Article(id=1245390154500780995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0401, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683129600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-04, revisedDate=1686758400000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853751062, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853751062, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853751062, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853751062, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390147664068826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='233', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853749433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854381443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392798560662150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392798560662151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390155255755721, articleId=1245390154500780995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Optimization design method for over-tracking seismic (vibration) isolation structures based on ratio of benefit to life cycle cost, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Seismic(vibration) isolation technology is an effective measure to improve the seismic performance and comfort of over-tracking buildings, and the design methods optimization of such structures has practical significance and urgency. This study proposes an evaluation model based on the ratio of benefit to life cycle cost that suitable for over-tracking seismic (vibration) isolation structures. The effects of key structural parameters such as period ratio, mass ratio, stiffness and damping of the isolation layer on the benefits of the over-tracking seismic (vibration) isolation structures were studied. Based on genetic algorithms, an optimal design method for over-tracking seismic (vibration) isolation structures is proposed. The research results show that the seismic losses of the structure after adding isolation layers are mainly concentrated in the substructure, and the greater the mass ratio of the upper and lower structures, the smaller the seismic losses. The period ratio of the upper and lower structures has a greater impact on the overall seismic losses of the structure. The larger the period ratio, the smaller the seismic losses. The stiffness of the isolation layer is positively correlated with the isolation efficiency. After using the optimization algorithm to optimize the prototype structure, both seismic losses and vertical acceleration vibration levels were reduced, verifying the feasibility of this method and providing reference for engineering design.

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隔震(振)技术是提升地铁上盖建筑抗震性能和舒适度的有效措施,优化此类结构设计方法具有现实意义和紧迫性。提出了适用于地铁上盖隔震(振)结构的全寿命效费比评估模型;采用基于结构响应的全寿命评估方法,研究了周期比、质量比、隔震层刚度及阻尼等关键结构参数对地铁上盖隔震(振)结构效益的影响;基于遗传算法提出了地铁上盖隔震(振)结构优化设计方法。研究结果表明:增加隔震层后结构地震损失主要集中于下部结构,上、下部结构质量比越大地震损失越小;上下部结构周期比越大,地震损失越小;隔振层刚度与隔振效益呈正相关;采用提出的优化算法对原型结构优化后,地震损失费用可减小30%,竖向振动加速度级可减小2 dB,验证了该方法的可行性。

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李祚华(1978—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构抗震、应力检测等研究。E-mail:
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王振(1989—),男,博士,主要从事结构抗震、振动控制等研究。E-mail:

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王振(1989—),男,博士,主要从事结构抗震、振动控制等研究。E-mail:

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王振(1989—),男,博士,主要从事结构抗震、振动控制等研究。E-mail:

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Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2010. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245390174696354776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, awardId=2022YFC3801201, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3801201), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245390174759269340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, awardId=KCXFZ202002011010039, language=CN, fundingSource=深圳市可持续发展专项(KCXFZ202002011010039), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390167255659036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390167264047645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, companyId=1245390167255659036, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Civil and 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Optimization design process of isolation parameters based on genetic algorithm, figureFileSmall=jBQGpAOdtG4Wj4ZrfUgEyg==, figureFileBig=2mwd1E6+fEgH+GXSEcGlCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390172821500801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=CN, label=图14, caption=基于遗传算法的参数优化设计流程, figureFileSmall=jBQGpAOdtG4Wj4ZrfUgEyg==, figureFileBig=2mwd1E6+fEgH+GXSEcGlCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390172892803973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Comparison of seismic response between the optimized structure and the original structure, figureFileSmall=ma9N4a3iD/0BoD8B6/3MMQ==, figureFileBig=yt+0XEYzCB3qXLfJUJaNSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390172955718536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=CN, label=图15, caption=优化结构与原结构地震响应对比, figureFileSmall=ma9N4a3iD/0BoD8B6/3MMQ==, figureFileBig=yt+0XEYzCB3qXLfJUJaNSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390173035410316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Limit values of RC frame structures at different limit states[14-16]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
极限状态破坏程度层间位移角/%楼层加速度/(m/s2
1Δ≤0.05a≤0.5
2微小0.05<Δ≤0.100.5<a≤1
3轻度0.10<Δ≤0.201<a≤2
4中度0.20<Δ≤0.402<a≤8
5较重0.40<Δ≤0.708<a≤9.8
6重度0.70<Δ≤0.809.8<a≤12.5
7倒塌0.80<Δ12.50<a
), ArticleFig(id=1245390173127685008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

