Article(id=1245390261837218150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0504, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698854400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-02, revisedDate=1703001600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853776654, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853776654, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853776654, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853776654, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390255516397762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853775147, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854426342, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392986884911753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392986889106058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390262118236535, articleId=1245390261837218150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Rapid seismic damage state assessment of infilled RC frames using machine learning methods, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures are one of the most common structures. It is found that infilled walls have a significant impact on seismic performance of RC frames in past earthquake damage investigations and experimental tests. To accurately and rapidly assess seismic damage states of infilled RC frames after an earthquake, 660 infilled RC frames were firstly designed based on different building structure information (i.e. the seismic design intensity, constructed period, number of stories, story height, number of bays and the filling rate), then the non-linear time history analysis was performed for the 660 infilled RC frames with 10 ground motions in OpenSees. 6 600 data points were gained from the analysis, resulting in a dataset which was used to develop seismic damage state assessment models of infilled RC frames. Based on the dataset, nine machine learning models predicting seismic damage states of infilled RC frames were developed using naive Bayes (NB), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), decision tree (DT), artificial neural network (ANN), random forest (RF), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine ( LightGBM), category boosting (CatBoost) algorithms. The results indicated that CatBoost and RF models had the highest prediction accuracy for the seismic damage state which was 0.93 in testing dataset, followed by LightGBM and XGBoost models with an accuracy of exceeding 0.90. Compared with actual damage investigated in the past earthquakes indicating that RF and CatBoost models achieved an identical accuracy of 47%. However, the difference in the remain damage states within one damage state level occupied 76% for CatBoost model, which was higher than that of RF model. Based on the CatBoost, importance analysis was performed for different input variables. It is found that three input variables had the greatest impact on infilled RC frame, including seismic design intensity (SDI), peak ground velocity (PGV) and the spectral acceleration at Sa(0.4 s). Furthermore, the importance of the number of stories on the seismic damage state for infilled RC frames increased as the increase of the number of stories.

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填充墙钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)框架是最常见的结构形式之一,实际震害和试验研究中发现填充墙对RC框架的抗震性能影响很大。为实现填充墙RC框架震后损伤状态准确、快速评估,首先根据不同的建筑结构信息(设防烈度、建造年代、层数、层高、跨数和填充率)设计了660个填充墙RC框架,结合10条地震动在OpenSees中对660个结构进行非线性时程分析,得到了6600个数据点,形成了填充墙RC框架震损评估模型建立的数据集。基于该数据集,采用朴素贝叶斯(naive Bayes,NB),K最近邻(K-nearest neighbors,KNN),决策树(decision tree,DT),人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN),随机森林(random forest,RF),自适应提升(adaptive boosting,AdaBoost),极端梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost),轻量级梯度提升(light gradient boosting machine,LightGBM),类别提升(category boosting,CatBoost)共9种机器学习的算法,建立了预测填充墙RC框架震后损伤的预测模型。研究结果表明:RF和CatBoost模型对损伤等级预测的精度最高,在测试集的准确率均达到0.93。紧随其后的是LightGBM和XGBoost模型,这些模型的准确率均超过了0.90。与实际震损数据对比,RF和CatBoost模型预测准确率均为47%,但CatBoost模型的预测误差在1个损伤等级范围内的准确率为76%,高于RF模型。基于CatBoost模型进行了不同输入变量的重要性分析,发现对填充墙RC框架震损影响最大的是设防烈度(seismic design intensity,SDI)、峰值地面速度(peak ground velocity,PGV)、0.4 s的谱加速度Sa(0.4 s)。此外,随着结构层数越多,楼层数量(ns)对结构的震损等级影响也越大。

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程小卫(1991—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事结构抗震减震、可恢复功能结构研究。E-mail:
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何坫锦(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事基于机器学习的建筑结构震损评估研究。E-mail:

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何坫锦(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事基于机器学习的建筑结构震损评估研究。E-mail:

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何坫锦(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事基于机器学习的建筑结构震损评估研究。E-mail:

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Design parameters of RC frames with infilled masonry walls

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建造年代1989年前1990—2001年2002年后
抗震设防烈度(SDI)6(0.05 g),7(0.10 g),8(0.20 g6(0.05 g),7(0.10 g),8(0.20 g6(0.05 g),7(0.10 g),8(0.20 g
x方向的跨数nls3,5,73,5,73,5,7
x方向的跨长lls/m66.0,7.56.0,7.5
y方向的跨数nss2,42,42,4
y方向的跨长lss/m7.57.57.5
层数ns33,63,6,8
层高hs/m3.63.63.6
混凝土强度等级200#C30C40
钢筋强度等级A3HRB335HRB400
柱/mm正方形:Cd=ξmax{400,[βAlgEn/ f′cμN]0.5}
长方形:Bh=lw/9;Bw=Bh/2
填充率Rm0%,30%~50%,50%~70%,70%~90%0%,30%~50%,50%~70%,70%~90%0%,30%~50%,50%~70%,70%~90%
开洞率Rp/%101010
), ArticleFig(id=1245390272037765150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

