Article(id=1245390148804919518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0406, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692633600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-22, revisedDate=1703779200000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853749705, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853749705, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853749705, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853749705, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390147664068826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='233', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853749433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854381443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392798560662150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392798560662151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=62, endPage=69, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390149006246111, articleId=1245390148804919518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Seismic isolation bearing settlement recognition based on multi-input convolutional neural network, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to avoid the settlement of seismic isolation bearings caused by uneven foundation settlement and the hidden damage to the superstructure, a vibration signal identification model based on multi-input convolutional neural network (MI-CNN) is proposed to identify the settlement of seismic isolation bearings. First, the horizontal acceleration and displacement signals of seismic isolation bearings are collected, and the samples are expanded using normalised pre-processing and data enhancement methods. Then, the samples are fed into the established network model and trained. Finally, the settlement identification is performed using the trained network model. The results show that compared with the traditional single-input CNN model, the MI-CNN model is easier to train and can maximise the ability of CNN to extract features from the settlement signals, and it has a better accuracy in identifying the settlement location, a smaller error in identifying the settlement degree, and a more stable identification effect for the unbalanced data set. The results of this study can provide new ideas for the settlement identification of seismic isolation bearings.

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为了避免地基不均匀沉降导致隔震支座沉降以及对上部结构造成的隐性损伤,针对隔震支座沉降识别方法进行研究,提出一种基于多输入卷积神经网络(multi-input convolutional neural network,MI-CNN)的隔震支座振动信号识别模型。首先,采集隔震支座水平方向加速度和位移信号,采用归一化预处理和数据增强方法扩充样本;然后,将样本输入到所建立的网络模型中并进行训练;最后,利用完成训练的网络模型进行沉降识别。结果表明:相较于传统单输入卷积神经网络(Convolutional neural network,CNN)模型,MI-CNN模型易于训练,可最大程度地发挥CNN对沉降信号特征的提取能力,且具有更好的沉降位置识别准确率和更小的沉降程度识别误差,以及针对不均衡数据集更稳定的识别效果。研究结果可为隔震支座沉降识别提供新思路。

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王昊(1987—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事钢结构研究。E-mail:
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赵丽洁(1988—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事结构健康监测与损伤识别研究。E-mail:

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赵丽洁(1988—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事结构健康监测与损伤识别研究。E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1245390156463718983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390148804919518, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of rubber bearing

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支座类型LRB600LNR600支座类型LRB600LNR600
支座高度/mm165165屈服力/kN63
竖向刚度/(kN/mm)22001900屈服前刚度/(kN/mm)13.11
等效刚度/(kN/mm)1.580.98屈服后刚度/(kN/mm)1.01
), ArticleFig(id=1245390156639879758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390148804919518, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

橡胶支座参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支座类型LRB600LNR600支座类型LRB600LNR600
支座高度/mm165165屈服力/kN63
竖向刚度/(kN/mm)22001900屈服前刚度/(kN/mm)13.11
等效刚度/(kN/mm)1.580.98屈服后刚度/(kN/mm)1.01
), ArticleFig(id=1245390156795069012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390148804919518, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Settlement condition of seismic isolation bearing

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沉降工况沉降区域沉降程度/mm沉降位置标签沉降程度标签
未发生沉降0[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况1A10~351[Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况2B10~352[0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况3C10~353[0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况4D10~354[0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况5E10~355[0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况6F10~356[0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况7G10~357[0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况8H10~358[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况9I10~359[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况10J10~3510[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况11K10~3511[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况12L10~3512[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0]
沉降工况13M10~3513[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0]
沉降工况14N10~3514[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0]
沉降工况15O10~3515[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z]
), ArticleFig(id=1245390156967035485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390148804919518, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

隔震支座沉降工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉降工况沉降区域沉降程度/mm沉降位置标签沉降程度标签
未发生沉降0[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况1A10~351[Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况2B10~352[0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况3C10~353[0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况4D10~354[0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况5E10~355[0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况6F10~356[0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况7G10~357[0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况8H10~358[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况9I10~359[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况10J10~3510[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况11K10~3511[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0 0]
沉降工况12L10~3512[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 0]
沉降工况13M10~3513[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0]
沉降工况14N10~3514[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z 0]
沉降工况15O10~3515[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z]
), ArticleFig(id=1245390157042532963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390148804919518, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters of MI-CNN model

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参数名称C1P1C2P2C3P3
参数值2×22×22×22×22×22×2
参数名称迭代轮数学习率批大小迭代次数卷积核数目
参数值2000.0016457400(10,20,30)
), ArticleFig(id=1245390157180945002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390148804919518, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