钢筋混凝土结构不同极限状态限值[14-16]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
极限状态破坏程度层间位移角/%楼层加速度/(m/s2
1Δ≤0.05a≤0.5
2微小0.05<Δ≤0.100.5<a≤1
3轻度0.10<Δ≤0.201<a≤2
4中度0.20<Δ≤0.402<a≤8
5较重0.40<Δ≤0.708<a≤9.8
6重度0.70<Δ≤0.809.8<a≤12.5
7倒塌0.80<Δ12.50<a
), ArticleFig(id=1245390173215765396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculation formula for limit state related losses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损失成本计算公式单位基础费用
结构修复费用维修/更换成本×面积×平均损伤率元/m25600
附属物损失内容物成本×面积×平均损伤率元/m21750
租赁成本损失出租费×可出租面积×损失率元/月/m249
收入损失成本出租费×可出租面积×空置率元/年/(×104 m21.4
人员轻伤损失单人轻伤成本×面积×入住率×预期的轻伤率元/(×104人)3.5
人员重伤损失单人重伤成本×面积×入住率×预期的重伤率元/(×105人)3.5
人员死亡损失单人伤亡成本×面积×入住率×死亡率元/(×107人)1.75
), ArticleFig(id=1245390173291262871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

极限状态相关损失计算公式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损失成本计算公式单位基础费用
结构修复费用维修/更换成本×面积×平均损伤率元/m25600
附属物损失内容物成本×面积×平均损伤率元/m21750
租赁成本损失出租费×可出租面积×损失率元/月/m249
收入损失成本出租费×可出租面积×空置率元/年/(×104 m21.4
人员轻伤损失单人轻伤成本×面积×入住率×预期的轻伤率元/(×104人)3.5
人员重伤损失单人重伤成本×面积×入住率×预期的重伤率元/(×105人)3.5
人员死亡损失单人伤亡成本×面积×入住率×死亡率元/(×107人)1.75
), ArticleFig(id=1245390173366760346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Ground motion parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号地震名称时间测站震级Ms序号地震名称时间测站震级Ms
GM1San Fernando1971年Whittier Narrows Dam6.61GM5Chi-Chi1999年CHY0627.62
GM2Imperial Valley-061979年Calipatria Fire Station6.53GM6Hector Mine1999年Anza-Tripp Flats Training7.13
GM3Imperial Valley-061979年El Centro Array #136.53GM7Hector Mine1999年Lytle Creek Fire Station7.13
GM4Imperial Valley-061979年Niland Fire Station6.53
), ArticleFig(id=1245390173471617952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

地震动参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号地震名称时间测站震级Ms序号地震名称时间测站震级Ms
GM1San Fernando1971年Whittier Narrows Dam6.61GM5Chi-Chi1999年CHY0627.62
GM2Imperial Valley-061979年Calipatria Fire Station6.53GM6Hector Mine1999年Anza-Tripp Flats Training7.13
GM3Imperial Valley-061979年El Centro Array #136.53GM7Hector Mine1999年Lytle Creek Fire Station7.13
GM4Imperial Valley-061979年Niland Fire Station6.53
), ArticleFig(id=1245390173576475556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Soil parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层数土层厚度/m压缩模量/MPa弹性模量/MPa剪切模量/MPa密度/(t/m3泊松比压缩波速/(m/s)剪切波速/(m/s)
1层人工填土52.8152.6761.112.000.25302174.8
2层砂质粉土514.2251.62100.722.040.25384222.2
3层重粉质黏土106.0209.4883.801.940.25359207.9
4层重粉质黏土109.8265.05106.101.990.25399230.9
5层重粉质黏土911.6369.20147.781.980.25472273.2
6层中砂618.4412.93165.291.990.25498288.2
), ArticleFig(id=1245390173748442028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

土体参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层数土层厚度/m压缩模量/MPa弹性模量/MPa剪切模量/MPa密度/(t/m3泊松比压缩波速/(m/s)剪切波速/(m/s)
1层人工填土52.8152.6761.112.000.25302174.8
2层砂质粉土514.2251.62100.722.040.25384222.2
3层重粉质黏土106.0209.4883.801.940.25359207.9
4层重粉质黏土109.8265.05106.101.990.25399230.9
5层重粉质黏土911.6369.20147.781.980.25472273.2
6层中砂618.4412.93165.291.990.25498288.2
), ArticleFig(id=1245390173819745197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Additional damping parameter values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
竖向等效阻尼比阻尼单元阻尼系数C/((N•s)/mm)
0.0184.81
0.03254.43
0.05424.06
0.07593.68
), ArticleFig(id=1245390173899436977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

附加阻尼参数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
竖向等效阻尼比阻尼单元阻尼系数C/((N•s)/mm)
0.0184.81
0.03254.43
0.05424.06
0.07593.68
), ArticleFig(id=1245390173983323061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The maximum and minimum limit values of earthquake damage losses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数周期比η质量比β隔震层阻尼比ξiso隔震层刚度kh/(×108 N/m)地震破坏损失CF
CLSmax1.00.20.081.303.15×107
CLSmin2.51.00.301.052.01×106
), ArticleFig(id=1245390174109152187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

