Article(id=1245390155402556367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0402, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697472000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-17, revisedDate=1703433600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853751277, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853751277, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853751277, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853751277, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390147664068826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='233', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853749433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854381443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392798560662150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392798560662151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=15, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390155704546262, articleId=1245390155402556367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Method of building seismic environmental impact assessment and its application to seismic resilience steel frames, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the accelerated process of urbanization, the deterioration of aging buildings, and the rapid climate change in current times, the resilience and sustainability of buildings have become increasingly important. Post-earthquake rehabilitation of buildings often requires significant economic and downtime cost, while also causing severe environmental impacts such as carbon emission. However, it is still lack of reasonable and rapid assessment method for evaluating seismic environmental impact. Therefore, this study proposes an improved building life cycle seismic environmental impact assessment method, using the input-output database and the “ repair cost-ratio”assumption to convert existing seismic economic loss data into environmental impacts, considering the key factors that reduce the feasibility of building rehabilitation due to residual deformation. It quantifies the life cycle seismic environmental impact of buildings under seismic risk through seismic hazard analysis, structural analysis, damage analysis, and loss analysis. Based on this method, the life-cycle seismic environmental impact assessment of steel frame buildings strengthened by self-centering braces (SCB) and buckling-restrained braces (BRB) was carried out. The results show that if the reduction in rehabilitation feasibility caused by residual deformation is not considered, the seismic environmental impact will be seriously underestimated. After considering the residual deformation, compared with BRB, the frame strengthened by SCB shows a significant advantage in reducing the impact of the seismic environment with the minimal residual deformation.

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在当前城市化进程加快、老旧建筑功能劣化和气候急剧变化的背景下,建筑韧性与可持续性的重要性日趋凸显。震后建筑功能恢复往往需大量的经济和时间投入,并产生严重的环境影响(如碳排放),然而目前对此仍缺乏科学合理的快速评估手段。因此,文中提出了一种建筑全寿命抗震环境影响改进评估方法,利用投入产出数据库和引入“修复成本比率”假设将现有地震经济损失数据转化为环境影响,考虑了因残余变形导致建筑修复可行性下降的关键因素,通过地震危险性分析、结构分析、损伤分析和损失分析对建筑全寿命抗震环境影响加以量化。基于该方法分别对采用自复位支撑(self-centering braces,SCB)和屈曲约束支撑(buckling-restrained braces,BRB)加固的钢框架建筑进行了全寿命抗震环境影响评估。结果表明:不考虑残余变形所致的修复可行性下降会严重低估地震造成的环境影响,SCB相较于BRB以极小的残余变形在减少建筑抗震环境影响方面展现出显著优势。

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王伟(1977—),男,教授,博士,主要从事钢结构可持续性与韧性提升研究。E-mail:
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杜佳俊(1999—),男,博士研究生,主要从事钢结构可持续性与韧性提升研究。E-mail:

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Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390161954058443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, companyId=1245390161941475529, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.同济大学 建筑工程系,上海 200092)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1245390164852322687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Basic process of seismic environmental impact analysis, figureFileSmall=lp+Zb1O3qQIWq4NTeyYWQw==, figureFileBig=b6M4hYBFpCwscPXGQMwJEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390164923625863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=CN, label=图1, caption=抗震环境影响分析基本流程, figureFileSmall=lp+Zb1O3qQIWq4NTeyYWQw==, figureFileBig=b6M4hYBFpCwscPXGQMwJEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390165179478428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Calculation of damage state probability considering