Article(id=1245390361858785540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0612, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696694400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-08, revisedDate=1700582400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853800501, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853800501, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853800501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853800501, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390357958082790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='237', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853799571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854467826, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245393160877224589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245393160877224590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=125, endPage=137, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390362185941259, articleId=1245390361858785540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Influence analysis of layered subsoil on vibration characteristics of balance foundation in the pulse wind tunnel, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Since the pulsed wind tunnel balance foundation plays a supporting role in aircraft wind tunnel tests, in order to deeply study the influence of the layered subsoil on the vibration characteristics of the balance foundation, the impedance function of the balance foundation on a layered subsoil under impulse load is derived. A dynamic response equation of the foundation is established by using a simplified model, and the dynamic impedance function of the simplified model is equated with that of the foundation-foundation system. The dynamic response of the balance foundation on the laminated foundation under impulsive wind tunnel loading is obtained and verified by numerical simulation. The results show that the vertical amplitude, horizontal amplitude and slewing angle of the foundation gradually decrease with the increase of the loading frequency. The increase of the loading amplitude leads to the increase of the maximum amplitude of foundation vibration, while the vibration frequency remains unchanged. The increase of the shear modulus of the foundation results in the decreasing of the maximum amplitude of foundation vibration. The increase of the foundation dimensions leads to the obvious decreasing of the maximum amplitude of foundation vibration and the vibration frequency. In addition, the vertical vibration amplitude of the foundation increases with the decrease of foundation layer depth ratio, while the horizontal vibration amplitude and slewing angle decrease with the decrease of layer depth ratio. The increase of foundation shear wave velocity has less effect on the vertical vibration amplitude, while the effect on the horizontal vibration amplitude and slewing angle is more significant.

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由于脉冲风洞天平基础在飞行器风洞试验中起支撑作用,为深入研究层状地基对天平基础振动特性的影响,推导了层状地基上天平基础在脉冲载荷作用下的阻抗函数,利用简化模型建立基础的动态响应方程,并将简化模型的动态阻抗函数与基础-地基系统的动态阻抗函数进行等效处理,求得层状地基上天平基础在脉冲风洞载荷作用下的动力响应,并通过数值模拟进行验证。研究结果表明:随着载荷频率的增大,基础的竖向振幅、水平向振幅和回转角度逐渐减小;荷载幅值的增大导致基础振动最大振幅增大,振动频率保持不变;地基剪切模量的增大导致基础振动最大振幅递减;基础尺寸的增大引起基础振动最大振幅和振动频率的明显下降。另外,基础的竖向振幅随基础层深比的减小而增大,而水平向振幅和回转角度随层深比的减小而减小;地基剪切波速的增大对竖向振幅的影响较小,而对水平振幅和回转角度的影响更为显著。

