Article(id=1245390153166992315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0417, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1670688000000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-11, revisedDate=1686240000000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853750744, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853750744, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853750744, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853750744, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390147664068826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='233', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853749433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854381443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392798560662150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392798560662151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=180, endPage=192, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390153448010684, articleId=1245390153166992315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Influence of normal fault fracture zone on mining response based on interface element, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To capture the characteristics of faults accurately, considering a typical coal mine as an example, the geological model of fault zone and fault plane is established by the numerical calculation method, and the influence of thickness of fault fracture zone and fault plane on mining of coal mine working face under normal fault condition is studied. The study shows that the smaller the stiffness of the fault plane is, the more time steps need to be calculated for the model balance. Under given conditions for the thickness of the fault zone, the influence of the fault plane gradually increases as the working face advances closer to the fault plane under the conditions of different contact surface stiffness, the stress peak in front of the working face tends to rise with the increase of interface parameters, and the stress peak is the highest when there is no interface, and the vertical displacement of the working face roof increases gradually with the decrease of the interface stiffness. The stress in front of the working face increases with the increase of the thickness of the fault zone under the same interface parameters. The vertical displacement of the roof increases with the thickness of the fault zone. With the increase of the vertical distance from coal seam under different interface parameters, the displacement difference between the two sides of the fault of the high strata is larger than that of the low strata, and the two separate plates is also larger in the high strata. Under the condition of different fault zone thicknesses, the displacement difference between the two sides of the fault increases with the advance of working face. The slip amount of the point with higher strata is larger than that of the point with lower strata in a certain range of vertical distance. The slip amount on the two sides of the fault increases with the increase of the thickness of fault. This study has certain guiding function for coal mining under the influence of faults.

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为更准确地反映断层的特性,以典型煤矿为例,采用数值计算方法,结合地层中断层带的实际特征,建立断层带和断层面共同存在的断层地质模型,研究了正断层条件下,断层面和断层破碎带对煤矿工作面开采的影响。研究表明:断层面的刚度越小,模型平衡需要计算的时步越多。断层带厚度为给定条件下,当接触面参数不同时,随着工作面的推进,距离断层面越近时,断层面影响逐渐增加;随着接触面刚度的增加,工作面前方的应力峰值有升高的趋势,无接触面时的应力峰值最高。给定接触面刚度条件下,随着断层带厚度的增加,工作面前方的应力呈现升高的趋势。工作面顶板的垂直位移随着断层带厚度的增加有一定程度的增加。断层带厚度给定时,不同接触面参数下随着距离煤层的垂直距离的增加,高位岩层的断层两侧的位移差较低位岩层的位移差大,计算结果显示,两盘单独的滑移量也是高位岩层较大。给定的接触面参数下,不同断层带厚度下,随着工作面的推进断层两盘的位移差不断增加,在一定垂直距离范围内,岩层层位高的点比层位低的点滑移量要大。随着断层带厚度的增加,断层两盘的滑移量呈现增加的趋势。该研究对断层影响下的煤炭开采具有一定的指导作用。

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曹栩(1988―),男,博士研究生,主要从事地下岩土工程研究。E-mail:

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曹栩(1988―),男,博士研究生,主要从事地下岩土工程研究。E-mail:

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曹栩(1988―),男,博士研究生,主要从事地下岩土工程研究。E-mail:

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Physical mechanics parameters of the rock strata used in simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩体名称体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa密度/(kg/m3内聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