地震破坏损失上下限值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数周期比η质量比β隔震层阻尼比ξiso隔震层刚度kh/(×108 N/m)地震破坏损失CF
CLSmax1.00.20.081.303.15×107
CLSmin2.51.00.301.052.01×106
), ArticleFig(id=1245390174172066751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Comparison between the optimized horizontal isolation structure and the original structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数结构1结构2优化结构
周期比2.252.502.50
质量比0.81.01.0
隔震层刚度/(×108 N/m)1.92.51.793
隔震层阻尼比00.0500.093
隔震层投入C0/(×1061.5991.4431.639
地震破坏损失CLS/(×1063.6033.5192.546
隔震效费比γE1.82801.85411.8895
), ArticleFig(id=1245390174264341444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

水平隔震优化结构与原结构对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数结构1结构2优化结构
周期比2.252.502.50
质量比0.81.01.0
隔震层刚度/(×108 N/m)1.92.51.793
隔震层阻尼比00.0500.093
隔震层投入C0/(×1061.5991.4431.639
地震破坏损失CLS/(×1063.6033.5192.546
隔震效费比γE1.82801.85411.8895
), ArticleFig(id=1245390174331450310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Optimization results of vertical vibration isolation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数结构1结构2优化结构
竖向刚度/(×109 N/m)9.8001.9001.667
隔振层投入C0/(×1057.26793.74874.2727
结构最大振级VLZ/dB68.9174.3272.97
隔振效费比γV1.95512.30912.3551
), ArticleFig(id=1245390174415336395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

竖向隔振参数优化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数结构1结构2优化结构
竖向刚度/(×109 N/m)9.8001.9001.667
隔振层投入C0/(×1057.26793.74874.2727
结构最大振级VLZ/dB68.9174.3272.97
隔振效费比γV1.95512.30912.3551
), ArticleFig(id=1245390174482445262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Optimization results of seismic and vibration dual control parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加权系数支座第一形状系数S1=2支座第一形状系数S1=3支座第一形状系数S1=4
λ1λ2周期比质量比阻尼比/%效费比周期比质量比阻尼比/%效费比周期比质量比阻尼比/%效费比
0.10.92.501.0010.71.0982.501.0010.51.0742.501.0010.91.042
0.20.82.500.7710.81.1562.500.7010.91.1302.500.7010.11.084
0.30.72.501.0010.51.2192.501.0010.01.1912.501.0010.21.125
0.40.62.501.0010.31.2872.501.0011.01.2572.501.0010.31.167
0.50.52.501.009.71.3612.501.0010.01.3292.501.0010.21.209
0.60.42.501.0010.31.4452.501.009.91.4112.501.0010.21.251
0.70.32.501.009.71.5402.501.0010.11.5072.501.0010.21.292
0.80.22.391.009.51.6582.490.909.61.6232.490.9010.31.347
0.90.12.380.949.41.8222.371.009.91.7932.371.009.61.472
), ArticleFig(id=1245390174583108563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390154500780995, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

震振双控参数优化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加权系数支座第一形状系数S1=2支座第一形状系数S1=3支座第一形状系数S1=4
λ1λ2周期比质量比阻尼比/%效费比周期比质量比阻尼比/%效费比周期比质量比阻尼比/%效费比
0.10.92.501.0010.71.0982.501.0010.51.0742.501.0010.91.042
0.20.82.500.7710.81.1562.500.7010.91.1302.500.7010.11.084
0.30.72.501.0010.51.2192.501.0010.01.1912.501.0010.21.125
0.40.62.501.0010.31.2872.501.0011.01.2572.501.0010.31.167
0.50.52.501.009.71.3612.501.0010.01.3292.501.0010.21.209
0.60.42.501.0010.31.4452.501.009.91.4112.501.0010.21.251
0.70.32.501.009.71.5402.501.0010.11.5072.501.0010.21.292
0.80.22.391.009.51.6582.490.909.61.6232.490.9010.31.347
0.90.12.380.949.41.8222.371.009.91.7932.371.009.61.472
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基于全寿命效费比的地铁上盖隔震(振)结构优化设计方法
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王振 1 , 李祚华 1 , 许亚昆 1 , 滕军 1 , 何春凯 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(4): 1-14
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(4): 1-14
基于全寿命效费比的地铁上盖隔震(振)结构优化设计方法
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王振1 , 李祚华1 , 许亚昆1, 滕军1, 何春凯2
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工业大学(深圳) 土木与环境工程学院,广东 深圳 518055
  • 2.深圳中建院建筑科技有限公司,广东 深圳 518063
  • 王振(1989—),男,博士,主要从事结构抗震、振动控制等研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李祚华(1978—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构抗震、应力检测等研究。E-mail:
Optimization design method for over-tracking seismic (vibration) isolation structures based on ratio of benefit to life cycle cost
Zhen WANG1 , Zuohua LI1 , Yakun XU1, Jun TENG1, Chunkai HE2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology(Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
  • 2.CABR Shenzhen Construction Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518063, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0401
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隔震(振)技术是提升地铁上盖建筑抗震性能和舒适度的有效措施,优化此类结构设计方法具有现实意义和紧迫性。提出了适用于地铁上盖隔震(振)结构的全寿命效费比评估模型;采用基于结构响应的全寿命评估方法,研究了周期比、质量比、隔震层刚度及阻尼等关键结构参数对地铁上盖隔震(振)结构效益的影响;基于遗传算法提出了地铁上盖隔震(振)结构优化设计方法。研究结果表明:增加隔震层后结构地震损失主要集中于下部结构,上、下部结构质量比越大地震损失越小;上下部结构周期比越大,地震损失越小;隔振层刚度与隔振效益呈正相关;采用提出的优化算法对原型结构优化后,地震损失费用可减小30%,竖向振动加速度级可减小2 dB,验证了该方法的可行性。