填充墙RC框架结构设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建造年代1989年前1990—2001年2002年后
抗震设防烈度(SDI)6(0.05 g),7(0.10 g),8(0.20 g6(0.05 g),7(0.10 g),8(0.20 g6(0.05 g),7(0.10 g),8(0.20 g
x方向的跨数nls3,5,73,5,73,5,7
x方向的跨长lls/m66.0,7.56.0,7.5
y方向的跨数nss2,42,42,4
y方向的跨长lss/m7.57.57.5
层数ns33,63,6,8
层高hs/m3.63.63.6
混凝土强度等级200#C30C40
钢筋强度等级A3HRB335HRB400
柱/mm正方形:Cd=ξmax{400,[βAlgEn/ f′cμN]0.5}
长方形:Bh=lw/9;Bw=Bh/2
填充率Rm0%,30%~50%,50%~70%,70%~90%0%,30%~50%,50%~70%,70%~90%0%,30%~50%,50%~70%,70%~90%
开洞率Rp/%101010
), ArticleFig(id=1245390272134234146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Material parameters of infilled masonry walls

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数fwhfwvfwufwsEwhEwvG
强度1.111.500.250.3199118731089
), ArticleFig(id=1245390272218120229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

填充墙砌体的材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数fwhfwvfwufwsEwhEwvG
强度1.111.500.250.3199118731089
), ArticleFig(id=1245390272293617706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Values of K1 and K2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数λH<3.143.14<λH<7.85λH<7.85
K11.3000.7070.470
K2-0.1780.0100.040
), ArticleFig(id=1245390272385892400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

K1K2取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数λH<3.143.14<λH<7.85λH<7.85
K11.3000.7070.470
K2-0.1780.0100.040
), ArticleFig(id=1245390272482361392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Reduction factors of skeleton curves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设防烈度建造时间
1989年前1990年后
ηFηdηFηd
9度设防烈度0.500.751.001.00
8度设防烈度0.500.831.001.00
7度及以下设防烈度0.500.831.001.00
), ArticleFig(id=1245390272583024696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

骨架曲线折减系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设防烈度建造时间
1989年前1990年后
ηFηdηFηd
9度设防烈度0.500.751.001.00
8度设防烈度0.500.831.001.00
7度及以下设防烈度0.500.831.001.00
), ArticleFig(id=1245390272700465212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Basic information of the specimens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件序号参考文献框架尺寸/(mm×mm)梁尺寸/(mm×mm)柱尺寸/(mm×mm)填充墙材料墙厚/mm有无洞口
试件1文献[32]1900×1800300×400300×300轻质混凝土砌体300
试件23150×2800350×400350×350
试件3文献[33]3150×2800350×400350×350陶粒混凝土空心砌块砌体350
试件43150×2800350×400350×350350
), ArticleFig(id=1245390272801128514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

试验试件主要设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件序号参考文献框架尺寸/(mm×mm)梁尺寸/(mm×mm)柱尺寸/(mm×mm)填充墙材料墙厚/mm有无洞口
试件1文献[32]1900×1800300×400300×300轻质混凝土砌体300
试件23150×2800350×400350×350
试件3文献[33]3150×2800350×400350×350陶粒混凝土空心砌块砌体350
试件43150×2800350×400350×350350
), ArticleFig(id=1245390272910180422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Inter-story drift at threshold of damage states

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗震设计水平建筑类型破坏状态阈值时的层间位移角
轻微破坏中等破坏严重破坏完全破坏
Moderate-codeC1L0.00500.00870.02330.0600
C1M0.00330.00580.01560.0400
C1H0.00250.00430.01170.0300
Low-codeC1L0.00500.00800.02000.0500
C1M0.00330.00530.01330.0333
C1H0.00250.00400.01000.0250
Pre-codeC1L0.00400.00640.01600.0400
C1M0.00270.00430.01070.0267
C1H0.00200.00320.00800.0200
), ArticleFig(id=1245390273090535503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