RID, figureFileSmall=yaHmCtO9agJdMIHwZq1ERQ==, figureFileBig=Z0FgARqZGpE1teC7CFtNWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390165284336034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=CN, label=图2, caption=考虑残余层间位移角的损伤状态概率计算, figureFileSmall=yaHmCtO9agJdMIHwZq1ERQ==, figureFileBig=Z0FgARqZGpE1teC7CFtNWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390165405970858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Retrofitted steel frame structure, figureFileSmall=z/Z41hFzmxtT+xZpYHVlQA==, figureFileBig=fC0s8wB6RYjPps65hoW/wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390165552771510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390166035116496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=CN, label=图5, caption=SCBF对应的危险性曲线, figureFileSmall=CVtcETkkSf1q1dic0X58OQ==, figureFileBig=5ahDEs0HEB8TF5+7FyDEtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390166152557017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Vulnerability curves, figureFileSmall=Ecohe9sIzzWIKJoEFeNJbg==, figureFileBig=pKs4ko36CHJeCysSQJEmpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390166274191843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=CN, label=图6, caption=易损性曲线, figureFileSmall=Ecohe9sIzzWIKJoEFeNJbg==, figureFileBig=pKs4ko36CHJeCysSQJEmpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390166404215275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Impact of RID on the life-cycle environmental impact ENS(t, X) of buildings, figureFileSmall=KOXKxQFyP09GmZOVLTr4uQ==, figureFileBig=OHHiUfZQXUwdZaiMX67Ixw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390166525850097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=CN, label=图7, caption=RID对建筑全寿命环境影响ENStX)的影响, figureFileSmall=KOXKxQFyP09GmZOVLTr4uQ==, figureFileBig=OHHiUfZQXUwdZaiMX67Ixw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390166664262135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Expected environmental impact under various earthquake intensities (residual deformation is considered), figureFileSmall=GPK/KAvvhAdwZTva+1wTNw==, figureFileBig=IPGiR3ND+25yET5lJm9ECA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390166773314047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各地震动强度下的期望环境影响(考虑残余变形), figureFileSmall=GPK/KAvvhAdwZTva+1wTNw==, figureFileBig=IPGiR3ND+25yET5lJm9ECA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390166869783044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=ENS(1, X) decomposed into different earthquake intensities (residual deformation is considered), figureFileSmall=KAYecQ8vHJzKNm2Pn2PbpA==, figureFileBig=WKG1/7kj8ctIHs6t8zMRhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390166991417867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=CN, label=图9, caption=ENS(1,X)分解到不同地震动强度(考虑残余变形), figureFileSmall=KAYecQ8vHJzKNm2Pn2PbpA==, figureFileBig=WKG1/7kj8ctIHs6t8zMRhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390167092081169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Structural key design parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
框架结构类型结构关键设计参数支撑设计荷载Fy/kN
结构基本周期T/s设计基底剪力Vy/kN第1层第2层第3层第4层第5层第6层
自复位支撑框架SCBF0.992397.6878.5796.9783.4761.2725.2660.1
屈曲约束支撑框架BRBF1.181671.7612.5542.9509.8458.5383.7271.3
), ArticleFig(id=1245390167175967255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

结构关键设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
框架结构类型结构关键设计参数支撑设计荷载Fy/kN
结构基本周期T/s设计基底剪力Vy/kN第1层第2层第3层第4层第5层第6层
自复位支撑框架SCBF0.992397.6878.5796.9783.4761.2725.2660.1
屈曲约束支撑框架BRBF1.181671.7612.5542.9509.8458.5383.7271.3
), ArticleFig(id=1245390167310184993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of risk analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震强度谱加速度/g年发生概率Δλ / %
SCBFBRBF
e10.11.7701.520
e20.20.3110.264
e30.30.1120.095
e40.40.0540.045
e50.50.0270.022
e60.60.0170.014
e70.70.0090.007
e80.80.0060.005
), ArticleFig(id=1245390167452791336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

危险性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震强度谱加速度/g年发生概率Δλ / %
SCBFBRBF
e10.11.7701.520
e20.20.3110.264
e30.30.1120.095
e40.40.0540.045
e50.50.0270.022
e60.60.0170.014
e70.70.0090.007
e80.80.0060.005
), ArticleFig(id=1245390167532483120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Vulnerability curves parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件类型EDP各损伤状态对应的EDP中位数对数标准差
轻度中度重度完全
结构IDR/%0.330.672.05.330.4
位移敏感型非结构IDR/%0.400.802.55.000.5
加速度敏感型非结构PFA/%0.300.601.22.400.6
), ArticleFig(id=1245390167649923638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

易损性曲线参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件类型EDP各损伤状态对应的EDP中位数对数标准差
轻度中度重度完全
结构IDR/%0.330.672.05.330.4
位移敏感型非结构IDR/%0.400.802.55.000.5
加速度敏感型非结构PFA/%0.300.601.22.400.6
