Article(id=1245390013823828282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0319, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1677427200000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-27, revisedDate=1684080000000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853717522, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853717522, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853717522, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853717522, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390004252426256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='230', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853715241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854338522, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392618545332491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392618545332492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=190, endPage=199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390014113235288, articleId=1245390013823828282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Seismic damage investigation and analysis of buildings in Ms6.8 Luding earthquake, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The seismic damage investigation and analysis were performed on buildings in Moxi Town and Detuo Town in the meizoseismal area of the Ms6.8 Luding earthquake in Sichuan. Buildings with the characteristics of looseness, brittleness, and eccentricity were seriously damaged, while buildings with confined masonry structure and “even” structural layout have performed surprisingly well. Based on deformation saturation theory and the damage of Luding earthquake, the structural layouts of common buildings were divided into five forms: structure with full hard-brittle axis, structure with full weak-brittle axis, structure with full weak-ductility axis, structure with hard-brittle axis and weak-ductility axis ( either uneven or even), and the corresponding seismic damage performance and internal mechanism of each form were analyzed. The results indicated that the structure with full hard-brittle axis, the structure with full weak-brittle axis and the even structure with hard-brittle axis and weak-ductility axis had not reached the deformation saturation, so the seismic damage was extremely light, with almost no visible cracks, while the buildings with other structural layouts were damaged or even collapsed. Finally, it is suggested that the seismic design of structures should have the concept of “even” by using deformation saturation theory.

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对四川泸定6.8级地震极震区中磨西镇和得妥镇的建筑物进行震害调查与分析,发现具有“散、脆、偏”特性的建筑物破坏严重,而具备完好抗震构造措施的砌体结构、结构布置具备“匀”思想的建筑物震害较轻。基于“变形饱和”建筑物致灾机理和泸定地震震害调查结果,将建筑物常见的结构布置划分为5种典型形式:全硬脆轴线结构、全弱延轴线结构、全弱脆轴线结构、普通结构和具有“偏中带匀”特点的硬脆与弱延混搭结构,分析每种形式对应的震害表现及其内在机理。结果表明:全硬脆轴线结构、全弱延轴线结构和具有“偏中带匀”特点的硬脆与弱延混搭结构因未到达“变形饱和点”,震害表现极轻,几乎无可见裂缝,而其他2种结构布置形式的建筑均出现破坏,甚至倒塌。最后,结合“变形饱和”致灾机理对房屋抗震设计理念提出“匀”的建议。

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郭迅(1967—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构抗震设计、抗震实验和消能减震研究。E-mail:
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张俊(1996—),男,博士研究生,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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张俊(1996—),男,博士研究生,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Strong motion records of Luding earthquake, figureFileSmall=y6D+6kIK/rahlnaqxZcWMg==, figureFileBig=a98KKMm5jYS7Vj5ilkNqFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390022308905908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图1, caption=泸定地震强震记录, figureFileSmall=y6D+6kIK/rahlnaqxZcWMg==, figureFileBig=a98KKMm5jYS7Vj5ilkNqFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390022573147079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Earthquake damage of buildings with looseness characteristics, figureFileSmall=1AeWZBg1zD7ysviIhDddhA==, figureFileBig=UcxPXFHLumuGzM1dPCmSgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390022728336333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图2, caption=具有“散”特征建筑的震害, figureFileSmall=1AeWZBg1zD7ysviIhDddhA==, figureFileBig=UcxPXFHLumuGzM1dPCmSgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390022841582547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=A building with masonry as the main load-bearing components, figureFileSmall=DKuAdousWsx+N4a2vxB/Lg==, figureFileBig=h/YqHJqlmZUHcfZXH9litQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023017743322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图3, caption=以砖石为主要承重构件的房屋, figureFileSmall=DKuAdousWsx+N4a2vxB/Lg==, figureFileBig=h/YqHJqlmZUHcfZXH9litQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023139378141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=A