Article(id=1245390256833413245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0502, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705248000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-15, revisedDate=1708617600000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853775460, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853775460, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853775460, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853775460, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390255516397762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853775147, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854426342, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392986884911753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392986889106058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390257047322750, articleId=1245390256833413245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Classification of natural and non-natural earthquake signals based on residual neural networks, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming to accurately differentiate between natural and non-natural earthquakes, a neural network model based on one-dimensional convolution and residual structures, named ResNet-1D, was constructed. This model automatically extracts features from three-component seismic records using convolutional layers with convolutional kernels of different lengths, pooling layers composed of max-pooling, and residual structures. The adaptive moment estimation method (Adams) is used to optimize parameters, and a linear discriminant function (Linear) is applied to distinguish between natural and non-natural earthquakes. Using 40000 velocity records of natural and non-natural earthquakes, compiled by the China Earthquake Networks Center from 2008 to 2020, the data was randomly divided into training, validation, and test datasets in a 6∶2∶2 ratio. The test results show that the classification accuracy for natural and non-natural earthquakes is 92.65% and 94.30%, respectively. Compared with traditional machine learning methods, the ResNet-1D model significantly improves the test results in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, effectively enhancing the accuracy of identifying natural and non-natural earthquakes. Moreover, variations in magnitude and epicentral distance also affect the classification accuracy of the model, with higher magnitudes and greater distances resulting in lower accuracy. The model proposed in this paper offers higher accuracy and provides technical support for accurately distinguishing between natural and non-natural earthquakes in seismic monitoring.

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以准确区分天然地震与非天然地震为目标,构建了一种基于一维卷积和残差结构的神经网络模型:ResNet-1D。该模型利用不同长度卷积核的卷积层、最大池化构成的池化层和残差结构自动提取三分量地震记录特征,采用适应性矩估计方法(Adams)作为优化参数,利用线性判别函数(Linear)实现天然地震与非天然地震区分。以2008—2020年中国地震台网中心统一编目报告的天然地震和非天然地震共40000条速度记录,随机划分为6∶2∶2的比例构建训练数据集、验证数据集和测试数据集。研究结果表明:天然地震和非天然地震的分类准确率分别为92.65%和94.30%,与传统机器学习方法比较,ResNet-1D模型在准确率、精确率、召回率和F1分数的测试结果均有明显提升,有效地提高了天然地震和非天然地震识别的准确性。同时,震级和震中距的变化对模型分类准确率都有影响,具体表现为震级越高,准确率越低;震中距越大,准确率越低。文中提出的模型具有更高的准确性,可为地震监测中的天然地震与非天然地震准确区分提供技术支撑。

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李山有(1965—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震预警与地震紧急处置技术研究。E-mail:
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沈婕(1997—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事地震预警研究。E-mail:

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Model evaluation, model selection, and algorithm selection in machine learning[DB/OL].[2023-12-31]. https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.12808., articleTitle=Model evaluation, model selection, and algorithm selection in machine learning, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245390266144768673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390256833413245, awardId=2023B01, language=CN, fundingSource=中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2023B01), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390260184662266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390256833413245, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390260188856571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390256833413245, companyId=1245390260184662266, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390265058443860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390256833413245, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

ResNet-1D model structure and parameter

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编号层(类型)卷积核大小输出形状参数量
1卷积层1×4[-1,12,3997]156
2池化层[-1,12,499]0
3卷积层1×2[-1,12,498]288
4全连接层[-1,12,64]31936
5卷积层1×2[-1,12,63]288
6全连接层[-1,12,499]31936
7残差结构[-1,12,499]0
8卷积层1×2[-1,12,498]300
9池化层[-1,12,62]0
10卷积层1×2[-1,12,61]288
11全连接层[-1,12,64]3968
12卷积层1×2[-1,12,63]288
13全连接层[-1,12,62]3968
14残差结构[-1,12,62]0
15全连接层[-1,2]1490
), ArticleFig(id=1245390265180078685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390256833413245, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ResNet-1D模型结构及参数