MI-CNN模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称C1P1C2P2C3P3
参数值2×22×22×22×22×22×2
参数名称迭代轮数学习率批大小迭代次数卷积核数目
参数值2000.0016457400(10,20,30)
), ArticleFig(id=1245390157256442478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390148804919518, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=

Settlement recognition results for each model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型沉降位置识别(准确率)/%沉降程度识别(均方误差)
CNN196.548.51×10-4
CNN290.191.01×10-3
MI-CNN398.926.46×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1245390157357105779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390148804919518, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各模型的沉降识别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型沉降位置识别(准确率)/%沉降程度识别(均方误差)
CNN196.548.51×10-4
CNN290.191.01×10-3
MI-CNN398.926.46×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1245390157495517822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390148804919518, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=

Settlement position recognition results for each model under unbalanced conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不平衡工况网络模型不平衡工况网络模型
CNN1CNN2MI-CNN3CNN1CNN2MI-CNN3
A96.0188.8198.65C93.6187.6897.57
B95.0488.4598.01D92.7486.0497.16
), ArticleFig(id=1245390157680067202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390148804919518, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各模型在不平衡工况下的沉降位置识别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不平衡工况网络模型不平衡工况网络模型
CNN1CNN2MI-CNN3CNN1CNN2MI-CNN3
A96.0188.8198.65C93.6187.6897.57
B95.0488.4598.01D92.7486.0497.16
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基于多输入卷积神经网络隔震支座沉降识别
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赵丽洁 1, 2 , 李纯 1 , 沈金生 1 , 王昊 3
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(4): 62-69
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(4): 62-69
基于多输入卷积神经网络隔震支座沉降识别
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赵丽洁1, 2 , 李纯1, 沈金生1, 王昊3
作者信息
  • 1.河北工程大学 土木工程学院,河北 邯郸 056038
  • 2.天津农学院 水利工程学院,天津 300392
  • 3.天津城建大学 土木工程学院,天津 300384
  • 赵丽洁(1988—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事结构健康监测与损伤识别研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王昊(1987—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事钢结构研究。E-mail:
Seismic isolation bearing settlement recognition based on multi-input convolutional neural network
Lijie ZHAO1, 2 , Chun LI1, Jinsheng SHEN1, Hao WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
  • 2.School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0406
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为了避免地基不均匀沉降导致隔震支座沉降以及对上部结构造成的隐性损伤,针对隔震支座沉降识别方法进行研究,提出一种基于多输入卷积神经网络(multi-input convolutional neural network,MI-CNN)的隔震支座振动信号识别模型。首先,采集隔震支座水平方向加速度和位移信号,采用归一化预处理和数据增强方法扩充样本;然后,将样本输入到所建立的网络模型中并进行训练;最后,利用完成训练的网络模型进行沉降识别。结果表明:相较于传统单输入卷积神经网络(Convolutional neural network,CNN)模型,MI-CNN模型易于训练,可最大程度地发挥CNN对沉降信号特征的提取能力,且具有更好的沉降位置识别准确率和更小的沉降程度识别误差,以及针对不均衡数据集更稳定的识别效果。研究结果可为隔震支座沉降识别提供新思路。

卷积神经网络  /  隔震支座  /  不均衡数据集  /  沉降识别

In order to avoid the settlement of seismic isolation bearings caused by uneven foundation settlement and the hidden damage to the superstructure, a vibration signal identification model based on multi-input convolutional neural network (MI-CNN) is proposed to identify the settlement of seismic isolation bearings. First, the horizontal acceleration and displacement signals of seismic isolation bearings are collected, and the samples are expanded using normalised pre-processing and data enhancement methods. Then, the samples are fed into the established network model and trained. Finally, the settlement identification is performed using the trained network model. The results show that compared with the traditional single-input CNN model, the MI-CNN model is easier to train and can maximise the ability of CNN to extract features from the settlement signals, and it has a better accuracy in identifying the settlement location, a smaller error in identifying the settlement degree, and a more stable identification effect for the unbalanced data set. The results of this study can provide new ideas for the settlement identification of seismic isolation bearings.