破坏状态对应的层间位移角限值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗震设计水平建筑类型破坏状态阈值时的层间位移角
轻微破坏中等破坏严重破坏完全破坏
Moderate-codeC1L0.00500.00870.02330.0600
C1M0.00330.00580.01560.0400
C1H0.00250.00430.01170.0300
Low-codeC1L0.00500.00800.02000.0500
C1M0.00330.00530.01330.0333
C1H0.00250.00400.01000.0250
Pre-codeC1L0.00400.00640.01600.0400
C1M0.00270.00430.01070.0267
C1H0.00200.00320.00800.0200
), ArticleFig(id=1245390273199587416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Divisions of seismic design level for Chinese buildings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗震设防烈度建造时间
1979—1989年1990年至今
8度(0.15 gLow-codeLow-code
7度(0.10 gPre-codeLow-code
6度(0.05 gPre-codePre-code
), ArticleFig(id=1245390273300250722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

中国建筑抗震设计等级划分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗震设防烈度建造时间
1979—1989年1990年至今
8度(0.15 gLow-codeLow-code
7度(0.10 gPre-codeLow-code
6度(0.05 gPre-codePre-code
), ArticleFig(id=1245390273388331109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Input and output variables of machine learning models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入变量建筑信息特征nshsnssnlslsslls、CP、SDI、RmRp
地震动信息特征PGA、PGV、EPA、SI、Sa(0.2 s)、Sa(0.4 s)、Sa(0.6 s)、Sa(0.8 s)、Sa(1.0 s)、Sa(1.2 s)、Sa(1.4 s)、Sa(1.6 s)、Sa(1.8 s)、Sa(2.0 s)
输出变量破坏状态完好、轻微破坏、中等破坏、严重破坏、完全破坏
), ArticleFig(id=1245390273488994410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

机器学习算法的输入和输出变量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入变量建筑信息特征nshsnssnlslsslls、CP、SDI、RmRp
地震动信息特征PGA、PGV、EPA、SI、Sa(0.2 s)、Sa(0.4 s)、Sa(0.6 s)、Sa(0.8 s)、Sa(1.0 s)、Sa(1.2 s)、Sa(1.4 s)、Sa(1.6 s)、Sa(1.8 s)、Sa(2.0 s)
输出变量破坏状态完好、轻微破坏、中等破坏、严重破坏、完全破坏
), ArticleFig(id=1245390273598046318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Nine kinds of machine learning classification algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号分类算法
1naive Bayes(NB)
2K-nearest neighbors(KNN)
3decision tree(DT)
4artificial neural network(ANN)
5random forest(RF)
6adaptive boosting(AdaBoost)
7extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)
8light gradient boosting machine(LightGBM)
9category boosting(CatBoost)
), ArticleFig(id=1245390273702903921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

9种机器学习分类算法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号分类算法
1naive Bayes(NB)
2K-nearest neighbors(KNN)
3decision tree(DT)
4artificial neural network(ANN)
5random forest(RF)
6adaptive boosting(AdaBoost)
7extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)
8light gradient boosting machine(LightGBM)
9category boosting(CatBoost)
), ArticleFig(id=1245390273811955830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Basic information of the buildings in two earthquakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号建筑编号高度/m楼层数量跨数(x×y向)跨长/m(x×y向)建造时间/年破坏状态
19468810.33318×14.55×7.301994严重破坏
29469010.67316×14.62×7.501995轻微破坏
39469110.80315×15.00×8.501974—1976轻微破坏
49469210.8836×14.00×10.001985轻微破坏
59472616.5054×23.30×4.091986—1996严重破坏
69472714.6641×43.31×3.281971轻微破坏
7947306.28212×24.52×3.751965轻微破坏
8947457.0025×14.84×8.501999完好
99474713.6047×34.50×3.631993严重破坏
10947496.6025×32.90×4.001976完好
11947527.00213×13.40×8.501968完好
12947537.0023×14.00×7.501968完好
13947647.3024×13.54×4.451983完好
14947867.30214×13.00×7.501978—1981完好
151241225.6023×54.00×4.201971—1991严重破坏
161213876.00210×13.44×5.601961轻微破坏
171241605.5025×32.80×2.932001严重破坏
), ArticleFig(id=1245390273908424825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390261837218150, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