), ArticleFig(id=1245390167758975551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Calculation of overall factors for different types of components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件类型构件名称价格比例/%NAICS编码排放因子整体因子
结构支撑钢框架100.03323100.5850.585
位移敏感型内墙13.13323100.5850.749
外窗13.23323200.567
外墙67.33273900.823
外门5.13132000.710
饰面1.33323200.567
加速度敏感型HVAC30.03334150.6580.462
电梯27.13359990.249
吊顶12.23271000.780
立管1.53261200.677
照明21.13351200.344
通信8.13342900.239
), ArticleFig(id=1245390167897387592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同类型构件整体因子计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件类型构件名称价格比例/%NAICS编码排放因子整体因子
结构支撑钢框架100.03323100.5850.585
位移敏感型内墙13.13323100.5850.749
外窗13.23323200.567
外墙67.33273900.823
外门5.13132000.710
饰面1.33323200.567
加速度敏感型HVAC30.03334150.6580.462
电梯27.13359990.249
吊顶12.23271000.780
立管1.53261200.677
照明21.13351200.344
通信8.13342900.239
), ArticleFig(id=1245390168002245200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Proportion of rehabilitation environmental impact to replacement environmental impact

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件类型损伤状态
轻度损伤中度损伤重度损伤完全损伤/拆除/倒塌
ENSds0.41.99.719.4
ENDds0.94.321.242.5
ENAds0.73.811.538.1
CDds1.05.025.050.0
), ArticleFig(id=1245390168081936980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390155402556367, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

修复环境影响占重置环境影响比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件类型损伤状态
轻度损伤中度损伤重度损伤完全损伤/拆除/倒塌
ENSds0.41.99.719.4
ENDds0.94.321.242.5
ENAds0.73.811.538.1
CDds1.05.025.050.0
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建筑抗震环境影响评估方法及在可恢复功能钢框架中的应用
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杜佳俊 1, 2 , 王伟 1, 2 , 张瑞斌 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(4): 15-25
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(4): 15-25
建筑抗震环境影响评估方法及在可恢复功能钢框架中的应用
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杜佳俊1, 2 , 王伟1, 2 , 张瑞斌1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.同济大学 土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 2.同济大学 建筑工程系,上海 200092
  • 杜佳俊(1999—),男,博士研究生,主要从事钢结构可持续性与韧性提升研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王伟(1977—),男,教授,博士,主要从事钢结构可持续性与韧性提升研究。E-mail:
Method of building seismic environmental impact assessment and its application to seismic resilience steel frames
Jiajun DU1, 2 , Wei WANG1, 2 , Ruibin ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 2.Department of Structural Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0402
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在当前城市化进程加快、老旧建筑功能劣化和气候急剧变化的背景下,建筑韧性与可持续性的重要性日趋凸显。震后建筑功能恢复往往需大量的经济和时间投入,并产生严重的环境影响(如碳排放),然而目前对此仍缺乏科学合理的快速评估手段。因此,文中提出了一种建筑全寿命抗震环境影响改进评估方法,利用投入产出数据库和引入“修复成本比率”假设将现有地震经济损失数据转化为环境影响,考虑了因残余变形导致建筑修复可行性下降的关键因素,通过地震危险性分析、结构分析、损伤分析和损失分析对建筑全寿命抗震环境影响加以量化。基于该方法分别对采用自复位支撑(self-centering braces,SCB)和屈曲约束支撑(buckling-restrained braces,BRB)加固的钢框架建筑进行了全寿命抗震环境影响评估。结果表明:不考虑残余变形所致的修复可行性下降会严重低估地震造成的环境影响,SCB相较于BRB以极小的残余变形在减少建筑抗震环境影响方面展现出显著优势。

地震工程  /  自复位结构  /  全寿命周期评估  /  碳排放  /  抗震韧性  /  可持续性

In the accelerated process of urbanization, the deterioration of aging buildings, and the rapid climate change in current times, the resilience and sustainability of buildings have become increasingly important. Post-earthquake rehabilitation of buildings often requires significant economic and downtime cost, while also causing severe environmental impacts such as carbon emission. However, it is still lack of reasonable and rapid assessment method for evaluating seismic environmental impact. Therefore, this study proposes an improved building life cycle seismic environmental impact assessment method, using the input-output database and the “ repair cost-ratio”assumption to convert existing seismic economic loss data into environmental impacts, considering the key factors that reduce the feasibility of building rehabilitation due to residual deformation. It quantifies the life cycle seismic environmental impact of buildings under seismic risk through seismic hazard analysis, structural analysis, damage analysis, and loss analysis. Based on this method, the life-cycle seismic environmental impact assessment of steel frame buildings strengthened by self-centering braces (SCB) and buckling-restrained braces (BRB) was carried out. The results show that if the reduction in rehabilitation feasibility caused by residual deformation is not considered, the seismic environmental impact will be seriously underestimated. After considering the residual deformation, compared with BRB, the frame strengthened by SCB shows a significant advantage in reducing the impact of the seismic environment with the minimal residual deformation.

