Article(id=1245390360818598129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0616, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694620800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-14, revisedDate=1698163200000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853800253, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853800253, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853800253, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853800253, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390357958082790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='237', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853799571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854467826, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245393160877224589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245393160877224590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=173, endPage=184, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390361372246267, articleId=1245390360818598129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Study on the influence of seismic response of high arch dams considering reservoir bottom absorption, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The compressibility of reservoir water and the influence of reservoir-bottom silt on the seismic response of the structure are taken into account to establish the high arch dam-reservoir water-foundation system model of Jinping-I Arch Dam, and the feasibility of using the acoustic-solid coupling method to simulate the effect of reservoir water on the dam body is verified by comparing it with the dynamic water pressure calculated by the Westergaard method. The absorption of silt deposited at the bottom of the upstream reservoir is simulated by different reflection coefficients of the reservoir bottom set in the model; seismic records that conformed to the hydraulic code response spectrum were selected as input based on the site conditions, and the response values of dynamic water pressure at the arch crown beam of the concrete dam under the action of vertical-incidence earthquakes with different bottom reflection coefficients were analyzed and studied. The results showed that the magnitude of the bottom reflection coefficient has a significant effect on the dynamic water pressure results at the arch crown beam, and the dynamic water pressure results increase with the increase of the reflection coefficient, and the difference of the dynamic water pressure at the heel of the dam with adjacent reflection coefficients becomes larger.

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考虑了库水的可压缩性与库底淤泥对结构地震响应的影响,以锦屏一级高拱坝为例,建立高拱坝-库水-地基系统模型,通过与Westergaard方法计算的动水压力进行对比,验证使用声固耦合方法模拟库水对坝体作用的可行性。同时,通过模型中设置的不同库底反射系数来模拟上游水库库底沉积淤泥的吸收作用,依据场地条件选取符合水工规范反应谱的地震记录作为输入,探究不同反射系数下大坝在不同库底反射系数垂直入射地震作用下的拱冠梁处动水压力等响应值。研究结果表明:库底反射系数的大小对拱冠梁处的动水压力结果具有明显影响,动水压力响应值随着反射系数增大而增加,相邻反射系数下坝踵处动水压力的差值随之变大。

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陈灯红(1983—),男,教授,博士,主要从事混凝土材料动力特性与结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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陈灯红(1983—),男,教授,博士,主要从事混凝土材料动力特性与结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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陈灯红(1983—),男,教授,博士,主要从事混凝土材料动力特性与结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360818598129, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical property parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料属性坝体地基库水
弹性模量/GPa28.830.002.07
密度/(×102 kg/m32410
泊松比0.1670.200
), ArticleFig(id=1245390395014758456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360818598129, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料属性坝体地基库水
弹性模量/GPa28.830.002.07
密度/(×102 kg/m32410
泊松比0.1670.200
), ArticleFig(id=1245390395115421757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360818598129, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Natural frequency of Jinping first Arch Dam

