamic analysis results of single-degree-of-freedom structures and the ground motion features, the feature selection regression model was established, the ground motion features was sorted and screened according to the Euclidean distance, the performance of the feature selection algorithm was evaluated according to the screening results, and the least squares regression model was established based on the incremental dynamic analysis results of the 2-storey, 4-storey, 8-storey and 12-storey reinforced concrete frame structures, and the standard deviation change of residual was used to measure the prediction ability of ground motion intensity measure selected by different feature selection algorithms for structural collapse. The results show that the accuracy of the ground motion features screened by the Lasso regression algorithm is 31% higher than that of other algorithms when used for structural collapse prediction. The results can be used as a feature selection algorithm reference for the selection of ground motion intensity measures in the uncertainty analysis of ground motion in the structural vulnerability analysis under the performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) framework, and can also be used as an effective feature selection algorithm reference for the selection of ground motion intensity measure s suitable for structural collapse prediction.

ground motion intensity measure  /  feature selection algorithm  /  structure collapse analysis  /  incremental dynamic analysis  /  least squares regression
胡进军, 刘亦恒, 刘巴黎. 面向抗倒塌地震动强度指标选取的特征选择算法性能评估. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (6) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0601
Jinjun HU, Yiheng LIU, Bali LIU. Performance evaluation of feature selection algorithm for selection of collapse estimated ground motion intensity measures[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (6) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0601
作为表征地震动破坏势的参数以及联系地震危险性和结构地震响应的桥梁,地震动强度指标(intensity measure,IM)自从以地震动峰值加速度Apg为代表的第1个参数提出以来受到了研究人员的广泛关注。地震动IM的形式主要有3种[1]:①以Apg为代表的峰值参数;②以地震动加速度反应谱Sa为代表的反应谱参数;③以滤波增量速度Vfi[2]为代表的地震动时程参数。目前研究中地震动IM已经超过60种,从大量的地震动IM中筛选出反映地震动破坏强度的地震动IM,不仅有助于预测地震动破坏强度,更有助于进一步减少结构性态评估中的地震动不确定性。