黏土岩8.201.1025001.8030
细粉岩9.603.6025002.5031
细砂岩23.0015.20270017.0038
煤层1.500.8014201.1025
粗砂岩16.507.8026205.0029
中砂岩19.4013.20270012.8040
粉砂岩13.104.2025003.0033
断层带0.030.0722000.0320
), ArticleFig(id=1245390167696060986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390153166992315, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩层模型中使用的物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩体名称体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa密度/(kg/m3内聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
黏土岩8.201.1025001.8030
细粉岩9.603.6025002.5031
细砂岩23.0015.20270017.0038
煤层1.500.8014201.1025
粗砂岩16.507.8026205.0029
中砂岩19.4013.20270012.8040
粉砂岩13.104.2025003.0033
断层带0.030.0722000.0320
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基于界面单元的正断层破碎带对煤矿采动响应的影响分析
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曹栩 1 , 常亚峰 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(4): 180-192
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(4): 180-192
基于界面单元的正断层破碎带对煤矿采动响应的影响分析
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曹栩1 , 常亚峰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.西安理工大学 土木建筑工程学院,陕西 西安 710048
  • 2.陕西省建筑科学研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710082
  • 曹栩(1988―),男,博士研究生,主要从事地下岩土工程研究。E-mail:

Influence of normal fault fracture zone on mining response based on interface element
Xu CAO1 , Yafeng CHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
  • 2.Shaanxi Institute of Architecture Science Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710082, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0417
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为更准确地反映断层的特性,以典型煤矿为例,采用数值计算方法,结合地层中断层带的实际特征,建立断层带和断层面共同存在的断层地质模型,研究了正断层条件下,断层面和断层破碎带对煤矿工作面开采的影响。研究表明:断层面的刚度越小,模型平衡需要计算的时步越多。断层带厚度为给定条件下,当接触面参数不同时,随着工作面的推进,距离断层面越近时,断层面影响逐渐增加;随着接触面刚度的增加,工作面前方的应力峰值有升高的趋势,无接触面时的应力峰值最高。给定接触面刚度条件下,随着断层带厚度的增加,工作面前方的应力呈现升高的趋势。工作面顶板的垂直位移随着断层带厚度的增加有一定程度的增加。断层带厚度给定时,不同接触面参数下随着距离煤层的垂直距离的增加,高位岩层的断层两侧的位移差较低位岩层的位移差大,计算结果显示,两盘单独的滑移量也是高位岩层较大。给定的接触面参数下,不同断层带厚度下,随着工作面的推进断层两盘的位移差不断增加,在一定垂直距离范围内,岩层层位高的点比层位低的点滑移量要大。随着断层带厚度的增加,断层两盘的滑移量呈现增加的趋势。该研究对断层影响下的煤炭开采具有一定的指导作用。

断层  /  断层破碎带  /  接触面  /  煤炭开采

To capture the characteristics of faults accurately, considering a typical coal mine as an example, the geological model of fault zone and fault plane is established by the numerical calculation method, and the influence of thickness of fault fracture zone and fault plane on mining of coal mine working face under normal fault condition is studied. The study shows that the smaller the stiffness of the fault plane is, the more time steps need to be calculated for the model balance. Under given conditions for the thickness of the fault zone, the influence of the fault plane gradually increases as the working face advances closer to the fault plane under the conditions of different contact surface stiffness, the stress peak in front of the working face tends to rise with the increase of interface parameters, and the stress peak is the highest when there is no interface, and the vertical displacement of the working face roof increases gradually with the decrease of the interface stiffness. The stress in front of the working face increases with the increase of the thickness of the fault zone under the same interface parameters. The vertical displacement of the roof increases with the thickness of the fault zone. With the increase of the vertical distance from coal seam under different interface parameters, the displacement difference between the two sides of the fault of the high strata is larger than that of the low strata, and the two separate plates is also larger in the high strata. Under the condition of different fault zone thicknesses, the displacement difference between the two sides of the fault increases with the advance of working face. The slip amount of the point with higher strata is larger than that of the point with lower strata in a certain range of vertical distance. The slip amount on the two sides of the fault increases with the increase of the thickness of fault. This study has certain guiding function for coal mining under the influence of faults.