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数本文结果文献[23](拱梁分载法结果)文献[23](有限元法结果)
1阶1.4851.5511.486
2阶1.5521.7241.606
3阶2.3422.4322.478
), ArticleFig(id=1245390395182530629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360818598129, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

锦屏一级拱坝自振频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数本文结果文献[23](拱梁分载法结果)文献[23](有限元法结果)
1阶1.4851.5511.486
2阶1.5521.7241.606
3阶2.3422.4322.478
), ArticleFig(id=1245390395258028102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360818598129, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Impulse type seismic tensile stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反射系数坝高305 m处坝高150 m处坝高0 m处
左岸(点1)中缝(点2)右岸(点3左岸(点4)中缝(点5)右岸(点6)左岸(点7)中缝(点8)右岸(点9)
1.00.650.660.647.930.878.012.252.074.69
0.80.630.650.647.950.787.882.212.014.42
0.60.630.840.638.040.837.832.142.044.27
0.40.640.890.628.130.957.872.182.234.12
0.20.640.860.638.221.117.932.152.374.03
00.631.290.638.331.237.972.132.483.78
), ArticleFig(id=1245390395362885711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360818598129, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

脉冲型地震拉应力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反射系数坝高305 m处坝高150 m处坝高0 m处
左岸(点1)中缝(点2)右岸(点3左岸(点4)中缝(点5)右岸(点6)左岸(点7)中缝(点8)右岸(点9)
1.00.650.660.647.930.878.012.252.074.69
0.80.630.650.647.950.787.882.212.014.42
0.60.630.840.638.040.837.832.142.044.27
0.40.640.890.628.130.957.872.182.234.12
0.20.640.860.638.221.117.932.152.374.03
00.631.290.638.331.237.972.132.483.78
), ArticleFig(id=1245390395450966099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360818598129, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Non-impulse type seismic tensile stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反射系数坝高305 m处坝高150 m处坝高0 m处
左岸(点1)中缝(点2)右岸(点3)左岸(点4)中缝(点5)右岸(点6)左岸(点7)中缝(点8)右岸(点9)
1.00.641.060.598.190.837.062.393.035.35
0.80.630.920.608.110.787.132.312.775.19
0.60.620.650.608.100.887.162.262.774.87
0.40.630.670.618.091.077.382.242.844.83
0.20.641.410.618.121.147.472.262.914.25
00.651.320.628.161.337.572.272.974.06
), ArticleFig(id=1245390395526463576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360818598129, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

非脉冲型地震拉应力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反射系数坝高305 m处坝高150 m处坝高0 m处
左岸(点1)中缝(点2)右岸(点3)左岸(点4)中缝(点5)右岸(点6)左岸(点7)中缝(点8)右岸(点9)
1.00.641.060.598.190.837.062.393.035.35
0.80.630.920.608.110.787.132.312.775.19
0.60.620.650.608.100.887.162.262.774.87
0.40.630.670.618.091.077.382.242.844.83
0.20.641.410.618.121.147.472.262.914.25
00.651.320.628.161.337.572.272.974.06
), ArticleFig(id=1245390395631321181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360818598129, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Impulse type seismic compressive stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反射系数坝高305 m处坝高150 m处坝高0 m处
左岸(点1)中缝(点2)右岸(点3)左岸(点4)中缝(点5)右岸(点6)左岸(点7)中缝(点8)右岸(点9)
1.0-2.52-9.24-2.96-4.98-12.18-4.56-10.94-8.09-6.83
0.8-2.63-9.12-2.92-4.78-12.25-4.47-10.30-7.45-6.27
0.6-2.86-9.10-2.91-4.66-11.77-4.41-10.00-7.06-6.32
0.4-3.00-9.29-2.91-4.63-12.51-4.36-10.24-7.20-6.34
0.2-3.06-9.10-2.95-4.63-12.58-4.32-10.45-7.38-6.35
0-3.14-9.47-2.97-4.65-11.98-4.28-10.64-7.54-6.44
), ArticleFig(id=1245390395736178784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360818598129, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

脉冲型地震压应力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反射系数坝高305 m处坝高150 m处坝高0 m处
左岸(点1)中缝(点2)右岸(点3)左岸(点4)中缝(点5)右岸(点6)左岸(点7)中缝(点8)右岸(点9)
1.0-2.52-9.24-2.96-4.98-12.18-4.56-10.94-8.09-6.83
0.8-2.63-9.12-2.92-4.78-12.25-4.47-10.30-7.45-6.27
0.6-2.86-9.10-2.91-4.66-11.77-4.41-10.00-7.06-6.32
0.4-3.00-9.29-2.91-4.63-12.51-4.36-10.24-7.20-6.34
0.2-3.06-9.10-2.95-4.63-12.58-4.32-10.45-7.38-6.35
0-3.14-9.47-2.97-4.65-11.98-4.28-10.64-7.54-6.44