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编号层(类型)卷积核大小输出形状参数量
1卷积层1×4[-1,12,3997]156
2池化层[-1,12,499]0
3卷积层1×2[-1,12,498]288
4全连接层[-1,12,64]31936
5卷积层1×2[-1,12,63]288
6全连接层[-1,12,499]31936
7残差结构[-1,12,499]0
8卷积层1×2[-1,12,498]300
9池化层[-1,12,62]0
10卷积层1×2[-1,12,61]288
11全连接层[-1,12,64]3968
12卷积层1×2[-1,12,63]288
13全连接层[-1,12,62]3968
14残差结构[-1,12,62]0
15全连接层[-1,2]1490
), ArticleFig(id=1245390265289130595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390256833413245, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the results of different network layer verification sets when LR=3×10-3

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残差结构数量/个最佳准确率/%
192.79
294.03
393.08
489.58
), ArticleFig(id=1245390265398182505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390256833413245, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

在保证LR=3×10-3时不同网络层数验证集的结果对比

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残差结构数量/个最佳准确率/%
192.79
294.03
393.08
489.58
), ArticleFig(id=1245390265482068593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390256833413245, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Accuracy of verification results under different learning rates

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学习率最佳准确率/%学习率最佳准确率/%
10-152.154 ×10-392.96
10-291.225 ×10-392.65
10-392.536 ×10-392.60
10-492.317 ×10-392.57
10-589.458 ×10-392.87
2×10-392.679 ×10-392.60
3 ×10-394.03
), ArticleFig(id=1245390265624674936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390256833413245, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同学习率下验证结果准确率

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学习率最佳准确率/%学习率最佳准确率/%
10-152.154 ×10-392.96
10-291.225 ×10-392.65
10-392.536 ×10-392.60
10-492.317 ×10-392.57
10-589.458 ×10-392.87
2×10-392.679 ×10-392.60
3 ×10-394.03
), ArticleFig(id=1245390265695978108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390256833413245, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Accuracy of natural earthquake and non-natural earthquake data classification

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类别天然地震非天然地震整体
正确记录/条370637727478
错误记录/条294228522
准确率/%92.6594.3093.48
), ArticleFig(id=1245390265800835718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390256833413245, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

天然地震、非天然地震分类的准确率

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类别天然地震非天然地震整体
正确记录/条370637727478
错误记录/条294228522
准确率/%92.6594.3093.48
), ArticleFig(id=1245390265909887631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390256833413245, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Accuracy of test results in 3≤ML≤4 and in different frequency bands

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频率区间(0,5](5,10](10,15](15,+∞)
准确率/%79.4679.0277.6882.14
), ArticleFig(id=1245390266006356628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390256833413245, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

3≤ML≤4不同频段测试结果的准确率

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频率区间(0,5](5,10](10,15](15,+∞)
准确率/%79.4679.0277.6882.14
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基于残差神经网络的天然地震与非天然地震信号分类
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沈婕 1, 2 , 朱景宝 1, 2 , 缪发军 3 , 宋晋东 1, 2 , 李山有 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(5): 13-25
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(5): 13-25
基于残差神经网络的天然地震与非天然地震信号分类
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沈婕1, 2 , 朱景宝1, 2, 缪发军3, 宋晋东1, 2, 李山有1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 3.江苏省地震局,江苏 南京 210014
  • 沈婕(1997—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事地震预警研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李山有(1965—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震预警与地震紧急处置技术研究。E-mail:
Classification of natural and non-natural earthquake signals based on residual neural networks
Jie SHEN1, 2 , Jingbao ZHU1, 2, Fajun MIAO3, Jindong SONG1, 2, Shanyou LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
  • 3.Earthquake Bureau of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210014, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0502
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以准确区分天然地震与非天然地震为目标,构建了一种基于一维卷积和残差结构的神经网络模型:ResNet-1D。该模型利用不同长度卷积核的卷积层、最大池化构成的池化层和残差结构自动提取三分量地震记录特征,采用适应性矩估计方法(Adams)作为优化参数,利用线性判别函数(Linear)实现天然地震与非天然地震区分。以2008—2020年中国地震台网中心统一编目报告的天然地震和非天然地震共40000条速度记录,随机划分为6∶2∶2的比例构建训练数据集、验证数据集和测试数据集。研究结果表明:天然地震和非天然地震的分类准确率分别为92.65%和94.30%,与传统机器学习方法比较,ResNet-1D模型在准确率、精确率、召回率和F1分数的测试结果均有明显提升,有效地提高了天然地震和非天然地震识别的准确性。同时,震级和震中距的变化对模型分类准确率都有影响,具体表现为震级越高,准确率越低;震中距越大,准确率越低。文中提出的模型具有更高的准确性,可为地震监测中的天然地震与非天然地震准确区分提供技术支撑。

