Article(id=1245390258091704470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0508, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1688745600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-08, revisedDate=1701100800000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853775760, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853775760, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853775760, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853775760, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390255516397762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853775147, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854426342, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392986884911753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392986889106058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=82, endPage=92, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390258309808287, articleId=1245390258091704470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Experimental investigations on the seismic performance of prefabricated assembled piers considering the variation of socket depth, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the impact of socket depth on the seismic performance of socket structures, a group of a cast-in-place pier and precast piers considering the variation of socket depth were designed and fabricated, of which the socket depths of the socket piers were 1.0d (where d represents the side length of the square pier), 0.8d, and 0.6d, respectively. Pseudo-static tests were conducted to analyze the damage patterns, hysteresis performance, and energy dissipation capacity of the piers, allowing for an examination of the influence of socket depth on their behavior. The test results demonstrate that the bearing capacity of the four groups of specimens is similar. The socketed piers with a socket depth of 1.0d exhibit damage patterns and hysteresis curves that are comparable to those of cast-in-place piers, indicating equivalent seismic performance. However, the ductility of the socket piers with embedment depths of 0.8d and 0.6d is weaker than that of the cast-in-place piers due to damage to the footing. By comparing the damage phenomenon, the relative relationship between the shear bearing capacity of the footing sidewall and the ultimate bearing capacity of the column is analyzed under the existing reinforcement ratio. As the socket depth of the pier decreases, the shear capacity of the groove sidewall decreases. This increases the probability of damage to the groove sidewall due to the reduced shear bearing capacity. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the relative relationship of the bearing capacity between the footing and the column when selecting the socket depth in the design to prevent damage in the footing position.

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为研究承插深度对承插结构抗震性能的影响,设计制作了现浇桥墩以及考虑承插深度变化的装配桥墩,其中承插桥墩的承插深度分别为1.0dd为方墩边长)、0.8d以及0.6d。通过拟静力试验研究分析桥墩的破坏现象、滞回性能以及耗能能力等,讨论承插深度对桥墩的影响。试验结果表明:4组试件的峰值承载力相近;1.0d承插桥墩具有与现浇桥墩类似的破坏现象与滞回曲线,抗震性能等同现浇桥墩;0.8d承插桥墩、0.6d承插桥墩由于承台的损伤,延性弱于现浇桥墩。通过对比破坏现象,分析了现有配筋情况下,承台侧壁抗剪承载力与墩柱极限抗剪承载力之间的相对关系。当墩柱和承台配筋率不变的情况下,墩柱承插深度越小,侧壁抗剪承载能力越低,承台插槽的侧壁越容易发生因抗剪承载力降低而导致的损伤。因此,设计中承插深度的选择需要考虑墩柱与承台插槽侧壁承载能力相对大小关系,以避免损伤发生于承台位置。

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宋承哲(1990—),男,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事桥梁工程研究。E-mail:

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宋承哲(1990—),男,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事桥梁工程研究。E-mail:

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keyword=承插深度), Keyword(id=1245390265423348332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258091704470, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=抗震性能)], refs=[Reference(id=1245390270070637507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258091704470, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=36, issue=3, pageStart=1, pageEnd=23, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=王景全, 王震, 高玉峰, journalName=工程力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王景全,王震,高玉峰,. 预制桥墩体系抗震性能研究进展:新材料、新理念、新应用[J]. 工程力学201936(3):1-23., articleTitle=预制桥墩体系抗震性能研究进展:新材料、新理念、新应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390270158717894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258091704470, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=36, issue=3, pageStart=1, pageEnd=23, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=WANG Jingquan, WANG Zhen, GAO Yufeng, journalName=Engineering 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Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2011, 137(5):346-354., articleTitle=Closed-form model and parametric study on connection of concrete-filled FRP tubes to concrete footings by direct embedment, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245390269974168508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258091704470, awardId=201915, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省交通科技项目(201915), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390263078732205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258091704470, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390263087120814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258091704470, companyId=1245390263078732205, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 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Material properties