), ArticleFig(id=1245390395954282596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360818598129, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Non-impulse type seismic compressive stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反射系数坝高305 m处坝高150 m处坝高0 m处
左岸(点1)中缝(点2)右岸(点3)左岸(点4)中缝(点5)右岸(点6)左岸(点7)中缝(点8)右岸(点9)
1.0-3.30-10.71-3.53-6.13-13.52-4.66-10.37-7.82-6.84
0.8-3.49-10.86-3.54-6.16-13.62-4.47-10.19-7.35-6.48
0.6-3.67-10.97-3.54-6.19-13.74-4.44-10.15-7.44-6.55
0.4-3.84-11.14-3.54-6.19-13.87-4.47-10.14-7.59-6.62
0.2-4.00-11.27-3.536.19-13.99-4.50-10.16-7.71-6.71
0-4.07-11.56-3.41-6.18-14.07-4.50-10.37-7.81-6.75
), ArticleFig(id=1245390396046557290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360818598129, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

非脉冲型地震压应力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反射系数坝高305 m处坝高150 m处坝高0 m处
左岸(点1)中缝(点2)右岸(点3)左岸(点4)中缝(点5)右岸(点6)左岸(点7)中缝(点8)右岸(点9)
1.0-3.30-10.71-3.53-6.13-13.52-4.66-10.37-7.82-6.84
0.8-3.49-10.86-3.54-6.16-13.62-4.47-10.19-7.35-6.48
0.6-3.67-10.97-3.54-6.19-13.74-4.44-10.15-7.44-6.55
0.4-3.84-11.14-3.54-6.19-13.87-4.47-10.14-7.59-6.62
0.2-4.00-11.27-3.536.19-13.99-4.50-10.16-7.71-6.71
0-4.07-11.56-3.41-6.18-14.07-4.50-10.37-7.81-6.75
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考虑库底吸收的高拱坝地震响应影响研究
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陈灯红 1, 2 , 岳梦 1, 2 , 林天成 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(6): 173-184
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(6): 173-184
考虑库底吸收的高拱坝地震响应影响研究
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陈灯红1, 2 , 岳梦1, 2, 林天成1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.防灾减灾湖北省重点实验室(三峡大学),湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2.三峡大学 土木与建筑学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 陈灯红(1983—),男,教授,博士,主要从事混凝土材料动力特性与结构抗震研究。E-mail:

Study on the influence of seismic response of high arch dams considering reservoir bottom absorption
Denghong CHEN1, 2 , Meng YUE1, 2, Tiancheng LIN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Hubei Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2.College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0616
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考虑了库水的可压缩性与库底淤泥对结构地震响应的影响,以锦屏一级高拱坝为例,建立高拱坝-库水-地基系统模型,通过与Westergaard方法计算的动水压力进行对比,验证使用声固耦合方法模拟库水对坝体作用的可行性。同时,通过模型中设置的不同库底反射系数来模拟上游水库库底沉积淤泥的吸收作用,依据场地条件选取符合水工规范反应谱的地震记录作为输入,探究不同反射系数下大坝在不同库底反射系数垂直入射地震作用下的拱冠梁处动水压力等响应值。研究结果表明:库底反射系数的大小对拱冠梁处的动水压力结果具有明显影响,动水压力响应值随着反射系数增大而增加,相邻反射系数下坝踵处动水压力的差值随之变大。

库底吸收  /  库底反射系数  /  动水压力  /  地震响应

The compressibility of reservoir water and the influence of reservoir-bottom silt on the seismic response of the structure are taken into account to establish the high arch dam-reservoir water-foundation system model of Jinping-I Arch Dam, and the feasibility of using the acoustic-solid coupling method to simulate the effect of reservoir water on the dam body is verified by comparing it with the dynamic water pressure calculated by the Westergaard method. The absorption of silt deposited at the bottom of the upstream reservoir is simulated by different reflection coefficients of the reservoir bottom set in the model; seismic records that conformed to the hydraulic code response spectrum were selected as input based on the site conditions, and the response values of dynamic water pressure at the arch crown beam of the concrete dam under the action of vertical-incidence earthquakes with different bottom reflection coefficients were analyzed and studied. The results showed that the magnitude of the bottom reflection coefficient has a significant effect on the dynamic water pressure results at the arch crown beam, and the dynamic water pressure results increase with the increase of the reflection coefficient, and the difference of the dynamic water pressure at the heel of the dam with adjacent reflection coefficients becomes larger.

