Article(id=1245390258498551974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0520, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692892800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-25, revisedDate=1703606400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853775858, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853775858, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853775858, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853775858, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390255516397762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853775147, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854426342, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392986884911753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392986889106058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=210, endPage=221, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390258716655789, articleId=1245390258498551974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Analysis of dynamic interaction influence factors of pile-soil-structure, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the mechanism of pile-soil-structure dynamic interaction and analyze its influencing factors, the horizontal dynamic response laws of pile-soil-structure system under different superstructure mass, different input wave frequency and acceleration peak input are analyzed and discussed by using the method of shaking table test and numerical simulation analysis. The soil model of the test foundation is medium hard soil, and the shear speed is about 213 m/s. The pile group foundation is composed of five foundation piles with a length of 1.35 m and a diameter of 0.1 m arranged in cross shape. The superstructure model is simulated by mass block. The experimental results show that the bending moment and shear force of pile body are the largest at the pile-bearing joint, and decrease with increasing depth. With the increase of the superstructure mass, the acceleration reaction between soil and pile foundation increases significantly, and the bending moment and shear force of the pile body also show an increasing trend. With the increase of the input sine wave amplitude and frequency, the motion interaction becomes larger, and the bending moment and shear force in the pile body become larger. The change of superstructure quality has the greatest impact on the dynamic interaction of the pile-soil-structure system, followed by amplitude and frequency.