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材料类型尺寸/mm强度/MPa材料类型尺寸/mm强度/MPa材料类型尺寸/mm强度/MPa
混凝土150×150×15050UHPC100×100×100121钢筋20409/576
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材料特性

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材料类型尺寸/mm强度/MPa材料类型尺寸/mm强度/MPa材料类型尺寸/mm强度/MPa
混凝土150×150×15050UHPC100×100×100121钢筋20409/576
), ArticleFig(id=1245390269760258992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258091704470, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experiment results of the specimens

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试件屈服位移/mm屈服荷载/kN峰值荷载/kN极限位移/mm延性系数μ
S-117.29229.24272.801387.98
S-216.44263.55292.821167.06
S-316.25237.10279.58955.85
S-414.89245.55290.25644.29
), ArticleFig(id=1245390269873505206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390258091704470, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试件的试验结果

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试件屈服位移/mm屈服荷载/kN峰值荷载/kN极限位移/mm延性系数μ
S-117.29229.24272.801387.98
S-216.44263.55292.821167.06
S-316.25237.10279.58955.85
S-414.89245.55290.25644.29
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考虑承插深度变化的预制拼装桥墩抗震性能试验研究
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宋承哲 1, 2 , 思晓龙 1 , 张潇 2 , 王苓力 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(5): 82-92
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(5): 82-92
考虑承插深度变化的预制拼装桥墩抗震性能试验研究
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宋承哲1, 2 , 思晓龙1, 张潇2, 王苓力2
作者信息
  • 1.北京工业大学 教育部城市安全与灾害工程重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 2.辽宁省交通规划设计院有限责任公司,辽宁 沈阳 110000
  • 宋承哲(1990—),男,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事桥梁工程研究。E-mail:

Experimental investigations on the seismic performance of prefabricated assembled piers considering the variation of socket depth
Chengzhe SONG1, 2 , Xiaolong SI1, Xiao ZHANG2, Lingli WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 2.Liaoning Provincial Transportation Planning and Design Institute Company, Shenyang 110000, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0508
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为研究承插深度对承插结构抗震性能的影响,设计制作了现浇桥墩以及考虑承插深度变化的装配桥墩,其中承插桥墩的承插深度分别为1.0dd为方墩边长)、0.8d以及0.6d。通过拟静力试验研究分析桥墩的破坏现象、滞回性能以及耗能能力等,讨论承插深度对桥墩的影响。试验结果表明:4组试件的峰值承载力相近;1.0d承插桥墩具有与现浇桥墩类似的破坏现象与滞回曲线,抗震性能等同现浇桥墩;0.8d承插桥墩、0.6d承插桥墩由于承台的损伤,延性弱于现浇桥墩。通过对比破坏现象,分析了现有配筋情况下,承台侧壁抗剪承载力与墩柱极限抗剪承载力之间的相对关系。当墩柱和承台配筋率不变的情况下,墩柱承插深度越小,侧壁抗剪承载能力越低,承台插槽的侧壁越容易发生因抗剪承载力降低而导致的损伤。因此,设计中承插深度的选择需要考虑墩柱与承台插槽侧壁承载能力相对大小关系,以避免损伤发生于承台位置。

预制桥墩  /  承插连接  /  拟静力试验  /  承插深度  /  抗震性能

To investigate the impact of socket depth on the seismic performance of socket structures, a group of a cast-in-place pier and precast piers considering the variation of socket depth were designed and fabricated, of which the socket depths of the socket piers were 1.0d (where d represents the side length of the square pier), 0.8d, and 0.6d, respectively. Pseudo-static tests were conducted to analyze the damage patterns, hysteresis performance, and energy dissipation capacity of the piers, allowing for an examination of the influence of socket depth on their behavior. The test results demonstrate that the bearing capacity of the four groups of specimens is similar. The socketed piers with a socket depth of 1.0d exhibit damage patterns and hysteresis curves that are comparable to those of cast-in-place piers, indicating equivalent seismic performance. However, the ductility of the socket piers with embedment depths of 0.8d and 0.6d is weaker than that of the cast-in-place piers due to damage to the footing. By comparing the damage phenomenon, the relative relationship between the shear bearing capacity of the footing sidewall and the ultimate bearing capacity of the column is analyzed under the existing reinforcement ratio. As the socket depth of the pier decreases, the shear capacity of the groove sidewall decreases. This increases the probability of damage to the groove sidewall due to the reduced shear bearing capacity. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the relative relationship of the bearing capacity between the footing and the column when selecting the socket depth in the design to prevent damage in the footing position.

