Article(id=1245390362278215950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0618, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686585600000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-13, revisedDate=1699718400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853800601, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853800601, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853800601, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853800601, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390357958082790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='237', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853799571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854467826, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245393160877224589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245393160877224590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=198, endPage=213, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390362848641307, articleId=1245390362278215950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Seismic response analysis and lap length study of simply supported beam bridge across faults, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the seismic response and lap length requirements of the simply-supported bridge across faults, an elastic-plastic analysis model of the simply-supported bridge was established. Through dynamic response analysis, elastic-plastic analysis and shear resistance analysis, the influence of slip effect of fault ground motion on the lap length requirement of simple supported beam bridge is studied, and the relation between the relative displacement of pier beam and the permanent displacement of ground before plastic hinge failure is discussed. Research shows that the location of the fault affected the seismic response of the structure, and the closer the fault structure is, the greater the earthquake impact will be. The slip impact effect of fault ground motion increased the seismic response of the structure. The maximum shear strength ratio of the plastic joint area of the pier under fault earthquake action is 0.47. The checking calculation of the shear strength of the pier meets the requirements of the seismic design code. The seismic response of the structure under cross-fault seismic action drifted, resulting in the plastic hinge only developing in the same direction. The residual sum of squares and R2 of the polynomial fit are 539.910 and 0.984, respectively. When the permanent displacement of ground is 1.6 m, the relative displacement of pier and beam before plastic hinge failure is 49.5 cm, accounting for about 56% of the calculated supported length. When the peak acceleration is small, the supported length of the simply-supported beam bridge under the earthquake action across the fault meets the requirements of the code.

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为研究跨断层简支梁桥的地震响应和搭接长度需求,建立简支梁桥的弹塑性分析模型,通过动力响应分析、弹塑性分析和抗剪能力分析,研究了断层地震动的滑冲效应对简支梁桥搭接长度需求的影响,探讨了塑性铰破坏前墩梁相对位移与地面永久位移的关系。研究表明:断层位置会影响结构的地震响应,越靠近断层结构受到的地震影响越大;断层地震动的滑冲效应会增大结构的地震响应,断层地震作用下桥墩塑性铰区的最大剪力剪切强度比为0.47,桥墩的抗剪强度验算满足抗震设计规范要求;跨断层地震作用下结构的地震响应会出现漂移现象,导致塑性铰只往同一方向发展;多项式拟合的残差平方和与R2值分别为539.910和0.984,地面永久位移为1.6 m时,塑性铰破坏前的墩梁相对位移为49.5 cm,约占规范计算搭接长度的56%,在峰值加速度较小的情况下,跨断层地震作用下简支梁桥的搭接长度需求满足规范要求。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
贾宏宇(1981—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震及动力行为研究。E-mail:
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岳伟勤(1996—),男,硕士,主要从事桥梁设计与桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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岳伟勤(1996—),男,硕士,主要从事桥梁设计与桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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岳伟勤(1996—),男,硕士,主要从事桥梁设计与桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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Seismological Research Letters, 2011: 638-644 [2023-06-02]. https://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=1a7k0ca0vr3n0gv0w24p06w0c2086447&site=xueshu_se., articleTitle=Verifying a computation method for predicting extreme ground motion, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245390392632394723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390362278215950, awardId=52178169, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52178169), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245390392867275752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390362278215950, awardId=CQDJT-CZKJ2023-02, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市交通科技项目(CQDJT-CZKJ2023-02), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390373938381329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390362278215950, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390373942575635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, 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label=Fig. 12, caption=The least squares fitting, figureFileSmall=OqU810/F4ZOTfwRqYefC/A==, figureFileBig=XAttGQ4QJYt7gpo/vQxT0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390389687993259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390362278215950, language=CN, label=图12, caption=最小二乘法拟合, figureFileSmall=OqU810/F4ZOTfwRqYefC/A==, figureFileBig=XAttGQ4QJYt7gpo/vQxT0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390389998371762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390362278215950, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Measured ground motion records

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序号地点台站断层距Rrup/km上/下盘序号地点台站断层距Rrup/km上/下盘
1Chi-ChiTCU0520.66上盘4Chi-ChiTCU0493.76下盘
2Chi-ChiTCU0680.32上盘5Chi-ChiTCU10011.37下盘
3Chi-ChiTCU0727.08上盘6Chi-ChiTCU1021.49下盘
), ArticleFig(id=1245390390338110389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390362278215950, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实测地震动记录