残差神经网络  /  地震信号分类  /  非天然地震  /  天然地震  /  地震监测

Aiming to accurately differentiate between natural and non-natural earthquakes, a neural network model based on one-dimensional convolution and residual structures, named ResNet-1D, was constructed. This model automatically extracts features from three-component seismic records using convolutional layers with convolutional kernels of different lengths, pooling layers composed of max-pooling, and residual structures. The adaptive moment estimation method (Adams) is used to optimize parameters, and a linear discriminant function (Linear) is applied to distinguish between natural and non-natural earthquakes. Using 40000 velocity records of natural and non-natural earthquakes, compiled by the China Earthquake Networks Center from 2008 to 2020, the data was randomly divided into training, validation, and test datasets in a 6∶2∶2 ratio. The test results show that the classification accuracy for natural and non-natural earthquakes is 92.65% and 94.30%, respectively. Compared with traditional machine learning methods, the ResNet-1D model significantly improves the test results in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, effectively enhancing the accuracy of identifying natural and non-natural earthquakes. Moreover, variations in magnitude and epicentral distance also affect the classification accuracy of the model, with higher magnitudes and greater distances resulting in lower accuracy. The model proposed in this paper offers higher accuracy and provides technical support for accurately distinguishing between natural and non-natural earthquakes in seismic monitoring.