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朱宝龙(1976―),男,教授,博士,主要从事地基基础方面的研究。E-mail:

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朱宝龙(1976―),男,教授,博士,主要从事地基基础方面的研究。E-mail:

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朱宝龙(1976―),男,教授,博士,主要从事地基基础方面的研究。E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245390397531340980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, awardId=41672342, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(41672342), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390388488422289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390388496810898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, companyId=1245390388488422289, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390388509393811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, companyId=1245390388488422289, 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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1245390394339475478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Balance foundation under a layered subsoil, figureFileSmall=zDhSOgXUQeDMboonk5PYOw==, figureFileBig=gzbjyj+TgHG48QfAHD37AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390394431750172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=图1, caption=层状地基上天平基础简图, figureFileSmall=zDhSOgXUQeDMboonk5PYOw==, figureFileBig=gzbjyj+TgHG48QfAHD37AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390394666631208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Vertical analysis model of the foundation-soil system, figureFileSmall=3gIrJ4mNDOJmNJ9+3x/kzA==, figureFileBig=KGhQMwq5PBrAi3E3D9wUUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390394737934381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基础-土体系统的竖向分析模型, figureFileSmall=3gIrJ4mNDOJmNJ9+3x/kzA==, figureFileBig=KGhQMwq5PBrAi3E3D9wUUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390394838597680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Horizontal analysis model of the foundation-soil system, figureFileSmall=ihB23kAj3ialwwIA3Pqlpw==, figureFileBig=2zWa8EABZt1oCa2VDX/4/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390394914095157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基础-土体系统的水平分析模型, figureFileSmall=ihB23kAj3ialwwIA3Pqlpw==, figureFileBig=2zWa8EABZt1oCa2VDX/4/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390395018952763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Coupled finite-element-infinite element model of a layered subsoil, figureFileSmall=73YP7SRSt5YwUR832a3JzQ==, figureFileBig=6BKTXTgDQPT1r5ZDYv9/BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390395128004672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=图4, caption=层状地基有限元-无限元耦合模型, figureFileSmall=73YP7SRSt5YwUR832a3JzQ==, figureFileBig=6BKTXTgDQPT1r5ZDYv9/BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390395228667975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Theoretical and numerical simulation of the base vibration time