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号地点台站断层距Rrup/km上/下盘序号地点台站断层距Rrup/km上/下盘
1Chi-ChiTCU0520.66上盘4Chi-ChiTCU0493.76下盘
2Chi-ChiTCU0680.32上盘5Chi-ChiTCU10011.37下盘
3Chi-ChiTCU0727.08上盘6Chi-ChiTCU1021.49下盘
), ArticleFig(id=1245390390673654716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390362278215950, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Natural vibration characteristics of simply supported beam bridge

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次频率/Hz周期/s振型
1阶0.4732.114主梁纵向振动,桥墩纵向弯曲
2阶0.6641.506主梁纵向振动,桥墩纵向弯曲
3阶0.7811.280主梁横向振动,桥墩横向弯曲
4阶0.8191.221主梁横向振动,桥墩横向弯曲
5阶0.8301.205主梁纵向振动,桥墩纵向弯曲
6阶0.8681.152主梁横向振动,桥墩横向弯曲
), ArticleFig(id=1245390390845621187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390362278215950, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

简支梁桥自振特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次频率/Hz周期/s振型
1阶0.4732.114主梁纵向振动,桥墩纵向弯曲
2阶0.6641.506主梁纵向振动,桥墩纵向弯曲
3阶0.7811.280主梁横向振动,桥墩横向弯曲
4阶0.8191.221主梁横向振动,桥墩横向弯曲
5阶0.8301.205主梁纵向振动,桥墩纵向弯曲
6阶0.8681.152主梁横向振动,桥墩横向弯曲
), ArticleFig(id=1245390391025976262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390362278215950, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Calculation of shear strength of plastic hinge zone under cross fault seismic action with dTD=1.6 m

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工况1号墩剪力/kN2号墩剪力/kN3号墩剪力/kN剪切强度/kN最大剪力/剪切强度
FRL-1-1761.1839.1731.51953.70.43
FRL-1-2683.2725.0675.41953.70.37
FRL-1-3683.2746.7724.11953.70.38
FRL-1-4533.2544.1515.81953.70.28
FRL-1-5528.6519.3515.81953.70.27
FRL-1-6539.8547.1530.11953.70.28
FRL-2-1841.3784.1843.61953.70.43
FRL-2-2838.3740.7660.71953.70.43
FRL-2-3977.8715.0670.31953.70.50
FRL-2-4536.3549.0525.21953.70.28
FRL-2-5538.7518.6509.91953.70.28
FRL-2-6524.4527.4532.51953.70.27
FRL-3-1964.8904.8728.61953.70.49
FRL-3-2835.3908.9709.01953.70.43
FRL-3-31073.4867.6775.31953.70.55
FRL-3-4538.8520.7536.91953.70.28
FRL-3-5507.1520.7543.91953.70.26
FRL-3-6531.1537.1535.11953.70.27
FRL-4-11002.8877.9953.51953.70.51
FRL-4-2871.4970.1934.21953.70.50
FRL-4-31086.8923.2834.41953.70.56
FRL-4-4536.0531.5542.51953.70.28
FRL-4-5512.8542.1538.51953.70.28
FRL-4-6524.9546.2544.81953.70.28
), ArticleFig(id=1245390391248274380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390362278215950, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

dTD=1.6 m的跨断层地震作用下塑性铰区抗剪强度验算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况1号墩剪力/kN2号墩剪力/kN3号墩剪力/kN剪切强度/kN最大剪力/剪切强度
FRL-1-1761.1839.1731.51953.70.43
FRL-1-2683.2725.0675.41953.70.37
FRL-1-3683.2746.7724.11953.70.38
FRL-1-4533.2544.1515.81953.70.28
FRL-1-5528.6519.3515.81953.70.27
FRL-1-6539.8547.1530.11953.70.28
FRL-2-1841.3784.1843.61953.70.43
FRL-2-2838.3740.7660.71953.70.43
FRL-2-3977.8715.0670.31953.70.50
FRL-2-4536.3549.0525.21953.70.28
FRL-2-5538.7518.6509.91953.70.28
FRL-2-6524.4527.4532.51953.70.27
FRL-3-1964.8904.8728.61953.70.49
FRL-3-2835.3908.9709.01953.70.43
FRL-3-31073.4867.6775.31953.70.55
FRL-3-4538.8520.7536.91953.70.28
FRL-3-5507.1520.7543.91953.70.26
FRL-3-6531.1537.1535.11953.70.27
FRL-4-11002.8877.9953.51953.70.51
FRL-4-2871.4970.1934.21953.70.50
FRL-4-31086.8923.2834.41953.70.56
FRL-4-4536.0531.5542.51953.70.28
FRL-4-5512.8542.1538.51953.70.28
FRL-4-6524.9546.2544.81953.70.28
), ArticleFig(id=1245390391483155409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390362278215950, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The moment when the plastic hinge angle reaches the limit angle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况地面永久位移dTD/m工况地面永久位移dTD/m
1.01.21.41.61.01.21.41.6
FRL-1-433.86533.34033.02032.790FRL-3-433.93533.420
FRL-1-533.83533.30533.01033.800FRL-3-533.83033.450
FRL-1-633.83533.30532.97032.775FRL-3-633.79533.460
FRL-2-433.84033.440FRL-4-433.50533.20532.98532.780
FRL-2-533.81533.420FRL-4-533.80533.25532.94032.810
FRL-2-634.01033.400FRL-4-633.80033.14533.04532.835
), ArticleFig(id=1245390391831282644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390362278215950, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