residual neural network  /  earthquake signals classification  /  non-natural earthquake  /  natural earthquake  /  earthquake monitoring
沈婕, 朱景宝, 缪发军, 宋晋东, 李山有. 基于残差神经网络的天然地震与非天然地震信号分类. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (5) : 13 -25 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0502
Jie SHEN, Jingbao ZHU, Fajun MIAO, Jindong SONG, Shanyou LI. Classification of natural and non-natural earthquake signals based on residual neural networks[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (5) : 13 -25 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0502
天然地震与非天然地震的分类问题是地震监测领域的热点问题[1-3]。随着经济社会的快速发展,非天然地震事件的发生越来越频繁,非天然地震包括爆破、塌陷和滑坡等。地震大数据时代已然到来,发展出适应性广、准确率高的区分不同地震类别的方法显得越来越重要。如果无法对天然地震与非天然地震进行分类,将不利于地方政府的应急决策[4]。当前,在地震监测领域,基于人工智能技术的地震事件类型自动识别系统开始投入使用,但是对于事件类型的判断仍是难题,地震目录的建立仍存在问题,不利于进一步的科学研究和防震减灾工作。因此,亟需发展出一种能够更高效、准确的自动识别天然地震与非天然地震的方法,这不仅有助于改进地震目录的准确性,减少人工的工作量,而且可以帮助政府部门更加高效地决策,保护人民的生命财产安全。
20世纪中叶以来,对于天然地震与非天然地震事件的区分问题,广大研究者们进行了深入的研究,在现有的判别方法中,最常用的方法是基于地震波的波形[5-7]、频谱[8]、震相[9]等特征的判据、信号处理中的小波变换方法[10]和基于统计学的人工智能方法[11]等。有研究采用P波最大幅值与S波最大幅值的比值Pm/Sm作为区分依据,爆破的P波初动方向朝上,而天然地震发生时P波发生初动方向朝下的现象,因此研究人员应用P波初动方向区分天然地震与非天然地震[12-13]。爆破与天然地震的频谱也有区别,同频带Pg与Sg的谱比可以有效区分爆破与天然地震[14-15]。黄汉明等[16]运用所提取的小波特征实现对天然地震事件和人工爆破事件的鉴别。BECCAR-VARELA等[17]的研究表明小波分析方法对天然地震与采矿爆破具有较好的判别效果。ORLIC等[18]通过遗传算法寻找典型特征,提高了天然地震和人工地震分类的精度。以上这些分类方法对非天然地震和天然地震的分类具有一定作用,但由于地震本身的复杂性,部分判据的适应性较差,并且识别过程需要大量人工,无法实现自动判别。
近年来,很多地震学研究者将人工智能方法应用到地震研究领域[19],如地震信号的检测与拾取[20-22]、震源定位[23-24]和地震预警[25-27]等。人工智能方法也为地震学者解决天然地震和非天然地震分类问题打开了新世界的大门。一些研究表明通过人工从波形中提取特征,并将特征作为机器学习模型的输入可以有效提高识别的准确率[28-30]。毕明霞等[31]提出应用希尔伯特-黄变换对非线性非平稳的天然地震与非天然地震信号提取特征,采用支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)进行分类。陈润航等[32]利用震源波形生成梅尔频率倒谱系数图,之后用卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)划分天然地震和爆破。隗永刚等[33]运用平均周期法提取天然地震和爆破事件波形的全部功率谱,从而输入深度学习残差网络(residual neural network,ResNet)模型进行事件类型区分。为了能有效区分天然地震与非天然地震信号,任涛等[34]基于Bagging算法对数据采样,用集成决策树算法投票从而实现分类。梁皓等[35]提取P波和S波在频率域和时间域的典型物理特征,利用支持向量机有效区分爆破、塌陷和天然地震3种事件类型。