building with stone and soil as the main load-bearing components, figureFileSmall=r3ADoxWo4CSZsoTApBmR1w==, figureFileBig=sAEf3lejhmZ85z/WoNY9Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023277790181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图4, caption=以石、土作为主要承重构件的房屋, figureFileSmall=r3ADoxWo4CSZsoTApBmR1w==, figureFileBig=sAEf3lejhmZ85z/WoNY9Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023403619306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=A residential building in Moxi Town, figureFileSmall=tj25zFT+n4b/PdA+C3pG2g==, figureFileBig=TjJkxkDAeGIUB/39buYjoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023525254128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图5, caption=磨西镇某住宅楼, figureFileSmall=tj25zFT+n4b/PdA+C3pG2g==, figureFileBig=TjJkxkDAeGIUB/39buYjoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023625917427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=A classroom in Gongga Shan Primary School, figureFileSmall=WwRr5GnNwZcMQ7U9NukB0Q==, figureFileBig=PfHRoopBi1z8wg10OYnUvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023734969336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图6, caption=贡嘎山小学某间教室, figureFileSmall=WwRr5GnNwZcMQ7U9NukB0Q==, figureFileBig=PfHRoopBi1z8wg10OYnUvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023856604158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=A five stary building in Nantou Village, Detuo Town, figureFileSmall=nrGjmgUTrN3CGB0oKtWL8A==, figureFileBig=ByqoLEC2R7/HjvRQLau5Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023982432257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图7, caption=得妥镇南头村某5层建筑, figureFileSmall=nrGjmgUTrN3CGB0oKtWL8A==, figureFileBig=ByqoLEC2R7/HjvRQLau5Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024083095561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Constitutive relationship of three typical components, figureFileSmall=OQUt/J2Gh6EdQKOFQLcltg==, figureFileBig=rpwifDusvif8NBVNa3CfOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024221507596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图8, caption=3种典型构件本构关系, figureFileSmall=OQUt/J2Gh6EdQKOFQLcltg==, figureFileBig=rpwifDusvif8NBVNa3CfOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024322170897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Constitutive relations of building with full weak-brittle grids, figureFileSmall=ihFNPiaqTsD/I6z2hM8v/g==, figureFileBig=8yGKToO6j3ejG6ScsQQ9GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024435417112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图9, caption=全弱脆轴线建筑的本构关系, figureFileSmall=ihFNPiaqTsD/I6z2hM8v/g==, figureFileBig=8yGKToO6j3ejG6ScsQQ9GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024619966489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Employee apartment of the Long March Hotel in Moxi Town, figureFileSmall=WKuSLR/9dEEmawRfqE+JSQ==, figureFileBig=mFPFxawKpKPSJp81VVweJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024716435486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图10, caption=磨西镇长征酒店员工宿舍, figureFileSmall=WKuSLR/9dEEmawRfqE+JSQ==, figureFileBig=mFPFxawKpKPSJp81VVweJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024829681697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Ground floor plan and force analysis of the apartment of the Long March Hotel, figureFileSmall=ctuNSNWI7/TFGvQBYtEVDA==, figureFileBig=FUUDGBPSWz34pkO0sB1CaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024913567783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图11, caption=长征酒店宿舍底层平面图及受力分析, figureFileSmall=ctuNSNWI7/TFGvQBYtEVDA==, figureFileBig=FUUDGBPSWz34pkO0sB1CaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024984870957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Buildings with full weak-ductility axis, figureFileSmall=DIGIgczgCyE/xpOz1A379g==, figureFileBig=OX6Z8KPKAJb8f3mZviIQ5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390025135865907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图12, caption=全弱延轴线建筑, figureFileSmall=DIGIgczgCyE/xpOz1A379g==, figureFileBig=OX6Z8KPKAJb8f3mZviIQ5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390025236529211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Force analysis of each axis of the unfinished building, figureFileSmall=0DlsQVv8YLTc/jhwjC5ASg==, figureFileBig=RuBKfm7MPY2RrW3i8u9hgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390025341386814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图13, caption=未建成框架各轴线受力分析, figureFileSmall=0DlsQVv8YLTc/jhwjC5ASg==, figureFileBig=RuBKfm7MPY2RrW3i8u9hgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390025429467203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Two diagram of force-displacement of buildings with hard-brittle axis