convolutional neural network  /  isolation bearing  /  unbalanced dataset  /  settlement identification
赵丽洁, 李纯, 沈金生, 王昊. 基于多输入卷积神经网络隔震支座沉降识别. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (4) : 62 -69 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0406
Lijie ZHAO, Chun LI, Jinsheng SHEN, Hao WANG. Seismic isolation bearing settlement recognition based on multi-input convolutional neural network[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (4) : 62 -69 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0406
隔震建筑在多次地震灾害中表现卓越,已有相对成熟的设计方法,成为建设韧性城市中提高单体建筑结构抗震韧性的主要手段。对隔震结构而言,地基不均匀沉降导致隔震支座发生沉降。隔震支座发生沉降时会对附近的梁、柱内力产生不同程度的影响,并对相邻区域支座变形和内力变化影响较大,严重时会导致隔震支座产生拉应力,进而使得隔震结构受拉破坏并丧失承载能力[1-3]。杜永峰等[4]利用Perform-3D软件分析基础隔震结构的隔震支座意外失效后,其余结构在地震动作用下的构件损伤指数和损伤路径变化。研究结果表明,角部隔震支座的失效会导致构件的损伤指数产生剧烈变化,使得支座失效位置上部位置的构件的破坏路径成为主要的损伤路径。韩博等[5]为研究隔震支座突然失效引起的竖向不平衡荷载耦合作用下隔震结构动力响应规律和支座失效后的荷载传递路径,进行了一个缩尺比例为1∶4的3层平面不规则钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)隔震框架结构振动台试验。结果表明,单个支座的瞬时失效直接影响整个隔震层的支座内力分布,同时失效位置处的结构竖向动力响应显著增加。综上所述,隔震支座发生沉降甚至失效对隔震层以及上部结构都会产生巨大危害,因此迫切需要对隔震支座发生沉降进行识别。
近年来,卷积神经网络在各个领域(如图像分类、目标识别等)发展迅速[6],并成功应用于土木工程损伤识别领域[7],其中主要包括识别节点损伤[8]、杆件损伤[9-12]、螺栓松动[13]和裂缝[14]等。随着卷积神经网络的深入,越来越多的学者将支座损伤作为研究对象,提出不同的识别方法。崔弥达[15]将卷积神经网络应用于桥梁橡胶支座病害识别,损伤类型为支座环向开裂、剪切变形,并利用Python编程语言开发桥梁支座病害自动识别软件。CHEN等[16]将桥梁振动模态信息和支座损伤信息分别作为径向基函数神经网络的输入和输出,利用大量的数值模拟生成的数据完成支座损伤识别。ZENG等[17]提出基于离散小波包变换和双向长短时记忆神经网络的支座轴压识别方法,准确识别出支座的轴压。值得注意的是,卷积神经网络在各种结构损伤识别领域发展迅速,但是用于隔震支座沉降识别的较少,所以本文对此开展研究。由于地基不均匀沉降会使得结构质量分布和抗侧刚度发生改变[18],进而导致隔震支座振动信号(加速度和位移)产生变化,因此可以通过卷积神经网络学习振动信号特征来识别支座沉降。
文中通过对振动信号多输入的策略实现了多输入卷积神经网络(multi-convolutional neural network,MI-CNN),并将之应用于隔震支座沉降位置和程度识别,通过数值试验,验证了方法的有效性,并与传统单输入网络对比,证明所提方法在网络训练速度、识别性能和针对不均衡数据集上具有更优的性能。
为了充分发挥卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)模型对隔震支座信号特征的提取能力,本文提出了MI-CNN网络模型。模型由多输入层、卷积层、池化层、合并层、全连接层、分类层或回归层,以及为了增强模型泛化能力和加速网络训练的批量归一化层组成,如图1所示。其中输入1和输入2为加速度和位移样本,首先对其进行3组卷积和池化操作,其次在合并层将其沿着同一维度进行特征融合,然后到全连接将特征图展开输入到普通BP神经网络中进行计算,最后连接一个Softmax分类器或回归,实现对目标类别的分类和预测输出。MI-CNN网络模型采用Leaky-ReLU[19]函数作为激活函数,并使用最大池化,因为它的性能优于平均池化[20],同时为了训练过程中更有效地优化损失函数,本文采用了一种更有效的优化方法,自适应矩估计(Adam),从而达到更有效的识别效果。Adam是AdaGrad(自适应梯度算法)和Rmsprop(均方根传播算法)[21]的组合,它结合了2种算法的优点对每个参数保持自适应学习水平的能力。