precast piers  /  socket connection  /  pseudo static test  /  socket depth  /  seismic performance
宋承哲, 思晓龙, 张潇, 王苓力. 考虑承插深度变化的预制拼装桥墩抗震性能试验研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (5) : 82 -92 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0508
Chengzhe SONG, Xiaolong SI, Xiao ZHANG, Lingli WANG. Experimental investigations on the seismic performance of prefabricated assembled piers considering the variation of socket depth[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (5) : 82 -92 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0508
近年来,随着桥梁施工技术的提高,施工方法的可选择性增强,传统现浇方法的缺点被不断放大,如:施工周期长,混凝土养护条件不易保证,能耗高等[1-2]。为了解决上述传统施工方法存在的问题,桥梁预制拼装技术被逐渐应用于各地区桥梁建设中。装配式桥梁通过工厂预制、现场装配进行施工,可大大提高机械化操作水平,在提高质量的同时加快施工进度,减小对既有交通的干扰,且有利于环境保护,减少现场污染、实现低碳化建设的有效手段[3]。装配式结构连接位置的可靠性和工作性能是决定装配式结构抗震性能的主要因素,在地震作用下预制装配结构的破坏主要来自于节点位置处的损伤累积[4-9]。目前,预制装配桥墩的连接常用构造形式一般有以下几种:灌浆套筒连接[10-12]、灌浆金属波纹管连接[13-15]、承插式连接[16-17]、预应力连接等[18-20],而每一种连接方式均有其自身优势以及适用的施工工况。
承插连接作为预制装配连接的有效手段之一,是一种具有较大施工容差的技术方法[21],适用于地形较为复杂的抗震区桥梁施工,因此,国内外不少学者开始对承插结构及其主要影响因素进行了研究。1996年,OSANAI等[22]对承插式连接进行了拟静力分析,并推导了承插式结构节点区域的受力公式,得到承插深度大于1.5d (其中d为墩柱边长或直径,后续无特殊说明d均指桥墩边长或直径)时可以不设置剪力键进行连接。CANHA等[23]同样对承插式连接有无剪力键的受力计算进行了分析,并得到了相关的计算公式。CHENG等[24]研究了侧壁剪切机制对于承插墩柱的影响,试验结果表明侧壁的剪力显著提高了结构抗力,有利于传递更大的竖向荷载。
影响承插结构抗震性能的因素众多,而承插段构造形式与承插深度是主要的影响因素之一。ZHANG等[25]研究了带有齿键的1.0d承插桥墩的抗震性能,认为齿键提供了良好的锚固效果,承插试件具有与现浇结构类似的抗震性能指标。LIU等[26]提出一种新的波纹钢管承插连接构造,并通过不同试件分析了承插深度、剪力键等对新型连接构造的影响,并得到该新型波纹管承插结构耗能及承载力均优于现浇结构的结论。张智然等[27]研究了1.0d承插矩形桥墩与现浇结构的抗震性能,经过拟静力试验分析得到1.0d承插深度通过具体设计可以达到与现浇等同或接近的抗震性能。齐新等[28]对比了0.8d和1.0d承插试件承载力、滞回性能等关键指标,发现0.8d承插深度桥墩可以提供类似于1.0d承插试件的约束效果。