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为了研究桩-土-结构动力相互作用机理,分析其影响因素,采用振动台试验和数值模拟分析相结合的方法,对不同上部结构质量、不同输入波频率和加速度峰值输入下的桩-土-结构体系的水平动力反应规律进行了分析和讨论。试验地基土体模型为中硬土,剪切波速约为213 m/s;群桩基础由5根长1.35 m、直径0.1 m的基桩“十”字型布置;上部结构模型采用质量块模拟。研究结果表明:桩身的弯矩与剪力在桩-承台连接处最大,并且随深度增加而减小;随着上部结构质量的增加,土体与桩基的加速度反应增大,桩身的弯矩与剪力也增大;随着输入正弦波幅值和频率的增大,桩-土运动相互作用变大,桩身弯矩与剪力变大;最后比较各种影响因素引起的反应发现,上部结构质量的变化对桩-土-结构体系动力相互作用的影响最大,幅值的影响次之,频率的影响最小。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
景立平(1963—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事岩土地震工程方面的研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+8z4QeCDghz0gS4PhF127g==, magXml=JmypDT5RMa7D1fVMZ7NyUg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5X7IbBnNcdsxvDKIKbZz9A==, pdfFileSize=7016361, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Hr4iMCFnvkWJVDx2f4MrZg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Po4RAbziLX/hcDx4HUs4MQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘敬羽(1995—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事桩-土相互作用方面的研究。E-mail:

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刘敬羽(1995—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事桩-土相互作用方面的研究。E-mail:

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刘敬羽(1995—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事桩-土相互作用方面的研究。E-mail:

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Advances in research on seismic performance and design methods for pile-supported wharves Part I: Earthquake damage and seismic design methods[J]. Hydro-Science and Engineering, 2016, (6): 1-8. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Advances in research on seismic performance and design methods for pile-supported wharves Part I: Earthquake damage and seismic design methods, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245390269609264039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, awardId=2019B10, language=CN, fundingSource=中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2019B10), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390263347167679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390263351361984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, companyId=1245390263347167679, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390263359750593, 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figureFileBig=mPqE2skMEjW7aIqMcpE8iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390266882966233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=CN, label=图7, caption=土体均方根加速度放大系数, figureFileSmall=2u8Msb6LWgRnkIPCg9G8gw==, figureFileBig=mPqE2skMEjW7aIqMcpE8iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390267004601059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Peak