earthquake engineering  /  self-centering structure  /  life cycle assessment  /  carbon emission  /  seismic resilience  /  sustainability
杜佳俊, 王伟, 张瑞斌. 建筑抗震环境影响评估方法及在可恢复功能钢框架中的应用. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (4) : 15 -25 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0402
Jiajun DU, Wei WANG, Ruibin ZHANG. Method of building seismic environmental impact assessment and its application to seismic resilience steel frames[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (4) : 15 -25 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0402
为应对全球气候变化、实现可持续发展,建筑在寿命周期内的环境影响已逐渐成为建筑设计决策中的重要因素。各国也相继建立针对绿色可持续建筑的评价体系,如美国的能源与环境设计先锋评级体系、德国的可持续建筑评估体系等。然而,现有评价体系更多关注高概率发生事件(如建筑建造、运维阶段),而忽视地震等发生概率小但会产生严重后果的事件。历史经验表明,地震等自然灾害除了造成重大的社会、经济损失外,还会产生严重的环境影响。例如,2011年的东日本大地震发生后,约112万栋建筑受损破坏,仅与建筑修缮相关的碳排放就高达2630万吨,约占日本2010年温室气体排放总量的2.1%[1]。因此,地震频发区的绿色可持续发展离不开安全可靠的抗灾韧性[2]。鉴于我国是世界上地震活动强烈和地震灾害严重的国家之一,合理评估地震风险下的建筑抗震环境影响以支持设计决策,对于实现建筑抗震韧性和环境可持续性、稳步实现“双碳”战略目标具有重要意义。
若要合理评估建筑在所处场地及其设计寿命内可能因地震风险而产生的环境影响,即建筑全寿命抗震环境影响,需要结合基于时间的地震损失分析以及全寿命周期环境影响评估(life cycle environmental impact assessment,LCEIA)。相较于基于强度的地震损失分析,基于时间的地震损失分析考虑了建筑寿命周期内可能发生的不同强度的地震事件及其发生概率,在设计决策中更具有指导意义。其通常在第二代基于性能的地震工程(performance-based earthquake engineering,PBEE)[3]框架中进行,分为地震危险性分析、结构分析、损伤分析和损失分析四部分。研究实践中,美国联邦紧急事务管理署(Federal Emergency Management Agency,FEMA)开发的HAZUS方法[4]和FEMA P-58方法[5-6]获得了最广泛的关注和应用。其中,HAZUS方法进行体系层次的评估,虽较于FEMA P-58方法有所简化,但应用简便、分析快速和结果合理,因而在快速评估、对比分析和区域韧性等研究中获得了广泛应用[7-13]
为评估震后恢复产生的环境影响,现有研究采用的主要方法有:①将构件级别的修复经济成本作为经济投入-产出生命周期评估(economic input-output life cycle assessment,EIO-LCA)[14-15]的输入;②利用“修复成本比率”(repair cost-ratios)[16-17]假设将构件的初始环境影响转换为修复环境影响;③结合详细的修复过程描述和基于过程的LCEIA方法开发特定数据库[18-19]。这些方法为量化震后修复产生的环境影响提供了有效方案。但是,在现有关于HAZUS和LCEIA结合的研究中,基本仅使用HAZUS方法中的建筑易损性信息来判断损伤状态,然后根据个人开发的数据库或修复描述来计算环境影响,并未充分利用HAZUS数据库中提供的经大量历史经验和专业调查得到的经济损失数据,这导致不同研究的结果存在差异。针对HAZUS的基准经济损失数据开发基准环境影响数据,有助于不同研究之间进行比较,也有助于环境影响评估与经济评估之间的对比。
此外,原有HAZUS方法中并未考虑震后残余变形这一指标。对于传统钢结构抗侧体系,如抗弯钢框架或普通支撑钢框架,虽能达到预期性能目标,但震后易产生明显的残余变形。而研究表明残余变形将会导致修复的经济性降低或无法修复以致拆除[20]。自复位支撑(self-centering braces,SCB)结构作为可恢复功能结构的代表,相较于传统钢结构抗侧体系,具有可有效控制震后残余变形的优势,已有研究较多聚焦于地震经济损失评估[721-22],鲜有关于环境影响的研究。因此在环境影响评估方法中纳入残余变形指标,捕捉此类构件与传统构件在震后功能恢复上的差异,对于认识其在韧性和可持续性驱动的建筑物改造中的应用潜力和市场推广前景具有重要意义。