地铁上盖  /  隔震(振)结构  /  全寿命费用  /  效费比  /  优化设计

Seismic(vibration) isolation technology is an effective measure to improve the seismic performance and comfort of over-tracking buildings, and the design methods optimization of such structures has practical significance and urgency. This study proposes an evaluation model based on the ratio of benefit to life cycle cost that suitable for over-tracking seismic (vibration) isolation structures. The effects of key structural parameters such as period ratio, mass ratio, stiffness and damping of the isolation layer on the benefits of the over-tracking seismic (vibration) isolation structures were studied. Based on genetic algorithms, an optimal design method for over-tracking seismic (vibration) isolation structures is proposed. The research results show that the seismic losses of the structure after adding isolation layers are mainly concentrated in the substructure, and the greater the mass ratio of the upper and lower structures, the smaller the seismic losses. The period ratio of the upper and lower structures has a greater impact on the overall seismic losses of the structure. The larger the period ratio, the smaller the seismic losses. The stiffness of the isolation layer is positively correlated with the isolation efficiency. After using the optimization algorithm to optimize the prototype structure, both seismic losses and vertical acceleration vibration levels were reduced, verifying the feasibility of this method and providing reference for engineering design.

over-tracking buildings  /  seismic(vibration) isolation structure  /  life cycle cost  /  ratio of benefit and cost  /  optimization design
王振, 李祚华, 许亚昆, 滕军, 何春凯. 基于全寿命效费比的地铁上盖隔震(振)结构优化设计方法. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (4) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0401
Zhen WANG, Zuohua LI, Yakun XU, Jun TENG, Chunkai HE. Optimization design method for over-tracking seismic (vibration) isolation structures based on ratio of benefit to life cycle cost[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (4) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0401