reservoir bottom absorption  /  reservoir bottom reflection coefficient  /  hydrodynamic pressure  /  seismic response
陈灯红, 岳梦, 林天成. 考虑库底吸收的高拱坝地震响应影响研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (6) : 173 -184 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0616
Denghong CHEN, Meng YUE, Tiancheng LIN. Study on the influence of seismic response of high arch dams considering reservoir bottom absorption[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (6) : 173 -184 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0616
我国西部地区地质结构复杂、地层断裂较多,同时在高耸的地势地貌条件下蕴含的水力水能资源也较为丰富。然而,这些地区的高坝、超高坝在遭受强震作用时,可能会遭受较为严重的破坏,甚至发生溃坝,而溃坝所带来的后果不堪设想。
高拱坝具有坝体高、库容大的特点,一旦遭遇强烈地震并引发严重灾变,将会给人民的生命财产以及国民经济的发展带来难以估量的巨大损失。此外,地震的发生及其地震动强度具有极大不确定性,拱坝工程遭遇远超设计地震烈度作用并产生不同程度震损的情形在国内外多有发生,如美国的帕克依玛拱坝,我国的沙牌拱坝、德基拱坝等[1]。因此需要对高拱坝进行抗震性能分析,研究其在地震作用下的动态响应,为大坝的抗震设计、设防提供参考。高拱坝的地震响应分析需要考虑地震动输入机制[2]、坝体-库水-地基动力相互作用、坝体和岩体材料非线性以及横缝接触几何非线性等因素[3]。其中坝体-库水-地基系统模型的构建存在几个关键问题,包括库水的可压缩性与库底淤泥的影响、库水与坝体和地基之间的动力相互作用、无限地基的辐射阻尼效应、横缝的几何非线性和坝体的材料非线性等[4-8]
关于淤沙是否对坝体抗震存在影响,已有学者进行了研究。章青等[9]考虑库底吸收作用,用分区加权余量法,分析了挡水坝的地震反应,结果表明,考虑水的可压缩性和库底的吸收性能可以使水坝的抗震设计更为经济和合理。牛志伟等[10]通过将库底淤泥层视为液固两相孔隙介质建立坝体-地基-库水-淤泥系统的动力反应分析模型,结果表明,淤泥层厚度越大,坝面动水压力越小,坝体加速度略有增大。李艳朋等[11]基于声固耦合方法,通过考虑不同的激励频率和库底反射系数下库底淤泥层的影响,结果表明,库底反射系数越大,库水压力幅值越高,从而导致坝体动力响应增强。
在地震过程中,库水由于波动会对结构的上游面造成一定的动水压力,因此在计算结构的动力响应时需要对其关注[12-13]。同时实际工程中水库库前由于长期的堆积形成了淤泥,淤泥的内部成分复杂,可能也会给坝踵处造成一定的压力,大坝的抗震性能也会受到一定的影响。
基于上述学者的研究,本文对该问题进行进一步研究,考虑库水的可压缩性与库底淤泥对结构地震响应的影响,以锦屏一级高拱坝为例,建立了高拱坝-库水-地基系统模型,通过与Westergaard方法计算的动水压力进行对比,验证使用声固耦合方法模拟库水对坝体作用的可行性。同时,通过模型中设置的不同库底反射系数来模拟上游水库库底沉积淤泥的吸收作用,并分析所建立的坝体-库水-地基综合模型在地震下的响应。
研究坝体-库水相互作用的地震响应需要分析动荷载下库水对坝面的压力-即动水压力。当前学者较为普遍采用的有2种方法:Westergaard附加质量法和流固耦合法。GB 51247—2018《水工建筑物抗震设计标准》[14]采用Westergaard方法计算坝面的动水压力,通过计算出水深h处的水平向地震动水压力对应的坝面法向附加质量,并根据输入的地震动幅值计算出坝面动水压力最大值的分布,如式(1)所示:
式中:pmaxρwH0ügmax分别为动水压力最大值、水的密度、库水深度和地面加速度绝对值的最大值。
利用声学流体模拟库水,声学流体的运动方程表示为
假定流体为无黏性、线性及可压缩的,压力p表示为