徐艳等[29]研究了空心管墩不同承插深度的承载力,并建立有限元模型分析灌浆料对结构的影响。晋智斌等[30]研究了浅承插(0.7d)空心墩后灌浆混凝土高度对桥墩抗震性能的影响,试验结果说明后灌浆高度350 mm试件的延性、耗能等均弱于高度为800 mm的试件。韩艳等[31]研究了承插段不做处理的承插桥墩抗震性能,根据试验结果,证明1.0d承插深度时墩柱的承载力与破坏模式均与现浇结构相同。ZHOU等[32]研究了带剪力键构造的空心管段的抗震性能,提出0.325d (墩柱直径)的填芯混凝土管墩的抗震性能与现浇结构类似。XU等[33]推导了承插结构受力模式,用简化公式求解了理论最小承插深度为0.51d,并用试验验证了0.5d承插空心墩的抗震性能。
通过上述对于桥墩承插深度影响的研究可知,不同桥墩结构类型、不同构造形式的桥墩有效承插深度可能会不同。即便是同一类型桥墩在不同墩柱配筋率等因素的影响下也可能表现出差异。而合理的承插深度,既可以避免承插深度太深,造成原材料的浪费,导致造价提高,又避免由于承插深度过低引起的承载力、延性不足的情况出现。因此保持现有配筋率不变的基础上,仍有必要对具有承插深度变化的桥墩进行细致研究。同时,相比于承插结构的广泛应用需求而言,现有研究针对具有承插深度变化的桥墩试验研究仍然较少,且较多集中于空心管墩的研究,对实体桥墩的分析同样较少。
基于此,本文提出研究变量为承插深度的实体式预制桥墩,研究不同承插深度因素下桥墩的抗震性能,并从破坏模式、滞回性能和耗能等方面与现浇结构进行比较,描述其差异。最后通过考虑承插深度变化的拟静力试验,为相关承插结构的应用与设计提供有效参考。
本次试验设计了4组试件,分别为现浇桥墩试件、承插深度1.0d试件,承插深度0.8d试件以及承插深度0.6d试件,其中d为墩柱直径。后续为说明方便,对试件依次进行编号,将现浇结构到承插深度0.6d试件名称,分别用S-1、S-2、S-3以及S-4试件编号代替。试件的详细构造及配筋情况如图1图2所示。
图1所示,现浇结构整体高度为3.35 m,其中承台顶面墩柱高度为2.55 m,墩柱为方形截面,边长为0.50 m,承台高度为0.80 m,承台加载方向边长为1.50 m,非加载方向边长为1.30 m。墩柱内主筋直径为20 mm,箍筋采用直径为10 mm的HRB400级钢筋,现浇节点的纵筋率为2.0%,箍筋的体积率为0.67%。现浇结构纵筋伸入承台内部长度为0.687 m,满足钢筋的锚固长度要求。墩柱内采用四肢箍的方式保证其核心混凝土的强度,承台内部使用拉勾形式钢筋作为连接顶、底部的承台主筋的构造。其中,承台内部主筋直径为16 mm,构造钢筋和箍筋直径均为8 mm。
承插结构的尺寸与现浇结构类似,墩柱配筋率相同,如图2所示。与现浇试件的区别在于通过预制墩柱与承台,进行承插装配式连接。墩柱底部布设网格状钢筋防止冲切破坏,承台预留边长为56 cm的承插槽,在承插槽位置布置L型钢筋,为承插槽提供抗剪需求,墩柱与承台之间的空隙灌注超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)进行连接。
图3所示,承台采用HRB400级钢筋进行绑扎,其中直径为16 mm主筋主要有2种形式,分别是N1和N2,由于承插槽的存在,因此将N2设计为“凹”型构造。
直径为8 mm的箍筋同样有2种类型,一种是方形环箍,用于将主筋进行固定,分布于最外侧,为8 mm,分布间距为6 cm;另一种箍筋为拉结箍筋,便于将顶、底主筋进行连接。在承插槽四周设置直径为12 mm的L型剪切钢筋,每侧布置7根,布置间距为9 cm。
承插试件的加工与制作过程如图4所示。制作过程:①先进行墩柱、承台的钢筋绑扎,并在特定位置布设应变片;②支模、加固墩柱及承台并进行混凝土浇筑;③将养护后的墩柱、承台进行拼装,调整墩柱位置后,在承插缝隙中灌注UHPC,保证墩柱与承台的连接;④将试件运输至试验场地,并对试件进行锚固。