基于结构响应与地震动IM的相关性评价方法是筛选地震动IM的主要思路。韩建平等[3]采用线性拟合的方法,研究不同周期单自由度(single-degree of freedom,SDOF)体系时程分析最大响应与地震动IM的相关性,给出不同周期结构应选取的IM建议。陈健云等[4]对3栋不同的周期框架结构进行倒塌分析,并选取典型的整体和局部响应参数与加速度型、速度型和位移型IM采用线性拟合进行相关性研究,给出短、中、常3种周期框架结构分别与加速度型、速度型和位移型IM相关性好的结论。李雪红等[5]对SDOF结构及减隔震桥梁系统,采用结构最大地震响应与地震动IM之间的线性相关性的方法对IM的敏感性进行评价,得出对于给定桥梁结构建议采用SaT1)强度指标作为衡量地震动强度的指标参数的结论。李爽等[6]采用皮尔森相关系数对IM与结构整体破坏指数进行相关性研究,得出近场地震动参数之间的相关性普遍弱于远场的结论,并给出了可用来估计结构破坏程度的IM。胡进军等[7]采用皮尔森相关系数方法研究了不同场地条件和断层距下结构响应参数与地震动参数的相关性变化,得出研究结构响应与地震动参数相关性时需要考虑场地条件与断层距的影响。采用基于相关性的方法探究了结构损伤指标(damage measure,DM)与IM之间的关系,虽然机制简明,可操作性强,但地震动的随机性以及结构系统的复杂特性使得地震作用下结构响应与地震动参数之间呈现复杂的非线性关系[8-9],基于线性相关性评价方法筛选地震动参数存在一定的局限性。
目前,机器学习中的特征选择算法已经在各领域得到了广泛的应用。特征选择是指从输入特征集中选择对机器学习分类或回归算法有益的最优特征子集[10]。近年来,基于特征选择算法的地震动IM筛选得到了研究人员的关注。刘巴黎等[1]采用弹性网络回归方法建立大量SDOF模型与IM之间的模型,给出了地震动IM的排序和比选。吴梓楠等[11]使用极端随机森林算法开展敏感性研究评估了地震动参数对结构损伤的影响程度。XU等[12]基于支持向量机、逻辑回归以及决策树3种机器学习算法对多个地震动参数进行了比选。上述相关研究多基于单一的特征选择算法,基于多种特征选择算法的地震动IM筛选对比分析研究较少。此外,相关研究也未见应用于结构倒塌预测地震动IM的比选,合理选择地震动IM有助于减小结构抗地震倒塌能力分析的不确定性[13-14]
本文利用基于特征选择算法进行IM筛选的结构倒塌预测,采用4种特征选择算法建立回归模型,得到IM敏感性和频数分析结果并进行排序,利用SDOF体系及钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)框架结构增量动力分析方法(incremental dynamic analysis,IDA)结果对经过排序的IM进行最小二乘回归分析,比较排序及最小二乘回归分析结果,给出基于地震动IM预测结构倒塌的最有效特征选择算法,以期为基于结构倒塌的地震动不确定性分析提供参考。
特征选择算法主要分为以下几类:过滤法(filter method)、包装法(wrapper method)和嵌入法(embedded method)[15]。过滤法是一种独立于分类器的特征选择算法,它通过一定的标准对特征进行排序,根据排序结果来选择最佳特征子集[16],过滤法计算效率高。常用的过滤法包括ReliefF及其变体、基于互信息的方法和Fisher评分等。包装法将特征选择看作是一个搜索问题,这种方法通过生成不同的特征子集,使用分类器性能作为特征子集的评估准则,使用搜索策略来搜索可能的特征子集空间,并通过机器学习算法的表现优异程度来评估每个子集,从而选择最佳的特征子集。包装法具有计算成本高、需要自定义停止标准(通常达到以下3个训练情况:性能提升、性能降低和达到预定义的特征数量)及训练结果偏向于预定义分类器[17]等特性。常用的包装法包括顺序搜索(如正向选择、反向消去和穷举搜索等),随机搜索(如进化计算算法等)。嵌入式算法结合了过滤法和包装法,将特征选择与分类器训练过程融合在一起,通过在分类器训练过程中调整特征的权重或选择特定的特征子集来进行特征选择[18]。嵌入法具有直接嵌入模型训练过程,提高算法效率、自动进行选择特征、模型与特征关联性强以及可能无法处理高度相关的特征等特性。常见的嵌入法包括正则化算法(L1正则化、L2正则化、弹性网络等)、主成分分析及基于树的方法(决策树、随机森林和梯度提升树等)。
由于包装法自身计算成本高同时普适性差的劣势,使得其在地震动IM比选研究中较少被应用,本文主要选取4种特征选择算法进行研究:MIC算法(过滤法)、ReliefF算法(过滤法)、XGBoost算法和Lasso回归算法。4种算法的基本原理和特点介绍见表1表2给出不同特征选择算法关键参数及其设定方法。