塑性铰转角达到极限转角的时刻

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况地面永久位移dTD/m工况地面永久位移dTD/m
1.01.21.41.61.01.21.41.6
FRL-1-433.86533.34033.02032.790FRL-3-433.93533.420
FRL-1-533.83533.30533.01033.800FRL-3-533.83033.450
FRL-1-633.83533.30532.97032.775FRL-3-633.79533.460
FRL-2-433.84033.440FRL-4-433.50533.20532.98532.780
FRL-2-533.81533.420FRL-4-533.80533.25532.94032.810
FRL-2-634.01033.400FRL-4-633.80033.14533.04532.835
), ArticleFig(id=1245390392099718107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390362278215950, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Fitting polynomial

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合多项式残差平方和R2
y1=27.24x+12.12979.520.914
y2=-16.58x2+53.77x+5.9539.910.984
y3=1.51x3-20.2x2+55.95x+5.69536.170.984
), ArticleFig(id=1245390392368153565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390362278215950, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

拟合多项式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合多项式残差平方和R2
y1=27.24x+12.12979.520.914
y2=-16.58x2+53.77x+5.9539.910.984
y3=1.51x3-20.2x2+55.95x+5.69536.170.984
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跨断层简支梁桥地震响应分析及搭接长度研究
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岳伟勤 1 , 张来福 1 , 苏小波 1 , 王晨 2 , 王瑞涛 1 , 贾宏宇 3
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(6): 198-213
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(6): 198-213
跨断层简支梁桥地震响应分析及搭接长度研究
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岳伟勤1 , 张来福1, 苏小波1, 王晨2, 王瑞涛1, 贾宏宇3
作者信息
  • 1.中铁长江交通设计集团有限公司,重庆 401121
  • 2.成都地铁运营有限公司,四川 成都 610058
  • 3.西南交通大学 土木工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 岳伟勤(1996—),男,硕士,主要从事桥梁设计与桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

贾宏宇(1981—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震及动力行为研究。E-mail:
Seismic response analysis and lap length study of simply supported beam bridge across faults
Weiqin YUE1 , Laifu ZHANG1, Xiaobo SU1, Chen WANG2, Ruitao WANG1, Hongyu JIA3
Affiliations
  • 1.China Railway Changjiang Traffic Design Group Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401121, China
  • 2.Chengdu Metro Operation Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610058, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0618
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为研究跨断层简支梁桥的地震响应和搭接长度需求,建立简支梁桥的弹塑性分析模型,通过动力响应分析、弹塑性分析和抗剪能力分析,研究了断层地震动的滑冲效应对简支梁桥搭接长度需求的影响,探讨了塑性铰破坏前墩梁相对位移与地面永久位移的关系。研究表明:断层位置会影响结构的地震响应,越靠近断层结构受到的地震影响越大;断层地震动的滑冲效应会增大结构的地震响应,断层地震作用下桥墩塑性铰区的最大剪力剪切强度比为0.47,桥墩的抗剪强度验算满足抗震设计规范要求;跨断层地震作用下结构的地震响应会出现漂移现象,导致塑性铰只往同一方向发展;多项式拟合的残差平方和与R2值分别为539.910和0.984,地面永久位移为1.6 m时,塑性铰破坏前的墩梁相对位移为49.5 cm,约占规范计算搭接长度的56%,在峰值加速度较小的情况下,跨断层地震作用下简支梁桥的搭接长度需求满足规范要求。