strain curves of pile No.2, figureFileSmall=x4LuuElzKEEqQIJUjEJejg==, figureFileBig=2dRbP0NqpOBrW6BKNxuWHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390267134624500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2号桩峰值应变曲线图, figureFileSmall=x4LuuElzKEEqQIJUjEJejg==, figureFileBig=2dRbP0NqpOBrW6BKNxuWHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390267252065019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Peak bending moment of pile foundation at different frequencies, figureFileSmall=dYkn4lYy6DEB8lKo8i3VyQ==, figureFileBig=5zi3o69DkOfy+FSOmVbExQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390267361116929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同频率下的桩基峰值弯矩图, figureFileSmall=dYkn4lYy6DEB8lKo8i3VyQ==, figureFileBig=5zi3o69DkOfy+FSOmVbExQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390267453391625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Numerical simulation model diagram, figureFileSmall=Ma1t68A3DyZLJZZGLLLWLQ==, figureFileBig=BgzDfi7ze4AKOiFbKttDJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390267549860626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=CN, label=图10, caption=数值模拟模型图, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Pile bodies shear force distribution diagram of different superstructure, figureFileSmall=0hqVtmgCPcMFgyAOkzgtvQ==, figureFileBig=lzKSwCSE5uibGTj3Bx3vDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390268397110097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同上部结构桩身剪力分布图, figureFileSmall=0hqVtmgCPcMFgyAOkzgtvQ==, figureFileBig=lzKSwCSE5uibGTj3Bx3vDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390268527133528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Bending moment diagram of pile body at different frequencies, figureFileSmall=wJt4IN/kNcgHpNPxDYMgig==, figureFileBig=LrGuqADFRBReg0kaEhNd0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390268619408223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同频率桩身弯矩图, figureFileSmall=wJt4IN/kNcgHpNPxDYMgig==, figureFileBig=LrGuqADFRBReg0kaEhNd0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390268678128487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Shear force diagram of pile body at different frequencies, figureFileSmall=RoX2zY8JVj+RJrQX8Vj+kg==, figureFileBig=KCwYB/zOa+7CR1fu61SKpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390268757820270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同频率桩身剪力图, figureFileSmall=RoX2zY8JVj+RJrQX8Vj+kg==, figureFileBig=KCwYB/zOa+7CR1fu61SKpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390268883649400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Soil sample parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度/m土样密度/(g/cm3最大动剪切模量Gmax/MPa剪切波速/(m/s)黏聚力/KPa内摩擦角/(°)