基于上述内容,本研究利用EIO-LCA方法将HAZUS提供的相关经济数据转化为环境影响,结合建筑处于不同损伤状态时的经济损失比率,将HAZUS方法改进为应用简便、科学合理的全寿命抗震环境影响评估方法。评估中将残余层间位移角(residual inter-story drift,RID)作为一项损伤指标,以考虑震后残余变形对抗震环境影响的贡献。此外,还利用HAZUS中的地震致碎片数量估计数据计算了灾后碎片运输相关的环境影响。为演示改进后的方法,分别对采用新型自复位支撑和传统屈曲约束支撑加固后的钢框架建筑进行了抗震环境影响评估。
设计寿命内地震风险相关的环境影响ENStX)可通过地震相关的年期望环境影响ENS(1,X)乘以设计使用寿命获得。年期望抗震环境影响ENS(1,X)可通过式(1)和(2)计算:
式中:PEN>en)为年地震相关环境影响曲线,表示每年地震风险相关的环境影响EN超过一定数值en的概率;PEN>en|E=e)为地震强度E=e下的环境影响曲线;dλe)为该场地年发生强度E=e地震的概率。
对于给定建筑结构,实际求解上述积分时,主要可分为4个步骤:地震危险性分析、结构分析、损伤分析和损失分析,如图1所示。
1)地震危险性分析。根据建筑物所处的位置、场地条件以及结构基本周期,通过特定的危险性分析程序(如OpenSHA)或相关机构网站[23]获取特定地点的地震危险性曲线。该曲线给出了地震危险的年超越概率与地震强度之间的关系。
2)结构分析。根据地震危险性曲线,选取有意义的地震强度(如谱加速度)范围等值划分为若干区间。在每个区间中点对应的地震强度下,对结构进行非线性动力时程分析获得工程需求参数(engineering demand parameter,EDP),如峰值层间位移角(peak inter-story drift,PID)、峰值层加速度(peak floor acceleration,PFA)、残余层间位移角(RID)等。为保证分析结果合理,通常需要进行大量的非线性时程分析,但因计算成本较高而往往难以实现。为解决该问题,YANG等[24]提出了一个工程需求矩阵扩充方法并被FEMA P-58采用,如式(3)所示:
式中:Z为从非线性动力时程分析中获得EDP矩阵(行数为考虑的地震动数量,列数为EDP参数个数,记为n);cov(ln Z)为Z自然对数矩阵的协方差矩阵,为n×n矩阵;Lcov(ln Zcov(ln Z)矩阵的特征向量矩阵,为n×n矩阵;Dcov(ln Z为cov(ln Z)矩阵特征值的平方根矩阵,为n×n矩阵;U为零均值不相关高斯随机变量的列向量,为NR×1矩阵(NR为拟扩充的数量);Mln Z为包含ln Z均值的列向量;Zgen为生成的工程需求参数矩阵,为NR×n矩阵。
3)损伤分析。在HAZUS方法中,根据结构的EDP结合建筑相关构件的易损性曲线可确定其损伤状态。易损性曲线以对数累积正态分布函数表示,可获得建筑在该EDP下各构件(结构构件、非结构构件等)处于不同损伤状态ds的条件概率。HAZUS提供了确定不同类型构件易损性曲线的关键参数,即中位数和对数标准差。值得注意的是,现有HAZUS评估中没有考虑残余变形的影响,这导致其无法捕捉自复位结构残余变形小、功能恢复性好的优点。因此,本研究在计算建筑损伤状态概率时考虑了残余变形的影响,如图2所示,其中P倒塌P拆除分别为建筑物震后倒塌和因残余变形导致拆除的概率;P(倒塌|EDP)、P(拆除|EDP)和Pds|EDP)分别为在某一工程需求参数下,建筑物处于倒塌、拆除和损伤状态ds的概率。
4)损失分析。损失分析中需确定建筑不同损伤状态对应的环境影响。HAZUS方法基于大量震害调查和专家研究给出了经济损失数据库。为与HAZUS的地震经济损失评估结果兼容,本研究利用经济投入-产出环境影响分析数据将HAZUS中的建筑重置经济成本折算为重置环境影响。HAZUS方法还提供了不同类型构件在不同损伤状态下的损失费用比率,即相应修复费用占建筑重置成本的比例。对于某一类型构件而言,不同损伤状态的损失费用比率反映的是该类构件不同损伤程度,而损伤程度与修复所需的能源、材料等成正比,这些因素是环境影响的最主要来源,因此可认为同一类型构件处于不同损伤状态的修复经济费用的相对比例与修复环境影响的相对比例相同,即“修复成本比率”假设[16-17]。因而只要确定建筑重置环境影响中各类型构件的占比即可确定不同类型构件在不同损伤状态下的环境影响比率。考虑到不同类型构件单位经济成本的环境影响亦存在差异,HAZUS中提供的经济损失比例数据需根据各类型构件的整体环境影响因子进行调整,从而获得不同类型构件的环境影响占重置环境影响的比例。此外,还利用HAZUS中提供的震后可能产生的建筑碎片质量计算了震后运输碎片产生的碳排放。一旦确定每类构件处于不同损伤状态的概率以及相应的环境影响,结合式(1)即可评估建筑物的全寿命抗震环境影响。具体的计算参数和实现方法将在后文中给出。