本文选取BAKER等[23]通过匹配目标谱从PEER NGA-West2地震动数据库中挑选出的Set #1A地震动集,Set #1A地震动集由40组水平双向地震动分量组成,以设定地震事件矩震级Mw为7.0,断层距R为10 km,30 m土层剪切波速Vs30为250 m/s与目标加速度反应谱进行匹配。地震动基本信息见表3
本文选取46个地震动IM作为研究对象,按照其表征意义可以将这46个地震动IM分为幅值型、频谱型、持时型和混合型四大类,地震动IM分类见表4。其中幅值型包括:峰值加速度(Apg)、峰值速度(Vpg)、峰值位移(Dpg);持时型包括峰值速度与峰值加速度比(Rva)、峰值位移与峰值速度比(Rdv)、重要持时(Td)、频谱型包括谱加速度均值(Sa,avg)、谱速度均值(Sd,avg)、谱位移均值(Sv,avg)、有效峰值加速度(Aep)、有效峰值速度(Vep)、有效峰值位移(Dep)、地震动反应谱烈度(AsiVsiDsi)、Housner谱强度(Is)、地震动加速度曲线上单位时间通过零点的次数(Vo)、最大谱加速度(Aps)、最大谱速度(Vps)、最大谱位移(Dps)、滤波增量速度(Vfi)、混合型包括Arias强度(IA)、修正的Arias强度(Iam)、Housner强度(PaarmsPvvrmsPddrms)、Nau和Hall指标(EaEvEdArsVrsDrs)、累计绝对速度(Vca)、累计绝对位移(Dca)、累计绝对动量(Ica)、均方根加速度(Arms)、均方根速度(Vrms)、均方根位移(Drms)、Fajfar指标(If)、Park-Ang指标(Ic)、Riddell指标(IaIv、和Id)。
本文SDOF体系恢复力模型采用考虑了刚度退化的改进IMK模型[24],改进IMK模型本构曲线见图1。图中参数定义如下:Fc为峰值力;Ke为弹性刚度;Ks为强化刚度;Kc为退化刚度;δy为屈服变形;δc为峰值变形。其表达式为
式中:αs为强化刚度系数;αc为退化刚度系数。SDOF体系自振周期T取值为0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.4、1.6、1.8、2.0、2.2 s。屈服强度系数分别取0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8。第2刚度系数αs取值为0、0.05、0.10、0.15、0.2。由上可知共获得360个不同的SDOF体系。
本文RC框架结构采用HASELTON等[25]基于洛杉矶场地危险性设计的4座典型建筑,层数分别为2、4、8、12层,包含了常见框架结构层数。利用OpenSees建立结构有限元模型,结构一阶自振周期T1分别为0.63、0.94、1.80、2.14 s。其中2、4层结构平面为36.60 m×54.98 m,8、12层结构平面为36.6 m×36.6 m。首层层高4.6 m,标准层高4.0 m,梁柱塑性铰为集中塑性铰,8层RC框架模型平立面图见图2
采取增量动力分析(incremental dynamic analysis,IDA)[26]对SDOF体系和RC框架结构进行结构地震倒塌分析。采用结构1阶自振周期对应的加速度谱SaT1ξ)表示地震动强度值IM,采用结构最大层间位移角θmax作为DM。IDA分析时结构倒塌标准采用IM-DM混合判别方法[26],取屈服后刚度Kult小于初始刚度K0的20%作为结构倒塌依据,见图3
为验证第1节中的4种特征选择算法对地震动强度指标筛选时的性能,分别利用每种特征选择算法进行强度指标筛选,筛选对象为第3节中的360个不同的SDOF体系。由于特征选择算法属于机器学习中的回归类算法,因此对于每种特征选择算法,可以得到360个回归模型。考虑到360个SDOF体系地震动IM权重统计问题,本文采用刘巴黎等[1]使用的基于敏感性系数和频数定义欧氏距离方法对IM排序。敏感性系数定义为每种特征选择算法360个回归模型中地震动IM的权重值平方和,频数定义为每种特征选择算法360个回归模型中地震动IM权重值非零个数。如果将每个IM看作二维空间中的点,频数和敏感性系数为该点的横纵坐标,原点距即为该IM的欧氏距离,为方便计算,对敏感性系数和频数按最大值归一化,图4为欧氏距离示意图。
采用欧氏距离评价特征选择算法性能虽然能展示不同算法对IM的筛选,但无法判断算法是否能快速且准确预测结构倒塌点,需要引入其他性能评价方法。IM与DM之间在取对数前提下具有较高的线性相关性[27-29]。因此,可以通过建立对数最小二乘回归模型,将基于特征选择算法筛选出的IM按欧氏距离排序依次加入最小二乘回归模型,得到最小二乘回归结果与真实结果的残差的标准差。通过残差的标准差随IM个数增加的曲线,可以判断该种特征选择算法筛选出的地震动IM排序是否可以准确且快速对结构倒塌进行预测。
本节利用单个SDOF体系,采用不同特征选择算法对IM进行欧氏距离排序并利用最小二乘回归对4.1节筛选及评价原则进行验证。选取自振周期T为1.4 s,屈服强度系数为0.1,第二刚度系数为0.2的SDOF体系进行验证。