curves, figureFileSmall=dgUqYtdjlXpbv6a1DHdlrw==, figureFileBig=jSdRFSdBsadyxRkpZovCig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390395308359757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=图5, caption=基础振动时程曲线理论值与数值模拟值, figureFileSmall=dgUqYtdjlXpbv6a1DHdlrw==, figureFileBig=jSdRFSdBsadyxRkpZovCig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390395379662930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Time curves of base displacement and slew angle for different load frequencies, figureFileSmall=QsAQUPmRKUj073taTIkGyA==, figureFileBig=pfqj/FeASTG9OUBYuOHLvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390395450966103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=图6, caption=荷载频率不同时基础位移及回转角度时程曲线, figureFileSmall=QsAQUPmRKUj073taTIkGyA==, figureFileBig=pfqj/FeASTG9OUBYuOHLvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390395522269272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Time-history curves of horizontal displacement of the foundation for different load amplitudes, figureFileSmall=HssCR/GUxExAydOOWTGyFA==, figureFileBig=UiKiOmMl9/A8kdTuo05gKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390395631321180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=图7, caption=荷载幅值不同时基础水平向位移时程曲线, figureFileSmall=HssCR/GUxExAydOOWTGyFA==, figureFileBig=UiKiOmMl9/A8kdTuo05gKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390395803287649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Time-history curves of base displacement for different base dimensions and shear modulus, figureFileSmall=qzEzRVkm571MDdnHzCsbyA==, figureFileBig=c4S6oUDqslstHakQ8SB7BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390395966865511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=图8, caption=基础尺寸及剪切模量不同时基础位移时程曲线, figureFileSmall=qzEzRVkm571MDdnHzCsbyA==, figureFileBig=c4S6oUDqslstHakQ8SB7BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390396105277549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Time-history curves of base displacement and slew angle for different layer depth ratios and shear wave velocities, figureFileSmall=a/PheGynvHfTxALgF1BC5g==, figureFileBig=mC2c/IIWbGrze9WgcSsg5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390396231106676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=图9, caption=层深比与剪切波速不同时基础位移及回转角度时程曲线, figureFileSmall=a/PheGynvHfTxALgF1BC5g==, figureFileBig=mC2c/IIWbGrze9WgcSsg5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390396314992759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Horizontal and rotary unit types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单元类型123
水平单元(HU
回转单元(RU
), ArticleFig(id=1245390396428238974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水平与回转单元类型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单元类型123
水平单元(HU
回转单元(RU
), ArticleFig(id=1245390396528902275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Dynamic impedance coefficients of horizontal units

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单元kHUcHU
HU110
HU20Ceh/kex
HU30
), ArticleFig(id=1245390396625371272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水平单元的动态阻抗系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单元kHUcHU
HU110
HU20Ceh/kex
HU30
), ArticleFig(id=1245390396738617485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Dynamic impedance coefficients of rotary units