此外,一些研究表明可以直接将波形作为神经网络的输入,利用神经网络的特征提取能力去捕捉波形中的有效信息,实现地震事件的识别[36-40]。同时,这也进一步实现了自动化识别。LI等[41]使用无监督的生成对抗网络模型(generative adversarial network,GAN)提取特征,再结合随机森林算法(random forest,RF)做分类的思路,对南加州和日本约70万地震和噪声波形进行了训练,得到了非常高的精度。段刚等[42]和高永国等[43]将筛选过的天然地震与爆破事件的垂直分量构建数据集,采用CNN进行分类。周少辉等[44]将记录全部信息的地震波形输入CNN进行训练,之后利用训练好的分类器对地震、爆破和塌陷事件进行识别。田宵等[45]将多台站波形和单台站的时频数据组合,共同输入CNN,构建了天然地震和爆破事件的识别模型。郑周等[46]利用CNN对3 s时间窗内的地震、噪声、爆破和塌陷波形进行四分类并用于地震预警。路晓晨等[47]通过可视化图的方法研究了深度学习方法在地震事件分类中的可解释性问题。这些方法将波形数据直接输入神经网络进行分类,都获得了非常好的分类效果,但是大部分训练和测试样本都集中在某一区域,未能实现将残差神经网络应用于对波形数据的直接判别上。
因此,本文的目的是获得一种适应性广、能对地震的原始波形进行区分的分类器,采用残差神经网络结合一维卷积方法作为分类模型,将中国地震台网中心统一编目观测报告的2008—2020年天然地震和非天然地震事件进行分类,利用卷积层、池化层和残差结构自动提取三分量地震速度信号记录的特征,采用适应性矩估计(adaptive moment estimation method,Adams)方法优化参数,最后利用线性判别函数(Linear)实现分类。为了获得分类效果更好的分类器,采用消融试验选取最佳准确率下的参数。发展一种高效的方法用于自动识别天然地震和非天然地震信号,有利于提高地震监测系统中地震事件判别的准确性和鲁棒性,从而更好地应对地震风险。
根据中国地震台网中心统一编目观测报告收集了7543个地震事件样本,其中包括:2008年以来首都圈地区(北京、河北、天津、辽宁、山西等)和江苏地震台网记录到的爆破事件1368个、塌陷事件687个、天然地震事件5478个。为了保证所有波形记录均有较高的信噪比并保持两类事件样本数量均衡,筛选出震级ML范围1~4级的两类事件和震中距300 km以内台站数据。地震数据的采样频率等于100 Hz,是反映速度的记录。具体的预处理步骤如下:①去均值趋势。②零相移高通(0.075 Hz)滤波器处理波形。③利用插值方法和降采样方法将数据的采样频率统一为100 Hz的速度记录。④截取P波到时前2 s到P波后38 s共计40 s的速度记录作为天然地震数据和非天然地震数据。⑤对截取后的数据进行归一化处理,数据范围变成[-1,1]。⑥将上述数据按照6∶2∶2的比例随机挑选并分别保存文件名称至Excel表格,等待用于神经网络的训练、验证和测试过程。
经过上述处理,本研究使用了三分量时长均为40 s的速度记录40000条,其中天然地震20000条,非天然地震20000条。经过预处理之后的天然地震与非天然地震数据的样例如图1所示。样例从训练集中选取,样例的横坐标的零点为P波到时前2 s,结束于P波到时后38 s的时间刻度,纵坐标是归一化后的速度幅值。天然地震样例编号是BJ.201601091353.0001.C.001HE.ZJK.00,震中距为68 km,震级为ML=1.2;非天然地震塌陷样例编号为BJ.201307020844.0001.C.001HE.YIX.00,震中距为66.7679 km,震级为ML=1.7;非天然地震爆破样例编号为BU.201207131433.0001.C.001BU.ZHL.00,震中距为62 km,震级为ML=1.7。
数据集的震中分布如图2所示,天然地震与非天然地震的震中主要集中在110°00′E~125°00′E,30°00′N~45°00′N,非天然地震零星的散落在100°00′E~110°00′E,20°00′N~30°00′N范围和120°00′E~135°00′E,45°00′N~55°00′N的范围内。
图3(a)、(b)、(c)分别展示了训练集、验证集和测试集的数据震中距和震级的关系,可以看出,地震的震级与震中距都呈现正态分布,随机抽取的训练集、验证集和测试集中的数据的震级和震中距之间的映射关系基本一致,天然地震主要集中在ML≤3,非天然地震主要集中在ML≤2.8的地区。