fault  /  fault fracture zone  /  interface  /  coal mining
曹栩, 常亚峰. 基于界面单元的正断层破碎带对煤矿采动响应的影响分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (4) : 180 -192 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0417
Xu CAO, Yafeng CHANG. Influence of normal fault fracture zone on mining response based on interface element[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (4) : 180 -192 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0417
断层是一种常见的地质构造类型,对地下工程的应用有一定的影响[1-5],在煤矿开采中,受采掘活动的影响[6],断层构造的存在往往会导致透水、瓦斯突出以及冲击地压[7]等煤矿事故的发生,导致大量的人员伤亡和财产损失。断层由于弱面和破碎带的存在,在采掘活动影响下,往往容易造成断层滑移[8-9]失稳,改变矿山压力分布,给煤炭开采工作带来很大的困难。
在以往的研究中,对断层的研究方法主要集中在:理论分析、实验室实验、相似模拟试验及数值模拟方法等[10-11]。由于实际地质条件中断层及地层的尺寸较大,数值模拟成为了近年来研究断层的一种重要方法[12]。张雨霆等[13]针对岩土工程数值分析中地质断层建模困难的问题,提出基于单元重构的岩土工程复杂地质断层建模方法,为岩土工程的复杂地质断层建模提供便捷的实现途径。于秋鸽等[14-15]采用数值模拟手段对开采中不同断层的活化模式、采动影响下断层活化机理及影响因素以及开采活动断层滑移引起地表沉陷机理等进行研究,为工程实践中断层地质构造下的煤炭开采提供指导。朱广安等[16]为研究开采扰动下断层滑移失稳诱发冲击矿压的致灾条件,推导了断层面正应力、剪应力的计算公式,进而得到断层滑移失稳与覆岩“关键层”的破断和采场的推进的关系,利用数值模拟计算比较了不同开采影响因素下的断层面位移场、应力场、速度场和能量场的响应规律,得出:断层滑移对采动影响具有不同的敏感性,断层带上剪切位移和应力分布受断层摩擦角、采深、断层位置和回采方式等影响较大;而受断层力学性质(诸如法向刚度、切向刚度等)影响较小。蒋金泉等[17]采用数值模拟方法分析了上覆硬厚岩层受逆断层切割后的顶板运动和采动应力变化情况,认为上下盘工作面受断层距离的影响较大,下盘工作面的活化性受断层及地层条件的影响较上盘工作面较大。姜耀东等[18]采用库仑剪切模型的接触面单元代表断层两盘的接触状态,模拟工作面从断层上盘和下盘向断层方向逐步回采的过程,断层带上的应力分布具有明显的时空特征,断层上法向应力和剪切应力对采动影响具有不同的敏感性,断层法向应力的变化总是早于剪切应力;工作面距离断层越近,断层越易于活化。
已有研究者对采动影响下断层的活化机理、诱因和形式进行了大量研究,对于预防由于断层活化引起的矿井灾害具有很好的指导作用。根据以往的研究,断层往往起到弱面作用,对应力和能量的传递形成阻断[19],但是在实际的地质层带中,断层往往又以一定宽度的断层带形式出现[20],以往的研究往往单一的把断层视作弱面或者断层带,实际的断层应该是既能起到弱面的作用,又以断层带的形式存在,而断层带厚度的取值并没有明确的给出。本文以典型的煤矿为例,建立断层地质模型,研究在断层面作用下正断层破碎带对工作面煤炭开采的影响,为断层条件下的煤矿开采提供了参考。