and weak-ductility axis, figureFileSmall=oJutQsZlh01B0mydwUZLzw==, figureFileBig=mIqZy1SZEjnkXshvpKT0ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390025530130503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图14, caption=2种硬脆轴线与弱延轴线混搭建筑的力与位移示意图, figureFileSmall=oJutQsZlh01B0mydwUZLzw==, figureFileBig=mIqZy1SZEjnkXshvpKT0ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390025614016588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Pictures after earthquakes of a four story building in Nantou Village, Detuo Town, figureFileSmall=KNPGa3MObDboa73uSuS7XA==, figureFileBig=K1uihFAc2t/xMNnxL6+Rwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390025731457105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图15, caption=得妥镇南头村某4层建筑震后图, figureFileSmall=KNPGa3MObDboa73uSuS7XA==, figureFileBig=K1uihFAc2t/xMNnxL6+Rwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390025798565972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Ground floor plan and force analysis of a four story building in Nantou Village, Detuo Town, figureFileSmall=LwSipsolaU68OoH1qrf32A==, figureFileBig=o0tj5i6YzephujVTuk+Tcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390025878257751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=CN, label=图16, caption=得妥镇南头村某4层建筑底层平面图及受力分析, figureFileSmall=LwSipsolaU68OoH1qrf32A==, figureFileBig=o0tj5i6YzephujVTuk+Tcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390025953755227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390013823828282, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Pictures after the earthquake of a two story building in Baozi Village, Moxi Town, figureFileSmall=vCsmj8E947RQMi+pPJNVhw==, figureFileBig=mk2Qc0mNVqqjCn8SyjOCvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390026033447006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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泸定6.8级地震典型震害调查与分析
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张俊 1, 2 , 郭迅 3 , 罗若帆 4 , 董孝曜 1, 2 , 董策 3 , 张钦哲 3
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(3): 190-199
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(3): 190-199
泸定6.8级地震典型震害调查与分析
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张俊1, 2 , 郭迅3 , 罗若帆4, 董孝曜1, 2, 董策3, 张钦哲3
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨,150080
  • 3.防灾科技学院 中国地震局建筑物破坏机理与防御重点实验室,河北 三河 065201
  • 4.嘉应学院 土木工程学院,广东 梅州 514015
  • 张俊(1996—),男,博士研究生,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

郭迅(1967—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构抗震设计、抗震实验和消能减震研究。E-mail:
Seismic damage investigation and analysis of buildings in Ms6.8 Luding earthquake
Jun ZHANG1, 2 , Xun GUO3 , Ruofan LUO4, Xiaoyao DONG1, 2, Ce DONG3, Qinzhe ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Building Collapse Mechanism and Disaster Prevention, China Earthquake Administration, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China
  • 4.School of Civil Engineering, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0319
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对四川泸定6.8级地震极震区中磨西镇和得妥镇的建筑物进行震害调查与分析,发现具有“散、脆、偏”特性的建筑物破坏严重,而具备完好抗震构造措施的砌体结构、结构布置具备“匀”思想的建筑物震害较轻。基于“变形饱和”建筑物致灾机理和泸定地震震害调查结果,将建筑物常见的结构布置划分为5种典型形式:全硬脆轴线结构、全弱延轴线结构、全弱脆轴线结构、普通结构和具有“偏中带匀”特点的硬脆与弱延混搭结构,分析每种形式对应的震害表现及其内在机理。结果表明:全硬脆轴线结构、全弱延轴线结构和具有“偏中带匀”特点的硬脆与弱延混搭结构因未到达“变形饱和点”,震害表现极轻,几乎无可见裂缝,而其他2种结构布置形式的建筑均出现破坏,甚至倒塌。最后,结合“变形饱和”致灾机理对房屋抗震设计理念提出“匀”的建议。

倒塌机理  /  震害调查  /  变形饱和  /  泸定地震

The seismic damage investigation and analysis were performed on buildings in Moxi Town and Detuo Town in the meizoseismal area of the Ms6.8 Luding earthquake in Sichuan. Buildings with the characteristics of looseness, brittleness, and eccentricity were seriously damaged, while buildings with confined masonry structure and “even” structural layout have performed surprisingly well. Based on deformation saturation theory and the damage of Luding earthquake, the structural layouts of common buildings were divided into five forms: structure with full hard-brittle axis, structure with full weak-brittle axis, structure with full weak-ductility axis, structure with hard-brittle axis and weak-ductility axis ( either uneven or even), and the corresponding seismic damage performance and internal mechanism of each form were analyzed. The results indicated that the structure with full hard-brittle axis, the structure with full weak-brittle axis and the even structure with hard-brittle axis and weak-ductility axis had not reached the deformation saturation, so the seismic damage was extremely light, with almost no visible cracks, while the buildings with other structural layouts were damaged or even collapsed. Finally, it is suggested that the seismic design of structures should have the concept of “even” by using deformation saturation theory.