通过材性试验分别对试验过程中使用材料进行测试,测试其强度大小,如图5所示。根据6组立方体试件得到混凝土试件的平均抗压强度为50 MPa,根据3组边长为100 mm的立方体试块测得UHPC的平均抗压强度为121 MPa,如图6所示。3根长度为500 mm的钢筋进行了拉伸试验,直径为20 mm的纵筋,其平均屈服强度为409 MPa,极限强度为576 MPa,材料的详细参数如表1所示。
试验加载布置如图7所示,整个试件通过地锚杆固定于地梁上,水平及竖向作动器均采用200 t的液压伺服作动器,可施加最大水平位移为300 mm。加载头位置布设拉线位移计监测水平位移,墩柱底部设置百分表监测墩柱变形,同时在承台侧面布置位移计便于观察试验中承台的位移。试验过程中,在加载柱头顶部按照轴压比为0.06,施加400 kN的竖向力表征桥梁上部荷载,水平加载方向按照先力后位移控制加载,力阶段循环加载1次,位移荷载每级循环加载2次,直至试件承载力下降到峰值承载力的85%以下,认为达到破坏条件后停止加载,加载制度如图8所示。
通过拟静力试验,分别对4组试件进行试验研究。对试件的裂缝开展及分布情况进行描述,根据试件破坏形式分析破坏的原因,并对4组试件进行比较。
试件S-1在力阶段加载至150 kN时,墩柱底部出现发丝般微裂缝,试件接近进入塑性阶段,因此转为位移加载。纵漂比(墩顶位移与承台面至加载点距离的比值)从0.5%加载至3%的过程中,裂缝从受拉侧不断的扩展延伸至墩柱的正面及背面,且裂缝宽度不断增加,墩身最大裂缝宽度达1.4 mm,墩柱底部有少量混凝土剥落现象。裂缝主要分布于墩柱以上1.0 m范围内,其中北侧裂缝用蓝色表示,南侧裂缝用红色表示,具体裂缝分布情况如图9(a)所示。3.0%纵漂比后,继续进行加载,裂缝开展速度减缓,基本无新增裂缝产生,由于墩柱在往复荷载作用下钢筋不断屈曲变形,导致混凝土破坏加剧,不断出现大块混凝土剥落现象。试件破坏时,混凝土块剥落范围约为40 cm左右,如图9(b)所示,墩底钢筋屈曲变形严重,伴随着混凝土大块剥落,属于典型的墩底塑性铰破坏。
承插试件S-2加载试验图,如图10所示,其损伤分布与破坏情况与试件S-1相似,具体加载过程如下。
试件S-2在力阶段加载至150 kN时,墩柱底部30 cm左右高度出现微裂缝,转为位移加载后,裂缝开展迅速,且墩柱局部存在混凝土压碎剥落现象,具体裂缝分布及混凝土剥落情况如图10(a)所示。4.0%纵漂比后,钢筋屈曲变形,墩柱破坏加剧,出现大块混凝土剥落现象。试件破坏时,混凝土块剥落范围约为30 cm左右,如图10(b)所示,墩底钢筋外露,且屈曲变形严重,属于典型的墩底塑性铰破坏。
试件S-3在力阶段加载至150 kN时,墩柱底部出现可见裂缝,转为位移加载后,墩身裂缝增加迅速,南北侧裂缝分布较为均匀,其中北侧裂缝用蓝色表示,南侧裂缝用红色表示。而当纵漂比达到3%时,承台出现微裂缝并进行延伸,承台裂缝宽度达0.2 mm,具体裂缝分布情况如图11(a)所示。3.0%纵漂比后,墩身裂缝开展速度减缓,由于钢筋不断屈曲变形,导致混凝土破坏加剧,南北侧墩柱底部均出现混凝土剥落现象,南侧剥落程度较北侧高,剥落范围约25 cm左右。如图11(b)所示,加载至破坏阶段,承台出现翘起裂缝,墩柱墩底出现塑性铰破坏,同时也伴随着承台的部分损伤。具体破坏情况如图11(c)所示,承台翘起破坏破坏范围较大并延伸至承台正面,呈现扇形分布。北侧承台表面混凝土翘起高度为8 mm,南侧承台表面混凝土翘起高度为14 mm。