1.501.8081.59212.9027.3032.60
), ArticleFig(id=1245390269005284221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土样参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度/m土样密度/(g/cm3最大动剪切模量Gmax/MPa剪切波速/(m/s)黏聚力/KPa内摩擦角/(°)
1.501.8081.59212.9027.3032.60
), ArticleFig(id=1245390269122724742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Shaking table model test condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号上部结构质量/kg正弦波频率/Hz正弦波幅值/g
1无上部结构
23600(3块配重)2、4、60.05、0.10、0.15
37200(6块配重)
), ArticleFig(id=1245390269244359567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

振动台模型试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号上部结构质量/kg正弦波频率/Hz正弦波幅值/g
1无上部结构
23600(3块配重)2、4、60.05、0.10、0.15
37200(6块配重)
), ArticleFig(id=1245390269382771606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Material parameter values of numerical simulation model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料参数土体基础-混凝土钢筋上部结构
密度/(kg/cm31700250078007800
弹性模量/MPa12522567206000206000
泊松比0.300.200.250.25
), ArticleFig(id=1245390269500212126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258498551974, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

数值模拟模型材料参数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料参数土体基础-混凝土钢筋上部结构
密度/(kg/cm31700250078007800
弹性模量/MPa12522567206000206000
泊松比0.300.200.250.25
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桩-土-结构动力相互作用影响因素分析
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刘敬羽 , 景立平 , 齐文浩
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(5): 210-221
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(5): 210-221
桩-土-结构动力相互作用影响因素分析
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刘敬羽 , 景立平 , 齐文浩
作者信息
  • 中国地震局工程力学研究所,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 刘敬羽(1995—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事桩-土相互作用方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

景立平(1963—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事岩土地震工程方面的研究。E-mail:
Analysis of dynamic interaction influence factors of pile-soil-structure
Jingyu LIU , Liping JING , Wenhao QI
Affiliations
  • Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0520
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为了研究桩-土-结构动力相互作用机理,分析其影响因素,采用振动台试验和数值模拟分析相结合的方法,对不同上部结构质量、不同输入波频率和加速度峰值输入下的桩-土-结构体系的水平动力反应规律进行了分析和讨论。试验地基土体模型为中硬土,剪切波速约为213 m/s;群桩基础由5根长1.35 m、直径0.1 m的基桩“十”字型布置;上部结构模型采用质量块模拟。研究结果表明:桩身的弯矩与剪力在桩-承台连接处最大,并且随深度增加而减小;随着上部结构质量的增加,土体与桩基的加速度反应增大,桩身的弯矩与剪力也增大;随着输入正弦波幅值和频率的增大,桩-土运动相互作用变大,桩身弯矩与剪力变大;最后比较各种影响因素引起的反应发现,上部结构质量的变化对桩-土-结构体系动力相互作用的影响最大,幅值的影响次之,频率的影响最小。