将式(2)除以ρf,取相对于X的梯度,忽略体积阻力,联立式(3)得到:
式中:p为声学压力;γ为体积阻力;X为流体粒子的空间位置;θi为考虑温度等的独立变量;为流体粒子的运动速度;üf为流体粒子的加速度;ρf为流体密度;Kf为流体的体积模量。
式(4)即为以声压p为目标函数的波动方程。为求解上述波动方程,需给出坝-库水自由表面边界条件Sfp、声固耦合边界条件Sfs、库底吸收边界条件Sfr和库尾辐射边界Sfi,如图1所示。
在自由表面Sfp上定义初始压力p0,将压力梯度与流体运动联系起来代入得到式(5):
其余各边界条件均可用Tx)表示,
在自由表面Sfp
在库底吸收边界Sfr
在坝-库交界面Sfs上,
在库尾辐射边界Sfi上,
式中:1/k1、1/c1分别为声学流体边界法线方向上位移和速度之间的比例系数,分别对其定义以实现声吸收边界的模拟。fβ为与声学边界的几何形状有关的参数。
将4个边界条件代入式(5)可得流体介质的瞬态表达式为
对库水流体方程进行有限元离散,任意一点的压力p可表示为
采用伽辽金离散后表示为
代入四类边界条件,同时将式(12)改写为伽辽金弱形式,如式(13)所示:
分别令
得到流体的有限元方程
式中:N为流体动水压力的插值函数;Pe为动水压力的单元节点矢量;c为流体声速;a为反射系数,变化范围从0~1分别表示全吸收和全反射;MfCfKf分别为流体的质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵;Sf为系数矩阵;L为转化矩阵;Ns为交界面固体的插值函数。
为验证声固耦合方法考虑库水作用的正确性,本文基于ABAQUS软件对所构建的有限元模型进行有限元分析,通过坝面的动水压力与参考解的对比以验证本文提出方法的合理性。以位于印度的Koyna坝为研究对象,建立的模型考虑满库情况下的Koyna重力坝,其有限元模型和几何尺寸见图2。计算所用的材料参数:水体密度ρf = 1 000 kg/m3,水的体积模Kf = 2.07 GPa;刚性坝面弹性模量Es = 3.15×1031 Pa,坝体密度ρs=2650 kg/m3,泊松比μ=0.17,坝体阻尼比为5%;坝底输入顺河向正弦加速度üg = sin(ωt)(ω=5,10),时间步长为0.01 s。坝体使用平面应变单元CPE8R、库水使用声学单元AC2D8。其库水边界条件设置如下:坝底固定水平向、坝体-库水界面用TIE约束绑定、库水尾部设置平面无反射波、库水表面设置声压为0。
在输入地震加速度üg=sin(ωt)(ω=5,10)的2种情况下坝体-库水模型坝踵点A处的动水压力计算值与文献[15]和解析解对比如图3图4所示。
从以上坝踵点动水压力结果对比图可以看出,在2种荷载üg=sin(ωt)(ω=5,10)下,本文提出的声固耦合方法坝踵点动水压力响应结果与文献值和Westergaard解均吻合良好。进一步验证本文方法的可行性。
采用ABAQUS中的声学单元模拟库水,利用声学介质的阻抗边界条件模拟库底的吸收作用,沿着声学介质阻抗边界的表达式为
式中:为流体的外法线方向上的速度;1/k1、1/c1分别为声压和声学流体域边界法线方向上位移和速度之间的比值,1/k1取为0,1/c1取为(1-a)/ρf(1+aca为库底反射系数,ρfc分别为流体的密度和声速。
建立84 m刚性重力坝为分析对象[16],库水高度为70 m,长度取为2倍坝高,其有限元模型如图5所示。
水中波速c=1440 m/s,库水密度为ρf=1000 kg/m3,顺河向地震激励大小取为0.3048 m/s2。库水自由面设置声压为0,使用TIE约束模拟声固耦合作用,库尾设置平面无反射波,库底分别设置反射系数a为0.250、0.500、0.750、0.925共4种情况。对坝面动水压力的数值计算结果进行归一化处理并绘制了动水压力随坝面高度变化的曲线如图6所示。
图6可知,设置的4种不同反射系数下上游坝面的无量纲动水压力与文献解和经典解的结果均吻合良好。其中当反射系数a分别为0.250、0.500、0.750、0.925时,坝踵点处的动水压力结果与文献值相比,分别相差2%、3%、5%、2%,说明采用该方法模拟库底吸收作用是可行的。