跨断层桥梁  /  塑性铰  /  搭接长度  /  滑冲效应  /  弹塑性分析

To study the seismic response and lap length requirements of the simply-supported bridge across faults, an elastic-plastic analysis model of the simply-supported bridge was established. Through dynamic response analysis, elastic-plastic analysis and shear resistance analysis, the influence of slip effect of fault ground motion on the lap length requirement of simple supported beam bridge is studied, and the relation between the relative displacement of pier beam and the permanent displacement of ground before plastic hinge failure is discussed. Research shows that the location of the fault affected the seismic response of the structure, and the closer the fault structure is, the greater the earthquake impact will be. The slip impact effect of fault ground motion increased the seismic response of the structure. The maximum shear strength ratio of the plastic joint area of the pier under fault earthquake action is 0.47. The checking calculation of the shear strength of the pier meets the requirements of the seismic design code. The seismic response of the structure under cross-fault seismic action drifted, resulting in the plastic hinge only developing in the same direction. The residual sum of squares and R2 of the polynomial fit are 539.910 and 0.984, respectively. When the permanent displacement of ground is 1.6 m, the relative displacement of pier and beam before plastic hinge failure is 49.5 cm, accounting for about 56% of the calculated supported length. When the peak acceleration is small, the supported length of the simply-supported beam bridge under the earthquake action across the fault meets the requirements of the code.