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单元kRUcRU
RU1k/kSR0
RU20Cer/kSR
), ArticleFig(id=1245390396835086480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回转单元的动态阻抗系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单元kRUcRU
RU1k/kSR0
RU20Cer/kSR
), ArticleFig(id=1245390396914778260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Parameters of stratified soils

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层层厚/m重度/(g/cm3弹性模量/GPa摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/kPa泊松比
0.12.43015.0200.25
0.12.23030.0500.25
0.22.63035.0500.25
), ArticleFig(id=1245390397011247257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

层状土体参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层层厚/m重度/(g/cm3弹性模量/GPa摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/kPa泊松比
0.12.43015.0200.25
0.12.23030.0500.25
0.22.63035.0500.25
), ArticleFig(id=1245390397116104863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of theoretical and numerical simulation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算方式竖向水平向回转角
频率/Hz最大振幅/(×10-3 mm)频率/Hz最大振幅/(×10-3 mm)频率/Hz最大振幅/(×10-3)(°)
理论4.851.95664.750.59054.766.5909
模拟4.672.25784.600.65294.666.9082
), ArticleFig(id=1245390397212573859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

理论计算与数值模拟计算结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算方式竖向水平向回转角
频率/Hz最大振幅/(×10-3 mm)频率/Hz最大振幅/(×10-3 mm)频率/Hz最大振幅/(×10-3)(°)
理论4.851.95664.750.59054.766.5909
模拟4.672.25784.600.65294.666.9082
), ArticleFig(id=1245390397325820072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Calculated results for different foundation sizes under layered subsoil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基础尺寸竖向振动水平向振动
最大振幅/(×10-3 mm)频率/Hz最大振幅/(×10-3 mm)频率/Hz
0.56S0.81106.750.30907.82
0.75S0.30005.930.29406.63
1.00S0.10905.360.27905.75
1.33S0.03964.890.24405.02
1.77S0.01404.460.18524.63
), ArticleFig(id=1245390397401317549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390361858785540, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

层状地基下不同基础尺寸计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基础尺寸竖向振动水平向振动
最大振幅/(×10-3 mm)频率/Hz最大振幅/(×10-3 mm)频率/Hz
0.56S0.81106.750.30907.82
0.75S0.30005.930.29406.63
1.00S0.10905.360.27905.75
1.33S0.03964.890.24405.02
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层状地基对脉冲风洞天平基础振动特征影响分析
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朱宝龙 1 , 李凯 1 , 林其 2 , 于时恩 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(6): 125-137
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(6): 125-137
层状地基对脉冲风洞天平基础振动特征影响分析
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朱宝龙1 , 李凯1, 林其2, 于时恩2
作者信息
  • 1.西南科技大学 土木工程与建筑学院,四川 绵阳 621010
  • 2.中国空气动力研究与发展中心,四川 绵阳 621000
  • 朱宝龙(1976―),男,教授,博士,主要从事地基基础方面的研究。E-mail:

Influence analysis of layered subsoil on vibration characteristics of balance foundation in the pulse wind tunnel
Baolong ZHU1 , Kai LI1, Qi LIN2, Shien YU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
  • 2.China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0612