为演示改进后的方法,本节选取了2个分别采用自复位支撑和屈曲约束支撑加固的钢框架建筑,以碳排放(即二氧化碳当量CO2e)作为环境影响指标,对它们进行了抗震环境影响评估,以对比研究可恢复功能钢框架建筑的抗震减碳效益。
原型框架选自FEMA P-751[25]中的6层钢框架Benchmark建筑,位于美国华盛顿州西雅图市,场地类别为C类。ZHANG等[7]利用2种不同的支撑构件对该结构进行了加固升级,分别为自复位支撑(SCB)和屈曲约束支撑(BRB)。改造后的框架平面图和立面图如图3所示。该框架东西方向有六跨,柱距9.14 m,南北方向有五跨,柱距8.53 m。分析时所有的梁柱连接均假定为铰接,铰接节点变形能力大,地震中不易发生破坏,且能充分发挥支撑的作用,震后残余变形主要由支撑产生,排除了框架的影响,便于2种不同类型支撑的对比。为合理考虑结构构件和非结构构件的损伤,将1.5%峰值层间位移角作为设计基准地震(design basis earthquake,DBE)下的设计目标,最终的结构设计参数见表1,具体的设计方法及细节见文献[7]。
利用OpenSees[26]软件建立2个结构的数值模型。边界框架构件采用基于位移的非线性梁柱单元以及Steel01材料模拟;BRB采用Steel02材料建模以考虑各向同性应变硬化的影响;SCB采用ZHANG等[27]开发的修正的SelfCentering材料建模,捕捉支撑加载和卸载刚度不同的滞回行为。在结构非线性时程分析中采用Fatigue材料描述BRB的疲劳破坏,采用MinMax材料考虑支撑体系中连接的失效。P-Δ效应通过设置重力柱的方式考虑,并赋予了结构第1模态和第2模态5%的瑞雷阻尼,以重点考虑前2阶振型对结构反映的贡献。
采用SAC项目[28]中为西雅图地区开发的20条设计基准地震动,对结构进行非线性时程分析,以验证结构设计合理性,并用于对比分析,分析得到的自复位支撑框架(SCBF)和屈曲约束支撑框架(BRBF)的响应均值如图4所示。结果表明,2个结构的峰值层间位移角响应近似,均满足预设设计目标,具有可比性。在表现出近似峰值层间位移角的情况下,SCBF与BRBF相比,SCBF表现出更大的峰值楼层加速度,但几乎没有残余层间位移角。
根据美国地质调查局网站提供的工具[23]获得了西雅图地区的一系列地震危险性曲线,并从中线性插值得到本文所研究结构自振周期对应的曲线,其量化了该场地超过地震强度指标(谱加速度)的年超越概率,如图5所示。根据FEMA P-58,结构需考虑的最小和最大谱加速度分别为0.05 g和0.85 g,并按FEMA建议等间隔划分为8个区间。相应的地震强度水准和年发生概率如表2所示。
对危险性分析中确定的不同地震强度开展结构非线性时程分析,获取工程需求参数EDP。为判断构件损伤状态及修复可行性,EDP包括峰值层间位移角PID、峰值层加速度PFA、残余层间位移角RID。分析中采用与第2.1节相同的20条地震动记录,为准确捕捉结构残余变形,在每个地震动的末尾增加30 s的零加速度时程。对地震动进行调幅,使得地震动对应建筑物基本周期的谱加速度等于相应的地震强度水准。
获得了初始需求矩阵后,利用式(3)进行需求矩阵扩充,在每个地震强度水准下生成10000组工程需求参数。此外,生成过程考虑了建模的不确定性βm对EDP分布的影响。βm主要与2个因素有关,即施工质量βc和非线性分析模型质量βq。根据FEMA P-58的建议,在平均施工质量保证、平均分析模型质量的条件下,建模不确定的2个来源均取为0.25。因此,可根据式(4)确定βm取为0.35,其βm计算公式为
在HAZUS中,建筑可分为3种构件类型,即结构构件、位移敏感型非结构构件和加速度敏感型非结构构件,以及5种损伤状态,即无需修复、轻度损伤、中度损伤、重度损伤和完全损伤。利用从结构分析中得到的工程需求参数分布,结合不同类型构件的易损性曲线可以得到其所处的损伤状态。易损性曲线通常以对数累积正态分布的形式表示,其中有2个关键参数,即EDP中位数Zds,med和对数标准差βds,std,其表达式为
由此可获得给定EDP值Z时不同损伤状态ds发生的条件概率。
所考虑建筑结构类型为中等层数支撑钢框架(HAZUS中的编号为S2M),则各类型构件的易损性曲线可从HAZUS中获得,如表3图6所示。根据HAZUS,在完全损伤状态下建筑物的倒塌概率为5%。而关于残余变形对结构拆除的影响,根据已有研究[20],结构拆除的概率也遵循对数正态分布,相应的中位数和对数标准差分别取为0.5%和0.3。
值得注意的是,HAZUS采用的是基于建筑整体的分析。因此,结构各楼层峰值层间位移角的平均值作为位移角相关构件的EDP,各楼层峰值加速度的平均值作为加速度相关构件的EDP,残余层间位移角的最大值作为建筑拆除的EDP。峰值层间位移角和峰值加速度采用平均值是了为避免过度高估或低估建筑整体的损伤程度,残余层间位移角则与构件层次分析方法(如FEMA P-58)保持一致,采用最大值,来表征建筑整体的可修复性。需要指出,自复位支撑体系虽备受关注,但目前工程应用较少,缺乏相关数据,因而统一采用了HAZUS中S2M对应的易损性曲线。为更准确地估计不同结构类型的地震后果,今后有必要对这类新型消能减震体系进行构件层次和结构层次的易损性研究。