bridge crossing fault  /  plastic hinge  /  lap length  /  slip impact effect  /  elastic-plastic analysis
岳伟勤, 张来福, 苏小波, 王晨, 王瑞涛, 贾宏宇. 跨断层简支梁桥地震响应分析及搭接长度研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (6) : 198 -213 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0618
Weiqin YUE, Laifu ZHANG, Xiaobo SU, Chen WANG, Ruitao WANG, Hongyu JIA. Seismic response analysis and lap length study of simply supported beam bridge across faults[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (6) : 198 -213 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0618
随着我国公路、铁路网的飞速发展,跨断层桥梁的修建已经无法避免,而且我国属于地震多发区,地震断层分布广,这将导致未来我国跨断层桥梁的数量可能会逐渐增加[1-2]。从桥梁在历次地震中发生震害的情况来看,跨断层桥梁往往是最容易发生破坏的。在唐山地震中[3],滏阳河艾辛庄桥和稻地村桥均跨越活动断层,从而导致这两座桥均发生落梁破坏;集集地震中[4]的名竹大桥跨越地震断层而发生严重垮塌破坏;汶川地震中[5]的小渔洞大桥和高树大桥跨越断层发生全桥倒塌破坏;玉树地震中[6]的西杭桥由于跨越断层而出现严重落梁破坏;土耳其地震中[7],地震断层跨越欧洲运输高速公路的部分路段,从而导致该线路上多座桥梁出现严重倒塌破坏。
由于跨断层桥梁在地震中往往会出现比较严重的破坏,学者对跨断层桥梁展开了深入研究。GOEL等[8-9]研究了不同断层形式下的地震时程曲线,并将其应用到跨断层桥梁的地震响应分析中,提出了线性静力分析法和非静力分析法。王文明等[10]总结了国内外学者对跨断层桥梁的研究内容,论述了跨断层地震动的模拟方法和振动台试验。ZHANG等[11]以某跨断层桥梁为研究对象,分析了断层地震动的永久位移、桥梁与断层相对位置对该桥地震响应的影响。惠迎新[12]对跨断层地震动的模拟和输入方法进行了研究,提出了一种适用于跨断层且带有永久位移的基线修正方法。LIN等[13]基于试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,揭示了连续梁桥在断层地震动作用下的破坏模式和损伤机理。YANG等[14]研究了地震动滤波对跨断层隔振桥梁动力响应的影响。王敏[15]研究了不同地震强度下跨断层简支梁桥的地震响应规律。
在众多桥梁震害中,梁体的落梁破坏属于比较严重的地震灾害,而墩梁搭接长度又与桥梁落梁息息相关,因此,学者对桥梁的落梁破坏及搭接长度的计算方法也进行了研究。HAO[16]基于随机振动理论,研究了桥梁跨径对搭接长度的影响。朱文正等[17]通过反应谱法研究了梁桥的搭接长度,提出了梁桥的搭接长度应取70+uB和70+l的较大值,l为计算跨径,uB为强震下的最大墩梁相对位移。WU[18]研究了地震作用下斜交桥的落梁机理,提出了斜交桥搭接长度的计算方法。目前,国内外学者对搭接长度的计算方法和影响因素进行了研究,但对跨断层桥梁搭接长度的研究较少。在桥梁的建设当中,跨断层桥梁占据着重要位置,也起着非常关键的作用,因此,研究跨断层桥梁的抗震性能和设计方法对桥梁建设有着至关重要的意义。
综上所述,本文在已有对跨断层桥梁地震响应以及桥梁搭接长度研究的基础上,以简支梁桥为研究对象,基于ANSYS平台建立简支梁桥的弹塑性分析模型,分析跨断层简支梁桥的地震响应,并通过动力分析、弹塑性分析和抗剪分析,研究跨断层简支梁桥的搭接长度需求。
桥梁中搭接长度示意图如图1所示,搭接长度是指桥梁上部结构梁端到桥墩或盖梁边缘的距离。JTG/T 2231-01—2020《公路桥梁抗震设计规范》[19]中提出了梁桥的搭接长度计算公式如式(1)所示:
式中:a为墩梁搭接长度(cm);L为桥梁计算跨径(m);H为桥墩高度(m);Lk为桥梁单孔跨径(m)。
多点激励位移输入法是一种求解结构地震反应的常用计算方法,该方法适用于线性结构和非线性结构的地震反应分析。地震作用下桥梁结构的动力方程用分块矩阵表示为[20-21]
式中:ua为非支撑节点的运动向量;ub为支撑节点的强迫运动向量;MCK分别为质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵和刚度矩阵;Pa为作用在结构自由节点上的外力(对于地震激励来说为0);Pb为支撑节点受到的地震力。
地震作用下结构的地震响应是随时间变化的支撑点运动引起的,结构支撑点的运动具有一阶和二阶导数,即存在速度和加速度,那么在支撑节点的作用下,自由节点也会产生一定的位移、速度和加速度[22]。将式(2)中第1项展开,得
如采用集中质量模型,则Mab =0,将式(3)移项可得:
通常情况不考虑阻尼力,故可将式(4)改写为
式(5)为多点激励下结构的动力平衡方程,也是求解地震作用下结构反应的多点激励位移输入模型,通过直接积分法进行求解,即可得到各点的加速度、速度和位移。
本文使用文献[23]中的简支梁桥模型,该桥的具体参数见文献[23],该桥的有限元模型如图2所示。JTG/T 2231-01—2020《公路桥梁抗震设计规范》[19]规定双柱式桥墩在墩顶和墩底都要设置塑性铰,计算出塑性铰长度为1.2 m。有限元模型中塑性铰和支座采用COMBIN40单元模拟,Δ1~Δ6分别为梁端与墩顶的相对位置。
Rayleigh阻尼是结构地震响应分析中比较常用的一种阻尼形式,它考虑了质量比例阻尼和刚度比例阻尼,Rayleigh阻尼是通过2种阻尼的线性组合来表示的,具体按式(6)计算:
式中:α为质量阻尼系数(s-1);β为刚度阻尼系数(s);M为结构质量矩阵;K为结构刚度矩阵。利用质量阻尼矩阵和刚度阻尼矩阵的正交特性,可以得出第n阶振型的阻尼比ζn
将式(6)中的2个振型表达成矩阵形式,可推导出式(8):
相关研究表明,进行动力响应计算时可以假设2个振型具有相同的阻尼比ζ,在结构阻尼比已知的情况下,通过式(9)可以计算出质量阻尼系数α和刚度阻尼系数β,得
根据Rayleigh阻尼模型,JTG/T 2231-01—2020《公路桥梁抗震设计规范》[19]规定混凝土桥梁的各阶振型阻尼比通常取0.05,该简支梁桥的第1阶频率f1=0.473、第2阶频率f2=0.664,由式(9)和ωn=2πfn可以计算出α=0.174、β=0.014。
断层是指岩石和土体的受力超过其承载能力而发生破裂,并且沿破裂面两侧的岩块或土体发生明显相对位移的构造[24-25]。断层类型主要分为正断层、逆断层和走滑断层3种,其中走滑断层的断层破裂呈现破裂规模大和以剪切破坏为主的特征,断层地震动的滑冲效应由断层两侧发生错动引起,其位移时程在振动结束后存在永久位移[26],如图3所示。如果一座桥梁跨越断层且发生滑冲效应,桥梁会因为断层两侧发生相对错动而出现较大的相对变形,从而导致桥梁发生严重破坏。
从地震库中选取6条原始地震动并进行基线校正[27],上盘地震动选择TCU052、TCU068和TCU072台站的地震动,下盘地震动选择TCU049、TCU100和TCU102台站的地震动。对每条地震动的地面永久位移进行调幅,调幅范围为0~1.6 m。所选跨断层地震动原始记录见表1,地面永久位移调幅后的位移时程曲线如图4所示,dTD表示地面永久位移。
通过地震动合成方法[28-29]合成6条具有地面永久位移的地震动,包括3条上盘地震动(合成地震动4~6)和3条下盘地震动(合成地震动1~3)。同样对每条人工合成地震动的地面永久位移进行调幅,调幅范围为0~1.6 m。地面永久位移调幅后的人工合成地震动位移时程曲线如图5所示。
桥梁跨越断层会出现图6所示的4种情况,分别将其命名为工况FRL-1、工况FRL-2、工况FRL-3和工况FRL-4,每种情况下包括3组基线校正的跨断层地震动和3组人工合成地震动,分别命名为工况FRL-1-1~FRL-1-6、FRL-2-1~FRL-2-6、FRL-3-1~FRL-3-6和FRL-4-1~FRL-4-6。假设所有计算工况中桥梁与断层破裂带垂直走向,断层类型为倾滑断层,且仅考虑沿纵桥向采用空间非一致激励进行地震输入。
结构的自振特性是指结构的频率或周期所对应的振型,通过子空间迭代法对该桥进行自振特性分析。表2列举了该简支梁桥前6阶的自振频率和振型。
图4图5中的位移时程作为输入地震动进行跨断层桥梁的动力响应分析和弹塑性分析。地震动输入时仅考虑沿纵桥向输入,不考虑横向和竖向的地震动输入。同时,主要研究跨断层地震动的滑冲效应(即地面永久位移)对桥梁地震响应及搭接长度需求的影响,不考虑地震动峰值加速度的变化。跨断层地震作用下简支梁桥的墩梁相对位移如图7所示。
图7可知,当断层在第1跨时,Δ1处的墩梁相对位移最大,断层在第2跨时,Δ2和Δ3处的墩梁相对位移最大,断层在第3跨时,Δ4和Δ5处的墩梁相对位移最大,断层在第4跨时,Δ6处的墩梁相对位移最大。说明断层位置会影响结构的地震响应,越靠近断层的位置受到的地震影响越大。
墩梁相对位移随着dTD的增加逐渐增大,但仍然小于规范计算的搭接长度。对于进行基线校正的实测地震动而言,当dTD为0时,墩梁相对位移也较大,随着dTD的不断增加,墩梁相对位移增大比较缓慢,说明dTD对输入基线校正后实测地震动的结构地震响应影响较小,这是由于实测地震动在地震结束前存在较大的峰值位移,改变地面永久位移并没有明显改变地震动的峰值位移,墩梁相对位移在峰值位移时已经达到最大值,故调整dTD对峰值位移的影响较小,对墩梁相对位移影响也比较小。
dTD为1.6 m时,FRL-1-1、FRL-1-2、FRL-1-3工况下的墩梁相对位移最大值分别为89、77、68 cm,FRL-2-1、FRL-2-2、FRL-2-3工况下的墩梁相对位移最大值分别为87、73、70 cm,FRL-3-1、FRL-3-2、FRL-3-3工况下的墩梁相对位移最大值分别为83、78、69 cm,FRL-4-1、FRL-4-2、FRL-4-3工况下的墩梁相对位移最大值分别为90、72、75 cm。断层位置和地面永久位移相同时,计算得到的墩梁相对位移却不同,这是由于进行基线校正后的地震动峰值加速度不同,尽管基线校正后地震动的地面永久位移相同,但是峰值速度和峰值加速度不同,导致计算的墩梁相对位移相差较大。因此,进行弹塑性分析和多项式拟合时应采用人工合成地震动工况计算的墩梁相对位移,人工合成地震动的峰值加速度比较小,能够很好地反映跨断层地震动的地面永久位移与墩梁相对位移的关系。