济三煤矿隶属于兖矿集团,地理位置在山东省济宁市,矿井面积覆盖110 km2,预计可采煤炭储量5.26 亿吨,井型设计初为500 t/a,产量曾一度达到800~1000 万 t/a,属于国有特大型煤矿。6303工作面布置在6采区6300、6301、6302工作面以西(图1),设计倾斜长度239.8 m,走向长度2 057.8 m,采用综合机械化放顶煤一次采全高的采煤工艺。工作面回风顺槽是沿空巷道,顺槽全长2114 m,工作面埋深669~711 m,6303回风顺槽临近6302采空区,6302采空区与6303工作面回风顺槽之间留设窄煤柱2~3 m,煤层平均厚度4.75 m,煤层为近水平煤层,煤层柱状图如图1所示,顶底板共列出13层,总高度114 m。工作面在推进过程中曾多次发生冲击矿压事件,回风顺槽掘进期间共通过3条断层SF62、SF28和SF3,断层落差分别是1.0、1.6、0.5 m,SF28断层附近掘进时发生多次冲击矿压显现。
采动响应可能导致断层的滑移,断层的滑移反之作用于采场,建立正断层滑移的概念力学模型如图2所示。由图可知,模型受上覆垂直应力σu和水平应力σs的作用,则断层面附近微元的正应力Δσn和切应力Δτ
式中:Δσn为断层面上的正应力;Δτ为断层面上的切应力;Δσu为模型垂直应力;Δσs为模型水平应力。根据Mohr-Coulomb失效准则,断层面微元产生滑动的剪切强度由式(3)计算,得
式中:Δτs为剪切滑移强度;φ为断层内摩擦角;c为内聚力。
当断层产生滑移时的条件为ΔτΔτs时,根据式(1)、式(2)和式(3)可得断层临界滑移状态下的表达式为
由式(4)可知,当θ值一定时,φθ,(1-cot θ tan φ)→0,此时(Δσu-Δσs)→∞,由式(4)可以得到:
θ求偏导可得到极值tan 2θ=-1/tan φ,有sin 2θ=(tan2φ+1)-1/2,cos 2θ=-tan φ(tan2φ+1)-1/2,根据滑移条件可知,临界滑移条件为τ-σtan φ=c,则
变换得到:
由式(7)及前述分析可知,当断层倾角θ以及垂直应力σu和水平应力σs确定时,滑移发生的条件取决于断层的内摩擦角φ和黏聚力c,因此只要确定合理的内摩擦角φ和黏聚力c的值,断层即可发生滑动。
对于断层的建模在已有研究的基础上提出新的建模思路,对于界面单元的断层带的建模主要分为3种类型:只含有接触面单元的断层模型a,用弱化的夹层带建立断层带的模型b,在断层带两侧弱化的断层带与岩层之间建立界面单元的断层带模型c,如图3(a)、(b)和(c)所示。模型a只能反映出断层的滑移特性,模型b只能在一定程度上表征断层带的挤压变形特性,模型c存在断层带岩层和完成岩层带之间参数选取的问题,模型建立也相对较为复杂。本文基于前人对断层带模型建立的基础上,提出在断层带内建立断层的界面单元,对于真实的断层带来说(图3(d)),断层的滑移一般是发生在断层带的内部,优化后的界面单元的断层带模型如图3(e)所示,该模型不但能够反映出断层的滑移特性,还能对断层带的挤压变形特性进行表征,同时还具有建模方面的优点,只需要建立一条基于弱化断层带的界面单元,该界面单元参数的选取依照断层带的岩性参数进行选取即可。
采用FLAC3D软件进行计算,Mohr-Coulmb被广泛应用于地震分析[21-23],煤柱及临近的完整地层选用连续介质模型,模型的本构关系选取摩尔库伦(Mohr-Coulmb)模型,数值模型依据兖矿集团济三煤矿6303工作面进行建立,断层模型倾角45°,断层模型尺寸为长400 m,宽5 m,高111 m,工作面的开采深度为730 m,将上覆岩层简化为15.7 MPa的均布荷载,断层为正断层,水平应力比为0.5,模型前后左右和下部固定边界,模型中断层带的厚度从5~13 m进行递增,梯度为2 m,在断层带的中间部位建立断层面,模型的地层关系如图4所示,在断层带与岩层的接触布设设置若干监测点A-A′B-B′C-C′,在断层面左右0.1 m处与ABC平行的位置设置监测点a-a′b-b′c-c′监测位移和应力的变化。地层模型选取Mohr-Coulomb模型,断层面选取接触面中的库伦剪切模型,模型中的物理力学参数参照济三煤矿的C8-9钻孔资料[1624],具体参数见表1。这里不考虑断层带的岩体性质影响,断层带的参数根据弱化后的泥岩或松散层进行选取[1725]