试件S-4同样在力阶段加载至150 kN时,南北两侧墩柱底部均出现微裂缝,分布高度约为20、40 cm。转为位移加载后,纵漂比从0.5%加载至2.5%的过程中,裂缝数量迅速增加,且最大裂缝宽度达0.8 mm,墩柱底部有少量混凝土剥落现象。裂缝主要分布于墩柱以上1.0 m范围内,但从纵漂比2.0%开始,承台开始出现微裂缝,并不断延伸至承台正面。具体裂缝分布情况如图12(a)所示。如图12(b)所示,2.5%纵漂比后,继续进行位移加载,裂缝扩展延伸速度变缓,钢筋屈曲变形现象不明显,仅墩柱底部出现少量混凝土剥落破坏。而承台破坏不断增加,承台面出现翘起裂缝,随着往复荷载作用,墩柱在承插位置出现转动,属于承台损伤。具体破坏现象如图12(c)所示,墩柱损伤较S-3试件更小,承台翘起破坏范围集中于承台顶面,承台正面有裂缝延伸。北侧承台表面混凝土翘起高度为13 mm,南侧承台表面混凝土翘起高度为9 mm。
综上,由拟静力试验破坏现象可知,试件S-1与试件S-2破坏现象类似,均以墩底出现塑性铰的弯曲破坏现象为主,纵筋发挥充分作用,屈曲变形严重,导致混凝土产生较大损伤,破坏过程发展充分,属于延性破坏,试件S-3墩柱底部同样出现钢筋屈曲变形以及混凝土剥落破坏,但承台同样出现翘起裂缝,破坏速度较试件S-1和试件S-2略快,破坏时以墩柱破坏为主,伴随着承台产生部分破坏。试件S-4的墩柱混凝土剥落不明显,承台出现翘起破坏,破坏速度较前3组试件更快。
根据试验结果,分析出现此现象的主要原因如图13所示,不考虑墩柱侧壁承插段构造措施,当承插深度为1.0d时,锚固深度足够,承插槽侧壁提供的约束效果较好,摩擦力、灌浆料等产生的黏结力等共同产生的竖向作用(f1f2)更大,在相同的水平推力(V)的作用下,整个承插槽呈现稳定的受力体系。承插深度为1.0d时,侧壁合力F1F2作用范围大,相应的承台侧壁局部应力就会减小,偏于安全。由试验现象判断,承插深度为0.8d时,可能处于承插深度的临界位置,破坏位置取决于墩柱截面的承载能力与承台侧壁承载能力的相对大小关系,当墩柱承载力较小时,损伤发生于墩柱之上,并产生部分混凝土剥落,而当墩柱承载力较大时,承台侧壁受到的应力较大,承插槽侧壁提供的承载能力不足导致产生承台的损伤。当承插深度为0.6d时,摩擦力、灌浆料等产生的黏结力等共同产生的竖向作用(f1f2)大幅度减小,墩柱侧壁合力作用范围减小,承台侧壁的局部应力增加,斜截面抗剪承载能力降低,增大了承台失效的可能性。
为进一步阐明承台配筋与破坏类型的关系,特对承台侧壁斜截面抗剪承载力进行分析。由图13中脱离体所示,墩柱的极限破坏弯矩M可以由墩柱嵌入段受到的水平向荷载F1F2,竖向荷载f1f2F3根据受力平衡方程求解,对应的关系式已经有很多学者进行研究[2334],而F2f2F22f22是作用力与反作用力的关系,因此墩柱极限弯矩可以由含F22f22的计算式表示。当承台侧壁受到水平力F22和竖向力f22的作用时,易产生图14(a)所示的剪切面破坏,剪切面穿过拉结箍筋、L型剪切钢筋和主筋N1与N2的作用区域,其抗剪承载能力可根据14(b)图示计算得到。斜截面极限抗剪承载能力Vu可以由式(1)计算:
式中:VcVg分别为混凝土和拉结箍筋的抗剪承载力;VN为主筋的抗剪承载力;Vs为L型剪切钢筋的抗剪承载力。而Vu与水平力F22和竖向力f22存在关系如式(2)所示:
式中:θ为斜截面的发生的角度,因此可由斜截面极限抗剪承载力同样可以计算得到墩底弯矩Mv,根据Mv与墩底极限弯矩M进行比较,如式(3)所示:
M大于Mv则会先发生侧壁剪切破坏,优先达到斜截面极限抗剪承载力。而当M小于Mv则会先发生墩底破坏,侧壁承载力更大,不易破坏。而墩底极限弯矩M的大小取决于其配筋率,Mv的大小也与其斜截面内箍筋、L型连接钢筋以及主筋的配筋率有关。