残差神经网络(ResNet)是卷积神经网络的一种,运用残差结构可以可靠地帮助摆脱深度神经网络训练时可能遇到的梯度消失和梯度爆炸困境。ResNet的训练比其他CNN网络都更容易[48],如图4所示。它通过引入跳跃连接(skip connections)来构成残差基本模块结构中的恒等映射(identity mapping),恒等映射即将输入x直接作为输出的一部分,残差映射可以描述为Hx)-x,残差模块改变了原本学习的目标,从学习Hx)转而学习Hx)与输入x的差异。残差神经网络的核心思想是学习残差,即将输入与期望输出之间的偏差作为焦点,训练的目的是将残差结果近似于0[49],从而可以避免梯度在反向传播过程中消失或爆炸,并且有助于更有效地训练深层网络,同时减少过拟合现象的发生,并在一定程度上提高了模型的性能和收敛速度。
对于地震信号分类问题,特征提取是最重要的,传统的地震信号分类方法通常需要人工提取信号的特征,例如P/S最大幅值比、初动方向等;另一些方法通过将波形数据转化成图像,例如绘制反应谱图像、傅里叶谱图像、时频谱图像等,这些方法依赖于该领域专家的知识,但可能丢失一些信号中的重要特征。本文采用了ResNet-1D模型,卷积的堆叠用于提取地震信号的边缘特征和形状特征,而池化操作则有助于减小特征的维度,降低计算复杂性,促进网络的平移不变性以及抑制过度拟合。残差结构在本文的研究中,既实现了更方便地提取波形特征,又利用了恒等映射获取了更多细粒度的特征,同时又减少了需要调整的超参数数量。
本文中的ResNet-1D的架构如图5所示,模型结构及参数大小见表1。输入为[3,4000]服从正态分布的2维矩阵A[3][4000],输出为形状为一个2维向量B[2]。该架构主要包括2个卷积层、2个池化层、2个残差结构、4个激活层和1个全连接结构。模型是经过反复实验得出的较为高效的组合模块,残差结构由2个卷积层[50-51]、2个全连接层、2个ReLU激活层和1个跳跃连接组成。在一维时间序列地震信号的处理中,一维卷积相比于传统的图像处理中使用的二维卷积,可以更好地捕捉信号中的时序模式;模型中采用不同长度的卷积核,可能更符合地震信号的频率分布特性。卷积层和激活层可以将线性输入特征映射为非线性特征,实现稀疏激活以及高效计算;池化层采用最大池化的方法,可以缩减特征矩阵的尺寸,保留显著特征[52],线性回归的输出层称为全连接层,从而将高维数据映射为目标维度的数据。
训练神经网络的周期(epoch)指的是整个训练数据集被完整地前向传播和反向传播的次数。本文的准确率和损失函数变化曲线如图6所示。由于文中采用了早停机制,在训练至第18个epoch时,准确率来到最高峰,损失值也同样在最低,之后训练9个epoch结果没有提升便结束训练并保存最佳参数便于在测试时使用。在模型训练的过程中,尝试了不同的批大小(batch size)来加载数据。通过实验,发现当batch size等于64时,模型验证结果的平均准确率结果最好。本文的损失值通过交叉熵损失函数实现测算,优化器采用Adams。本文采用L2正则化技术,以减小模型权重,从而起到降低模型复杂度,有效防范过拟合、优化模型泛化性能的作用。
在本文的训练、验证和测试过程中,使用了Nvidia GeForce 3050 GPU显卡,并采用Python语言编写代码,在Anaconda平台上运行,使用了PyTorch 2.0架构。计算速度的表现受多方面因素影响,包括样本规模、模型复杂度(深度和广度)、周期总数以及GPU或CPU的运算速度。在实验中,模型训练和验证24个周期仅需1 min 38 s,平均每个周期耗时4.083 s。相较之下,使用CPU训练和验证20个周期需要38 min,平均每个周期需要114 s。可见,GPU的使用显著提高了训练效率,使得模型的迭代训练能够更加高效。
消融实验主要针对超参数展开,首先对比了不同层数的残差结构,如表2所示。残差结构数量从1层一直到4层,准确率结果有明显变化。当残差结构大于4时,由于数据的维度较小,做完卷积运算出现数据维度消失的问题,因此本文只采用了4种结构对比。结果表明,当模型包含2组残差结构时,验证集上的表现最佳。不同学习率的训练最佳准确率如表3所示,首先尝试了10-1、10-2、10-3、10-4、10-5,结果表明,学习率(learning rate,LR)为10-3时效果最好,在这个数量级下,本文通过遍历法逐步锁定了3×10-3时在验证集上的最佳准确率最高,收敛效果最好。
为了检验本文提出的ResNet-1D模型在测试集上的表现,采用ResNet-1D神经网络架构和最优的超参数,在测试集上进行了识别结果的分析与评价;并且在相同的数据集上,对ResNet-1D模型与多层感知机分类模型(multi layer perceptron,MLP)、决策树分类模型(decision tree,DT)、随机森林分类模型(random forest,RF)、支持向量机分类模型(support vector classification,SVC)分类的结果开展了比较和评价。