以锦屏一级高拱坝为研究对象,考虑库底吸收的坝体-库水-地基系统模型地震响应。构建锦屏一级拱坝的坝体-库水-地基数值模型,地基沿上下游各取约1.5倍坝高、竖向取2.5倍坝高,库水采用满库模型,拱坝沿厚度划分5层单元,坝体与地基采用C3D8R单元离散、库水采用AC3D8单元离散。其中,库水采用声学介质模拟,在线性波动条件下利用声学介质边界阻抗条件模拟库水自由面、库尾无限远处辐射边界和库底吸收边界,坝体有4 464个节点,2 205个单元;地基有433 08个节点,38 990个单元;库水有3 684个节点,2 830个单元,坝体设置了26条横缝。坝体-库水-地基系统网格剖分如图7所示。
大坝在施工过程中由于温度应力和施工的需要,往往会采取分层分块的浇筑方式,待大坝降温后灌浆形成整体[17],但当拱坝遭受地震作用时,横缝两端产生相对滑移,会对坝体的应力和位移响应产生影响[18-19],需要对考虑横缝设置的拱坝地震响应进行深入研究。横缝在动力荷载作用下的非线性行为较为复杂,本文采用动接触边界模拟横缝的法向力学行为,如图8所示。动接触边界由主面和从面构成,从面上的任意一节点S在主面上都有唯一节点M与之对应[20]。动接触边界在横缝张开时接触力为零,在横缝闭合时可传递任意大小接触力。
采用Mohr-Coulomb定律模拟横缝的切向力学行为。为改善计算的收敛性,同时收敛条件满足精度要求,引入图9所示的指数型应力-位移关系来近似描述接触面的法向接触本构[21],其数学表达式为
式中:c为主从面初始间隙;h为主从面之间的相对位移(正号为嵌入);p为接触点对上的压力;p0为特征接触力。
经过试算、验证,在有限元模型中取c=0.005 mm、p0 = 50 GPa可很好地模拟横缝间法向的张开与闭合的力学行为。另外,采用经典的Mohr-Coulomb定律模拟切向的接触力时[22],动摩擦系数取为0.60。坝体材料未考虑分区,地基采用无质量地基模型。坝体、库水与地基材料的动力参数见表1。计算得到有限元模型的前3阶自振频率见表2,与文献[23]中的自振频率进行比较,结果吻合良好,说明所建立的模型合理。
锦屏一级拱坝的设防类别为甲类,参考安全评估复核的结果,综合考虑一定区域内所潜在震源的贡献,取大坝100 a基准期超越概率P=1%的地震强度(即10000 a一遇)的基岩水平峰值加速度317 Gal(0.323 g)作为最大可信地震(maximum credible earthquake,MCE)的设计强度[23],拱坝的地震放大系数谱最大值βmax = 2.5,锦屏坝址处于0.45 s区,根据GB 51247—2018《水工建筑物抗震设计标准》[14]中特征周期的规定调整为0.30 s,综合上述条件确定锦屏一级拱坝的放大系数谱和设计加速度反应谱如图10所示。
根据设计反应谱拟合持续时间为20 s的脉冲型地震动、非脉冲型地震动各1条,其中脉冲型地震的,非脉冲型地震的,2条地震动的时程曲线及其与设计反应谱的对比如图11图12所示。在进行计算时考虑的荷载有坝体自重、静水压力、动水压力和地震荷载,库底反射系数分别设置了a为0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0共6种情况。地震输入方式采用地基边界面加速度一致输入,考虑顺河向、横河向、竖向3个方向的输入,其中竖向输入地震加速度的幅值大小为水平向的2/3。
提取了非脉冲型地震动作用下库底反射系数a=1的锦屏一级拱坝的坝顶点的横河向加速度、顺河向加速度、坝顶点与坝踵点横河向相对位移、坝顶点与坝踵点顺河向相对位移等时程曲线满足规范中标准反应谱原理,具体参数见图13
提取了6种工况下该拱坝分别在2条地震作用下的拱冠梁处动水压力、坝顶拱线圈横缝开度、顺河向相对位移、竖向相对位移4个参数响应结果,如图14图15所示。
图15可知,库底反射系数的大小对拱冠梁处的动水压力具有明显影响。相较于全反射(a=1)的情况,当库底反射系数设置a为0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8时,脉冲地震下拱冠梁处的动水压力分别减少了72.4%、67.5%、61%、48.3%、30.9%,且随着反射系数的增大,相邻反射系数下坝踵处动水压力的差值也随之变大。
非脉冲地震下拱冠梁处的动水压力变化也呈现出相似规律,相较于全反射(a=1)的情况,当库底反射系数设置a为0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8时,脉冲型震下拱冠梁处的动水压力分别减少了76.4%、72.3%、66.0%、55.9%、27.0%。