振动台试验  /  数值模拟  /  正弦波荷载  /  群桩基础  /  桩-土运动相互作用

In order to study the mechanism of pile-soil-structure dynamic interaction and analyze its influencing factors, the horizontal dynamic response laws of pile-soil-structure system under different superstructure mass, different input wave frequency and acceleration peak input are analyzed and discussed by using the method of shaking table test and numerical simulation analysis. The soil model of the test foundation is medium hard soil, and the shear speed is about 213 m/s. The pile group foundation is composed of five foundation piles with a length of 1.35 m and a diameter of 0.1 m arranged in cross shape. The superstructure model is simulated by mass block. The experimental results show that the bending moment and shear force of pile body are the largest at the pile-bearing joint, and decrease with increasing depth. With the increase of the superstructure mass, the acceleration reaction between soil and pile foundation increases significantly, and the bending moment and shear force of the pile body also show an increasing trend. With the increase of the input sine wave amplitude and frequency, the motion interaction becomes larger, and the bending moment and shear force in the pile body become larger. The change of superstructure quality has the greatest impact on the dynamic interaction of the pile-soil-structure system, followed by amplitude and frequency.

shaking table test  /  numerical simulation  /  sine wave load  /  pile group foundation  /  pile-soil motion interaction
刘敬羽, 景立平, 齐文浩. 桩-土-结构动力相互作用影响因素分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (5) : 210 -221 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0520
Jingyu LIU, Liping JING, Wenhao QI. Analysis of dynamic interaction influence factors of pile-soil-structure[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (5) : 210 -221 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0520
桩基础因其承载力高和良好的抗震性能而成为目前使用较为广泛的深基础形式之一。然而,大量国内外震害资料表明,在强震中,许多工程结构因桩基受损而倒塌,导致大量人员伤亡和财产损失[1-4]。因此,在进行桩基抗震设计时,必须充分考虑地震荷载对桩-土-上部结构体系动力相互作用的影响,以确保其稳定性和可靠性。通常认为,在将土体与结构视为一个整体时,地震作用下土体与结构之间的相互作用可分为2种机制:桩-土运动相互作用和结构与桩的惯性相互作用[5-6]