更重要的是,当承插深度减小,斜截面内提供抗剪承载力的混凝土面积和拉结箍筋数量会减小,因此VcVg均会减小,而VNVs也会由于剪切破坏面的上移导致锚固长度的不足,造成抗剪承载能力的降低。因此承插深度越浅,越容易发生侧壁的剪切破坏。从试验结果来看,1.0d承插深度时,墩底极限弯矩M小于Mv,从而破坏出现于墩柱底部位置;0.8d承插深度时,墩柱发生少量破坏,承台发生剪切破坏,表明其Mv与墩底极限弯矩Mv接近,产生混合破坏;而当承插深度降低至0.6d时,Mv降低,小于墩底弯矩M,因此破坏主要发生于承台位置。当使用侧壁无剪力键构造的承插桥墩时,承插深度的选择与墩柱自身承载能力(配筋率)、承台插槽侧壁承载能力等多个因素有关。墩柱的承载力与承台插槽侧壁承载力的相对大小关系是墩柱破坏类型的决定因素之一,当墩柱截面承载能力远小于承台插槽侧壁的承载力,承台侧壁具有足够的承载能力可以保证其损坏发生于墩柱位置。当然一味地增加承台配筋以提高承台的承载能力会造成原材料浪费,成本提高等问题,因此在设计时需根据实际墩柱配筋、承台配筋等考虑安全系数。
试件S-1的滞回曲线形状饱满,滞回环面积较大,如图15(a)所示。曲线初始阶段表现出弹性的特征,屈服后试件逐渐达到峰值承载力,整个破坏过程中,曲线下降缓慢,呈现出良好的延性性能。同时,曲线表现出一定程度的捏缩现象,主要原因是试件S-1的纵筋屈曲变形严重,墩底钢筋与混凝土之间产生了黏结滑移。如图15(b)所示,试件S-2的滞回曲线与试件S-1类似形状饱满,滞回环面积较大。试件逐渐达到峰值承载力后,随着位移的继续加载,承载力变化并不明显,当加载至100 mm左右时,曲线开始出现下降。同时,曲线捏缩现象较试件S-1轻微,试件S-2的纵筋与混凝土之间产生的黏结滑移现象更少,且证明承插槽内墩柱锚固良好,未发生转动等现象。
图15(c)所示的试件S-3滞回曲线与前2组试件相比,滞回环面积减小,曲线达到峰值承载力后下降较试件S-1与S-2更快,并表现出明显的捏缩现象,其主要包含了两部分原因,一是由于墩柱自身墩底发生钢筋屈曲破坏导致的黏结滑移引起的,另一部分原因是墩柱-承台界面发生了翘起破坏,墩柱绕承台有一定的转动位移,因此表现出了明显的捏缩现象。
试件S-4滞回曲线如图15(d)所示,滞回曲线捏缩现象明显,滞回环面积与残余位移均较小,且试件在达到峰值后承载力迅速发生下降,表现出较其他3组试件更低的延性与耗能能力。其主要原因与其发生的破坏形式有关,墩柱混凝土轻微剥落,但承台出现翘起破坏,导致墩柱在承插位置有转动位移,因此其滞回曲线表现出承载力下降快、延性略差,呈现较小的残余位移的特点。而曲线出现严重的捏缩现象,与墩柱在承插槽位置发生一定的转动有直接关系。
试件的骨架曲线如图16所示,试件S-1、S-2、S-3、S-4的峰值力为272.80、292.82、279.58、290.25 kN,其中试件S-2试件的承载力最大,比试件S-1大7.3%,承载力差距较小,因此试件的峰值承载力基本一致。
同时,由曲线可知,试件S-1从峰值荷载后曲线变化平缓,随着位移的增加,承载力下降缓慢,延性性能较好。试件S-2曲线在位移为36~100 mm范围内时,承载力基本保持不变,100 mm后出现明显下降。试件S-3曲线在位移为37~88 mm范围内时,承载力变化较小,88 mm后出现明显下降。试件S-4曲线在达到峰值荷载后均表现出比其他试件下降更快的趋势,而这也与试验现象相符合。曲线相关特征点列于表2,并根据式(4)计算延性系数μ
式中:Du为极限位移;Dy为屈服位移。
根据计算结果,试件S-1的位移延性系数为7.98略好于试件S-2的延性系数7.06。而试件S-4的位移延性系数为4.29,延性性能明显较其余试件更差。
图17所示,4组试件的累计耗能曲线均呈现递增现象,在加载早期(2.0%纵漂比之前),曲线分布差异较小。试件S-1和S-2的累计耗能曲线相似,且在6%纵漂比时,试件S-1累计耗能为399.10 kN•m,而试件S-2的累计耗能为413.45 kN•m,二者数值相差3.6%,试件S-2累计耗能略高于试件S-1。在相同的纵漂比4%时,试件S-1为196.60 kN•m,试件S-2为252.3 kN•m。试件S-2比试件S-1高28%。而试件S-3和试件S-4累计耗能为151.16 kN•m和123.91 kN•m,比相同纵漂比下现浇结构耗能低23%和37%。
