Article(id=1245390012775252224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0321, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705248000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-15, revisedDate=1707321600000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853717272, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853717272, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853717272, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853717272, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390004252426256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='230', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853715241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854338522, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392618545332491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392618545332492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=214, endPage=222, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390013169516823, articleId=1245390012775252224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Cause analysis and typical damage of town and village buildings of the Jishishan earthquake in Gansu Province, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The 6.2 magnitude earthquake in Jishishan of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu Province occurred on December 18, 2023. The earthquake caused extensive damage and collapse of town and village buildings, resulting many casualties. It is a typical small earthquake and large disaster. This paper summarizes the seismic damage characteristics and patterns of typical village and town buildings surveyed in the epicenter of the Jishishan earthquake, and analyzes typical cases based on the structural type, construction year, and whether seismic measures are used. The reasons for the severe seismic damage in this earthquake are summarized as follows: Some self-build houses have brick columns and adobe walls, but the two parts are lack of effective connections and have poor seismic resistance. This can be seen from the fact that houses with ring beams and structural columns in the same courtyard are basically intact, but houses without seismic structural measures are severely damaged. Some have varying openings on different floors, resulting in discontinuous vertical force transmission. There are many irregular planar arrangements in the structure. Partial structures are incomplete or have weak areas. Rural self-build houses are constructed according to the habits of craftsmen, without considering the stress requirements under earthquake actions, and a quality supervision system mechanism needs to be established.

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2023年12月18日甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山发生6.2级地震,此次地震造成了大量的村镇建筑破坏和倒塌,并造成了多人伤亡,是典型的“小震大灾”。文中总结了积石山地震中震区村镇建筑典型震害特点和规律,并结合建筑的结构类型、建造年代和是否具有抗震构造措施进行了典型案例分析,总结此次地震震损较为严重的原因:部分自建房屋为砖柱和土坯墙,二者缺乏有效连接,自身抗震能力差,这点从同一院落具有圈梁构造柱的房屋基本完好而不具备抗震构造措施的房子破坏严重可以说明;部分房屋不同层存在开间变化导致竖向传力不连续;结构存在大量平面布置不规则的情况;结构局部不完整或存在薄弱部位;农村自建房屋,按照工匠习惯建设,未考虑地震作用下的受力要求,需要建立质量监管体制机制。

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聂桂波(1982—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构抗震与减隔震研究。E-mail:

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聂桂波(1982—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构抗震与减隔震研究。E-mail:

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聂桂波(1982—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构抗震与减隔震研究。E-mail:

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甘肃积石山地震村镇典型建筑震害及成因分析
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聂桂波 1, 2 , 杨永强 1, 2 , 张昊宇 1, 2 , 谢贤鑫 1, 2 , 陈龙伟 1, 2 , 王永志 1, 2 , 汪云龙 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(3): 214-222
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(3): 214-222
甘肃积石山地震村镇典型建筑震害及成因分析
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聂桂波1, 2 , 杨永强1, 2, 张昊宇1, 2, 谢贤鑫1, 2, 陈龙伟1, 2, 王永志1, 2, 汪云龙1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 聂桂波(1982—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构抗震与减隔震研究。E-mail:

Cause analysis and typical damage of town and village buildings of the Jishishan earthquake in Gansu Province
Guibo NIE1, 2 , Yongqiang YANG1, 2, Haoyu ZHANG1, 2, Xianxin XIE1, 2, Longwei CHEN1, 2, Yongzhi WANG1, 2, Yunlong WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0321
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2023年12月18日甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山发生6.2级地震,此次地震造成了大量的村镇建筑破坏和倒塌,并造成了多人伤亡,是典型的“小震大灾”。文中总结了积石山地震中震区村镇建筑典型震害特点和规律,并结合建筑的结构类型、建造年代和是否具有抗震构造措施进行了典型案例分析,总结此次地震震损较为严重的原因:部分自建房屋为砖柱和土坯墙,二者缺乏有效连接,自身抗震能力差,这点从同一院落具有圈梁构造柱的房屋基本完好而不具备抗震构造措施的房子破坏严重可以说明;部分房屋不同层存在开间变化导致竖向传力不连续;结构存在大量平面布置不规则的情况;结构局部不完整或存在薄弱部位;农村自建房屋,按照工匠习惯建设,未考虑地震作用下的受力要求,需要建立质量监管体制机制。