国内外关于土-结构动力相互作用研究的文献非常广泛。CHIOU等[7]建立了桩在地震荷载作用下惯性和运动相互作用下的组合动力分析模型,并通过离心机振动台试验验证了模型的适用性,最后利用分析模型探讨了地面运动相互作用和惯性相互作用的贡献。DURANTE等[8]通过研究不同质量的上部结构振动台模型试验得出结论:惯性相互作用主要影响桩上部的响应,而底部桩的响应主要由运动相互作用控制。NAKAGAMA等[9]通过对紧密桩距的土-桩-结构体系进行离心振动台试验,研究了群桩周围土体的行为。BASACK等[10]通过模型试验和数值模拟的方法研究了松散砂土中水平循环荷载作用下的桩土相互作用,研究结果表明砂土的相对密度对试验和数值结果有显著影响。在非液化场地-群桩基础-上部结构大型振动台试验中,豆鹏飞等[11]发现土-桩-上部结构体系的上部结构在地震荷载作用下,会对桩基的运动产生阻碍,导致加速能量的耗散,同时上部结构的惯性力对非液化场地土-桩-结构相互作用的影响较为显著。李雨润[12]通过进行小型和大型振动台试验,研究了桩-土-结构体系动力的相互作用,发现在非液化硬土中,上部结构的惯性力对桩基破坏起着主导作用,而桩土之间则呈现出一种“桩推土”的复杂关系,桩土相互作用力和桩身弯矩则受到土层中加速度的控制。陈跃庆等[13-14]设计了土-结构动力相互作用体系的振动台模型试验,得到了土-结构相互作用体系在地震荷载作用下的主要规律:在不同类型场地条件下,结构与土的地震响应规律类似,但土-结构动力相互作用效果和机理存在差异。许成顺等[15]根据振动台试验研究认为:在土-桩-上部结构体系的动力响应过程中,远离结构的土体比桩基及和邻近土体具有更大的加速度放大效应。CHANG等[16]开展了单桩动力体系振动台试验的研究,通过设计无质量块的试样,使惯性载荷效应最小化,分析了在地震荷载作用下土体与桩的地震响应。HUSSIEN等[17-18]通过离心机振动台试验研究了单桩和群桩在正弦波荷载作用下的动力响应,指出当地基在其共振频率处受到荷载作用时,强烈的运动相互作用会产生明显的桩弯矩。TOKIMATSU等[19]和ABDOUN等[20]对无上部结构情形的单桩和群桩上进行了部分试验研究,研究了运动相互作用对桩的影响和桩的变形模式。
在探讨水平动力作用下桩-土-结构间的动力相互作用时,涉及学科众多,影响因素复杂。尽管当前已进行的模型试验与理论分析在一定程度上揭示了该问题的基本趋势,但受限于实际场地环境的复杂多变以及桩体水平动力作用中众多影响因子的存在,一方面模型试验难以全面概括桩-土-结构动力相互作用的规律。另一方面,理论分析过程中,为便于计算,常将复杂的岩土介质简化为较为单一的模型,这一简化处理与真实情况之间存在不可忽视的偏差,影响了对实际作用机制的深入理解。因此本文采用振动台试验和数值模拟分析相结合的方法,首先根据试验中土和桩基动力响应记录,分析了不同上部结构质量、不同输入波频率和加速度峰值输入下对桩-土-结构相互作用体系中群桩及地基土体动力响应的影响;接着利用数值模拟建立了试验对象的有限元模型,随后将有限元模型的结果与试验结果进行了对比,验证了有限元模型的可靠性,最后通过数值模拟对试验结果进行了更为全面的补充。
对于常加速度条件下的结构模型振动台试验,由于无法模拟重力相似条件,通常采用人工质量模型或欠人工质量模型,近似地满足部分相似关系,在一定意义上可定量地反映结构的动力反应规律。然而在桩-土-上部结构动力相互作用振动台试验中,由于地基土和上部结构材料性质的不同,无法给出统一的试验相似关系,模型试验结果无法定量地反演到原型,一般只能近似地反映原型结构的动力反应特征[21-23]。本试验中,由于土的复杂性及特殊性,振动台模型试验中无法对其进行相似模拟,而上部结构通过采用不同质量块定性分析其对土-结构相互作用的影响,因此本次振动台试验,忽略了结构与土体之间的相似关系,而是采用输入不同频率和幅值的正弦波,通过分析试验结果定性的方式探讨土-桩-结构体系动力相互作用的影响和机制。
本次试验于中国地震局工程力学研究所的地震工程与工程振动重点实验室进行。试验中采用的振动台尺寸5 m×5 m,能够输出高达2 g的最大加速度,最大承载能力达到30 t。
试验所采用土箱为层状剪切形式,每一层框架之间的间距为20 mm,如图1所示,土箱内净尺寸长×宽×高分别为3.5 m×2.2 m×1.7 m,该模型土箱已经完成了多次土结动力相互作用的试验,结果表明该模型土箱具有良好的边界模拟效果,有效确保了试验结果的准确性和可靠性[24]
在本次试验中,布置了多种传感器以监测各项关键参数,包括加速度传感器、拉线位移计、传统应变片以及先进的光纤应变计等。这些传感器的具体位置如图2所示。桩身拉线位移计沿1号桩桩身从下往上一共布置6个测点,分别是1-LX1~1-LX6。在3、4和5号桩的桩身沿振动方向两侧成对粘贴光纤应变计,如图2中的4-YW1~4-YW7、4-YE1~4-YE7所示,记录运动过程中桩身各截面处的弯曲正应变。桩身普通应变片布置在2号桩桩身,位置与光纤式应变片相同,从下往上分别是2-YW1~2-YW7、2-YE1~2-YE7。靠近1号桩东侧以及远离桩的位置是土中的加速度计的主要布设区域。从土底到土顶分别是:C-A1~C-A7、F-A1~F-A8。
桩基础结构示意图如图3所示,基桩和承台模型由钢筋混凝土材料制成,基桩直径D = 100 mm,桩长为1.35 m,桩距为600 mm,混凝土为C30细石混凝土,混凝土的弹性模量为2.257×104 MPa,抗压强度为35.6 MPa。基桩纵向主筋采用直径8 mm的HRB335级螺纹钢筋,箍筋采用直径4 mm的铁丝,圆形箍,每间隔100 mm布设一道。如图4所示基桩底部使用了一块边长20 cm厚为2 cm的方形钢板与基桩纵筋焊接,试验中通过将此钢板与土箱底板焊接来模拟端承桩。承台尺寸为1.45 m(长)×1.45 m(宽)×0.75 m(高),在土中的埋深为0.10 m。承台模型采用与基桩相同的混凝土材料,钢筋材料则采用HRB335 14 mm钢筋。基桩及承台配筋如图4图5所示。
试验中模型地基为中硬土。根据GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[25]规定,中硬土剪切波速Vs的范围为250 m/s<Vs≤500 m/s。鉴于基桩模型选用了C30细石混凝土,其实测弹性模量(2.257×104 MPa)相较于标准C30混凝土的弹性模量(3.0×104 MPa)有所降低,二者比值接近0.75。基于材料力学特性中弹性模量、剪切模量及剪切波速之间的转换可推断出这2种混凝土材料的剪切波速之比也约为0.75。转换公式如式(1)、式(2)所示:
式中:G为材料剪切模量;E为材料弹性模量;μ为材料泊松比;Vs为材料剪切波速;ρ为材料密度。