collapse mechanism  /  seismic damage investigation  /  deformation saturation  /  Luding earthquake
张俊, 郭迅, 罗若帆, 董孝曜, 董策, 张钦哲. 泸定6.8级地震典型震害调查与分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (3) : 190 -199 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0319
Jun ZHANG, Xun GUO, Ruofan LUO, Xiaoyao DONG, Ce DONG, Qinzhe ZHANG. Seismic damage investigation and analysis of buildings in Ms6.8 Luding earthquake[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (3) : 190 -199 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0319
2022年9月5日四川省泸定县发生6.8级地震,给位于震中的磨西镇和得妥镇造成了巨大的经济损失,其中建筑物的破坏尤其严重。2008年汶川大地震[1-2]后,GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[3]将柱端弯矩增大系数放大,希望以此提高柱的承载力,实现“强柱弱梁”,避免结构倒塌。但本次地震中房屋的破坏模式同汶川地震后的历次地震[4-10]中建筑的破坏模式相似,底层承载力构件破坏严重的现象依然大量存在。这表明,目前对地震致灾机理的认识,特别是对结构倒塌机理的认识与实际震害还有一定距离。
造成这个现象的原因是,在结构设计中被认为是“非结构构件”的填充墙对建筑物抗震能力有着重要影响。一方面,上层填充墙联合楼板一起约束梁的变形,梁难以发生屈曲,使“强柱弱梁”的设计意图难以实现[11]。另一方面,底层填充墙将导致竖向构件的抗侧刚度不均,同时由于楼板纵向水平运动导致结构各构件发生相同的水平位移[12],进而地震剪力在分配时将在抗侧刚度大的部件处集中,形成内力凝聚现象[13-14]。此时,被填充墙约束的柱、开口的砌体墙等抗侧刚度大的构件将在建筑小变形下率先发生破坏,结构在重力作用下也随之倒塌。除框架结构外,生活中常见的底商多层砌体结构、砌体结构也可用该理论解释其在地震作用下的破坏现象,这种充分考虑“填充墙”作用的建筑物地震致灾机理被称为“变形饱和”[15]
基于“变形饱和”理论,对泸定6.8级地震极度区的磨西镇和得妥镇进行震害调查,发现倒塌或破坏严重的建筑均具有“散、脆、偏”中的一种或几种特点[16],并利用“变形饱和”理论对震害现象进行分析,指出不同特性轴线组合的建筑对应的“坏或不坏”。最后,结合“变形饱和”的致灾机理对房屋抗震设计理念提出建议。
四川省甘孜州泸定县(29.59°N,102.08°E)6.8级地震震源深度为16 km,震感强烈,极震区烈度为九度。截至2022年9月11日17时,泸定地震已造成93人遇难,25人失联。根据应急管理部中国地震局发布的烈度图,九度区等震线呈北西走向,长轴195 km,短轴112 km,面积约为208 km2,八度区约505 km2。两者在泸定县域内主要涉及磨西镇、燕子沟镇、德妥镇和德威镇。