曲线分布情况与试验现象相符,试件S-3、试件S-4由于承台出现裂缝,墩柱绕承台发生一定的转动,导致整体耗能小于其他2组试件。其中试件S-3由于承插深度高于试件S-4,且墩柱塑性铰区产生一定程度的破坏,因此其耗能能力强于试件S-4。
4组试件的刚度退化曲线分布趋势类似,均呈现先快速下降,后下降趋势变缓的现象。反映了试件在开始遭受往复荷载的作用后损伤较快,导致刚度下降明显,随着加载位移的增大,试件的损伤增幅逐渐减小,所以刚度数值变化幅度减小。如图18所示,试件S-1的初始刚度为25.01 kN/m,试件S-2的刚度为36 kN/m,试件S-3的初始刚度为38 kN/m,试件S-4的初始刚度为32.7 kN/m,承插试件的初始刚度均略大于现浇结构。
综上所述,4组试件的承载力基本接近,其中试件S-2(承插深度为1.0d)的承载力最高,比试件S-1(现浇结构)高7.3%。从破坏现象、滞回曲线分布、延性等方面对比,试件S-2均与试件S-1接近。在耗能方面较试件S-1更强,同时其初始刚度也更高,因此1.0d承插试件可以保证具有不弱于现浇结构的抗震性能。试件S-3与试件S-1相比,承载力接近,峰值荷载、屈服位移特征点基本一致,但由于墩柱、承台均产生破坏,因此延性性能弱于试件S-1和试件S-2。试件S-4由于承插深度较浅,承台局部位置出现翘起破坏,导致试件达到峰值后承载力下降较快,4组试件中,试件S-4的耗能能力、延性性能最弱。
本文对1组现浇桥墩与3组具有不同承插深度的装配式桥墩进行拟静力试验,通过对比试验破坏现象、拟静力试验滞回曲线、骨架曲线、耗能以及刚度退化等方面,判断各试件的抗震性能,并分析出现不同破坏现象产生的原因,认为承插深度的选择受多重因素影响,建议在实际设计中根据墩柱的承载能力,结合承台插槽局部承载能力的相对大小设计承插槽深度并考虑适当的安全系数,得到以下结论:
1)墩柱插入段不考虑其余剪力构造的承插1.0d墩柱破坏现象与现浇结构类似,均在墩底形成较大的塑性铰破坏;承插0.8d墩柱的墩柱与承台均发生损伤,而承插0.6d墩柱在承台位置发生翘起破坏。
2)试验结果表明,在现有构造以及配筋率情况下,承插1.0d试件的抗震性能等同现浇试件。承插0.8d试件的特征点分布与现浇相似,但延性性能弱于现浇结构。承插0.6d墩柱的滞回抗震性能指标弱于其余3组试件。
3)承插深度的选择与多种因素有关,墩柱与承台插槽侧壁的承载能力相互之间的大小关系是影响因素之一,在墩柱承载力不变的情况下(即配筋率不变的情况下),墩柱承插深度越小,承台越容易发生局部翘起破坏,设计中需考虑一定的安全系数,保证承台插槽侧壁承载能力足够。
  • 辽宁省交通科技项目(201915)
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2024年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0508
  • 接收时间:2023-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-08
  • 修回日期:2023-11-28
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辽宁省交通科技项目(201915)
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    1.北京工业大学 教育部城市安全与灾害工程重点实验室,北京 100124
    2.辽宁省交通规划设计院有限责任公司,辽宁 沈阳 110000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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