因此,为了确保模拟的准确性,土体模型材料的剪切波速需进行相应调整,即按照0.75的系数进行缩减。调整后的中硬土剪切波速Vs范围设定为:187.5 m/s<Vs≤375 m/s更贴近实际情况。中硬土的制备选用在黏土中添加粉砂的方法,经过试配,确定了复合土的配合比为普通黏土(含水率为20%)与粉砂的质量比为2∶1。通过改变重塑土样的含水率和密度利用共振柱试验进行了多次测试,最终确定选用的中硬土的密度为1.80 g/cm3,含水率约为15%,进一步测得其最大动剪切模量为81.59 MPa,按式(2)计算其剪切波速约为212.9 m/s,符合中硬土剪切波速的范围。试验土样参数如表1所示。
试验中选用不同幅值以及不同频率的正弦波作为输入地震动。为研究上部结构对桩体动力反应的影响,通过增加或减少质量块的方式达到模拟不同上部结构的试验目的。根据上部配重钢板数量以及输入正弦波频率及其幅值的不同,一共进行了27种工况的试验,如表2所示。试验过程中一共输入了14 s的正弦波。正弦波加速度时程(以0.10 g为例)如图6所示。
考虑到试验过程中难以避免的干扰噪声等原因,峰值加速度参数受局部高频信号的影响较大,所以在探讨加速度动力放大效应时,采用均方根加速度作为关键参数,计算公式为
式中:at)为选定测点的加速度时程;Td为地震波作用的总时长。用各层土体测点的arms与台面输入相应指标作比值,并定义为加速度放大系数。
图7给出了输入频率为6 Hz正弦波时不同上部结构质量工况中各测点的加速度放大系数曲线。在上部结构为6块配重工况中由于输入幅值0.15 g正弦波加速度反应数据的缺失,只给出了输入幅值为0.05 g和0.10 g的对比图,其中距离桩较远的F-A7测点,其数据异常显著,推断该测点的加速度传感器已经遭受损坏。由图7可知,地基土层中加速度变化的规律:首先,当地震动在地基中传播时,土体对加速度产生了显著的放大效应,并且土体的加速度响应呈现出从土底到土顶不断扩大的趋势。其次在相同深度处测点F-A1~F-A8测得的加速度反应明显大于测点C-A1~C-A7,这表明距离结构较远处的土体受到的加速度放大效应大于桩基附近土体的加速度放大效应。这主要是因为在上部结构惯性相互作用的影响下,上部结构的运动通过承台反馈至桩基,导致桩基周围土体受到动荷载及桩基振动的作用,使得桩间土层内的加速度反应有所减小。再次,在保持上部结构一致的前提下,随着输入正弦波加速度峰值的逐步增大,观察到土层中的加速度放大系数呈现出一种递增的趋势,即峰值越高,放大效应越显著。这是因为振动台试验工况是小幅值输入,土体的本构关系在动力响应下基本处于弹性受力范围内,因此动荷载在土层传播过程中的能量损耗较小,从而导致土体加速度放大效应显著增强;最后当输入加速度幅值一定时,6块配重工况下的土体的加速度反应明显高于3块配重工况下相同位置的土体加速度反应。说明随着上部结构质量的增加,惯性相互作用变得更加剧烈,从而导致土体的反应会变得更加剧烈,土体的加速度反应也随之增加。
2号桩桩身轴向峰值应变沿测点高度方向上的的变化情况如图8所示。由于在6块质量块工况中输入幅值0.15 g正弦波加速度反应数据的缺失,只给出了输入幅值为0.05 g和0.10 g的桩身应变曲线图。在所有的工况中,桩身的轴向应变很小,说明桩身基本处于弹性状态。在无上部结构的工况中,桩顶位置应变最大,桩底应变次之,桩身应变最小,随着输入加速度时程幅值和频率的增大,桩基应变增大。在有上部结构的工况中,除了上述现象之外,在距离桩顶4~6倍桩径位置处应变也较大。出现不同是由于上部结构惯性相互作用的影响,上部结构的振动通过承台反馈至桩基,使得靠近承台附近部分的桩基受力较大。
同时从图8中可以看出,在输入相同的加速度时程条件下,上部结构为6块配重工况的桩顶应变幅值是上部结构为3块配重工况的2~3倍,是无上部结构工况的4~8倍。在上部结构相同的工况中,不同幅值和不同频率对桩顶应变幅值的变化在2倍左右,并且输入加速度时程幅值对桩基应变的影响要大于频率对桩基应变的影响。这表明,桩基的应变响应主要与上部结构惯性相互作用的大小有关。输入地震动幅值对桩基应变的影响次之,而频率的变化对桩基应变的影响最小。
利用桩身应变数据通过式(4)可得到桩身相应横截面处的弯矩,其表达示为
式中:M为桩身横截面的弯矩;EI为桩的抗弯刚度;D为桩的直径;ε1ε2分别为桩身沿振动方向两侧的应变。
由于2号桩和4号桩同时满足几何布置对称和受力状态对称,1号桩部分应变片损坏,所以只在此选取3号、4号和5号桩的部分数据进行分析。上部结构为6块配重时0.1 g正弦波加速度时程输入下,不同频率的桩身弯矩如图9所示。
图9可知,桩基弯矩最大值均出现在桩头与承台连接处,在桩中和桩底的弯矩要小于桩顶。这也与以往的试验与震害的观测结果相同[26-27]。桩头与承台之间采用了固接的方式,且上部结构的惯性力经过承台直接传递给桩头部位,这些因素都使桩头与承台连接处弯矩较大。同时通过图9还可以看出,在3种不同频率的正弦波作用下,桩身弯矩图形状近似,并且随着输入正弦波的频率的增加,桩身弯矩有着小幅增长。
在本次振动台试验中由于1号桩和2号桩部分传感器损坏,只对3号、4号和5号桩身弯矩进行了分析,并且由于传感器数量以及检测截面位置的限制,忽略了很多信息,只能得到大致的规律,通过数值模拟不仅可以验证试验的准确性,还可以对试验结果进行更加全面的补充。考虑到篇幅所限,本文利用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟了试验中的部分工况。整个模型均采用六面体实体单元模拟。在边界条件的选择上,为了准确模拟试验的真实性,选用自由度绑定边界来模拟侧向边界,采用加速度输入边界来模拟底部边界。混凝土本构采用塑形损伤模型模拟混凝土的非线性行为。土体采用莫尔-库仑本构模型,黏聚力为27.3 kPa,内摩擦角为32.6°。上部结构采用线弹性本构模型。钢筋采用双折线本构模型,使用桁架单元进行模拟,并且将钢筋嵌入混凝土中,假定钢筋与混凝土不发生脱离。钢筋的屈服强度为335 MPa。材料的基本参数设置如表3所示。
为了模拟在地震荷载作用下桩、土之间的复杂相互作用,在土体与群桩基础之间设置摩擦接触,在承台与上部结构之间设置绑定接触。