积石山地震  /  震害调查  /  村镇建筑  /  结构倒塌  /  抗震构造措施

The 6.2 magnitude earthquake in Jishishan of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu Province occurred on December 18, 2023. The earthquake caused extensive damage and collapse of town and village buildings, resulting many casualties. It is a typical small earthquake and large disaster. This paper summarizes the seismic damage characteristics and patterns of typical village and town buildings surveyed in the epicenter of the Jishishan earthquake, and analyzes typical cases based on the structural type, construction year, and whether seismic measures are used. The reasons for the severe seismic damage in this earthquake are summarized as follows: Some self-build houses have brick columns and adobe walls, but the two parts are lack of effective connections and have poor seismic resistance. This can be seen from the fact that houses with ring beams and structural columns in the same courtyard are basically intact, but houses without seismic structural measures are severely damaged. Some have varying openings on different floors, resulting in discontinuous vertical force transmission. There are many irregular planar arrangements in the structure. Partial structures are incomplete or have weak areas. Rural self-build houses are constructed according to the habits of craftsmen, without considering the stress requirements under earthquake actions, and a quality supervision system mechanism needs to be established.

Jishishan earthquake  /  seismic damage investigation  /  town and village buildings  /  structural collapse  /  seismic construction measures
聂桂波, 杨永强, 张昊宇, 谢贤鑫, 陈龙伟, 王永志, 汪云龙. 甘肃积石山地震村镇典型建筑震害及成因分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (3) : 214 -222 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0321