在以往的研究中,断层面参数的选取往往是根据断层面附近岩层的参数进行选取,断层面的参数选取范围在附近岩层参数的1/6至数倍不等[26-27],而对于接触面参数的选取与岩性的关系的研究较少,参照FLAC3D软件说明,根据周围单元的参数,接触面的参数可以根据相邻区域单元的等效刚度进行选取,即
式中:K为体积模量;G为剪切模量;Δzmin为接触面周围单元的最小尺寸。当建立真实的可以滑动的接触面单元时,主要取决于接触面单元的法向刚度(kn)和切向刚度(ks)。根据模型参数断层带的岩性值及周围网格尺寸,计算得到接触面的等效刚度kes=0.148 GPa,为了研究接触面参数的影响,接触面的参数分别选取0.25kes、0.5keskes、2kes、4kes、6kes、8kes、10kes对上述5 m断层带厚度的模型进行计算,并与无接触面条件下的模型进行对比,接触面内摩擦角取值为14°。
根据图3(e)中的模型对选取断层带参数以及断层面参数进行验证,断层带两侧选取的岩层参数为表1中的粗砂岩,断层面的参数选取刚度参数的最大和最小值0.5kes、10kes,模型的前后左右固定,上部根据不同情况施加一定的上覆均布荷载,下部断层面左侧自由,右侧固定,施加自重应力,计算一定循环后,观察断层滑移状况。图5是对选取的两刚度参数下的模型的断层滑移验证,显示的是垂直位移云图,由图可知,0.5kes、10kes的断层面参数下,断层都产生了不同程度的滑移,表明该断层参数能够进行断层滑移的计算。
计算了不同接触面参数下的5 m断层带厚度的模型,当接触刚度降低到0.25kes时,模型发生刚度破坏,无法进行计算,计算以0.5kes为刚度的下边界,依次递增。图6为模型平衡时断层面附近的监测点垂直位移差与接触面刚度的关系图,以12kes为无接触面的情况进行绘制。由图可知,在无接触面的情况下,a-a′b-b′c-c′这3对点的位移差几乎为零,随着接触面刚度的减小,接触面监测点的位移差逐渐增大,这主要体现在模型靠上部的a-a′对点,模型下部的b-b′c-c′这2对点的位移差较小,由于是正断层,模型左侧点a′b′c′点的位移要大于abc三点,说明断层上盘产生了一定程度的滑移。模型平衡时步与接触面参数的关系图,如图7所示。由图可知,随着模型接触面刚度的不段加大,模型平衡计算时步数逐渐减小,无接触面时的计算平衡时步数最小。模型平衡时为了模拟原始的地应力状态,计算平衡后,将模型所有节点的位移进行清零,进行后续计算。
在给定断层带厚度为5 m的条件下,对不同接触面参数的模型进行分析。计算模型中0.5kes、6kes、无断层面的模型开挖100、50、10 m的垂直应力分布如图8所示。由图可知,随着工作面的不断推进,工作面前方的应力集中逐渐向断层移动,当工作面距断层5 m时,应力集中完全转移到了正断层的上盘,而且应力集中的程度有所增加,最大应力值随着工作面的推进不断增加,100、50、10 m的应力峰值分别为26、45、50 MPa。对于接触面参数的影响,从图中可以看出,当工作面推进100 m时,0.5kes较无断层面和6kes断层面上方开始出现应力变化,出现20~22 MPa的应力,当工作面推进至断层50 m时,断层面对工作面的应力影响逐渐显著,在工作面的前方,正断层下盘出现一块低应力区域,应力值在5~10 MPa,当工作面推进至断层5 m时,工作面顶板和底板出现大面积低应力区域。
图9为不同接触面参数下的工作面推进至断层70、40 m时前方煤柱内的垂直应力图。由图9(a)可知,当工作面推进至距断层70 m时,工作面前方附近煤层内的应力受断层影响较小,自工作面至断层呈现先升高后下降的趋势,工作面前方6.5 m处出现应力峰值,峰值强度在38.39 MPa,距离断层面附近的应力受接触面参数有一定的影响,主要体现在,随着接触面参数的增大,断层附近煤柱内的应力有所升高,主要由于断层面的存在,导致断层的滑移挤压,对煤柱起到一定的泄压作用。由图9(b)可知,当工作面推进距断层40 m时,断层对工作面前方煤柱内应力的影响逐渐显现,同样在工作面前方7 m处出现应力峰值,0.5kes条件下应力峰值为49.83 MPa,10kes和无接触面条件下的应力峰值分别为54.06、54.64 MPa。研究表明,受接触面参数影响,随着接触面刚度的增加,应力峰值增大,无接触面时的应力峰值最高。在断层面附近,同样随着接触面刚度的增加,应力呈现上升的趋势。在断层附近区域应力发生一定程度的突变,从15 MPa突变至25 MPa。