为更好地表征每个IM间欧氏距离差值变化及特征选择算法性能优劣,采用欧氏距离相对误差的均值及标准差衡量。相对误差的计算公式为
式中:δ为相对误差;En为第n个IM的欧氏距离;Emax为最大欧氏距离。需要指出,当欧氏距离降至0,表示该IM在预测结构倒塌上无贡献,因此相对误差计算截止。根据式(2),相对误差的均值越大,各IM间的欧氏距离差值越大,相对误差的标准差越小,各IM间的欧氏距离差值离散程度越小,对于IM筛选有帮助。图5给出不同特征选择算法筛选出IM的欧氏距离分布径向条形图,图中算法名称周围圆环为坐标轴,46个强度指标以x轴正方向开始环绕360°分布。每个强度指标对应的条形图长度为欧氏距离,右上角刻度线为欧氏距离刻度。当算法筛选强度指标性能较好,即各强度指标间欧氏距离有明显差距时,径向条形图呈现海螺型;反之则呈现近圆形。计算相对误差,MIC特征选择算法的欧氏距离相对误差均值为0.5%,标准差为0.0060;ReliefF特征选择算法的欧氏距离相对误差均值为0.6%,标准差为0.017。XGBoost特征选择算法的欧氏距离相对误差均值为0.9%,标准差为0.046。Lasso特征选择算法的欧氏距离相对误差均值为1.9%,标准差为0.034。
对于单个SDOF体系,4种特征选择算法表现各异。MIC、ReliefF这2种特征选择算法得出的IM欧氏距离相对误差标准差较小,但相对误差均值亦小,无法对特征进行有效筛选。相较之下,XGBoost、Lasso这2种特征选择算法得出的IM欧氏距离相对误差标准差虽然小于过滤法,但其相对误差均值较大,且无关特征欧氏距离为零,能有效对IM进行筛选。
图6给出单个SDOF结构的结构倒塌预测值与真实值的残差标准差随IM数量增加变化图,横轴为IM累积加入最小二乘回归模型数量,纵轴为残差标准差。当没有IM加入最小二乘回归模型时,残差的标准差为1。随着IM按照欧氏距离大小依次加入最小二乘回归模型,残差的标准差降低。下降幅值在早期较大,在后期较小,这是加入的IM贡献逐渐变小。取10个IM作为解释变量加入最小二乘回归时残差的标准差降低值作为比较依据[1],MIC、ReliefF、XGBoost和Lasso这4种方法残差标准差分别下降49.5%、49.6%、56.5%、62.9%。随着IM数目的增加,Lasso方法残差标准差下降最快,说明该方法筛选出的IM能更快更准确地预测结构倒塌,性能优于其他3种方法。根据径向条形图,当IM的欧氏距离降为0后,2种嵌入式算法的残差的标准差几乎变化不大,与欧氏距离降为0则IM对结构倒塌预测几乎无贡献相印证。
根据单个SDOF模型对4.1节筛选及评价原则的实践,证明4.1节的筛选及评价原则能有效用于不同特征选择算法性能对比,可以应用于大量SDOF体系及RC框架体系。
本节利用大量SDOF体系进行强度指标筛选及特征选择算法性能比较。根据4.1节强度指标筛选方法对强度指标进行筛选。图7给出基于不同特征选择算法筛选出的IM的欧氏距离分布的径向条形图,由图可知,MIC、ReliefF算法的径向条形图呈现近圆形,XGBoost算法在排序靠前强度指标变化上呈现近圆形、靠后逐渐呈现海螺型,而Lasso算法呈现出明显的海螺型。根据欧氏距离排序结果,MIC方法筛选出的强度指标为AepAsiIARvaApgPaIcApsarmsIa;RelifF方法筛选出的强度指标为PaPdApsEaIAIcarmsArmsApgIa;XGBoost方法筛选出的强度指标为AsiVcaArmsDcaIaIAVsiVepRvaVpg;Lasso方法筛选出的强度指标为ApsSa,avgTdarmsVepRdvSv,avgIdPaPd。计算相对误差,MIC特征选择算法的欧氏距离相对误差均值为0.5%,标准差为0.008。ReliefF特征选择算法的欧氏距离相对误差均值为0.6%,标准差为0.016。XGBoost特征选择算法的欧氏距离相对误差均值为2.2%,标准差为0.051。Lasso特征选择算法的欧氏距离相对误差均值为2.2%,标准差为0.034。
对于大量SDOF体系,MIC、ReliefF这2种特征选择算法虽然相对误差的标准差较小,但是相对误差的均值也同样较小,不能很好地起到特征选择。XGBoost、Lasso这2种特征选择算法的相对误差均值较大,且标准差也较小,其中Lasso特征选择算法不论是在均值还是在标准差均符合能有效进行特征筛选的评判标准。
图8给出了所有SDOF结构的结构倒塌预测值与真实值的残差标准差均值随IM的变化关系图,随着IM按照欧氏距离大小依次加入最小二乘回归模型,残差的标准差降低。取10个IM作为解释变量加入最小二乘回归时残差的标准差均值降低值作为比较依据,MIC、ReliefF、XGBoost和Lasso所给出的地震动IM排序建立的最小二乘回归模型残差标准差分别下降51.1%、48.7%、54.4%、61.1%。随着IM数目的增加,Lasso方法残差标准差下降最快,说明该方法筛选出的IM能更快更准确地预测结构倒塌,性能优于其他3种方法,与4.2节结果一致。