2次地震的建筑基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号建筑编号高度/m楼层数量跨数(x×y向)跨长/m(x×y向)建造时间/年破坏状态
19468810.33318×14.55×7.301994严重破坏
29469010.67316×14.62×7.501995轻微破坏
39469110.80315×15.00×8.501974—1976轻微破坏
49469210.8836×14.00×10.001985轻微破坏
59472616.5054×23.30×4.091986—1996严重破坏
69472714.6641×43.31×3.281971轻微破坏
7947306.28212×24.52×3.751965轻微破坏
8947457.0025×14.84×8.501999完好
99474713.6047×34.50×3.631993严重破坏
10947496.6025×32.90×4.001976完好
11947527.00213×13.40×8.501968完好
12947537.0023×14.00×7.501968完好
13947647.3024×13.54×4.451983完好
14947867.30214×13.00×7.501978—1981完好
151241225.6023×54.00×4.201971—1991严重破坏
161213876.00210×13.44×5.601961轻微破坏
171241605.5025×32.80×2.932001严重破坏
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基于机器学习的填充墙RC框架震后损伤快速评估
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何坫锦 , 程小卫 , 李易 , 张豪友 , 凡亨通
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(5): 37-49
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(5): 37-49
基于机器学习的填充墙RC框架震后损伤快速评估
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何坫锦 , 程小卫 , 李易, 张豪友, 凡亨通
作者信息
  • 北京工业大学 城市与工程安全减灾教育部重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 何坫锦(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事基于机器学习的建筑结构震损评估研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

程小卫(1991—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事结构抗震减震、可恢复功能结构研究。E-mail:
Rapid seismic damage state assessment of infilled RC frames using machine learning methods
Dianjin HE , Xiaowei CHENG , Yi LI, Haoyou ZHANG, Hengtong FAN
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0504
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填充墙钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)框架是最常见的结构形式之一,实际震害和试验研究中发现填充墙对RC框架的抗震性能影响很大。为实现填充墙RC框架震后损伤状态准确、快速评估,首先根据不同的建筑结构信息(设防烈度、建造年代、层数、层高、跨数和填充率)设计了660个填充墙RC框架,结合10条地震动在OpenSees中对660个结构进行非线性时程分析,得到了6600个数据点,形成了填充墙RC框架震损评估模型建立的数据集。基于该数据集,采用朴素贝叶斯(naive Bayes,NB),K最近邻(K-nearest neighbors,KNN),决策树(decision tree,DT),人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN),随机森林(random forest,RF),自适应提升(adaptive boosting,AdaBoost),极端梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost),轻量级梯度提升(light gradient boosting machine,LightGBM),类别提升(category boosting,CatBoost)共9种机器学习的算法,建立了预测填充墙RC框架震后损伤的预测模型。研究结果表明:RF和CatBoost模型对损伤等级预测的精度最高,在测试集的准确率均达到0.93。紧随其后的是LightGBM和XGBoost模型,这些模型的准确率均超过了0.90。与实际震损数据对比,RF和CatBoost模型预测准确率均为47%,但CatBoost模型的预测误差在1个损伤等级范围内的准确率为76%,高于RF模型。基于CatBoost模型进行了不同输入变量的重要性分析,发现对填充墙RC框架震损影响最大的是设防烈度(seismic design intensity,SDI)、峰值地面速度(peak ground velocity,PGV)、0.4 s的谱加速度Sa(0.4 s)。此外,随着结构层数越多,楼层数量(ns)对结构的震损等级影响也越大。

填充墙RC框架  /  机器学习  /  损伤状态  /  损伤评估  /  有限元模型

Infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures are one of the most common structures. It is found that infilled walls have a significant impact on seismic performance of RC frames in past earthquake damage investigations and experimental tests. To accurately and rapidly assess seismic damage states of infilled RC frames after an earthquake, 660 infilled RC frames were firstly designed based on different building structure information (i.e. the seismic design intensity, constructed period, number of stories, story height, number of bays and the filling rate), then the non-linear time history analysis was performed for the 660 infilled RC frames with 10 ground motions in OpenSees. 6 600 data points were gained from the analysis, resulting in a dataset which was used to develop seismic damage state assessment models of infilled RC frames. Based on the dataset, nine machine learning models predicting seismic damage states of infilled RC frames were developed using naive Bayes (NB), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), decision tree (DT), artificial neural network (ANN), random forest (RF), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine ( LightGBM), category boosting (CatBoost) algorithms. The results indicated that CatBoost and RF models had the highest prediction accuracy for the seismic damage state which was 0.93 in testing dataset, followed by LightGBM and XGBoost models with an accuracy of exceeding 0.90. Compared with actual damage investigated in the past earthquakes indicating that RF and CatBoost models achieved an identical accuracy of 47%. However, the difference in the remain damage states within one damage state level occupied 76% for CatBoost model, which was higher than that of RF model. Based on the CatBoost, importance analysis was performed for different input variables. It is found that three input variables had the greatest impact on infilled RC frame, including seismic design intensity (SDI), peak ground velocity (PGV) and the spectral acceleration at Sa(0.4 s). Furthermore, the importance of the number of stories on the seismic damage state for infilled RC frames increased as the increase of the number of stories.