Guibo NIE, Yongqiang YANG, Haoyu ZHANG, Xianxin XIE, Longwei CHEN, Yongzhi WANG, Yunlong WANG. Cause analysis and typical damage of town and village buildings of the Jishishan earthquake in Gansu Province[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (3) : 214 -222 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0321
2023年12月18日北京时间23时59分在甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山发生了6.2级地震,地震造成了大量的人员伤亡和财产损失。与以往我国发生的6~7级地震相比,这次地震造成了更多的人员伤亡。此次地震村镇结构类型主要以年代较为久远的土木结构(基本建筑年龄大于20 a)、没有圈梁构造柱的砌体结构(基本房龄在5~20 a之间)、有圈梁构造柱的砌体结构(基本上是近几年建造的)、砖混结构、钢筋混凝土框架结构和抗震能力较弱的底框结构为主。已有学者进行了相关研究,汶川地震中几类典型的房屋建筑在强烈地震作用下的地震反应及震害,总结了震害特征和规律,可以为灾区恢复重建、结构抗震设计及有关的抗震设计规范的修订提供参考[1-4];玉树地震中不同类型结构的破坏和倒塌实例,给出了建筑震害的初步原因,同时指出贯彻和完善现行抗震设计理念与方法,加强村镇房屋抗震管理迫在眉睫[5-9];芦山地震中农房总体震害并对不同烈度区的农房结构震害进行了分类描述,并指出农村自建房应该纳入国家监管体系,农房抗震防灾工作依然任重道远[10];九寨沟地震中不同结构类型的房屋进行了震害特征分析,与此同时也考察了非结构构件的破坏特征[11-13];泸定地震中工业厂房、医疗建筑和其他类型建筑的震害特征和破坏原因进行了整理和分析,建议从设计、施工和验收全过程控制房屋的质量[14-17];土耳其地震中建筑的整体破坏和损失情况进行了数值分析,并对中国的多层混凝土建筑结构的地震破坏情况进行了模拟[18-20]。总体来看,我国处于2条地震带之间,地震发生强烈且频繁,且我国房屋整体上呈现农村房屋缺少抗震设防、采用不同抗震规范的城镇房屋建筑时间跨度大,结构类型多且复杂多样,并且城镇建筑同样存在大量自建住房,导致我国地震发生在人员密集的地区会造成大量的人员伤亡和经济损失。
本文详细考察了甘肃积石山地震中烈度异常区和震中附近区域不同建筑的典型破坏和倒塌案例,共计调查房屋472栋,结构类型包括农村自建房、砖木建筑、砖混建筑、钢筋混凝土框架结构和钢结构,其中农村以自建砖木结构为主,城镇以砖混建筑、钢筋混凝土框架结构为主,在整个调查样本中,砌体结构的占比超过了50%。并给出了各种不同类型结构的典型破坏情况,探讨并总结了可能的致灾原因,并对典型城镇建筑、农村建筑的设计、施工和监管给出了合理的建议,可以为后续震区的重建工作和相关的规范修订提供了一定的参考和借鉴。
此次地震村镇建筑尤其是农村存在着大量的砖木结构,部分建成年代较早的砖木结构填充墙为土坯墙,如图1(a)所示。这类房屋主要以砖柱或者砖墙为竖向承重构件,如图1(b)所示。屋内隔墙根据建成年代不同,分为砖墙和土坯墙,如图1(c)所示。大部分建成年代久的房屋以土坯墙为主,屋面通常为泥土屋面上覆瓦,并且部分房屋做了苫背处理,屋面竖向荷载通过木梁传递到砖柱或者砖墙,如图1(d)所示。由于建成年代早,建筑质量差,材料的黏结性差,砖柱与木结构梁之间缺乏有效的连接,屋内砖墙或土坯墙与地面和屋面的连接强度不足,砖柱和砖墙的砌筑质量较差,砖与砖之间缺乏搓牙砌筑或者是有效的咬接;砖柱与砖柱之间的土坯墙连接性更加薄弱,同时砖与砖之间的砌筑材料有水泥砂浆、砂浆和黄土,这就造成了砖与砖之间在承受水平向荷载时不具备足够的承载力。与此同时,震区民居建筑大部分具有前廊结构,通常为外挑木屋檐加竖向支撑网格木架,造成结构在水平向上存在刚度和外形的不对称性,加之地震作用具有方向性,这也加剧了此类建筑的破坏,如图1(e)所示。