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由于脉冲风洞天平基础在飞行器风洞试验中起支撑作用,为深入研究层状地基对天平基础振动特性的影响,推导了层状地基上天平基础在脉冲载荷作用下的阻抗函数,利用简化模型建立基础的动态响应方程,并将简化模型的动态阻抗函数与基础-地基系统的动态阻抗函数进行等效处理,求得层状地基上天平基础在脉冲风洞载荷作用下的动力响应,并通过数值模拟进行验证。研究结果表明:随着载荷频率的增大,基础的竖向振幅、水平向振幅和回转角度逐渐减小;荷载幅值的增大导致基础振动最大振幅增大,振动频率保持不变;地基剪切模量的增大导致基础振动最大振幅递减;基础尺寸的增大引起基础振动最大振幅和振动频率的明显下降。另外,基础的竖向振幅随基础层深比的减小而增大,而水平向振幅和回转角度随层深比的减小而减小;地基剪切波速的增大对竖向振幅的影响较小,而对水平振幅和回转角度的影响更为显著。

脉冲风洞  /  层状地基  /  天平基础  /  振动特性  /  阻抗函数

Since the pulsed wind tunnel balance foundation plays a supporting role in aircraft wind tunnel tests, in order to deeply study the influence of the layered subsoil on the vibration characteristics of the balance foundation, the impedance function of the balance foundation on a layered subsoil under impulse load is derived. A dynamic response equation of the foundation is established by using a simplified model, and the dynamic impedance function of the simplified model is equated with that of the foundation-foundation system. The dynamic response of the balance foundation on the laminated foundation under impulsive wind tunnel loading is obtained and verified by numerical simulation. The results show that the vertical amplitude, horizontal amplitude and slewing angle of the foundation gradually decrease with the increase of the loading frequency. The increase of the loading amplitude leads to the increase of the maximum amplitude of foundation vibration, while the vibration frequency remains unchanged. The increase of the shear modulus of the foundation results in the decreasing of the maximum amplitude of foundation vibration. The increase of the foundation dimensions leads to the obvious decreasing of the maximum amplitude of foundation vibration and the vibration frequency. In addition, the vertical vibration amplitude of the foundation increases with the decrease of foundation layer depth ratio, while the horizontal vibration amplitude and slewing angle decrease with the decrease of layer depth ratio. The increase of foundation shear wave velocity has less effect on the vertical vibration amplitude, while the effect on the horizontal vibration amplitude and slewing angle is more significant.

pulse wind tunnel  /  layered subsoil  /  balance foundation  /  vibration characteristics  /  impedance function
朱宝龙, 李凯, 林其, 于时恩. 层状地基对脉冲风洞天平基础振动特征影响分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (6) : 125 -137 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0612
Baolong ZHU, Kai LI, Qi LIN, Shien YU. Influence analysis of layered subsoil on vibration characteristics of balance foundation in the pulse wind tunnel[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (6) : 125 -137 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0612
脉冲风洞是一种用于模拟飞行器受到高速气流的气动力和热效应的实验设备。它能够在短时间内产生高温高压的气体,用于进行冲击试验。脉冲风洞的天平基础是支撑和测量飞行器受力的关键组件,通常埋置在天然形成的层状地基土中,以减小外界干扰并提高测量精度。然而,脉冲风洞的工作过程会对天平基础施加强烈的动力荷载,导致基础和地基发生复杂的动力响应,从而影响天平基础的稳定性和可靠性,甚至可能会导致结构发生变形[1-2]。因此,关注脉冲风洞天平基础的振动问题是十分必要的。在分析上部结构的动力响应时,结构与地基的相互作用至关重要,先前的动态相互作用计算通常假设下部地基为均质半空间地基,实际上,许多构筑物下部地基是由层状地基组成的[3],与均质半空间地基存在着一定区别。因此,研究层状地基的动力特性对于分析脉冲风洞天平基础的动力响应以及实际工程安全评价具有一定意义。