由工况FRL-1-4、FRL-1-5、FRL-1-6、FRL-2-4、FRL-2-5、FRL-2-6、FRL-3-4、FRL-3-5、FRL-3-6和FRL-4-4、FRL-4-5、FRL-4-6的计算结果分析可知,该桥的墩梁相对位移与地震动的地面永久位移大致呈线性关系,当断层在第1跨时,墩梁相对位移最大值为64、62、65 cm;断层在第2跨时,墩梁相对位移最大值为57、57、58 cm;断层在第3跨时,墩梁相对位移最大值为57、56、59 cm;断层在第4跨时,墩梁相对位移最大值为63、62、64 cm。当dTD为0时,桥梁的墩梁相对位移比较小,随着dTD的增加,墩梁相对位移逐渐增加且增加较为明显,这是由于人工合成的地震动峰值位移和地面永久位移比较接近,不同的地面永久位移对应着不同的峰值位移,故dTD的变化对墩梁相对位移的影响较大。
通过该桥的设计图纸可知,桥墩的螺旋箍筋面积为3.695 cm2,箍筋抗拉强度设计值为360 MPa,箍筋间距为15 cm,螺旋箍筋环的直径为165 cm。规范计算出该桥的桥墩塑性铰区剪切强度为1 953.7 kN,剪力设计值为481.6 kN,塑性铰区的剪力设计值小于剪切强度。由于跨断层地震动的滑冲效应会增大桥梁结构的地震响应,因此需分析该桥在跨断层地震作用下桥墩塑性铰区的抗剪强度验算能否通过,图8为跨断层地震作用下dTD为0~1.6 m的塑性铰区最大平均剪力。
图8可知,随着地面永久位移的不断增加,墩底塑性铰区的剪力也呈正相关趋势。当断层在第1跨时,1号墩塑性铰区的剪力增加最快,当断层在第2跨和第3跨时,2号墩塑性铰区的剪力增加最快,当断层在第4跨时,3号墩塑性铰区的剪力增加最快,说明断层位置会对桥梁的地震响应造成影响,离断层越近,桥梁的地震响应越大。由于篇幅限制,表3仅列出dTD=1.6 m的抗剪强度验算结果。
表3可知,基线校正实测地震动作用下的剪力大于合成地震动,这是由于基线校正的时程曲线中存在较大的峰值位移和峰值加速度,对结构地震响应的影响较大,而合成地震动时程曲线中的地面永久位移与峰值位移比较接近,并且峰值加速度较小,所以两类地震动作用下的剪力差异较大。
工况FRL-1-1、FRL-1-1、FRL-1-3、FRL-2-1、FRL-2-2、FRL-2-3、FRL-3-1、FRL-3-2、FRL-3-3和FRL-4-1、FRL-4-2、FRL-4-3的最大剪力/剪切强度平均值为0.47,FRL-1-4、FRL-1-5、FRL-1-6、FRL-2-4、FRL-2-5、FRL-2-6、FRL-3-4、FRL-3-5、FRL-3-6和FRL-4-4、FRL-4-5、FRL-4-6的最大剪力/剪切强度平均值为0.28,塑性铰区的最大剪力小于剪切强度,该桥在跨断层地震作用下桥墩塑性铰区的抗剪强度验算满足抗震设计规范要求。
该桥的墩底塑性铰的纤维模型和弯矩-曲率曲线如图9所示。由图可知,墩底塑性铰的有效屈服弯矩为11950 kN•m,极限弯矩为12040 kN•m,有效屈服曲率为0.002333,极限曲率为0.02828,塑性铰的极限转角为0.03114 rad。为了使研究结果更加准确,排除地震动峰值位移和峰值加速度对墩梁相对位移的影响,以下仅分析人工合成地震动作用下的塑性铰滞回曲线和塑性铰破坏前的墩梁相对位移。人工合成地震动作用下桥墩的塑性铰滞回曲线如图10所示。
图10可知,随着dTD的增加,桥墩由弹性进入塑性,同时出现塑性铰,当dTD继续增大时,墩底塑性铰的最大转角超过极限转角,桥墩发生破坏。通过图10(a)~(c)可知,断层在第1跨时,1号墩和2号墩的塑性铰最大转角在地面永久位移≥1.0 m时超过极限转角,桥墩破坏。3号墩在dTD达到1.6 m时,塑性铰的转角仍小于极限转角。图10(d)~(i)为断层在第2跨和第3跨时的塑性铰滞回曲线,dTD≥1.4 m时,2号墩塑性铰最大转角超过极限转角,桥墩发生破坏,1号墩和3号墩塑性铰的转角随着dTD的增加始终小于极限转角。图10(j)~(l)为断层在第4跨时的塑性铰滞回曲线,dTD≥1.0 m时,2号墩和3号墩的塑性铰最大转角超过极限转角,桥墩发生破坏,1号墩塑性铰的转角随着dTD的增加始终小于极限转角。
dTD为1.6 m时,FRL-1-1、FRL-1-2、FRL-1-3工况下的塑性铰最大转角分别为0.08、0.07、0.08 rad;FRL-2-1、FRL-2-2、FRL-2-3工况下的塑性铰最大转角分别为0.05、0.05、0.05 rad;FRL-3-1、FRL-3-2、FRL-3-3工况下的塑性铰最大转角分别为0.05、0.05、0.05 rad;FRL-4-1、FRL-4-2、FRL-4-3工况下的塑性铰最大转角分别为0.08、0.07、0.08 rad。断层在第1跨和第4跨的塑性铰最大转角大于断层在第2跨和第3跨。