值得注意的是,单个SDOF体系的最小二乘回归结果相较于大量SDOF体系的最小二乘回归结果更好,这是因为大量SDOF体系覆盖了全部的SDOF体系,不同SDOF体系单体的最小二乘回归效果各异,但是总体符合规律,可以作为后续RC框架结构的IM排序筛选依据。
为验证基于大量SDOF体系筛选出的IM排序是否能够有效预测RC框架结构的倒塌,本节利用第3节介绍的4个RC框架模型进行倒塌分析,根据4.3节给出的IM排序与本节进行的倒塌分析结果建立最小二乘回归模型,以残差的标准差变化作为衡量不同特征选择算法筛选出结果的标准。RC框架结构倒塌分析,地震动采用2.1节给出的Set #1A地震动集。以倒塌点作为因变量,将基于4种方法得到的地震动IM依次放入最小二乘回归模型作为自变量得到RC框架结构4种特征选择算法回归分析中残差与地震动IM关系。
图9分别给出不同结构中,4种特征选择算法回归分析中残差与地震动IM关系,其中地震动IM个数从0增加到46。由图可知,在IM数量为0时,各模型的残差标准差均为1。随着IM数目的增加,对于不同结构的不同特征选择方法,残差的标准差均呈现下降趋势。Lasso方法在前期迅速降低之后缓慢降低,其他3种方法均随着地震动IM的加入稳步下降。
取10个IM作为解释变量加入最小二乘回归时残差的标准差降低值作为比较依据,对于2层结构,MIC、ReliefF、XGBoost和Lasso所给出的地震动IM排序建立的最小二乘回归模型残差标准差分别下降71.6%、66.4%、82.9%、90.6%。对于4层结构,4种方法分别降低77.2%、72.2%、84.1%、88.5%。对于8层结构,4种方法分别降低67.7%、63.7%、74.3%、85.6%。对于12层结构,4种方法分别降低64.6%、65.1%、70.2%、85.8%。以上数据表明,Lasso特征选择算法不论对于哪种结构,在将10个IM作为解释变量加入最小二乘回归时差的标准差降低值均在85%以上。综上所述,Lasso回归特征选择算法能有效地筛选预测结构倒塌的地震动IM。
基于SDOF模型的IDA结果,利用不同特征选择算法对地震动IM进行筛选,利用单个SDOF结构分析结果对比不同特征选择算法用于地震动IM筛选时的性能,根据SDOF结构分析结果推荐给出用于地震动IM筛选时性能最好的特征选择算法,并基于RC框架结构倒塌分析结果验证了推荐特征选择算法的有效性。得到主要结论如下:
1)基于Lasso回归筛选的10个IM作为解释变量加入最小二乘回归时,4个RC框架结构抗地震倒塌能力预测分析时残差标准差降低值分别为90.6%、88.5%、85.6%、85.8%,比ReliefF预测准确率平均高31%,比MIC预测准确率平均高25%,比XGBoost预测准确率平均高13%。这说明基于Lasso特征选择算法筛选出的IM能更有效预测结构抗地震倒塌能力。
2)采用Lasso特征选择算法进行特征筛选时,单个SDOF结构欧氏距离相对误差均值为1.9%,标准差为0.034。大量SDOF结构欧氏距离相对误差均值为2.2%,标准差为0.034。其结果均优于ReliefF、MIC以及XGBoost特征选择算法,这说明基于Lasso回归的特征选择算法筛选结果稳定,能有效筛选地震动IM。
3)基于Lasso回归的特征选择算法能有效地筛选用于结构抗地震抗倒塌能力预测的地震动IM,结果可为地震动IM筛选及结构地震倒塌风险分析中地震动不确定性的研究提供参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52478568)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(52408529)
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2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0601
  • 接收时间:2023-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-07
  • 修回日期:2023-12-27
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52478568)
国家自然科学基金青年项目(52408529)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    3.湖南科技大学 土木工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0601
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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