随着经济的快速发展,城市轨道交通在我国得到了飞速发展[1]。当前在城市繁华地带兴建地铁站面临投资负盈利问题,建设复合功能的地铁上盖结构是提高土地利用率、反哺轨道交通投资的有效途径。提高地铁上盖结构大震下的安全性和正常使用状态下的舒适性,并且控制建造成本以达到性能-经济性合理平衡是发展过程中需要解决的问题。隔震(振)技术与经济性的关系是进行隔震(振)决策的主要因素之一。增加隔震(振)层后虽然使初始造价有所增加,但也同时降低了潜在的地震损失费用增加了舒适度。目前地铁上盖结构设计方法只考虑初期建设成本,而未考虑全寿命周期内的费用,这可能造成结构设计缺乏预见性,因而如何将地铁上盖隔震(振)设计方法与全寿命费用分析方法结合,使结构全寿命周期的总费用最小,即在结构的可靠性和经济性之间达到一种优化平衡是地铁上盖隔震(振)结构广泛应用的前提。
基于全寿命费用(life cycle cost,LCC)最小的理念,国内外许多学者针对不同形式结构的优化方法做了大量研究。王光远等[2]以国际标准ISO 2394[3]所提出的优化策略为目标,提出了使结构全寿命周期预期总成本最小的优化设计方法。LEE等[4]提出了可考虑环境影响的钢桥梁结构抗震设计方法,该设计方法对成本模型中的初始成本、预期全寿命周期成本和维护成本进行了优化。WEN等[5-6]考虑了全寿命周期抗震设计中的多种因素,并细化了建成初期、全寿命周期及失效成本,以成本控制下的最少人员伤亡为基本优化目标,并将所提出的抗震设计方法应用于9层框架结构的抗震设计中。CASTALDO等[7]研究了不同周期的摩擦摆三维隔震(振)结构全寿命费用,评估了增加隔离度值所提供的潜在效益。MATTA[8]提出了一种非线性结构调谐质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper,TMD)系统全寿命费用优化设计方法,其显著特征是和质量成比例的TMD全寿命成本模型、迭代优化流程,根据传统线性TMD设计技术的TMD频率和阻尼比的初始化。SHIN等[9]基于遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA),以全寿命成本最小为优化目标,提出了使用金属阻尼器结构的参数优化设计方法。MOUSAZADEH等[10]提出了铅芯橡胶隔震结构的优化设计框架,该框架目的是最大限度地降低建筑的初始成本和生命周期成本,同时提高基础隔震结构的抗震性能。ZOU等[11]在基础隔震钢筋混凝土建筑结构的设计中使用了基于可靠性的优化框架,而优化目标是将初始成本降至最低。朱健等[12]在全寿命费用评价体系中增加了层最大加速度、梁端最大截面曲率和柱端最大截面曲率作为评价指标提出了新的混合评价体系,并对单层工业厂房全寿命费用进行分析。
综上所述,目前的研究主要集中于地震引起的全寿命地震损失,缺少轨道交通等振动因素对全寿命费用的影响研究。原因如下:①轨道交通等环境振动强度较低[13],不引起主体结构的破坏因而无法计算损失费用;②在建筑使用周期内,振动可能引起室内人员舒适度降低或设备的损坏,但其经济效益指标难以准确计算。因此,对于同时受地铁轨道交通振动和地震影响的地铁上盖结构,缺少同时考虑水平隔震与竖向隔振的全寿命成本效益评估指标。全寿命分析包含的范围较广,包括结构设计、运维和修葺等方面。本文从结构初始投资与效益即全寿命成本-效益准则的角度出发,针对地铁上盖隔震(振)结构全寿命成本-效益进行评估与优化。
基于此出发点,本文通过结合地震预期破坏损失和结构振动加速度级的减损值,提出了隔震(振)结构的水平隔震与竖向隔振全寿命周期效费比的计算方法,选取全寿命周期效费比作为全寿命成本效益评估指标,采用隔震(振)效费比可以权衡不同双控设防目标下结构的成本与性能。在此基础上采用遗传算法提出了快速结构最优参数选取方法,为工程设计提供参考。
效费比是成本效益分析理论的核心评价指标,“费”指为了达到某种“效益”而进行的初期投入。“效益”可以分为增值效益和减损效益,增值效益指投入的成本带来的直接经济效益;减损效益指投入的成本带来的性能或安全水平的提高所减小的损失。在本文中,“费”指增加隔震(振)层而增加的初始成本,“效益”指增加隔震(振)层后地震损失减小量与结构振动响应减小量。
对于地铁上盖结构来说,采用厚层橡胶支座的形式进行隔震(振),初始成本的投入既用于水平隔震同时也可以达到竖向隔振的目的,因此对于水平隔震和竖向隔震来说,用于计算效费比的初始成本相同,初始成本进行无量纲化处理,如式(1)所示:
式中:α为无量纲化处理后的隔震初始成本;CB为隔震(振)层的初始成本;CBmax为初始成本的最大取值,与选取的参数范围相关。
影响隔震(振)支座价格的主要因素是支座的尺寸,本文中隔震(振)初始费用可以表示为
式中:CB为隔震层的初始成本;Cb为单个厚层橡胶支座的初始成本;Cr为单位体积橡胶隔震支座的成本,本文建议取0.3 元/cm3Vb为单个支座的体积。
地震作用下结构出现损伤并且导致经济损失,在地铁轨道交通作用下结构竖向振动导致舒适度降低。本文采用地震预期破坏损失的降低程度来表示水平隔震措施带来的效益,采用竖向振动加速度级减损表示竖向隔振措施带来的效益。
地震预期破坏损失与结构的损伤相关,其包含层间位移角相关的结构构件损伤[14]和加速度相关的非结构构件损伤[15],不同极限状态对应的层间位移角和加速度限值如表1所示,不同极限状态地震预期破坏损失构成如式(4)和式(5)所示:
式中:为结构修复费用;为以层间位移角为指标计算的建筑附属物损失;为以楼层加速度为指标计算的建筑附属物损失;为租赁损失;为收入损失;为人员受伤损失;为人员死亡损失;i代表不同的极限状态。