infilled RC frames  /  machine learning  /  damage state  /  damage assessment  /  finite element model
何坫锦, 程小卫, 李易, 张豪友, 凡亨通. 基于机器学习的填充墙RC框架震后损伤快速评估. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (5) : 37 -49 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0504
Dianjin HE, Xiaowei CHENG, Yi LI, Haoyou ZHANG, Hengtong FAN. Rapid seismic damage state assessment of infilled RC frames using machine learning methods[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (5) : 37 -49 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0504
砌体填充墙钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)框架是最常见的结构类型之一,填充墙作为框架结构中的非结构构件,与框架之间存在较为复杂的相互作用。填充墙可以增加框架结构的整体刚度,从而减少结构的周期,合理布置填充墙将对框架结构产生积极影响[1-2];也有研究人员认为填充墙有消极影响[3-4],尤其当填充墙在平面或立面中不规则布置时[5]。此外,砌体填充墙的开口会导致填充墙刚度和强度的降低,降低填充框架的整体承载力能力和刚度[6]。在过去地震中,大量RC框架结构发生了倒塌,造成了严重的经济损失和人员伤亡,震后损伤评估报告[7]表明砌体填充墙在地震响应过程中产生了显著影响,而现存填充墙RC框架中可能存在不合适的抗震措施,这种情况往往会加重这种损失。因此,亟需对不同类型(如:不同建设年代、不同层数、不同填充率等)的填充墙RC框架结构震损开展研究。
目前,对于填充墙RC框架结构震损研究多是基于试验和精细化数值模拟。对于震后大量建筑需要快速评估时,现有的方法多是现场调查,需要大量的人力和时间。基于数据驱动的机器学习具有明显的优势,能够根据大量样本数据对结构震损情况给出准确、快速的评估[8-13]。因此,本文建立了设防烈度、建造年代、层数、跨数、跨长和填充率等不同参数的填充墙RC框架有限元模型,并选取了10条地震动对模型进行时程分析得到震损数据库,基于该数据库和9种常见的机器学习方法建立了填充墙RC框架震损预测模型,实现砌体填充墙RC框架的震后损伤准确快速评估。最后,基于预测模型对填充墙RC框架的关键参数进行了特征重要性分析。研究结果为填充墙RC框架的结构设计和震后损伤评估提供参考。
参考文献[10]的RC框架结构,本文设计了660个填充墙RC框架,其中纯框架198个(填充率为0%),填充率为30%~50%的框架150个,填充率为50%~70%的框架114个,填充率为70%~90%的框架198个。对于不同填充率的RC框架,其各填充墙考虑10%的开洞率。按照结构层数分类,这660个填充墙RC框架包括300个3层RC框架,240个6层RC框架,120个8层RC框架。填充墙RC框架结构关键设计参数如表1所示,结构根据《建筑抗震设计规范》[14-17]设计,填充墙RC框架的建设年代包括1989年前、1990—2001年和2002年后3个区间;抗震设防烈度为6度、7度、8度[18];框架x方向跨数有3跨、5跨和7跨三类,跨长包括6.0 m和7.5 m两类;框架y方向的跨数有2跨和4跨两类,跨长均为7.5 m。对于框架结构的楼层数量,1989年前的框架结构只设计3层,1990—2001年的框架结构有3层和6层,2002年后的框架结构有3层、6层和8层,层高均为3.6 m。在RC框架结构中,采用正方形柱和矩形梁。根据JGJ 3—2010《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》[19]的轴压比限值,柱截面高度和宽度(Cd)采用表1中的公式进行计算,梁截面高度(Bh)为跨度(lw)的1/9,梁截面宽度(Bw)则为高度的1/2。梁的纵向配筋率为0.5%,是规范[1820-22]要求的最小配筋率0.25%的2倍。1989年前、1990—2001年和2002年后的RC框架结构混凝土强度等级分别采用了推荐的200#、C30、C40,相应的混凝土抗压强度为13.7、22.8、30.4 MPa;钢筋分别采用A3、HRB335、HRB400,对应的屈服强度分别为240、335、400 MPa。