针对所提取的横缝开度、坝顶的顺河向和竖向相对位移等响应值,2条地震动下不同反射系数计算得到的响应值差距较小。相较于全反射的情况,当库底反射系数设置a为0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8时,脉冲地震下的坝顶坝踵顺河向相对位移最大值分别减少了2.1%、1.5%、1.1%、1.2%、0.6%,竖向相对位移最大值分别减少了1.1%、0.9%、1.0%、1.1%、0.07%。可以看出,不同反射系数下的响应值差异不明显。
水库的动水压力会作用于坝面上,因此针对坝体应力,考虑到上游坝面中缝、坝体-基岩交界等可能出现较大应力的区域,分别提取了9个应力参考点的主拉和主压应力,9个参考点分别处于上游坝面的上、中、下部位,其所在的位置如图16所示。并提取了应力参考点的最大拉、压应力值,如表3~表6所示。
可以看出,2条地震动作用下坝体的最大拉应力值均出现在坝体和坝基在中部的交界处,而压应力的较大值则出现在了中缝处,但考虑到混凝土构建抗拉性能较薄弱,因此在地震作用下坝体-坝基的交界处最先发生破坏的可能性较大。在不同反射系数下,2条地震动下的右岸点9处的拉应力值随着反射系数的增大而增大,相较于全反射的情况,当库底全吸收时,该点的拉应力值分别减少了0.91、1.29 MPa。而反射系数考虑其他设置时,2条地震输入下坝体各点处的拉应力值则没有表现出较大差异。
本文研究了水库大坝长期运行后库前存在的淤泥会对高拱坝抗震性能产生的影响,通过设置的反射系数考虑库底淤泥的作用,以锦屏一级拱坝为研究对象,探究不同反射系数下大坝的动力响应结果,得到的结论如下:
1)库底反射系数的大小对拱冠梁处的动水压力具有明显影响。其中,相较于全反射的情况,库底反射系数设置a为0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8时,脉冲型地震下拱冠梁坝踵处的动水压力分别减少了72.4%、67.5%、61%、48.3%、30.9%,且随着反射系数的增大,相邻反射系数下坝踵处动水压力的差值也随之变大。
2)非脉冲地震下拱冠梁处的动水压力变化也呈现出相似规律,相较于全反射(a=1)的情况,当库底反射系数设置a为0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8时,脉冲型震下拱冠梁处的动水压力分别减少了76.4%、72.3%、66.0%、55.9%、27.0%。
3)针对所提取的横缝开度、坝顶的顺河向和竖向相对位移等响应值,2条地震动下不同反射系数设置得到的响应差别较小。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52079072)
  • 土木工程防灾减灾湖北省引智创新示范基地(2021EJD026)
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饶宏玲,李德玉,薛利军. 基于NB35047—2015规范的锦屏拱坝抗震复核[J]. 人民长江, 2017, 48(2): 24-28.
RAO Hongling, LI Deyu, XUE Lijun. Anti-seismic check of arch dam of Jinping I Hydropower Station based on new standard of NB35047—2015[J]. Yangtze River, 2017, 48(2): 24-28. (in Chinese)
2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0616
  • 接收时间:2023-09-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-14
  • 修回日期:2023-10-25
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国家自然科学基金项目(52079072)
土木工程防灾减灾湖北省引智创新示范基地(2021EJD026)
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    1.防灾减灾湖北省重点实验室(三峡大学),湖北 宜昌 443002
    2.三峡大学 土木与建筑学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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