本次地震获得距离震中约27 km的泸定冷碛镇台站的强震记录,其加速度时程曲线如图1所示,东西(EW)向、北南(NS)向和垂直(UD)向的加速度峰值分别为300.5、193.0、207.7 cm/s2图1(b)是该台站记录到的加速度反应谱和GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[3]中磨西镇设防、多遇和罕遇地震设计反应谱。可以看出,磨西镇所遭遇的地震动远大于其多遇地震设计反应谱峰值,东西向地震动超过了设防烈度加速度峰值,这可能是该次地震造成建筑破坏严重的原因之一。
磨西镇和得妥镇位于海螺沟景区附近,旅游业是当地支柱产业,因此该地建筑多为商住混合建筑。该建筑常见的结构类型有底层为框架和砌体混杂结构且上部为砌体结构、框架结构和砌体结构。此外,两镇部分村落依然存在着少量砖石、砖木和纯木结构建筑。对磨西镇和得妥镇各类建筑进行震害调查发现,破损严重的建筑物普遍存在“散、脆、偏”等特性,而表现较好的建筑物往往具有完备的构造措施和各轴线抗侧刚度均衡的特点。
“散”是指建筑物的整体性不足,主要表现为未设置圈梁、构造柱,或者其设置不完全,存在不连续、不封闭现象。“散”的建筑在地震中极其容易发生墙体开裂、脱落、整片墙外闪乃至倒塌的现象。图2(a)是海螺沟贡嘎神汤温泉酒店旁某临街单层砌体,该房屋缺乏圈梁构造柱,在地震作用下纵墙破坏严重,纵横墙交界处分离,纵墙外闪明显。
部分建筑还存在构造措施部分缺失情况,图2(b)是磨西镇共和村1组92号3层砌体房屋,该房屋建筑整体破坏轻微,但墙角处破坏严重。对其内部观察可以看出,该建筑仅设置圈梁,但在柱脚处未设置构造柱,纵横墙与上层楼板节点处出现剪切破坏。图2(c)建筑位于图2(b)建筑后方10 m处,其一至三层圈梁构造柱完备,但顶层缺乏圈梁构造柱,该建筑一至三层几乎无破坏,但顶层窗间墙产生沿着砖缝的斜裂缝,墙体脱落。
除建筑主体结构外,房顶女儿墙也应做好压顶和构造柱,保证其整体性。图2(d)是磨西镇金海螺宾馆,其上方女儿墙未设置压顶和构造柱,基本全部脱落,而其旁边的西夷盛世酒店女儿墙因有完整的构造措施,具有良好的整体性而未发生破坏。
“脆”主要包括材料和构件两方面:在材料上,是指由生土、土坯或砖石等脆弱材料作为主要承重构件;在构件上,主要是指因开设门窗洞口形成的短柱(窗间墙)。图3图4的建筑分别位于磨西镇磨子沟村和得妥镇,由砖、石块和生土作为主要承重构件,发生了严重的破坏,甚至倒塌。图5是磨西镇某砌体住宅,由于开窗洞,窗间墙剪跨比较小,形成了“X”型剪切裂缝。图6是贡嘎山寄宿制小学某间教室的门脸,门洞和窗洞间形成了“短柱”,出现剪切破坏。
“散”和“脆”的缺陷主要由构造措施缺失、建筑材料脆弱、建筑门窗设计不当引起,在历次地震科考中都得到了大量验证[17-19],这2种建筑物的不利特性理应避免。
建筑在地震作用下,由“偏”导致的震害非常常见,其大量存在于外廊式中小学[8]和沿街布置的底商多层建筑[6]中。“偏”是指建筑各纵向轴线抗侧刚度相差较大,在地震作用下容易出现内力凝聚,抗侧刚度高的轴线出现严重的剪切破坏,抗侧刚度较小的轴线震害轻微,同一层不同轴线出现各个击破的现象。当各道纵向轴线抗侧刚度的差异超过3倍时[14],可认为建筑存在“偏”的缺陷。此外,在竖直方向,中间楼层由刚度突变产生的薄弱层,也属于“偏”,但随着层屈服理论[19]的提出,且民用建筑具有首层以上结构设计多一致的特点,此类震害现象较少。