填充墙砌体的材料采用空心黏土砖砌体,由于本研究没有实测数据,因此选择了NAFEH等[23]和HAK等[24]建议的填充墙平均强度,参数如表2所示。
填充墙RC框架数值模型是在OpenSees平台[25]上建模和分析,建模方法如图1所示。框架梁和柱采用了集中塑性铰梁柱单元(BeamWithHinges element),该单元由中间的弹性梁柱单元和两端的塑性铰区组成。柱两端塑性铰区的弯曲和剪切弹簧,分别模拟柱子的弯曲和剪切行为。弯曲弹簧采用了三折线材料模型,如图1(a)所示;剪切弹簧采用ZIMOS等[26]提出的四折线材料模型,如图1(b)所示。梁两端的塑性铰区只建立弯曲弹簧,材料模型与柱子的弯曲弹簧相同。梁柱节点区域采用旋转弹簧和刚性连接杆模拟,代表节点区域的受剪行为,旋转弹簧的材料模型如图1(c)所示。
填充墙采用等效对角斜撑模型模拟[27],如图1所示。2根对角斜撑采用杆单元(truss element)建模,材料模型采用四折线[28]。等效斜撑的长度为填充墙对角线长度dw,等效斜撑的厚度为填充墙厚度tw,等效斜撑的宽度bw采用BERTOLDI等[29]建议的计算公式,如式(1)所示:
式中:dw为斜撑长度;H为楼层中心线之间的高度;K1K2为常数项,如表3所示取值;λ由SMITH[30]定义如式(2)所示:
式中:Ewθ为砌体填充墙在对角线方向上的弹性模量,Ewθ = [sin4 θ/Ewh + cos4θ/Ewv + sin2θcos2θ(1/G-2ν/Ewv)]-1,其中ν为泊松比;θ为与填充墙高宽比相关的角度;EcIc为框架柱的抗弯刚度;hw为填充墙的高度。
为了考虑开口对填充墙RC框架强度和刚度的影响,ASTERIS等[6]建议直接对等效斜撑宽度进行折减,折减系数计算公式为
式中:αa=lphp/Lwhw,其中,lp为洞口的宽度,hp为洞口的高度,Lw为填充墙的宽度,hw为填充墙的高度。
当建筑结构的建造年龄越大时,其所遭受的侵蚀和碰撞损伤也越多,结构的钢筋混凝土的抗震性能将不可避免地降低,为了考虑这种影响,根据T/SSC 1—2021《基于强震动记录的地震破坏力评估》[31]对不同建造年代的结构材料强度进行了折减,如图2所示。折减系数如表4所示,折减公式如式(4)所示:
式中:F0Δ0分别为原始框架结构相应的侧向力和侧向位移;F1Δ1分别为考虑建造年代对RC框架的影响后的相应的侧向力和侧向位移;ηFηd分别为侧向力和侧向位移的相应折减系数。
为了验证1.2.1节砌体填充墙RC框架建模方法的合理性,本文选取了文献[32-33]中的4个RC框架拟静力试验,采用上述建模方法对各试件进行建模和分析,试件的主要信息如表5所示。试件1和试件3为无洞口填充墙RC框架,试件2为无填充墙RC框架,试件4为有洞口填充墙RC框架,试验其他详细信息见文献[32-33]。
图3(a)~(d)对比了各试件模拟与试验的荷载-位移曲线。可以看出:对于无填充墙RC框架试件,如图3(b)所示,尽管滞回曲线的形状有一点区别,但该模型较好地模拟了承载力峰值,承载力峰值的误差是6.6%。对于无洞口填充墙RC框架试件1和试件3,试件1发生了填充墙对角线开裂且梁柱节点区域破坏,试件3发生了填充墙对角线开裂且墙体脱落破坏。对于这2种不同的破坏模式,本文建立的数值模型可以准确地模拟无洞口墙体的滞回特性,如图3(a)和(c)所示。对于有洞口填充墙RC框架试件4,试验与模拟的峰值承载力吻合较好,峰值荷载误差是9.2%,由此可见折减系数方法可以准确地模拟有洞口填充墙RC框架的承载力。综上可以看出,本文所选数值分析模型能够较为准确地模拟填充墙RC框架的受力行为。
根据FEMA P695[34]的建议,选取了10条地震动。10条地震动记录中包括了4条远场地震动和6条近场地震动,地震震级为6.5~7.5级,平均震级为7级,地面峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)为0.22~1.18 g,峰值地面速度(PGV)为29.8~167.3 cm/s,5%临界阻尼的加速度反应谱如图4所示。
第1.1节设计的660个填充墙RC框架在10条地震动作用下进行非线性时程分析,获得6600个填充墙RC框架震后损伤数据,形成机器学习模型的数据库。HAZUS标准[35]基于层间位移角将RC框架的地震破坏状态分为五类,包括:完好(no damage,ND)、轻微破坏(slight damage,SD)、中等破坏(moderate damage,MD)、严重破坏(extensive damage,ED)、完全破坏(complete damage,CD)。表6为HAZUS标准中不同破坏状态对应的层间位移角限值,并根据文献[36]列出了中国抗震设防烈度与HAZUS中的抗震设计水平的对应关系,如表7所示。6600个填充墙RC框架地震破坏状态分布如图5所示,完好的结构966个(占14.6%),轻微破坏结构766个(占11.6%),中等破坏的结构2640个(占40%),严重破坏的结构1140个(占17.3%),完全破坏的结构1088个(占16.5%)。