为了验证MI-CNN模型的有效性,首先利用数值模拟得到隔震支座沉降下加速度和位移信号,然后对数据进行归一化,接着采用滑动窗口增加样本,再将样本划分为训练集、验证集和测试集输入到模型中,同时为了与传统单输入网络对比,共设计了CNN1、CNN2、MI-CNN3这3种不同网络模型,并针对不均衡数据集进行验证。
采用ETABS和筑信达结构设计软件CiSDesignCenter(简称CiSDC)设计了6层基础隔震结构。结构总高度19.8 m,各层层高3.3 m,抗震设防烈度8度(0.2 g),属于乙类建筑设防类别,设计地震分组为二组,场地类别为三类。混凝土强度等级C30,纵向受力钢筋HRB400级,箍筋HPB335级。柱截面尺寸为650 mm×650 mm,各层梁截面尺寸为300 mm×550 mm,各层板厚为120 mm。纵向柱距为4.5 m,横向柱距为6、3、6 m。恒载:结构自重楼面均布荷载5 kN/m2;活载:楼板均布荷载2 kN/m2。隔震层的层高为1.6 m,隔震支座高为0.3 m,隔震层梁为300 mm×600 mm,板厚为160 mm。基础隔震结构采用每根柱底布置一个隔震支座的形式,经计算确定隔震支座选用LRB600和LNR600,其基本参数见表1。基础隔震模型如图2所示,其中模型三视图、隔震支座布置见图2(a)、(b)
本文以地基不均匀沉降为前提,模拟隔震支座发生沉降。对不同区域隔震支座柱脚处,沿着重力方向施加相同位移荷载,通过调整位移荷载的大小,模拟隔震支座发生沉降。依据我国GB 50007—2011《建筑地基基础设计规范》[22]的规定,将中低压缩土的框架结构相邻柱基础的0.002 L设定为结构的沉降限值,即沉降允许值为6~12 mm之间。以10 mm沉降量为初始值,并进行5 mm等量增加,假设区域A沉降10 mm,则是将1、2、5、6号支座同时下沉10 mm;假设区域B沉降15 mm,则是将2、3、6、7号支座同时下沉15 mm。以此类推,隔震支座沉降程度为10、15、20、25、30、35 mm,具体见表2
沿着隔震结构底部水平方向,施加白噪声激励。根据表2所示的沉降工况,依次在发生沉降的位置,采集6种不同沉降程度下24个隔震支座加速度响应,采样频率为100 Hz,时长为30 s。利用Hilber-Hughes-Taylor数值积分法计算每个隔震支座的加速度响应,共生成91(15×6+1)个24×3000的矩阵,位移样本采集同理。
为了便于卷积神经网络训练,采用数据归一化将数据集缩放到[-1,1]之间,以便于不同特征或不同样本之间的比较,也能消除量纲和数值大小的差异,同时为了提升模型的泛化能力,利用数据增强来扩充样本量。通过时间步长为10的滑动窗口,使得每个沉降程度下产生291个样本,如图3所示。其中沉降程度为10、15、25、30、35 mm,以及未发生沉降的样本用于模型训练,沉降程度为20 mm用于模型测试,其次将用于模型训练样本中,每个沉降程度下230个样本组成训练集,61个样本组成验证集,为了保证训练样本的均衡性,把未发生沉降的样本扩充(5条不同的白噪声激励)5倍,保持和其他训练样本一样的数目,共得到训练集样本18400个,验证集样本数4880个,测试集样本数4365个,位移样本同理,列出一组测试集的加速度和位移样本见图4
目前,CNN网络架构及参数的确定很大程度取决于人工经验。根据前期调研结果,基于MI-CNN模型采用3层结构,其中输入1和输入2为数据增强后的加速度和位移样本,通过3组卷积和池化操作,将特征图在合并层沿着同一维度进行特征融合,最后输入到全连接层,经由分类层或回归层,完成对目标类别的分类和预测。经过多次试验调试,模型的最终参数如表3所示。
对于回归任务采用均方误差(mean square error,MSE)来评估模型预测性能,MSE表示预测值和真实值之间差异程度,MSE越小,说明模拟预测性能越好,如式(1)所示:
式中:yi为真实值;y′i为预测值;n为样本数。
各模型在隔震支座沉降识别的训练集和验证集的训练曲线,如图5所示。由图可知,对于沉降位置识别的3个网络中,MI-CNN训练过程更加稳定,收敛速度相较于CNN1和CNN2更快,其中CNN2训练过程抖动最剧烈;对于沉降程度识别的3个网络,损失曲线收敛迅速,并都保持稳定状态。
各模型在测试集上的识别结果如表4所示。结果表明,MI-CNN3模型在经过训练后,沉降位置识别准确率达到98.92%,而单输入模型CNN1和CNN2识别结果较差,特别是CNN2识别准确率只有90.19%。MI-CNN3在沉降程度识别上对比CNN1和CNN2具有更小的预测误差。由此可见,采用多输入策略的卷积神经网络是可行且有效的。