在评估模型性能时,通过评判测试样本能否被正确识别作为评价指标。在数据集加载阶段,将天然地震标记为1,打上负例标签;非天然地震标记为0,打上正例标签。在测试模型的过程中,结果生成的混淆矩阵(confusion matrix,CM)如图7所示。混淆矩阵为评估分类模型性能提供了详细的信息,有助于理解模型对于不同类别的分类准确性。因此,在测试结果的混淆矩阵中,将天然地震被正确划分的记录称为真负例(true negatives,TN),有3706次;将天然地震被错误划分的记录称为假正例(false positives,FP),有228次;将非天然地震被正确划分的记录称为真正例(true positives,TP),有3772次;将非天然地震被错误划分的记录称为假负例(false negatives,FN),有294次。
准确率(Accuracy)、精确率(Precision)、召回率(Recall)和F1分数(F1-Score)是在CM的基础上计算出来的,可以衡量天然地震与非天然地震分类效果的好坏。其中,准确率是对所有预测正确的样本占全部样本的比率,精确度是预测正确的非天然地震数量占全部预测为非天然地震的比率,召回率表示预测正确的非天然地震数量占所有实际非天然地震的百分比,F1分数的计算方法为精确率与召回率的倒数平均数,以上4个评价指标的公式如式(1)~式(4)所示:
这些指标综合考虑了模型在不同方面的性能表现,准确率关注整体分类的正确性,精确率和召回率则着重于模型在单个类别上的表现,而F1分数将精确率和召回率均考虑在内。这样的评价指标能够提供全面的性能评估,有助于深入理解模型的分类效果。
由于测试集与训练集和验证集具有类似的分布,且不同的集合之间相互独立,因此,本文的测试数据具有独立同分布的特征。基于CM结果展示,经过测算可得到测试集的4个评价指标的整体准确率、精确率、召回率、F1分数结果分别为93.48%、93.49%、93.48%、93.48%。对于非天然地震事件,模型对非天然地震的测试结果准确率为94.30%,同时对应的天然地震的准确率为92.65%,如表4所示。结果表明,本文的模型在测试阶段表现出了较好的泛化能力,值得注意的是,模型对非天然地震的分类性能相对较优,根据计算得到的评价指标,本文提出的模型表现出良好的鲁棒性和泛化性。
根据BERGMEIR等[53]和RASCHKA[54]的研究,数据集的划分方案对测试结果有一定的影响,文中使用了随机划分数据集、固定随机种子、使用大量数据等方法,尽量消除数据划分所带来的影响,以提高模型的泛化性能,在今后的研究中,为了减轻数据集划分对结果的影响,比如采用K折交叉验证,从而进一步提高本研究提出的模型的性能,将会深入探索关于机器学习数据集划分以及如何减小验证集和测试集之间准确率差距的问题。
为了研究震级和震中距对分类准确率的影响,根据不同的范围给出分组,测试结果准确率随震级的变化如图8所示,全部震级范围内的准确率结果都在80%以上。特别是在[1,3)级地震总共有7 768次,占据测试总数据量的97.10%,准确率超过了93.59%。这表明模型在对小震级的地震数据分类上表现得十分出色。图8(b)分析了测试结果准确率随震中距的变化,整体而言,随着震中距的增加,模型识别的准确率有所下降;震中距在[250,300]km的数据和震级在[3,4]级的准确率由于样本数据较少,准确率较差。因此,继续对[3,4]级地震数据进行了详细分析。232次[3,4]级地震的准确性随震中距的变化如图8(c)所示,震中距在[0,50)km的分类结果较好,超过50 km则准确率有所下降,在这个范围内准确率与数量的变化关系不大。在不同的震级和震中分布条件下,模型依然能够保持相对高的准确率。通过上述分析,可以推断,ResNet-1D模型在天然地震与非天然地震的分类中表现出较好的鲁棒性,显示出对于地震波形分类任务的强大性能。
由于3≤ML≤4级时天然地震与非天然地震的准确率较低,为探究不同频率段下天然地震的准确率和非天然地震的准确率,首先通过计算不同地震类型三分向的主频,天然地震的主频(Hz)主要集中在(0,25],非天然地震中,爆破的主频集中在(0,5],塌陷的主频集中在(0,10],从而确定分段的区间为带通滤波(0,5]、带通滤波(5,10]、带通滤波(10,15]、高通滤波(15,+∞);然后,将原始波形按照不同分段区间上的频率范围进行分段滤波,数据预处理流程与本文第1节保持一致,重新训练和验证的结果如图9所示,其中高通[15,+∞)滤波的验证数据集上的准确率最高,为90.34%;带通滤波(5,10]的验证数据集上的准确率最低,为88.44%。使用不同频段滤波的数据集重新训练得到的模型的3≤ML≤4测试结果如表5所示,与高通滤波0.075 Hz的结果相比,只是通过不同分段区间的滤波无法提升测试准确率,本文选用的0.075 Hz的高通滤波由于保留了更多原始波形的频率信息,从而具有更好地识别准确率。