本文选取了24个参数作为机器学习的输入变量、1个输出变量,如表8所示。输入变量包括建筑信息和地震动信息,其中建筑信息包括:楼层数量(ns)、楼层层高(hs)、框架2个水平方向上的开间数量和开间长度(nssnlslsslls)、建筑建造时间(CP)、建筑抗震设防烈度(SDI)、填充墙的填充率(Rm)和开洞率(Rp);地震动信息包括了峰值地面加速度(PGA)、峰值地面速度(PGV)、有效峰值加速度(EPA)、谱强度(SI)和5%阻尼比下间隔0.2 s的加速度响应谱值Sa(0.2 s)、Sa(0.4 s)、Sa(0.6 s)、Sa(0.8 s)、Sa(1.0 s)、Sa(1.2 s)、Sa(1.4 s)、Sa(1.6 s)、Sa(1.8 s)、Sa(2.0 s)。输出变量为结构的地震损伤状态。为防止变量之间的数量级产生过大差距从而对机器学习模型的预测有较大影响,因此对所有变量进行标准正态化、归一化处理。
本文采用朴素贝叶斯(naive Bayes,NB),K最近邻(K-nearest neighbors,KNN),决策树(decision tree,DT),人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN),随机森林(random forest,RF),自适应提升(adaptive boosting,AdaBoost),极端梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost),轻量级梯度提升(light gradient boosting machine,LightGBM),类别提升(category boosting,CatBoost)共9种分类算法对填充墙RC框架结构震后损伤状态进行评估,分类算法如表9所示。NB算法[37]是基于概率的方法,在概率框架下按照最高概率对应的类别进行分类。KNN[38]算法是在特征空间中按照不同特征值之间的距离方法进行分类。DT算法[39]按照评估特征将原始数据集划分为多个数据子集,并在决策点的所有分支下按照特征再次划分数据子集直至分支结点中的样本数据尽可能属于同一类型。ANN算法[40]是基于生物神经网络的结构和功能,通过内部大量神经元传递和处理信息,实现分类预测。RF[41]和提升算法(AdaBoost[42]、XGBoost[43]、LightGBM[44]、CatBoost[45])均为集成学习算法,通过构建多个学习器并按照特定的策略结合成强学习器,以此获得更好预测结果。
本文采用上述9种算法训练机器学习模型,训练过程如图6所示。将整个数据集分为2个部分:训练数据集(占70%)和测试数据集(占30%),训练集用于建立预测模型,测试集用于测试预测模型的准确性,两类数据集中的数据均是随机选取,且不重复使用。9种模型的预测结果采用混淆矩阵表示,混淆矩阵中的3个指标可评价模型的好坏,包括精确率(Precision)、召回率(Recall)和准确率(Accuracy)。准确率(Accuracy)是模型预测正确样本的比例,精确率(Precision)是模型预测为正类样本中的正确样本的比例、召回率(Recall)是模型预测正确的正类样本占真实正类样本的比例。
图7图8是9种机器学习算法在训练集和测试集中的混淆矩阵。由图可知:①RF模型对损伤等级的预测精度最高,在训练集和测试集的准确率分别达到1.00和0.93。紧随其后的是CatBoost、LightGBM和XGBoost模型,这些模型在训练集和测试集中的预测准确率均超过了0.90。②尽管DT模型在训练集的准确率为1.00,但在测试集的准确率明显下降,准确率为0.90,表明该模型泛化能力较差。③不论是在训练集还是测试集,AdaBoost模型均表现出较低的准确率,该算法在训练集和测试集中的准确率分别为0.44和0.51。④大多数模型在训练集和测试集中对ND、MD、CD这3种破坏状态等级的预测表现了较高的精确率和召回率,但对SD破坏状态等级预测的精确率和召回率都较低,这可能是SD破坏状态的结构所占比例较低所致。因此,机器学习模型训练数据建立时,各类性质数据的数量最好均衡。
为了测试训练模型的可靠性,本文选取了实际地震中受损的17栋填充墙RC框架建筑对训练的机器学习模型进一步验证,建筑基本信息见表10[46-47],其中楼层数量为2~5层,建筑的建造时间为1961—2001年,建筑破坏状态包括完好、轻微破坏、严重破坏3种,跨数、跨长如表10所示,信息均作相应简化。结构其他震损数据见文献[46-47]。