不同结构极限状态对应的损失计算详见表2,其中计算系数取值参考FEMA 227[16]中的建议取值。
基于地震发生服从泊松分布并且结构震后即刻恢复抗震能力等假设,WEN等[5-6]提出了不同结构极限状态地震预期破坏损失计算方法,如式(6)~式(8)所示:
式中:为层间位移相关的结构不同极限状态地震预期损失;为加速度相关的结构不同极限状态地震预期损失;ν/λ(1-e-λt)用于将损失费用转换为现值,其中λ为年度瞬时贴现率,一般取5%。可按式(9)计算:
式中:DI为层间位移角或加速度;DIiDIi+1分别为第i极限状态的DI的下限值和上限值;PDI > DIi)为地震作用下结构发生损伤大于DIi的年超越概率。
在小震、中震、大震3个地震危险等级下计算结构的地震损伤DI,通过对3个Pi-DIi数据组拟合得到PDI>DIi[17]
结构在地铁轨道交通作用下的振动加速度幅值约为10-3 ~10-2 m/s2,此时结构处于线弹性阶段,因此不产生直接经济损失,地铁轨道交通主要引起舒适度问题。本文采用舒适度的提升对隔振效益进行评估,采用隔振结构竖向振级VLZ减损程度来表示:
式中:VLS为竖向振级减损值;VLZmax为不同工况下隔振结构竖向振级的最大值;VLZ为隔振结构的竖向振级。
本文选取的竖向振级为各层楼板处的竖向振级最大值,振级减损评估偏于保守,以保证评估结果的合理。
本文采用隔震结构地震破坏损失相较于基准值的降低程度来表示,并对水平隔震效益量纲规范化处理,如式(11)~式(13)所示:
式中:γE为水平隔震效费比;φE为量纲规范化后的结构水平隔震效益;α为量纲规范化后的隔震成本;ELS为结构地震破坏损失的减损值;CLSmaxCLSmin分别为不同工况下隔震结构地震破坏损失的最大值和最小值;CLS为隔震结构地震破坏损失。
对竖向隔振效益量纲规范化处理,并将竖向隔振效费比定义为隔振效益与隔振成本的比值,如式(14)~(15)所示:
式中:γV为竖向隔振效费比;φV为量纲规范化后的结构竖向隔振效益;α为量纲规范化后的隔振成本;VLS为结构竖向振动振级的减损值;VLZmaxVLZmin分别为结构竖向振动振级的最大值和最小值。
通过线性加权和法获得隔震(振)的效费比:
式中:γ为隔震(振)的效费比;γEγV分别为结构水平隔震和竖向隔振的效费比;λ1λ2分别为结构水平隔震和竖向隔振效费比的加权系数。
λ1λ2可根据实际设计中隔震(振)性能目标经验进行选取。对于侧重水平隔震,竖向振动为辅的设防目标,建议取λ1=0.8,λ2=0.2;对于侧重竖向隔振,水平隔震为辅的设防目标,建议取λ1=0.2,λ2=0.8;对于水平隔震和竖向隔振均有较高的设防目标,建议取λ1=λ2=0.5。
地铁上盖隔震(振)结构的隔震(振)层往往设置于底部大平台与上部塔楼竖向构件转换处,该做法可避免出现应力集中等现象[18],因此,地铁上盖隔震(振)属于层间隔震(振)。近年来国内外许多学者对层间隔震(振)结构优化设计方法做了大量研究,其中优化准则主要分为基底剪力最小[19]、下部结构位移最小并控制上部结构加速度[20-21]、频域振动能量最小[22]、隔震层消耗能量最大[23]及高阶振型阻尼相等[24]准则。虽然优化准则不同,但研究结果表明上下部结构质量比、周期比和隔震层参数均为关键影响因素。因此本文在基于全寿命效费比准则优化参数过程中,选取质量比η、周期比β、隔震层刚度kiso和隔震层阻尼比ξiso作为控制变量并进行影响因素分析。
参考以往研究[19-25],本文将地铁上盖隔震(振)结构等效为多自由度模型,见图1。采用随动强化的单轴二折线非线性本构函数来确定结构的恢复力,k1取0.2k0,见图2。本文基于GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[26]设计谱,在PEER地震动数据库中筛选与目标反应谱匹配的地震波(均选取数据库水平分量1),地震波的反应谱在结构主要振型的周期点上相差不大于20%,按照7度设防地震调幅后地震动反应谱与目标反应谱如图3所示,所选地震波的主要参数如表3所示。
取隔震层水平刚度为上部结构水平刚度的0.3倍,上下部结构周期比为2.5保持不变,通过改变结构下部结构质量的方式改变质量比,使结构上、下部结构质量比在0.2~1.0之间变化,质量比与地震损失关系如图4所示。
图4可知,上部结构的地震损失费用占比较小,约占整体损失费用的18%~20%;结构整体地震损失随着质量比的增加而减小。上部结构地震损失较小的原因在于:设置隔震层后减小了上部结构的地震响应,从而使上部结构的地震损失显著降低,导致结构损失费用集中于下部结构。此外,设置隔震层后上部结构类似于TMD,可以控制下部结构的地震响应[24]且TMD质量增加控制效果越好,因此下部结构地震损失随着质量比增加而减小。
隔震层水平刚度取上部结构水平刚度的0.3倍,上下部结构质量比为1.0保持不变,通过改变结构下部结构刚度的方式改变周期比,使结构上下部周期比在1.0~2.5之间变化。控制结构质量比为1.0保持不变,对不同周期比的层间隔震结构进行非线性时程分析计算,周期比与地震损失关系见图5