图7是得妥镇南头村某5层建筑,该建筑食宿一体,底层用于开餐馆,设置大开间,因此前2道轴线由框架柱组成,后一道轴线由带构造柱的砌体墙组成。可以看出,前2道轴线震害较小,仅柱顶混凝土轻微剥落,而最后一道轴线剪切破坏严重,框架柱中混凝土被剪溃,墙体失效。此外,由于横墙较少,建筑出现轻微扭转。建筑前两道由框架柱构成的轴线抗侧刚度较小,第三道由带构造柱的砌体墙组成的轴线抗侧刚度较大,形成了“偏”的特性,建筑物同一层不同轴线在地震作用下出现了不同程度的震害表现。
地震下建筑物致灾机理一直以来都是结构抗震的核心问题与难点,“层屈服”理论对应的“弱柱强梁”或“强柱弱梁”的震害与实际震害中同一层不同轴线出现不同震害并不相符。因此,文献[20-23]在对大量裸框架、带填充墙的框架、砌体墙和带构造柱的砌体墙进行拟静力试验的基础上,将多层建筑的构件划分为3种典型构件:硬脆构件、弱脆构件、弱延构件,如图8所示,其中横轴表示构件发生的侧向位移,纵轴表示构件的名义剪力。硬和弱主要表征构件抗侧刚度的大小和承载力的强弱,脆和延主要表征容许位移的大小。硬脆构件主要指被填充墙约束的柱、不开洞或开洞率低的墙片等,这类构件抗侧刚度大而容许位移相对较小。弱脆构件主要是土坯砖石构成的墙和具有“短柱效应”的墙或柱等,这类构件抗侧刚度大,容许位移小,且相比于硬脆构件承载能力更低。弱延构件主要指临街面的裸框架,这类构件抗侧刚度小,容许位移大。在常见民居中,建筑往往由不同构件混搭,在楼板纵向平动的约束下,各构件发生相同水平的位移,剪力将会在硬脆构件处出现“内力凝聚”,导致其率先破坏。当硬脆构件破坏后,结构竖向承载力降低,建筑将在重力作用下发生倒塌。
暂不考虑构件细部的破坏,对建筑各纵轴进行整体表征,按轴线的力学性能将其分为硬脆轴线、弱脆轴线和弱延轴线。常见的轴线混搭形式有5种,即全硬脆轴线、全弱脆轴线、全弱延轴线、普通轴线和“偏中带匀”的硬脆轴线与弱延轴线混搭。全硬脆轴线和全弱延轴线的建筑在泸定地震中破坏较小,无明显裂缝;全弱脆轴线的建筑震害较为严重,甚至完全倒塌;硬脆轴线和弱延轴线混搭是最为常见的建筑形式,依据其“匀”的程度和地震作用是否大于结构抗力,其破坏呈现2种形式,一种破坏较轻,无可见裂缝或裂缝较少,另一种破坏较重,尤其是硬脆轴线破坏显著。
全弱脆轴线建筑以土坯房、干打垒、泥结红砖为代表,由于土泥砖石自身材料性质限制,该房屋各轴线均呈现弱脆特性,其轴线力学特性示意图如图9所示。横轴表示建筑发生的纵向位移,纵轴表示各轴线承担的名义地震剪力,虚线框表示该建筑破坏前的最大侧向位移。当建筑仅发生极小位移时,各轴线的变形就达到饱和点,各轴线发生破坏。该类建筑在地震中破坏最为严重,常见“房倒屋塌”的破坏模式,如前文图4所示。
全硬脆轴线建筑与全弱延轴线建筑在地震中表现较好,全硬脆建筑各轴线抗侧刚度均较大,全弱延建筑各轴线抗侧刚度均较小,两者在结构设计上体现出“匀”的特性,因此在地震作用下,“内力凝聚”现象不显著,全硬脆轴线和全弱延轴线变形均未达到“饱和”。
全硬脆轴线建筑总抗力大于地震作用,建筑不会倒塌,甚至在震害调查中发现,此类建筑几乎无破坏,这意味着该类建筑处于弹性或弹塑性初段,此时建筑主要构件未发生损伤或损伤程度较低。全硬脆建筑如图10图11所示,建筑为磨西镇长征酒店员工宿舍,底层各轴线均设置剪力墙,A~D轴各轴线均表现出硬脆性质且抗侧刚度相对均较大,因此该建筑在地震作用下仅发生极小位移,建筑未有可见裂缝。
全弱延轴线建筑震害表现同样优异,虽然其理论上在地震作用下将产生更大的位移,但柔性建筑的名义屈服点、峰值位移和极限位移都更大,震害调查中该类建筑同样未见破坏或破坏较轻,这可能是其在地震作用下的极限位移未超过名义屈服位移和峰值位移。全弱延建筑如图12图13所示,建筑为磨西镇共和村一组某在建框架结构,由于尚未修建完成,该建筑并未设置填充墙,各轴线特性均为弱延且抗侧刚度相同,在地震作用下,梁柱节点处未观察到损伤。