图10为不同接触面参数下工作面推进至距断层70、40 m时煤层顶板的位移图。由图10(c)可知,从断层至工作面,顶板的垂直位移量不断增大,断层面附近的位移受工作面开挖影响较小,工作面因受开挖影响,顶板位移逐渐增大,0.5kes接触面参数工作面顶板的位移量最大,达到0.15 m,随着接触面刚度的增加,顶板位移逐渐减小,无接触面时的位移最小。由图10(d)可知,当工作面距断层35 m时,随着工作面向断层的逐渐推进,顶板的位移量逐渐加大,同样,0.5kes接触面参数工作面顶板的位移量最大,达到0.52 m,其余接触面刚度参数下的位移差别较小,而断层附近受工作面采动影响,位移有一定变化,呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,至工作面方向位移量逐渐增大,断层面附近的位移随着接触面参数的增加逐渐增加,但增加的幅度较工作面顶板的位移量小。
取上述接触面参数的最小可计算刚度,即0.5kes对不同断层带厚度的模型进行计算,断层带厚度的取值为5、7、9、11、13 m。图11为断层带厚度为5、9、13 m时,工作面与正断层距70、40、20 m时的垂直应力分布。由图可知,随着工作面不断的向断层面推进过程中,断层处的应力逐渐对工作面前方的应力产生一定的影响,应力集中逐渐由工作面最终转移至断层面,开挖后的煤层顶底板由于应力的释放,出现低应力区域,工作面前方一段距离出现应力升高区域,煤层内的支撑压力在工作面前方呈现先升高后降低的趋势。当工作面推进至距断层面70 m时,可以看出,9 m和13 m断层带厚度下,工作面前方的应力峰值较5 m层厚要高,而断层带附近的应力降低区域随着断层带厚度的增加而逐渐增大。随着断层面的增加,工作面推进过程中,工作面前方的应力集中区域逐渐减小。
图12为不同断层带厚度下工作面距断层40、20 m时煤层内的垂直应力和煤层顶板垂直位移图,从图12(a)可以看出,随着断层带厚度的增加,在断层左侧,应力随着断层带厚度的增加而降低,过断层后,应力经过突变后,先降低继而逐渐升高,在工作面附近出现应力峰值。随着断层带厚度的增加,应力峰值逐渐升高,13 m断层带厚度下,在工作面前方的应力峰值为52.15 MPa,5 m断层带厚度下的应力峰值为49.83 MPa。研究表明,随着工作面的推进,断层带的厚度增加,会导致工作面前方的应力峰值升高。图12(b)为顶板的位移图。由图12(b)可知,顶板的位移自断层至工作面呈现逐渐降低的趋势,这是由于开采导致的顶板下沉以及断层的滑移所致,随着断层带厚度的增加,工作面处的顶板下沉量逐渐增大。图12(c)为工作面推进20 m时工作面前方煤柱内的应力分布。由图12(c)可知,在工作面前方7 m左右出现应力峰值随着层厚的增加而有所升高,断层带厚度为13 m时的应力峰值最大,达到53.94 MPa,说明随着工作面的推进,越靠近断层,应力峰值有逐渐升高的趋势,而在断层带附近左侧,应力呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,而断层左侧的应力是随着断层带厚度的增加而降低,并在断层面附近呈现一定的跃迁突变,断层面右侧的应力变化和正常开采情况相同。图12(d)为工作面距离断层20 m时煤层顶板的位移变化图。由图12(d)可知,在断层面左侧,位移随着层厚的增加而减小,过断层面后,随着远离断层面,位移逐渐增加,并随着断层带厚度的增加,位移逐渐增大,13 m断层带厚度下的位移最大,在距离工作面后方10 m处的顶板位移量为0.9 m。
1)接触面参数的影响