断层在第2跨时,1号墩与2、3号墩的弯矩和塑性铰转角相反,这是由于1号墩位于下盘,2、3号墩位于上盘,上盘、下盘输入地震动的方向相反,故相邻两桥墩的弯矩和塑性铰转角相反。同理,当断层在第3跨时,1、2号墩位于下盘位置,3号墩位于上盘位置,3号墩与1、2号墩的弯矩和塑性铰转角也相反。跨断层地震动由于地面永久位移的存在,结构的地震响应会出现漂移现象,塑性铰区的弯矩和转角也会发生漂移,从而导致塑性铰往同一方向发展。
桥墩进入塑性后,进一步增加地面永久位移会使塑性铰的最大转角超过极限转角,桥墩发生破坏,导致塑性铰转角超过极限转角后的位移计算结果不准确,所以需确定塑性铰转角刚达到极限转角的时间,计算此时间段内的墩梁相对位移。表4为塑性铰转角达到极限转角时刻。
表4可知,断层在边跨时,塑性铰的最大转角在dTD为1.0 m达到极限转角,断层在中跨时,塑性铰的最大转角在dTD为1.4 m达到极限转角。通过塑性铰转角达到极限转角时刻可得到塑性铰破坏前的墩梁相对位移,跨断层地震作用下塑性铰破坏前的墩梁相对位移如图11所示。
图11可知,当断层在第1跨时,Δ1处塑性铰破坏前的墩梁相对位移最大值为49 cm;当断层在第2跨时,Δ2和Δ3处塑性铰破坏前的墩梁相对位移最大值为51、50 cm;当断层在第3跨时,Δ4和Δ5处塑性铰破坏前的墩梁相对位移最大值为50、51 cm;当断层在第4跨时,Δ6处塑性铰破坏前的墩梁相对位移最大值为50 cm。无论断层在哪一跨,全桥的墩梁相对位移先增大然后保持在50 cm左右,远小于规范搭接长度计算的88.4 cm。
将地面永久位移作为自变量,塑性铰破坏前的墩梁相对位移最大值作为函数,然后基于最小二乘法分别进行多项式拟合,多项式的拟合结果如图12表5所示。
图12表5可知,线性拟合的残差平方和与R2分别为2979.52和0.914,二次多项式拟合的残差平方和与R2值分别为539.91、0.984,三次多项式拟合的残差平方和与R2值分别为536.17、0.984。拟合的二次多项式与一次多项式拟合结果相比,残差平方和减小了2439.61,R2增加了0.07,但相较于三次多项式拟合,残差平方和仅增大了3.74,R2比较接近,说明二次多项式拟合已经达到比较好的效果。当dTD为1.6 m时,塑性铰破坏前的墩梁相对位移为49.5 cm,约占规范计算搭接长度的56%,说明在峰值加速度比较小的情况下,跨断层地震作用下简支梁桥的搭接长度需求满足规范要求。
本文建立了跨断层简支梁桥的弹塑性分析模型,分析了跨断层简支梁桥的地震响应,通过时程分析、弹塑性分析和抗剪分析,研究跨断层简支梁桥的搭接长度需求,并基于最小二乘法分析了塑性铰破坏前墩梁相对位移与地面永久位移的关系。得到以下主要结论:
1)断层位置会影响结构的地震响应,靠近断层的地方受到地震影响更大。基线校正的地震动在地面停止振动前存在较大的峰值位移和峰值加速度,地面永久位移的变化对简支梁桥的动力响应结果影响较小,人工合成地震动的地面永久位移与位移峰值接近,地面永久位移的变化对简支梁桥的动力响应结果影响较大。
2)塑性铰区的剪力随着地面永久位移的增加而增大,当dTD为1.6 m时,最大剪力/剪切强度平均值为0.47,塑性铰区的最大剪力小于剪切强度,该简支梁桥在跨断层地震作用下桥墩塑性铰区的抗剪强度验算满足抗震设计规范要求。
3)断层在边跨和中跨时,塑性铰的最大转角分别在dTD达到1.0 m和1.4 m超过极限转角,桥墩发生破坏。跨断层地震动由于会出现地面永久位移,桥梁的地震响应会发生漂移现象,桥墩塑性铰区的弯矩和转角也会发生漂移,从而导致塑性铰只往一个方向发展。
4)无论断层在哪一跨,塑性铰破坏前的墩梁相对位移先增大后保持在50 cm左右,远小于规范计算的88.4 cm。二次多项式拟合的残差平方和与R2值分别为539.91、0.984,当dTD为1.6 m时,塑性铰破坏前的墩梁相对位移为49.5 cm,约占规范计算搭接长度的56%,说明在峰值加速度较小的情况下,跨断层地震作用下简支梁桥的搭接长度需求满足规范要求。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52178169)
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2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0618
  • 接收时间:2023-06-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-13
  • 修回日期:2023-11-12
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52178169)
重庆市交通科技项目(CQDJT-CZKJ2023-02)
作者信息
    1.中铁长江交通设计集团有限公司,重庆 401121
    2.成都地铁运营有限公司,四川 成都 610058
    3.西南交通大学 土木工程学院,四川 成都 610031

通讯作者:

贾宏宇(1981—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震及动力行为研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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