对于结构-地基动力相互作用问题,从20世纪初到60年代后期,主要关注于基础在荷载下响应的理论方法研究。随后,逐渐转向数值方法阶段,并发展到近现代的混合方法阶段[4-5]。PARAMELEE[6]在1967年率先提出了一个土-结构系统的合理力学模型,开启了对土-结构动力相互作用更深入的研究。LYSMER等[7]在1972年提出了一种频域动力分析方法,用于分析水平分层介质上的基础。此后,DASGUPTA等[8]将LYSMER等[7]的研究拓展到三维基础问题研究。在20世纪80年代中期以后,针对土-结构动力相互作用问题,出现了各种更精确的方法。KARABALIS和BESKOS[9-10]使用边界元法(boundary element method,BEM)在时域中分析了三维刚性地面上基础的阻抗函数。郑海忠等[11]专注于研究季节性冻土在不同场地中的基础振动衰减特性,利用相似性分析,结合数值模拟对不同场地的基础振动衰减特性进行分析。巴振宁等[12]在参考基础动力设计分析中考虑了地基土的参振质量概念,提出针对大型复杂动力机器基础的参振质量概念,并建立了精细化的整体模型。汪刚等[13]通过采用多种不同的激励形式,选择适当的计算方法进行了分析,以获得在不同激励方式下体系基础频率的可靠性。蒋通等[14]利用二次形函数薄层元,模拟了半空间上的层状场地,并分析了点源简谐荷载和弹性半空间的位移响应,推导了薄层元的计算公式。杨有贞等[15]推导了横观各向同性层状半空间体的对偶方程组,并建立了一套封闭的求解方法,为三维地基研究提供了新的途径。周君华[16]推导了土层界面处相邻点位移之间的关系式,并通过正交设计法确定了各个因素对土层界面附加应力集中作用影响的重要程度。赵悦等[17]采用MATLAB、ABAQUS联合仿真方法对复杂层状地基下筒型基础参数进行了优化反演分析。针对横观各向同性的层状地基,杨林青等[18]用积分变换方法和改进的相减模型得到了时域解,用于分析任意形状基础的动力响应。但是以上研究计算过程过于复杂,且对于载荷频率、荷载幅值、基础尺寸和地基参数等因素的考虑还不够充分。
因此,针对层状地基条件下脉冲风洞天平基础动力响应影响机理研究的不足,提出了一种高效而精确的计算方法,旨在深入分析层状地基对脉冲风洞天平基础振动特性的影响,并结合有限元方法对模型进行有效验证,为脉冲风洞天平基础的设计和优化提供一定的理论参考。
某脉冲风洞天平基础为钢筋混凝土结构,基础埋深D为4.2 m,基础尺寸为6.6 m×2.5 m×4.2 m。基础顶面采用HRB500级别的钢筋,通过螺栓与钢支撑连接,并将试验模型固定在其上,同时混凝土的强度等级为C35,如图1所示。天平基础下部地基为非均匀地层,厚度为H,剪切波速度随深度线性增加分布,范围从Vs1Vs2,泊松比为v1,质量密度为ρ1;下部半空间土层具有均匀的特性,包括剪切波速为Vs2,泊松比为v2,质量密度为ρ2,基础的特征长度R。在试验过程中,模型受到脉冲形式的作用力,包括:竖向力Py、水平力Px和弯矩力Mz。针对该风洞进行的试验测力表明,其受到的是一对简谐扰力作用,具体形式为竖向力为Py =35sin 30t(kN)、水平力为Px =25sin 30t(kN)、弯矩力为Mz =50sin 30t(kN•m)。
通过刚性连接,模型与支撑以及支撑与基础之间形成了连续的结构,因此可以假设作用在模型上的气动荷载可以无损地传递至下部基础。
本研究针对脉冲风洞在层状地基土上运行时,天平基础受到的不平衡力引起的振动现象进行了探究。振动的特征可分解为竖向振动和水平回转耦合振动,为了深入研究这一现象,提出了一种计算层状地基条件下脉冲风洞天平基础振动特征的方法。
假定嵌入在非均匀土层中刚性矩形基础,长为L,宽为B,埋置深度为D,与周围土体完全结合,其下部为均匀半空间,如图2所示。刚性矩形基础承受动态竖向载荷为Py,非均匀土层厚度为H,其特征为剪切波速度随深度线性分布,范围从Vs1Vs2,泊松比为v1,质量密度为ρ1;下部半空间土层具有均匀特性,剪切波速为Vs2,泊松比为v2,质量密度为ρ2
考虑非均匀层的剪切波速随深度发生变化,如图2(a)所示。简化模型被认为是附着在地基上用于模拟层状地基,利用等价性准则计算模型参数。
根据我国现行动力机器基础计算模型,基于基础-土体系统一般模型存在的代表性简化模型,该模型被认为依附在地基上[19]。如图2(b)所示,单元包括线性弹簧、黏滞阻尼器和集中质量,模型参数包括竖向静态刚度Kez、竖向阻尼系数Ced、竖向集中质量Med。下标ez和ed分别表示竖向静态等价和动态等价。简化模型的顶部节点(节点0)处具有载荷振幅为P0ω),圆频率为ω的简谐竖向力Py=P0ω)sinωt,顶部节点处合成位移为U0,振幅为u0ω),内部节点(节点1)处位移为U1,振幅为u1ω)。
将竖向合成位移幅值u0ω)与施加荷载幅值P0ω)相关顶部节点简谐荷载的竖向动态阻抗函数进行竖向运动分析,计算动态阻抗函数,建立内部节点和顶部节点平衡方程为
从式(1)和式(2)中移除u1,得到:
式(3)模型可进一步表示为
式中:kezcedmed分别为竖向静态刚度、阻尼系数和集中质量的无量纲参数;ρVs分别为土体质量密度和层状土体顶部的剪切波速。基础简化模型的动态阻抗函数Sd=P0/u0,可推导为
竖向简化模型参数是通过将简化模型的动态阻抗函数与基础-土体系统的动态阻抗函数等效来计算,为竖向静态刚度、动态刚度系数和动态阻尼系数建立3个等效标准,即
式中:Ksf为竖向静态基础刚度;kfcf为动态阻抗系数,由基础-土体系统的竖向阻抗函数Sf得出,
式(8)中,定义竖向静态刚度的等效标准支持竖向简化模型参数Kez的求解,使用竖向动态刚度和竖向动态阻尼系数的等效标准来计算剩余的竖向简化模型参数,这些等效标准通过替换式(6)和式(7)转换成式(9)和式(10)来实现,
上述联立方程给定无量纲频率下的无量纲参数为cedmed,式(11)的解cedmed表现出与基础阻抗函数相同的频率依赖性。因此,所提出的简化模型具有3个参数,通过式(8)和式(11)依次求解。
考虑到土体介质紧密的围绕着受水平力和弯矩作用的刚性矩形基础,如图3(a)所示。所提出的水平和回转简化模型由水平单元和回转单元组成,如图3(b)所示。水平单元设计为连接到刚性矩形基础的竖向中心线,回转单元位于基础底座下矩。每个单元有2个端点,一个连接到刚性矩形基础上,一个固定在刚性地面上。
根据所提出的方法,建立一系列的水平和回转简化模型来表示自由频率域中的基础阻抗函数。
水平分析模型阻抗函数S描述了在刚性矩形基础上作用力与基础-土体系统的响应之间的关系,一般定义为
式中:Ks为水平分析模型中的静态基础刚度;kc分别为水平分析模型中的动态刚度和阻尼系数;a0=ωR/Vs为圆频率为ω的无量纲频率。此外,当用图3(b)所示的简化模型模拟基础-土体系统时,考虑到作用在刚性矩形基础上的水平力和弯矩,则作用力-位移关系推导为
其中,
式中:Pbmob分别为作用在刚性矩形基础上的水平力和回转力矩的幅值;ub为刚性矩形基础水平位移幅值;ϕb为刚性矩形基础的回转幅值;KHUKRU分别为水平和回转单元的阻抗。Di为第i个水平单元到刚性矩形基础的垂直距离。在式(14)中,S表示与所提出水平和回转简化模型相连的刚性矩形基础的阻抗函数,而下标xβc分别为水平、回转和耦合方向。同时刚性矩形基础在3个方向(即)的阻抗函数由水平单元的阻抗组成,回转单元的阻抗仅影响回转方向的阻抗函数。
水平单元用于产生水平作用在刚性矩形基础上的相互作用力,其参数包括静态刚度Kex、刚度系数Keh、阻尼系数Ceh和块状质量Meh。同样,回转单元会产生一个回转作用在刚性矩形基础上的相互作用力矩,其参数包括静态刚度K和阻尼系数Cer。其水平与回转单元类型如表1所示。
通过考虑水平单元和回转单元推导出水平阻抗函数,耦合阻抗函数,以及等式(14)为简化模型计算的回转阻抗函数,其表达式为
静态刚度:
动态阻抗系数:
相关无量纲参数定义为
式中,Gρ分别为土体的特征剪切模量和质量密度。关于式(17)水平单元(kHUcHU)和回转单元(kRUcRU)的动态阻抗系数在2.2.3节中说明。
当一个水平力为Pxt)= P0 sinωt,载荷幅值为P0的谐波作用于水平单元刚性矩形基础上。由此产生的稳态位移为xt)= x0sinωt,位移幅值为x0,将水平单元的动态阻抗KHU计算为荷载幅值与位移幅值的比率,即P0/x0和频率相关的函数,即