图13为工作面开采时不同接触面参数下断层监测点的位移图。由图13可知,随着距离煤层的垂直距离的增加,高位岩层的断层两侧的位移差较低位岩层的位移差较大,同样的计算结果显示,两盘单独的滑移量也是高位岩层较大,A′A点在不同刚度下的位移量如图13(d)所示。图13(a)为不同接触面参数下监测点A′-A的相对滑移量。由图13(a)可知,当工作面距断层100 m时,两点的相对滑移量接近为0,表明此时工作面距断层较远,受断层影响较小,随着工作面的不断推进,工作面距断层的距离不断减小,两点的相对滑移量逐渐增加;而且,随着接触面刚度的不断增加,两点的相对滑移量不断减小。图13(b)、(c)为不同接触面参数下B′-BC′-C的相对位移图。由图13(b)、(c)可知,距煤层垂直距离30 m的B′-B点的滑移先开始,在工作面推进至距断层70 m时,两点的相对滑移逐渐显现,随着工作面的推进逐渐增加。距离煤层上方垂直距离10 m的C′-C点的滑移是工作面推进至距断层面20 m开始,工作面从20 m推进至10 m时相对滑移量陡增至0.4 m,接触面参数对该点的断层滑移影响不显著。从三点的相对滑移量和距离煤层的距离可以看出,在一定范围内,距离煤层垂直距离较高的岩层,从低到高断层相对滑移量逐渐增加。随着开采的进行,工作面推进至断层从远至近,断层滑移量逐渐增加,并且岩层层位较低的岩层处的断层滑移相对较高的岩层滑移相对迟缓。
2)断层带厚度的影响
图14为工作面开采时不同断层带厚度下断层监测点的位移。由图14可知,随着工作面的推进,断层两盘的位移差不断增加,在一定垂直距离范围内,岩层层位高的点比层位低的点滑移量要大。随着断层带厚度的增加,断层两盘的滑移量呈现增加的趋势。图14(a)为上位岩层A′-A点的相对滑移。由图14(a)可知,在工作面距离断层较远的100 m时,滑移量较小,当工作面推进至距断层70 m时,两点的相对滑移量逐渐增加,随着断层带厚度的增加,断层相对滑移的趋势逐渐增加。图14(b)B′-B点的相对位移图。由图14(b)可知,当工作面推进50 m时,两点开始出现明显的滑移量,随着工作面的推进,滑移量逐渐增加,总体两点的滑移量相对A′-A两点的滑移量要小,当断层带厚度为5 m时,两点的相对滑移趋势比较平缓,当距断层面50~10 m时,滑移增量为0.4 m,随着断层带厚度的增加,滑移趋势增加,断层带厚度为13 m时,当距断层面50~10 m时,滑移增量为0.85 m。图14(c)C′-C点的相对位移图,当工作面推进至断层40~20 m时,两点的滑移量不显著,当工作面推进至20~10 m时两点的相对滑移量陡增,断层带厚度为13 m时,最大滑移量为0.65 m。图14(d)B′B两点各自的垂直位移图。由图14(d)可知,随着层厚的增加,断层上盘B′点的位移量逐渐减小,断层下盘B点的位移量逐渐增加。断层上盘的B′点的位移,随着工作面的推进,位移变化相对平缓,距断层面为50~10 m时,断层带厚度为5 m时,位移增量0.64 m,断层带厚度为13 m时,位移增量0.35 m。断层下盘的B点的位移,距断层面为50~10 m,断层带厚度为5 m时,位移增量1.05 m,断层带厚度为13 m时,位移增量1.21 m。
为分析该正断层破碎带条件下的断层滑移特征,重新对5 m模型进行开挖计算,开挖分为2个阶段:第一阶段,分部开挖距离20 m,直至距采场工作面距断层60 m;第二阶段进行开挖,开挖距离为10 m。图15给出了开挖过程中工作面前方应力峰值的变化情况。由图15可知,在工作面从模型边界推进至采场工作面距离断层60 m的过程中,应力峰值逐渐上升,从26.21 MPa上升至65.59 MPa,自采场工作面距离工作面60 m开始,工作面前方的应力开始下降,并向断层方向转移,此时,采场的采掘活动与断层的滑移处在相互影响阶段;当工作面推进至距离断层20 m时,再次开挖后,工作面前方应力发生突降,从50.18 MPa下降至24.73 MPa,应力降低50.72%。研究表明,当采场工作面推进至距离断层15 m时,此时的采掘活动有可能导致断层的滑移突变和工作面结构的失稳。