采用预测结果较好的CatBoost模型和RF模型,对震后的17栋受损建筑的损伤状态进行预测,实际震损和预测结果对比如图9所示。结果表明2个模型的准确率均为0.47,17栋建筑中有8栋被正确预测,其中CatBoost模型预测准确了4栋完好建筑、3栋轻微破坏建筑和1栋严重破坏建筑;RF模型预测准确了4栋完好建筑、2栋轻微破坏建筑和2栋严重破坏建筑。此外,CatBoost模型和RF模型预测的损伤等级与实际震损等级在一个误差等级范围内的预测精度为0.76和0.70,但仍然有接近30%的预测误差,这可能的原因是本文选取的有限数量(10条)的地震动无法完全准确地反映任意一次地震时地震动的特性,即泛化能力并非100%,见图4。考虑到真实结构中填充墙布置、开洞的复杂性和多样性,地震的随机性,该预测精度对于震后迅速了解结构损伤情况,便于救援规划,具有可接受的精度。此外,图10给出了每个建筑的不同损伤状态对应的预测概率,例如6号建筑在CatBoost模型中预测为轻微破坏的概率为32%,因此该模型预测结果轻微破坏。但是需要特别注意,该建筑也有28%和21%概率的完好和中等破坏。因此,基于机器学习结果进行结构经济损失时,不仅要考虑预测的损伤等级,也需要进一步了解该预测结果的概率。
为深入研究输入变量对破坏状态等级预测的影响,基于表现最好的CatBoost模型,使用SHAP算法对每个输入变量提取了重要性系数,如图11所示。由图可知,设防烈度(SDI)对3种层数结构的破坏状态预测均具有最强的影响,峰值地面速度(PGV)、0.4 s的谱加速度Sa(0.4 s)次之。对于3层结构来说,建造时间(CP)对三类结构均有一定的影响,尤其是对于3层结构,因此在评估结构的破坏状态时也需要考虑建造时间。此外,对于层数较多的6层和8层结构,楼层数量(ns)对结构破坏状态的预测影响较大,尤其在8层结构中,其影响仅次于设防烈度(SDI)。其他较为重要的输入变量还包括了谱强度(SI)、有效峰值加速度(EPA)。此外,有些参数对于结构震损重要性很小,如y方向的跨长lss、层高hs和开洞率Rp等。因此,未来在采用机器学习进行区域建筑震损预测时(计算量庞大),可以不考虑这些冗余输入变量(重要性小的输入变量),提高模型的计算效率。
为准确快速评估填充墙RC框架结构的震后损伤状态,本文采用9种机器学习算法建立了填充墙RC框架震损等级预测模型,得到以下结论:
1)基于集中塑性模型和等效对角斜撑模型建立了可以准确模拟填充墙RC框架受力行为的数值模型。
2)CatBoost和RF模型准确地预测了填充墙RC框架的震后损伤,预测精度为0. 93;XGBoost和LightGBM模型的预测精度次之,预测精度均为0.92。RF、XGBoost、LightGBM、CatBoost这4个机器学习模型具有较高的召回率和精确率,其中CatBoost模型的召回率和精确率最高。
3)使用CatBoost模型和RF模型预测了震后17栋实际受损建筑,2个模型的准确率均为0.47,但CatBoost模型的预测误差在1个损伤等级范围内的准确率为76%,表现更好。
4)对填充墙RC框架震损影响最大是设防烈度、峰值地面速度、0.4 s的谱加速度Sa(0.4 s)。此外,随着结构层数越多,楼层数量(ns)对结构的震损等级影响也越大。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52108429)
  • 北京市科技新星计划项目(Z211100002121097)
  • 北京市教委项目(KM202210005018)
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2024年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0504
  • 接收时间:2023-11-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-02
  • 修回日期:2023-12-20
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52108429)
北京市科技新星计划项目(Z211100002121097)
北京市教委项目(KM202210005018)
作者信息
    北京工业大学 城市与工程安全减灾教育部重点实验室,北京 100124

通讯作者:

程小卫(1991—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事结构抗震减震、可恢复功能结构研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0504
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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