图5可知,上部结构的地震损失费用较少,周期比1.5以下时上部结构地震损失费用占整体损失的6%以内;随着周期比的增加上部结构损失占比随之增加,周期比2.5时上部结构损伤占比18.73%;周期比增加使地震损失显著下降,因此增加下部结构刚度(增加周期比)是降低整体结构地震损失的有效措施。
上下部结构的阻尼比一般取0.05,本文隔震层阻尼比ξiso取值范围为0.1~0.3。控制结构上下部周期比为2.5保持不变,隔震层水平刚度为上部结构水平刚度的0.3倍。阻尼比与地震损失关系如图6所示。
隔震层阻尼比的增大,对上部结构地震响应影响较小,上部结构地震损失基本不变。下部结构地震损失随着隔震层阻尼比的增大而有显著的降低,说明增大隔震层阻尼比可以有效降低下部结构的地震损失,对结构整体损失也有显著的降低。
本文隔震层刚度kiso取值范围为上部结构等效刚度的20%~50%,控制结构上下部周期比为2.5保持不变,计算不同隔震层刚度的层间隔震结构响应,不同隔震层刚度地震损失见图7
图7可知,下部结构的地震破坏损失随隔震层刚度的增大而减小,但幅度较小,同时上部结构的地震破坏损失随隔震层刚度的增大迅速增大,导致结构整体的地震破坏损失随隔震层刚度的增大而上升。
本文采用的地铁上盖结构下部大底盘结构共2层,层高8 m,上部结构共10层,标准层层高3 m,结构总高度46 m。上部框架结构柱网尺寸为8 m×8 m,X向布置4跨,Y向布置6跨。大底盘框架柱截面尺寸为1200 mm×1200 mm,框架梁截面为800 mm×1000 mm,上部结构框架柱截面尺寸为800 mm×800 mm,框架梁截面为500 mm×700 mm,所有结构构件均满足规范设计要求。本文采用精细化ABAQUS有限元模型进行结构竖向振动响应计算,梁柱采用B32单元模拟,楼板采用四边形壳单元S4模拟,模型见图8。采用ETABS建立相同模型,对比ABAQUS与ETABS模型计算结果,结果显示2种模型关键周期误差最大值为5.19%,证明了计算模型的正确性。
采用美国联邦铁路管理局轨道不平顺谱和简化列车模型模拟地铁轨道交通荷载,采用ABAQUS建立隧道-土体模型计算地表振动作为结构振动输入,如图9所示。本文根据深圳某项目地址勘测报告,选取土体参数如表4所示。
取隔振层竖向刚度为控制变量,其取值范围为上部结构竖向刚度的1/48~1/120,分别计算不同隔振层竖向刚度下结构的竖向振动响应,隔振效益与竖向刚度关系见图10。由图可知,上部结构竖向振级的降低与隔振层竖向刚度的降低之间呈线性关系,减小隔振层刚度可显著增加隔振效益。
为研究隔振层竖向阻尼比对上部结构隔振效果的影响,本文取隔振层附加阻尼比ξv作为控制变量,其取值范围为0.01~0.07,隔振层竖向刚度为上部结构竖向刚度的1/120,在结构隔振层隔振支座处设置附加阻尼单元,阻尼系数取值如表5所示,计算不同隔振层附加阻尼比下结构竖向振动响应,不同隔振层阻尼比对应的1/3倍频程见图11,图中未隔振结构阻尼比为2%。
图11可知,随着隔振层竖向附加阻尼比的增加,上盖结构的隔振效果有所减弱;设置竖向隔振层可以降低40~80 Hz频段的振动,但是会一定程度上放大1~30 Hz频段的竖向振动。这是由于结构竖向振动在1~30 Hz频段内,因此,竖向振动在接近结构竖向振动频率的频段内会被放大,地铁竖向振动在结构中传播时会放大低频段的振动分量。
隔震效费比γE为隔震效益φE与初始成本的比值,反映结构的投入与产生效益的相对关系,效费比越大则说明隔震层初始成本的投入带来更好的结构性能的提升,在实际设计中经济效果更好。分别计算隔震结构和非隔震结构的地震损失,并根据式(11)计算不同隔震层刚度下结构效费比。由于隔震层成本的非线性增大,隔震效益并不是单调变化,存在最优隔震层刚度使得隔震效费比最大,此时的隔震层刚度为最优取值如图12所示。
隔振效费比γv为隔振效益φv与初始成本的比值,效费比越大则反映隔振层初始成本的投入带来更好的隔振性能提升,在实际设计中经济效果更好。隔振效益φv为隔振结构各楼层竖向振级最大值VLz,max下降程度,因此结构的隔振效果越好,隔震效益φv越大。分别计算隔振结构和非隔振结构的振动响应,并根据式(14)计算不同隔振层刚度下结构隔振效益和效费比。由于隔振层成本的非线性增大,隔振效益并不是单调变化,相同上盖结构层数下存在最优隔振层刚度使得隔振效费比最大,此时的隔振层刚度最优取值如图13所示。
实际结构设计过程中需要综合考虑所有参数,对设计方案需要逐一计算其隔震(振)效益及效费比以选择最优的设计方案。由于实际设计中变化参数较多并且参数取值范围大,采用逐一计算方法寻找最优设计方案工作量和计算量十分庞大,计算效率低。因此本文结合遗传算法提出隔震(振)结构全寿命优化设计方法进行优化设计全局寻优,利用遗传算法在结构参数和隔震层参数的合理取值范围内快速全局搜索找到优化参数的最优取值,优化设计流程如图14所示。
对于水平隔震成本效益分析,需计算不同水平隔震参数取值下结构地震破坏损失CLS的上下限值CLSmaxCLSmin。因此,本文首先通过遗传算法的快速搜索能力寻找在参数取值范围内地震破坏损失的取值上下限,如表6所示。
按照上述优化设计流程,针对地铁上盖大底盘层间隔震结构水平隔震参数进行优化设计,对水平隔震结构进行成本效益分析,分别计算无量纲归一化后的成本α和隔震效益φE,以效费比γE为目标函数通过遗传算法寻找使得效费比最大的水平隔震参数取值,遗传算法优化结果如图15所示,优化结果对比如表7所示。