从工作面采场结构的顶板下沉、煤壁变形及底板鼓起三个方面统计采场结构的破坏情况,统计结果如图16所示。由图16可知,采场结构明显变形主要表现在顶板下沉和煤壁变形两个方面,底板的变形量并不显著,顶板下沉量在采场工作面推进至距离断层60 m时逐渐增加,而后在工作面推进至距离断层20 m以前有所减小,当工作面至断层距离从20 m开挖至10 m时,顶板下沉量剧增,从0.420 m下降至0.695 m。煤壁变形量在工作面距离断层80 m以前逐渐增加,从工作面局断层80~20 m逐渐减小,当工作面距离断层从20 m减小至10 m时,煤壁变形量剧增至0.366 m。
综上所述,正断层破碎带影响下的采场结构破坏在断层激活距离以前缓慢增加,当达到断层激活距离时,受断层滑移影响,变形量有所减小,当靠近至断层带时,采场结构的变形量剧增,有可能导致采场结构的失稳。
本文通过数值方法,研究了断层带和断层面共同作用下断层对采动的影响,得出如下结论:
1)正断层条件下,断层带和断层接触面共同存在条件下,断层面参数的选取与岩层的岩性相关,断层面的参数对于模型平衡有一定的影响,随着模型接触面刚度的不断加大,模型平衡计算时步数逐渐减小,无接触面时的计算平衡时步数最小。
2)接触面参数对于采动的影响,随着接触面参数的增大,断层附近煤柱内的应力有所升高,主要由于断层面的存在,断层的滑移挤压,对煤柱起到一定的泄压作用。受接触面参数影响,随着接触面刚度的增加,应力峰值增大,无接触面时的应力峰值最高。在断层面附近,同样随着接触面刚度的增加,应力呈现上升的趋势。而断层附近受工作面采动影响,位移有一定变化,呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,至工作面方向位移量逐渐增大,断层面附近的位移随着接触面参数的增加逐渐增加,但增加的幅度较工作面顶板的位移量小。
3)断层带厚度对于采动的影响,随着工作面不断的向断层面推进过程中,断层处的应力逐渐对工作面前方的应力产生一定的影响,应力集中逐渐由工作面最终转移至断层面,开挖后的煤层顶底板由于应力的释放,出现低应力区域,工作面前方一段距离出现应力升高区域,煤层内的支撑压力在工作面前方呈现先升高后降低的趋势。
4)不同接触面参数下随着距离煤层的垂直距离的增加,高位岩层的断层两侧的位移差较低位岩层的位移差大,计算结果显示,两盘单独的滑移量也是高位岩层较大。不同断层带厚度下,随着工作面的推进断层两盘的位移差不断增加,在一定垂直距离范围内,岩层层位高的点比层位低的点滑移量要大。随着断层带厚度的增加,断层两盘的滑移量呈现增加的趋势。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11572244)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究重点项目(2021JZ-47)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究青年项目(2021JQ-467)
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2024年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0417
  • 接收时间:2022-12-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-11
  • 修回日期:2023-06-09
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(11572244)
陕西省自然科学基础研究重点项目(2021JZ-47)
陕西省自然科学基础研究青年项目(2021JQ-467)
作者信息
    1.西安理工大学 土木建筑工程学院,陕西 西安 710048
    2.陕西省建筑科学研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710082
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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