为了进一步显示不同模型的分类性能,引入混淆矩阵对测试结果进行分析,如图6所示。由图可知,对于以加速度为输入的CNN1在识别真实类别为2时,291个样本有260个识别正确,1个被误判为0号类别,3个被误判为8号类别,27个被误判为11号类别,在识别真实类别为14时,291个样本仅有171个识别正,120个全被误判错误,其余部分识别结果较好;对于以位移为输入的CNN2在识别真实类别为2时,291个样本有92个识别正确,199个被误判为5号类别,在识别真实类别为8时,291个样本仅有235个识别正确,56个全被误判错误,其余部分识别结果一般;对于以加速度和位移为多输入的MI-CNN3在识别真实类别为2时,291个样本有284个识别正确,5个被误判为8号类别,1个被误判成11号类别,1个被误判为14号类别,在识别真实类别为14时,291个样本有255个识别正确,其余36个被误判错误,剩余部分识别结果较好。由此可知,单输入卷积神网络在识别部分类别上出现了严重误判,特别是CNN1中真实类别为14只,有172个判别正确和CNN2中真实类别为2只,有92个判别正确,而多输入卷积神经网络除部分类别出现误判,大部分都可以准确识别,这说明MI-CNN3能够捕捉相近类别之间的差异,且具有更优的沉降位置识别性能。
对于各模型沉降程度识别,随机挑选一组沉降工况预测样本展示,如图7所示。由图可知,MI-CNN沉降程度预测值与实际值更加接近,而单信号输入网络沉降程度预测容易受到周围工况的干扰,特别是CNN2中5号沉降程度预测值接近0.05,而MI-CNN能够消除周围工况对预测结果的影响,最大程度的减少误判的风险。
考虑到实际工程中,振动响应数据采集过程中往往会出现不均衡性,即某些沉降工况样本较少,然而这会使得神经网络倾向于学习大类别的特征,而忽略了小样本,且识别样本较少的类别存在较高的错分代价。在训练样本中,将各沉降程度下沉降工况1、3样本量减少至200、150、100、50,其余沉降工况训练样本保持不变,构造不均衡数据集,来重新训练CNN1、CNN2、MI-CNN3,并在测试集上进行沉降位置识别,如表5所示。具体不平衡工况如下:
A:训练样本中各个沉降程度下沉降工况1、3样本量各减少至200(训练集160,验证集40)。
B:训练样本中各个沉降程度下沉降工况1、3样本量各减少至150(训练集120,验证集30)。
C:训练样本中各个沉降程度下沉降工况1、3样本量各减少至100(训练集80,验证集20)。
D:训练样本中各个沉降程度下沉降工况1、3、样本量各减少至50(训练集40,验证集10)。
表5可知,随着不平衡工况中部分沉降工况样本数量减少,各模型沉降位置识别结果也随之降低,但也都维持85%以上的识别准确率。其中CNN1和CNN2在不平衡工况下沉降位置识别准确率下降相对较快,而MI-CNN3识别结果较好,即使在样本不平衡的工况D中依旧保持着97.16%识别准确率,证明了所提模型在针对不均衡数据集上依旧保持着,较稳定的沉降位置识别效果。
本文提出了一种多输入卷积神经网络隔震支座沉降识别模型,将加速度和位移信号输入到模型中,通过多层卷积池化,使网络同时学到了隔震支座沉降信号的时间和空间特征,实现对隔震支座沉降识别。通过模拟结果得出如下结论:
1)与传统的单输入CNN相比,MI-CNN3沉降位置识别训练过程更加平稳,收敛速度更快。
2)对于沉降位置识别,MI-CNN3具有更好的辨识能力,测试集中识别准确率达到了98.92%,对于沉降程度识别,其相比CNN1和CNN2具有更小的预测误差,且预测值和实际值更加接近。
3)在不均衡样本中,随着部分沉降工况中样本数量的减少,各模型的沉降位置识别准确率逐渐降低。即使在样本最不平衡的工况D中,MI-CNN3识别准确率依旧达到了97.16%,而CNN1和CNN2却只有92.74%和86.04%。
目前MI-CNN3模型只是在数值模型中进行了验证,属于有监督学习,后续将进一步开展实验室模型的验证,并引入迁移学习,以及无监督学习将所提方法应用到实际工程结构中。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52208193)
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2024年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0406
  • 接收时间:2023-08-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-22
  • 修回日期:2023-12-29
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52208193)
作者信息
    1.河北工程大学 土木工程学院,河北 邯郸 056038
    2.天津农学院 水利工程学院,天津 300392
    3.天津城建大学 土木工程学院,天津 300384

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王昊(1987—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事钢结构研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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