从优化结果对比分析可知,优化结构在不同强度地震作用下的最大层间位移角均小于结构1和结构2。对于楼层加速度响应,优化结构在一定程度上放大了下部大底盘的地震楼层加速度响应,但是优化结构上部塔楼结构的楼层加速度明显小于结构1和结构2。
优化结构的隔震层投入相较于结构1和结构2分别增加了2.5%和14.4%,额外增加的隔震层投入会提高结构的隔震效果,优化结构的地震破坏损失相较于结构1和结构2分别降低了29.3%和27.6%,表明额外的隔震投入有高效的性能提升。因此从成本效益角度优化结构,并利用遗传算法快速得到结构的隔震参数取值以指导实际结构设计,可以使得设计方案达到成本投入和结构性能的平衡。
针对地铁上盖大底盘层间隔振结构进行竖向隔振参数优化设计,对竖向隔振进行成本效益分析,分别计算无量纲归一化后的成本α和隔震效益φV,以效费比γV为目标函数通过遗传算法寻找使得效费比最大的竖向隔振参数取值,优化结果如表8所示。
从优化结果对比分析可知,优化结构的隔振层竖向刚度位于结构1和结构2的隔振层竖向刚度之间。优化结构相较于结构1的隔振层投入减小41.2%,但优化结构相较于结构1的最大振级增大5.89%,说明结构1额外增加较高的隔振层投入并没有带来隔振性能大幅的提升,结构1的隔振层参数不合理导致结构隔振投入过高。优化结构相较于结构2的隔振层投入增大13.9%,但优化结构相较于结构2的最大振级减小18.2%,说明结构2的隔振效果不够理想,优化结构可以在小幅度的隔振层投入下带来较好的隔振性能提升。因此对于竖向隔振参数的选取以效费比为指标进行优化,可以较好地平衡结构的成本投入与隔振效果,在合理的成本投入前提下更高效地提高结构隔振性能。
震振双控优化流程与单目标遗传算法优化流程相似,按照图14所示优化流程进行参数优化,区别在于震振双控参数优化的目标函数为震振双控效费比γ,震振双控优化数学模型如式(18)所示:
优化结果如表9所示,从优化结果可知,支座第一形状系数相同时,结构参数周期比和质量比的优化结果均接近取值上限,隔震层阻尼比的取值均在9%~11%之间;支座第一形状系数越大,隔震层刚度最优取值越小,这是因为支座第一形状系数越大,在相同的水平刚度取值下隔震层竖向刚度越大,结构隔振效果降低,随支座第一形状系数的增大,隔震层最优刚度有降低的趋势。
本文建立了基于效费比的地铁上盖隔震(振)结构成本效益评估模型,并探究了关键参数对全寿命效益和效费比的影响规律。在此基础上,利用遗传算法以效费比最大为目标函数对不同双控设防目标的结构进行优化设计,并对比分析优化前后的隔震(振)成本和隔震(振)效果。主要得出如下结论:
1)采用地震损失减损和竖向振动加速度减损值为隔震(振)效益,提出了适用于地铁上盖隔震(振)结构的全寿命效费比评估模型,该模型可在结构不同的双控设防目标下,在结构的成本投入与性能提升之间进行权衡。
2)采用多自由度模型和精细化有限元模型对隔震(振)结构地震损失和竖向加速度级影响因素进行了研究,研究结果表明:设置隔震层后上部结构的地震损失显著降低,地震损失主要集中于下部结构;上、下部结构质量比和周期比越大,结构地震损失越小;隔震(振)层刚度越小,地震损失越小并且竖向振动加速度级减小越大,但初始成本随之增加。
3)采用本文提出的隔震(振)效费比评估模型,利用遗传算法对不同加权系数的震振双控结构进行了多目标参数优化,结果表明不同加权系数工况下优化参数不同,但优化后地铁上盖上部结构加速度及下部结构位移均小于原型结构,验证了优化方法的可行性。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3801201)
  • 深圳市可持续发展专项(KCXFZ202002011010039)
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2024年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0401
  • 接收时间:2023-05-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-04
  • 修回日期:2023-06-15
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3801201)
深圳市可持续发展专项(KCXFZ202002011010039)
作者信息
    1.哈尔滨工业大学(深圳) 土木与环境工程学院,广东 深圳 518055
    2.深圳中建院建筑科技有限公司,广东 深圳 518063

通讯作者:

李祚华(1978—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构抗震、应力检测等研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
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小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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