式中,KSH =Kex为单元的标准静态刚度。动态阻抗系数通过等式(20)的无量纲参数得出:
式中,kexkehcehmeh为水平单元的无量纲参数。表2为水平单元的动态阻抗系数。
当在刚性矩形基础上施加力矩幅值为M0的旋转力矩为Mt)= M0sinωt,通过振动理论推导所得到的稳态回转响应为Φt)= φ0sinωt,回转幅值为ϕ0。将回转单元的动态阻抗KRU计算为力矩幅值与回转幅值的比值(表3为回转单元的动态阻抗系数),即M0/ϕ0,其为复杂的频率相关函数,即
式中,KSR = K+Vs12Kex为回转单元的标准静态刚度。
式中,kkercermer为回转单元的无量纲参数。此外,有
水平和回转简化模型的参数是通过将简化模型计算的地基阻抗函数与基础-土体系统的阻抗函数相等来确定。将简化模型视为等效模型,根据静刚度、动刚度系数和动阻尼系数建立等效准则,得出:
同时,考虑水平、回转和耦合方向的刚性矩形基础阻抗函数,Ksk和c是根据实际基础-土体系统的阻抗函数分析得出的结果。
根据静刚度等效准则,参数KexD1K通过代入式(16)~式(23),即
通过动态刚度和阻尼系数的等效标准,代入式(17)、式(24)和式(25),得
式(27)中,联立方程给定无量纲参数d2d3kehcehmehcermer。方程中有6个建模参数通过求解式(27)得出。因此,该模型有9个参数依次由方程求解式(26)和式(27)得到。
通过使用ABAQUS大型有限元分析软件,建立了三维有限元模型,如图4所示。模型、支撑、基础和地基的单元类型都设置为C3D8R。在考虑冲击荷载作用下,假设支座和安装板是完全弹性的,并且冲击荷载传递到安装板上,并均匀分布在安装板的顶面。模型和支撑采用线弹性材料,并使用弹性本构模型进行建模,其支撑的弹性模量为210 GPa,泊松比为0.2。基础采用C35混凝土,弹性模量为30 GPa,泊松比为0.25,并使用混凝土损伤塑性(concrete damaged plasticity)本构模型来描述混凝土材料的力学行为,同时地基采用莫尔-库仑模型。
为了考虑基础和地基的尺寸,选择了6.6 m×2.5 m×4.2 m(长×宽×高)的基础尺寸和13.0 m×9.4 m×16.8 m的地基土体尺寸。为了避免边界条件效应的影响,采用了10 m的无限元边界厚度来模拟土体边界,以确保边界效应不会对结果产生影响[20-21]。在荷载作用过程中,模型与支撑、支撑与基础始终保持贴合。除了钢筋与地基之间,其他结构之间的相互作用均采用Tie连接。基础与地基之间的法向行为被设置为硬接触(Hard contact)来模拟它们之间的相互作用,而切向行为则采用罚函数(Penalty)。此外,基础与地基之间的接触满足库伦摩擦[22],摩擦系数设定为0.4。对模型底部的竖向位移和水平位移进行约束,侧面进行水平位移约束,而顶部不进行约束。在计算前采取自动平衡法对其层状土体进行了地应力平衡[23],同时为了确保数值模拟的准确性,进行了网格无关性检验[24-25],使用了不同单元和节点数量的网格来验证网格无关性。具体而言,采用19 205个节点和25 787个单元,土体单元网格数为5.4×104。土层弹性模量,重度参数参见表4,土层分别为黏土、粉质页岩和砂岩。
基于某次实测数据中的竖向力、水平力和弯矩力的荷载形式,施加于模型形心处来模拟风洞对试验模型的荷载影响。
如前文所述,尺寸为长6.6 m,宽2.5 m,高4.2 m矩形基础,在天平基础运行过程中,会受到周期性的动力荷载影响。为了模拟这种情况,选取了某次实测荷载,并从中选择了一个相对稳定的阶段作为外部荷载[26]。竖向力为Py=35sin 30t(kN),水平力为Px=25sin 30t(kN),弯矩力为Mz=50sin 30t(kN•m),荷载作用时间为0~0.5 s。层状地基土体的动力特性采用非均匀土层的厚度为H=12 m,其特征为剪切波速度随深度线性增加分布,范围从Vs1 = 300 m/s到Vs2 = 500 m/s,泊松比为v1 = 1/3,质量密度为ρ1 = 2000 kg/m3;下部半空间土层具有均匀的特性,包括剪切波速为Vs2 = 500 m/s,泊松比为v2 = 1/2,质量密度为ρ2 = 2500 kg/m3;基础的特征长度R=3.3 m,基础混凝土重度25 kN/m3。通过理论式(3)、数值模拟以及式(13),得到了层状地基下天平基础在竖向、水平和回转方向上的位移特征。相关结果如图5所示,具体的对比数据如表5所示。
通过对比理论计算值和数值模拟值的结果,在瞬时值和最大振幅方面,差异仅为10-3级别,竖向位移的差距为3.71%,水平位移的差距为3.16%,回转角度的差距为2.10%。在频率方面,理论计算值和数值模拟值最大差距为3.26%。可以看出,理论计算值和数值模拟值的差距均为可接受的范围。由于所用的模型简化方法、计算方法、边界条件和系统参数等因素影响,导致理论计算值和数值模拟值产生差异,但它们之间存在差异较小,处于可接受范围,因此这也表明理论计算值与数值模拟计算值可以起到相互验证的作用。
因此,理论计算值能够相对准确地反映层状地基脉冲风洞天平基础的动力特性,从而表明理论方法在动力响应方面具有一定的精确性。此外,考虑到简谐荷载的频率与基础的自振频率之间存在较大差异,因此不会发生共振现象[27]
图6进一步给出了层状地基上,在脉冲风洞载荷作用下天平基础时程曲线随载荷频率发生变化。
图6可知,基础位移的竖向和水平向幅值以及回转角度的幅值在30 rad/s的载荷频率时达到最大值。在该频率之后,基础位移随着频率的增加逐渐减小,直到在70 rad/s时达到最小值。当荷载频率变化为30、40、50、60、70 rad/s时,竖向和水平向位移以及回转角度的时程变化周期分别为0.210、0.157、0.126、0.105、0.090 s。对应的频率分别为4.78、6.37、7.96、9.55、11.14 Hz。值得注意的是,每增加10 rad/s的荷载频率,基础振动周期减小0.053 s,频率增加1.59 Hz。可以观察到当荷载频率不同时,由于基础与荷载频率关系的非线性以及基础动力放大系数的影响,从而导致基础位移及回转角度时程曲线幅值和相位的不同。由图6(a)可知,随着频率的增大,竖向位移的最大振幅从0.003 174 6 mm减小到0.001 373 6 mm。其下降幅度相对平缓。由图6(b)可知,随着频率的增大,水平向位移的最大振幅在30~40 rad/s的范围内下降幅度最大,之后下降趋势逐渐平缓。由图6(c)可知,随着频率的增大,回转角度的最大幅值在30~40 rad/s范围内的变化最大,在60~70 rad/s范围内最小。
综上,基础位移幅值随载荷频率的变化反映了层状地基脉冲风洞天平基础的动力特性。在层状地基条件下,天平基础振动受到频率的调控,其最大振幅和振动频率随着载荷频率的变化而改变。
为研究天平基础在不同荷载幅值下的动力特性,假定仅荷载幅值发生变化,水平向荷载考虑25、35、45 kN,竖直向荷载同样考虑25、35、45 kN。图7展示了地基1(均匀半空间地基)和地基2(层状地基)情况下,基础水平位移幅值时程在不同脉冲风洞荷载幅值作用下的变化。
在竖向荷载不同的情况下,比较地基1和地基2(以下简称E1和E2)的水平位移振幅时程结果发现,E2的位移幅值时程与E1总体上呈现相似规律,即随着荷载幅值增大,基础水平位移的最大振幅逐渐增大。当荷载从25 kN增加至45 kN时,E1的水平位移最大振幅从0.001 56 mm增加至0.001 95 mm,每增加10 kN的荷载,最大振幅增加0.000 195 mm。而E2的水平位移最大振幅从0.000 565 mm增加至0.000 630 mm,每增加10 kN的荷载,最大振幅增加0.000 032 5 mm,增长幅度相对较小。此外,无论竖向荷载如何变化,基于E1和E2的天平基础水平位移时程曲线的频率都保持在4.78 Hz。