为了了解传统机器学习算法对天然地震与非天然地震记录的分类效果,基于相同的训练和测试数据集,将MLP、DT、RF、SVC算法用于地震波形的识别,其测试结果如图10所示,通过观察柱状图的高低,发现与传统的机器学习方法相比,从结果上看,本文所提出的ResNet-1D模型在准确率、精确率、召回率和F1分数上均是最佳且有明显提升,这表明ResNet-1D模型在天然与非天然地震信号的判断能力上更优越。同时,在传统的机器学习方法中,决策树模型准确率最高,支持向量机模型的判别结果的精确率高于其他机器学习模型。F1分数精确率和召回率、决策树模型F1分数均比其他机器学习模型分数高,表示其在精确率和召回率之间取得了较好的平均效果;随机森林模型的4种评价指标柱状图数值都最低,表明其对波形直接划分效果最不理想,表示这种方法在识别地震信号样本方面性能不佳,可能是因为模型的阈值设置过高,存在特征工程提取的特征有偏差的问题,模型仍然有改进空间。目前的结果表明,本文提出的ResNet-1D在识别原始波形方面相比于传统的机器学习方法具有优越性。
本文构建的一维残差神经网络(ResNet-1D)模型可以较为准确地对天然地震与非天然地震信号进行分类,使用中国地震台网中心统一编目观测报告的2008—2020年天然地震事件和非天然地震事件40000条速度记录作为数据集,训练集占60%,验证集占20%,测试集占20%。天然地震与非天然地震的分类可以理解为一个二分类问题,通过观察实验结果,得到以下结论:
1)ResNet-1D模型利用卷积层、池化层和残差结构自动提取波形特征,利用全连接层判别事件类型,可以区分出92.65%天然地震和94.30%非天然地震,综合准确率可达93.48%,模型在测试集上的准确率拥有良好的表现,表明模型具有较好的泛化能力。
2)震级和震中距对模型分类准确率都有一定影响。ResNet-1D对[1,3)级地震识别的准确率较高,而对[3,4]级地震识别效果较差。随着震中距的增加,模型识别的准确率有所下降。震中距在[250,300]km的数据和震级在[3,4]级的准确率由于样本数据较少,准确率较差。
3)与使用不同频段的滤波的数据集分类的准确率结果相比,选用的0.075 Hz的高通滤波由于保留了更多原始波形的频率信息,从而具有更好的识别准确率。
4)与多层感知机模型(MLP)、决策树模型(DT)、随机森林模型(RF)、支持向量机模型(SVC)传统机器学习方法相比,ResNet-1D模型对原始波形数据集的分类结果在准确率、精确率、召回率、F1分数的结果上均有明显提高。
综上,本文提出的ResNet-1D模型较好地实现了对天然地震与非天然地震的分类,模型的参数规模相对较小,训练时间较短,且无需人工提取波形特征,使得在相同软硬件环境下重新训练模型变得更加便捷。未来的工作可以采用迁移学习方法,利用新数据微调模型,以更好地适应新数据的加入,从而有效降低模型训练的时间和空间成本。这一研究为地震监测和地震类型分类领域提供了强大的工具,有望在处理大规模地震数据和实时监测方面发挥重要作用,为地震监测的高质量发展提供助力。
  • 中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2023B01)
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2024年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0502
  • 接收时间:2024-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-15
  • 修回日期:2024-02-23
基金
中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2023B01)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    3.江苏省地震局,江苏 南京 210014

通讯作者:

李山有(1965—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震预警与地震紧急处置技术研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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