将上一步获得的建筑损伤状态信息转化为相应的地震损失后果。地震损失类别可分为:结构构件修复环境影响(ENSTR)、位移敏感型非结构构件修复环境影响(ENNSD)、加速度敏感型非结构构件修复环境影响(ENNSA)、室内陈设物品修复环境影响(ENCON)、震后建筑碎片运输环境影响(ENDEB)。
建筑的震后修复环境影响可按照建筑重置环境影响的百分比进行计算,如式(6)~式(8)所示:
式中:ENBRC为建筑重置环境影响;PdsSTR)PdsNSD)PdsNSA)分别为结构构件、位移敏感型非结构构件和加速度敏感型非结构构件处于损伤状态ds的概率;ENSdsENDdsENAds则分别代表这三类构件的修复环境影响占建筑重置环境影响的比率。
室内陈设物品被定义为家具、计算机等不属于结构的设备,但不包括照明、天花板和机电设备等非结构构件。这些陈设物品在地震中的损伤通常与峰值加速度相关,因而室内陈设物品的修复环境影响(ENCON)可由对加速度敏感的非结构构件的损伤指标来估计,如式(9)所示:
室内陈设物品的类型复杂,其环境影响由各类家具设备等的种类和数量决定,缺乏统计数据,故采用和HAZUS相同的假设,即室内陈设物品的环境影响等同于建筑重置环境影响。
由式(6)~式(8)可知,建筑重置环境影响和各类型构件修复环境影响比率是抗震环境影响计算的关键。本案例采用美国环境扩展投入-产出(United States environmentally extended input-output,USEEIO)数据库中的建筑产业影响数据[29]将HAZUS提供的经济数据转化为环境影响。该数据库融合了美国389个产业部门之间的经济交易数据和环境数据。其中,商业建筑行业的每美元对应的环境影响(fEN)为0.414 kg CO2e(这里的美元参考年为2013年)。根据HAZUS的清单技术手册(inventory technical manual),其经济重置成本(CBRC)计算源自美国全真造价数据库RSMeans[30] 2022版数据。根据RSMeans提供的历史成本指数,按照式(10)将2022年经济成本折算到2013年,然后根据式(11)计算对应的建筑重置环境影响。
式中:h2013为2013年的历史成本指数,其值为201.2;h2022为2022年的历史成本指数,其值为276;CBRCin2022为每平方米2 200.2美元。最终计算得到的ENBRC为每平方米664.2 kg CO2e。
HAZUS中给出了各个类型构件在完全损伤状态或倒塌时的修复成本占重置成本比值。对于结构构件、位移敏感型和加速度敏感型非结构构件,该比值分别为19.2%、32.9%、47.9%。由于不同类型构件所处具体产业分类不同,单位经济成本的环境影响并不相同,碳排放因子存在差异,比如混凝土制品相关产业的经济价格相较于电梯等机械制造业较低,但环境影响相对较高。因此经济比例需要根据碳排放因子进行调整以获得各构件占总环境影响的比例。根据HAZUS经济数据的同源数据库RSMeans的估算工具,统计6层钢结构的各类型构件中主要构件所占的常见比例,再结合USEEIO中合适的产业碳排因子加权以获得不同类型构件的整体因子,见表4。根据获得的整体因子,调整经济成本比例后,在完全损伤状态时,各类型构件修复环境影响所占比例为19.4%、42.5%、38.1%。
对于不同类型构件,根据“修复成本比率”假设,其修复环境影响比率等于HAZUS中的修复经济成本比率。根据HAZUS提供的不同损伤状态下不同类型构件的损失比率,结合前述获得的完全损伤状态的各构件类型影响占比,可获得各类型构件不同损伤状态下的修复环境影响占重置环境影响的比率,见表5
地震产生碎片数量方面的相关研究很少,HAZUS根据经验方法提供了震后碎片数量的估计,即不同损伤状态下单位建筑面积可能产生的砖石、混凝土和钢碎片等的数量,具体可参见HAZUS技术手册。根据上述数据可进一步估算震后可能因运输碎片至填埋场所需要的碳排放,计算公式如式(12):
式中:K为所用运输车的类型数量;de为运输碎片到现场所需要的等效运输距离;nk为第k类车辆的数量;ECIk为油耗指标,表示单位运输距离的燃油使用量;EFfuel,k为碳排放因子,表示单位油耗的碳排放。本文假设场地和填埋场或处理场的平均距离为40 km。往返行程包括现场装载,也包括卸载后返回现场。由于后者负载较少,车辆油耗减少,因此假设卸货返回的距离为两地距离的2/3[31],则一次运输往返的等效距离为67 km。假设只采用一类8 t柴油卡车,油耗指标为0.285 L/km,柴油碳排放系数取为2.64 kg CO2e/L[32]
根据上述信息和公式,首先可以求出建筑物在各地震强度水准下的抗震环境影响值。然后,根据式(1)和式(2)可以计算出年期望环境影响。