在竖向荷载相同的情况下,比较E1和E2的水平位移幅值结果发现,随着荷载幅值的增大,基础水平位移的最大振幅逐渐增大。当荷载从20 kN增加至40 kN时,E1的水平位移最大振幅从0.002 38 mm增加至0.003 28 mm,每增加10 kN的荷载,最大振幅增加0.000 45 mm。而E2的水平位移最大振幅从0.000 211 mm增加至0.000 914 7 mm,每增加10 kN的荷载,最大振幅增加0.000 351 8 mm,增长幅度相对较小。同样地,无论竖向荷载如何变化,基于E1和E2的天平基础水平位移时程曲线的频率保持在4.78 Hz。
综上所述,地基1和地基2在水平向荷载增加时,相较于竖向荷载的增加,对最大振幅的影响更为显著。在竖向荷载变化时,水平向位移时程与水平向荷载变化时的频率基本一致。这表明水平向荷载对天平基础的最大振幅影响更大,而荷载对振动频率没有显著影响。
荷载幅值的改变引起的竖向位移和回转角度的变化特征相似,不再赘述。
在实际工程中,层状地基的各层地基之间的力学性能会存在一定差异,会对上部结构物产生不同的影响。为了分析不同基础尺寸和地基参数对基础的动力响应的影响,假设气动荷载相同,只改变基础尺寸。表6中列出了在不同基础尺寸下计算得到的振动最大振幅和振动频率,其中“S”表示预设尺寸为6.6 m×2.5 m×4.2 m。同时,针对不同基础尺寸设置不同的地基参数,包括剪切模量为55、60、65、70、75 MPa,其中预设剪切模量为65 MPa。图8展示了地基1(均匀半空间)和地基2(层状地基)情况下不同基础尺寸的位移幅值时程。根据图8的观察结果,当剪切模量大小不变时,无论是地基1还是地基2,随着模型的基础尺寸逐渐减小,基础的竖向位移最大振幅和水平向位移最大振幅逐渐增大。以预设剪切模量为例,地基1的竖向位移最大振幅在0.56S~0.75S的区间内下降幅度最大为0.001 640 00 mm,在1.33~1.77 s的区间内下降幅度最小为0.000 080 82 mm。同样地,地基2的竖向位移下降幅度最大为0.000 511 00 mm,最小下降幅度为0.000 025 60 mm。然而,地基1和地基2的水平向位移最大振幅在0.56S~1.77S的基础尺寸变化区段内呈现出均匀性变化。当基础尺寸大小不变时,地基1和地基2的竖向位移最大振幅和水平向位移最大振幅都随着剪切模量的增加呈递减趋势,且竖向位移最大振幅的递减幅度大于水平向位移最大振幅的递减幅度。
另外,随着基础尺寸的增大,参振质量也随之增加,导致振动频率明显下降。
综上所述,基础尺寸和剪切模量的差异对基础的振动响应具有重要影响,随着基础尺寸的增大,基础位移最大振幅和振动频率明显下降,尤其在均质地基上,位移的最大振幅大于层状地基上的振幅。同时,随着剪切模量的增大,基础位移的最大振幅呈现递减趋势。
在脉冲风洞天平基础工程中,有时由于实际需要会对基础做出不同深度的调整。根据基础-土体系统,定义层深比T=H/R,选取层深比分别为T=2.0、T=2.5、T=3.0、T=3.5、T=4.0,预设层深比T=3.0,剪切波速分别为200、250、300、350、400 m/s,预设剪切波速为300 m/s。
通过理论计算,可以得到竖向最大振幅、水平向最大振幅和回转最大振幅随着层深比和剪切波速的变化情况,如图9所示。在剪切波速大小不变的情况下,基础层深比越小,竖向位移的最大振幅逐渐增大,而水平位移最大振幅和回转角度最大振幅逐渐减小。这意味着在脉冲风洞荷载作用下,层深较浅的基础在竖向受到的荷载影响更大,产生的位移振幅更大,而水平位移和偏转角度受到的影响较小,产生的位移振幅较小。另外,随着基础层深比以跨度为0.5的增加,竖向位移的最大振幅逐渐减小,而水平位移最大振幅和回转角度最大振幅逐渐增大。当层深比保持不变时,随着剪切波速的增大,竖向位移的最大振幅在200~350 m/s区间内逐渐增长,其中在300~350 m/s区间内增长幅度最大,然后在350~400 m/s区间内开始减小。水平位移最大振幅在200~400 m/s区间内逐渐增大,其中在200~250 m/s区间内增长幅度较小,在250~400 m/s区间内增长幅度近似为线性形式,回转角度最大振幅在200~400 m/s全区间内逐渐增大,增长幅度约为0.000 01 mm。
综上,基础的层深越浅,竖向受到荷载的影响越显著,而水平位移和回转角度受到的影响较小;剪切波速的增大会减小竖向位移对荷载的响应,但会增加水平位移和回转角度对荷载的响应。
本文通过推导层状地基脉冲风洞天平基础的阻抗函数,利用基础-土体系统的代表性简化模型,建立了层状地基天平基础在脉冲荷载作用下的简化计算方法,并用ABAQUS有限元软件进行数值模拟验证。首先建立了基础的阻抗函数,将简化模型的动态阻抗函数与基础-土体系统的动态阻抗函数进行等效,求得层状地基上天平基础在脉冲风洞载荷作用下的动力响应。进一步分析了不同的载荷频率、荷载幅值、基础尺寸与地基参数,以及不同层深比与剪切波速对层状地基下天平基础动力响应的影响,得出以下结论:
1)通过对理论计算和数值模拟结果的比较,发现层状脉冲风洞天平基础在脉冲载荷下的动力响应结果具有显著的一致性,从而验证了理论计算的准确性。此外,在竖向、水平向和回转角度下,随着载荷频率的增加,基础的最大振幅逐渐减小,而振动频率逐渐增大。
2)在脉冲载荷作用下,基于层状地基与均匀地基的天平基础动力响应存在明显差异。在层状地基上,随着荷载幅值增大,基础位移的最大振幅逐渐增大,但低于在均匀地基上的最大振幅,且基础振动频率保持不变。此外,随着基础尺寸的增大,基础位移的最大幅值和振动频率明显下降,层状地基上基础位移最大幅值小于均质地基上基础位移最大幅值。同时,随着剪切模量的增大,基础位移最大振幅呈现递减趋势。
3)基于不同层深比和剪切波速的变化,基础的竖向位移最大振幅随着层深比的减小而增大,而水平位移和回转角度随着层深比的增大而增大。另一方面,随着剪切波速的增大,竖向位移最大振幅先增大后减小,而水平向位移最大振幅和回转角度最大振幅呈现递增趋势。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41672342)
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2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0612
  • 接收时间:2023-10-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-08
  • 修回日期:2023-11-22
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41672342)
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    1.西南科技大学 土木工程与建筑学院,四川 绵阳 621010
    2.中国空气动力研究与发展中心,四川 绵阳 621000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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