振动台模型试验的有限元模型如图10所示。土-桩-结构体系模型的单元总数为10 128个,节点数为12 100个。最小单元尺寸30 mm,最大单元尺寸350 mm。
由于篇幅有限,仅在此展示上部配重为3块质量块、输入荷载频率为6 Hz时的正弦波工况下的试验与数值模拟的对比分析,结果如图11所示。由图11可知,数值模拟结果与试验结果比较接近,土体自下往上对加速度均呈现显著的放大作用,但与振动台模型试验结果相比较,数值模拟的结果偏小,这是由于在采用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟时,许多假定比较理想化,但试验过程会中会受到多种外界因素的影响,导致试验条件变得复杂多变,数值模拟不能充分模拟出复杂的试验条件,属于合理的范围。
在输入正弦波为6 Hz 0.1 g幅值工况下每一根桩身的峰值加速度放大系数如图12所示,由图12可知,在输入相同地震动的条件下,每根桩的加速度变化情况相似,从桩底至桩顶对加速度都表现出明显的放大效果,并且随着上部结构质量的增加,惯性相互作用增强,桩身的动力反应变大,桩身加速度放大系数变大。在不同位置处的桩身加速度分布大小存在一定差异,其分布从大到小依次为两侧边桩、中部角桩、中桩。这表明上部结构对群桩中各桩的影响与桩的位置有关。
由于本次试验缺少1号桩以及2号桩的部分试验数据,同时1号桩和3号桩、2号桩和4号桩满足几何布置对称,因此在此只提取1号、2号和5号桩身的弯矩及剪力在所有截面达到峰值的分布情况,如图13图14所示。
对比试验与模拟的结果可以发现,在桩-土-上部结构动力相互作用体系中,弯矩的最大值都出现在桩与承台结构连接处,在承台下4~6倍桩径处弯矩也会较大,之后随着埋深的增加而逐渐减小,但是在靠近桩底位置时又会变大但远远小于桩顶位置。但是中桩在接近桩底位置弯矩逐渐为零。中桩在土中以纯弯破坏为主,但是边桩的受力形式与中桩有所不同,当上部结构质量较大时,边桩在单向水平动力相互作用下,桩身的破坏可能是弯矩与剪力的联合破坏结果。
图14所示,桩头与承台连接处出现了剪力的最大值,随着埋深的增加,剪力呈现出下降的趋势,而在靠近桩底位置时,剪力会有所增加但其数值远低于桩顶位置。桩底的内力比较大,是因桩嵌固于底面。桩头附近出现较大的弯矩与剪力,分析有两方面的原因:一是因为上部结构惯性相互作用的影响,桩顶直接承受由承台传递下来的惯性力,从而使桩顶产生较大的弯矩与剪力;另一方面由于桩顶和承台是固结,承台会限制桩头的运动,地震波在传播到承台下表面时会发生反射,导致承台与桩头连接处受力较大,因此在运动过程中桩头会产生较大的弯矩和剪力。由图13图14还知,边桩的弯矩和剪力会略大于中桩,说明边桩在承受地震荷载作用时更容易发生破坏。
随着上部结构质量的增加,桩身的弯矩与剪力均为增大状态。而且在各工况中,桩身弯矩均出现了“变号”的现象,说明桩身存在反弯点,并且群桩结构在距离桩顶3~4倍桩径左右处出现反弯点。桩身反弯点的位置随着上部结构质量的增加逐渐离开桩顶。
上部结构质量为3块配重时,分别输入幅值为0.1 g的2、4、6 Hz正弦波加速度时桩身所有截面达到最大时刻的弯矩和剪力如图15图16所示。由图可知,在3种不同频率的正弦波荷载作用下,它们的弯矩和剪力图形状相似,最大值均出现在桩头与承台连接处,并且随着输入荷载频率的增大,桩-土运动相互作用变大,桩身弯矩和剪力均增大。由图13~图16可知,上部结构质量的变化对桩身内力的影响要大于输入地震动频率的变化对桩身内力的影响,这也与试验中得到的规律相一致。
本文开展了中硬土地基-群桩基础-上部结构动力相互作用的振动台试验研究,研究了不同的因素对土-桩-结构体系动力相互作用的影响以及相关桩基震害机制。通过有限元软件模拟了部分工况下振动台模型试验的动力响应,通过与试验数据的对比,证明使用数值模拟得到的结果与振动台实验规律相符,验证了数值模拟的准确性,最后通过数值模拟对试验结果进行了更完整的补充。得到以下结论:
1)当输入不同正弦波且上部结构一致时,桩基和土体均表现出对输入加速度的放大效应,但是桩基周围土体因惯性相互作用而表现出对加速度响应的放大效应比远离桩基土体小。
2)桩基应变响应幅值和桩基内力主要与上部结构惯性相互作用有关,其次是输入地震动幅值作用,频率所引起的影响最小。
3)桩和承台连接处弯矩和剪力均最大,且承台下方4~6倍桩径范围内弯矩亦较大。群桩结构在距桩顶3~4倍桩径范围内,每一根桩都存在一个反弯点。
4)输入地震动一定时,桩身弯矩和剪力随上部结构质量的增加而增加;输入不同频率正弦波荷载时,桩基弯矩和剪力随着输入频率的增加而增加。
5)比较振动台试验和数值模拟得到的结果,发现数值模拟计算结果和试验实测结果之间存在一定的差别,但定性上反应规律是相同的。数值模拟能够为试验起到良好的辅助作用。
  • 中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2019B10)
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2024年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0520
  • 接收时间:2023-08-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-25
  • 修回日期:2023-12-27
基金
中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2019B10)
作者信息
    中国地震局工程力学研究所,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080

通讯作者:

景立平(1963—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事岩土地震工程方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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