硬脆轴线与弱延轴线混搭的建筑物在中国城镇中广泛存在,底商多层建筑、外廊式教学楼都属于此类。该类混搭建筑震后表现呈现2种,表现较差的以得妥镇南头村某4层建筑为例,表现较好的以磨西镇堡子村某2层建筑为例,两者的力和位移曲线分别如图14所示,其主要区别是建筑的纵向位移是否达到其变形饱和点。
得妥镇南头村某4层建筑如图15图16所示,建筑纵向有3道轴线,横向有5道轴线。从横向看,各轴线几乎均被砌体墙填充。从纵向看,A轴为裸框架,B轴在①~③轴空旷,在③~⑤轴线有填充墙,C轴为开门窗洞口的带构造柱的砌体墙构成。该建筑在纵向轴线上存在硬脆轴线(C轴、B轴)与弱延轴线(A轴)混搭,底层结构在楼板和横向5道砌体墙的共同约束下无法发生横向和扭转变形,只能沿着纵向变形。在地震作用时,抗侧刚度大的B、C轴分配更大的地震剪力,出现严重剪切破坏。由图15(d)可知,C轴窗间墙出现“X”型裂缝,框架柱混凝土被剪碎。在拟静力试验中很难出现如此严重破坏,这可能是由于砌体墙产生剪切裂缝后,左右2块楔形墙块在地震加速度作用下被甩出,上下2块楔形墙块在重力下压溃造成的。B轴线楼梯处纵墙同样出现了严重的剪切破坏。但值得注意的是,与上述B、C轴墙体的严重破坏不同,A轴线和B轴线构造柱处破坏就小得多,A轴柱端出现混凝土少量剥离,柱底出现轻微塑性铰,柱整体呈现向后方折断趋势。
同层的不同抗侧刚度轴线破坏严重程度不同,这是“偏”的典型震害表现,该建筑C轴已然接近失效,但A轴仍然存在大量较好的“延性”能力。据此推测,当地震动等级更高时,C轴将率先破坏,其竖向支撑能力将严重丧失,结构将在重力作用下发生向后倒塌,这也契合了A轴柱出现向后房折断的倾向。该震害现象与层屈服倒塌机理对应的柱铰倒塌模式不一致,却与充分考虑填充墙影响的“变形饱和”倒塌机理分析出来的破坏模式形成较好对照。
堡子村某2层建筑如图17图18所示,建筑纵向有4道轴线,横向有6道轴线。从横向上看,两侧山墙满砌,③轴和④轴线几乎满砌,②轴和⑤轴线半满砌;从纵向上看,A轴线为裸框架,B、C和D轴线仅开较小的门窗洞口,墙率较高。建筑在地震作用下,虽然存在“内力凝聚”现象,但B、C、D轴共同分配更多的内力,而非大部分聚焦于某一轴线。此外该建筑仅有2层,地震总剪力较小,各轴的地震作用小于各轴线的抗力,各轴各构件均未达到“变形饱和点”,建筑几乎完好,未出现可见裂缝。
南头村某4层建筑与堡子村某2层建筑同样是硬脆与弱延的混搭,但是堡子村的建筑纵向轴线墙率高于南头村的建筑,地震作用导致的剪力按抗侧刚度分配时“偏”的现象弱于后者,建筑在地震作用下破坏轻微。但值得注意的是,虽然堡子村的建筑在泸定地震下未破坏,但当地震动更大时,其依然存在出现严重破坏的可能性。
真实地震是检验房屋抗震性能的标准,其规避了尺寸效应、材料特性限制、加速度相似关系变化等因素,是基于全结构全要素的建筑物致灾机理研究的最佳样本。在泸定地震科考中发现,全弱脆建筑破坏极其严重,弱延与硬脆混杂建筑在刚度大的轴线处出现更严重破坏,而全硬脆轴线建筑,全弱延轴线建筑、各轴线抗侧刚度“偏中带匀”的多层建筑在地震中表现亮眼,建筑几乎未开裂或开裂极其轻微。