当建筑寿命t为50 a时,SCBF和BRBF的建筑全寿命环境影响值ENStX),如图7所示。在考虑残余变形的情况下,SCBF的ENStX)约为250 t,而BRBF约为380 t,这展现了自复位结构在减少地震环境影响方面的显著优势。无论是否考虑残余变形,SCBF的ENStX)几乎相同,这归功于其出色的自复位能力使结构的震后残余变形几乎可以忽略。而BRBF的ENStX)则与残余变形密切相关。本案例中考虑残余变形的BRBF环境影响约为不考虑的2.3倍。因此,当结构在震后产生明显残余变形时,因面临可修复性降低而产生的环境影响显著,意味着该因素在全寿命抗震环境影响评估中不应被忽略。值得注意的是,由于SCBF具有更大的加速度响应,且加速度敏感型构件及室内陈设物品所占比例较高,在不考虑残余变形的情况下,导致SCBF的环境影响高于BRBF。
需要说明的是,相对于初始建造,生命周期抗震碳排放相对较小,这是因为考虑了地震的发生概率。但若上升到城市尺度,对于如东日本大地震中的百万栋房屋或其他百万栋房屋量级的城市来说,地震风险造成的建筑修复的年期望碳排放当量或达到千万吨。因此,地震风险造成的环境影响不容忽视。
不同地震动强度下产生的环境影响期望值如图8所示。与预期相同,结构的环境影响期望值随着地震强度的增大而增加,且BRBF的环境影响随着地震强度增大的增速更快。为进一步揭示建筑在各地震动强度下的ENS(1,X)对总ENS(1,X)的贡献,在图8的基础上,考虑不同地震强度的年发生概率,如图9所示。对于SCBF来说,不同地震强度水准下的ENS(1,X)对总ENS(1,X)的贡献随着地震强度的增大而减少,这主要是因为高强度地震的发生概率较低。而对于BRBF,贡献最高的ENS(1,X)并未出现在最小的强度e1而是在e2,这主要是因为此时BRBF开始出现明显的残余变形。
相对于其他组分,因地震碎片运输产生的环境影响往往较小,但在城市尺度的模拟中,面对巨大的建筑存量,这一因素的影响不容忽视。此外,碎片还涉及到处理、回收和焚烧等众多过程,其环境影响仍有待进一步研究。
自复位结构相较于传统结构,由于其震后几乎无残余变形的特点,在减少地震造成经济损失及环境影响上都表现出较大优势。不过,由于不同类型构件的碳排放因子有所差异,导致建筑中各类构件的经济损失分布和环境影响分布并不相同。因此,同一韧性增强措施在减少环境影响和经济损失上的效果是不同的,在新的视角下,对各类韧性增强措施进行探索也是未来的研究方向。此外,在节能减排及城市化进程加快的多重背景下,妥善权衡建筑前置影响与后序潜在地震风险相关影响,从而在全生命周期视角下考量韧性建筑设计,亦具有重要意义。
本文基于下一代性能化设计思想,围绕建筑“低碳、韧性”目标,利用环境投入产出数据库将HAZUS提供的经济损失数据转化为环境影响,提出了一种改进的全寿命周期抗震环境影响评估方法,并通过对分别采用新型自复位支撑和传统防屈曲支撑加固的钢框架建筑的分析,演示说明改进后的方法。主要结论如下:
1)基于改进后的抗震环境影响评估方法,可分析震后修复建筑各类构件的环境影响情况,合理快速地评估不同建筑的全寿命周期抗震环境影响。
2)为捕捉传统结构与新型震后功能可恢复结构之间的差异,防止低估传统抗侧结构的抗震环境影响,应当将残余变形作为重要指标以正确评估建筑损伤状态。
3)自复位结构相较于传统结构,具有震后残余变形小的特点,因此在减少建筑抗震环境影响方面展现出显著优势。
4)控制自复位结构的加速度响应或对加速度敏感型构件/室内陈设物品进行抗震加固连接,有利于进一步减少自复位结构的抗震环境影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52378182; 52078366)
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3801900)
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2024年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0402
  • 接收时间:2023-10-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-17
  • 修回日期:2023-12-25
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52378182; 52078366)
“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3801900)
作者信息
    1.同济大学 土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092
    2.同济大学 建筑工程系,上海 200092

通讯作者:

王伟(1977—),男,教授,博士,主要从事钢结构可持续性与韧性提升研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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