全弱脆建筑多为土石结构、砖木结构,此类结构存量较少且震后破坏严重,这类房屋建议以重建为主。全硬脆轴线建筑,如长征酒店,各轴线均设有剪力墙,这种建筑结构较为少见,其优点是在泸定地震中表现出优异的抗震性能,但其造价将提高且内部空间会被削减。全弱延轴线建筑在建设完毕后,由于填充墙的存在,其“强柱弱梁”的设计理念难以实现。已有学者使用空心砌块、加气混凝土砌块作为填充墙体,但该填充物依然极大地增加了构件的刚度,使构件的力学性能发生改变,塑性铰出现在柱端[24]。已有学者使用草砖等柔性材料作为填充物[25]或在墙体和框架间添加柔性填充[26],该方法能有效降低填充墙对构件初始刚度的影响,但其在防火、耐腐蚀等建筑功能方面仍有待进一步研究。
硬脆和弱延混杂建筑在我国城镇建筑物中保有量极大,在历次震害调查中震害也最为严重。但地震现场同时存在一些与其结构形式相近、震害却截然不同的建筑物。例如北川电信局宿舍(6层砌体结构),在汶川8级地震下仅发生中等破坏,建筑物未倒塌,这种超强的抗倒塌能力被归因于其对沿街柱进行了翼柱设计[27]。基于“变形饱和”致灾机理对其分析,翼柱的设计提高了该轴线的抗侧刚度,使建筑各轴线之间的抗侧刚度差异减小,各轴线在承受分配后的地震剪力时未达到“变形饱和”点,因此在烈度十一度的极震区破坏也并不严重。因此,针对混杂结构建筑,建议在进行抗震设计时应体现“匀”的设计思想,新建建筑可进行翼柱设计,在保证使用功能需求下提高其抗震能力,对于已建成房屋可考虑给沿街柱锚固钢框架等,提高该轴线抗侧刚度,均衡地震剪力在各轴线的分配。
震害调查是地震工程学科的四大支柱之一,它是评价建筑抗震性能的关键手段。本文在对泸定地震进行了震害调查与分析中发现,具有“散、脆、偏”特性的建筑物在地震中受损严重,而具有良好抗震构造措施的砌体房屋、具有“匀”抗震设计理念的框架结构、混杂结构的房屋表现良好。基于“变形饱和”致灾机理将多层建筑物按不同特性轴线混搭划分为5种典型建筑形式,其中全硬脆轴线结构、全弱延轴线结构和具有“偏中带匀”特点的硬脆与弱延混搭结构在地震中破坏较小,甚至不破坏。最后对地震中破坏严重的混杂式建筑提出设立“翼柱”的加固设想,以此平衡轴线刚度,实现“匀”的设计理念。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52278489)
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2024年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0319
  • 接收时间:2023-02-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-27
  • 修回日期:2023-05-15
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52278489)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨,150080
    3.防灾科技学院 中国地震局建筑物破坏机理与防御重点实验室,河北 三河 065201
    4.嘉应学院 土木工程学院,广东 梅州 514015

通讯作者:

郭迅(1967—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构抗震设计、抗震实验和消能减震研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0319
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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