由于当地回族的习俗,回族男子在清真寺做礼拜可以在清真寺附属的公共浴室淋浴洗澡,而女性则必须在家里进行沐浴,加之当地经济水平较差,临夏回族自治州冬季平均温度是-9.0~ +4.0 ℃,因此当地习俗是在居室内的火炕上搭建一堵临时墙,如图1(f)所示。这堵墙与房屋外侧墙构成的空间作为妇女的沐浴场所,在本次调研的大部分情况下,这种隔断性质的临时炕上墙通常为半高状态,不与上部屋顶连接,几乎浮放于炕上,与一侧墙体均不连接或者仅抵接,由于炕上砖墙具有很高的质量,加之不可靠的连接,在地震作用下很容易发生倾覆,导致位于炕上墙内侧的人员被压埋或者砸伤,这也是此次积石山地震造成人员伤亡的主要因素之一,因这种不合理结构造成的人员伤亡数量占此次地震近1/3的比例。
地震中大量砖混结构发生破坏,其中部分砖混结构发生倒塌,选取几栋典型砖混结构如图2(a)所示。图2所示建筑为卡地沟湾子清真大寺,位于青海省海东市民和回族土族自治县官亭镇的民族村,属于烈度异常区。图2(a)中砌体结构A1为2层砌体结构,结构主要破坏包括山墙贯穿裂缝、砖柱剪切破坏、室内包括管线在内的非结构构件的破坏、室内墙的开裂;图2(b)中砌体结构主要破坏包括门洞两侧墙体的贯穿裂缝,构造柱底端的剪切破坏、室内墙及饰面的破坏等。2栋砌体结构破坏的主要原因:①结构所处地形为山坡局部突出部分,结构的地基下部土层深度不一致,结构紧邻边坡外缘,因此存在着地震动放大作用,导致紧邻边坡一侧地震作用更大;②结构平面和立面的不规则性,导致结构刚度不均匀,存在着薄弱环节,在地震作用下更容易发生破坏,例如图2(d)由于通行需要而设置的通道,导致结构的平面和立面刚度都不均匀,同时外侧局部走廊也导致这种连接更加脆弱。
图3(a)中2栋农居同样位于烈度异常区,一栋具有圈梁构造柱,建于2020年,另一栋没有圈梁构造柱,房龄在10 a以上,没有采取抗震构造措施的结构在此次地震中发生了破坏,包括吊顶板的脱落、山墙的水平向贯通裂缝、室内地面的不均匀沉降和室内填充墙的破坏等。而有圈梁构造柱的这栋建筑没有发生破坏,2栋建筑形成了明显的对比,也说明了合理的抗震构造措施对于提高结构的抗震安全具有显著的提升作用,此次地震中,在不同的村镇和不同的院落均存在这种对比性比较明显的农居建筑,从一个侧面彰显出建造具有抗震构造措施的民居建筑的重要性,可以极大地提高内部人员的安全性并显著减小经济损失。
地震烈度异常区的民族村还有数栋钢筋混凝土框架结构,其中的代表为卡地沟湾子清真大寺的主体结构,钢筋混凝土框架结构如图2(a)图4所示。这栋建筑在地震作用下主体结构未发生明显破坏,结构的破坏主要是外部填充墙破坏。图4(a)的外侧窗间墙裂缝为竖向通缝,这主要是由于窗间墙之间为钢筋混凝土柱,柱两侧与窗之间采用砖砌筑,由于两侧砖墙宽度较小,加之与柱之间没有采用钢筋进行有效拉结,且砌筑砂浆黏结力不足,导致产生了如图所示的竖向贯通缝。框架柱与框架梁之间的填充墙也在梁下侧产生了水平向管贯通缝及竖向缝,同时还伴随着墙外立面砖、柱子装饰砖、屋顶装饰物等非结构构件因连接失效发生部分坠落,如图4(b)所示。
除上述烈度异常区建筑的破坏,本文还选择了此次地震震中区大河家镇的部分钢筋混凝土框架结构。图5为积石山县大河家中学,该中学教学楼为钢筋混凝土框架结构,尽管在此次地震中结构的主体梁柱未发生破坏,但该建筑几乎所有的内部填充墙、窗间墙、内部走廊两侧墙体和楼梯间墙体均发生了不同程度的破坏,并且大部分破坏都无法修复,需要拆除重建。填充墙作为非结构构件,在破坏性地震作用下几乎很难保持完整,此次地震的震中区,绝大多数建筑内部填充墙及承重砖墙都发生了不同程度的破坏,这种破坏在震后修复也非常困难。
积石山县大河家中学教学楼除大量墙体发生破坏外,另外几种典型的学校类建筑的非结构构件也发生了较严重破坏,图6(a)~(c)是二楼至四楼的吊顶发生破坏的照片。由图可知,随着楼层增高,地震动加速度被逐层放大,吊顶的破坏越加严重。这种规律也适用于图6(d)~(f)所示的靠墙放置的书架,同时从图6(e)也可以看出尽管靠墙书架发生倒塌,但是与墙垂直放置的书架并未倒塌,这也说明地震具有方向性效应,在地震作用的主要方向上破坏更加严重,因此吊顶和书架这类非结构构件与主体结构应该进行可靠的连接,保证在地震作用下连接不发生破坏。
在我国历次历史地震事件中,底框结构的震损都十分严重,典型的底框结构如图7所示。一楼为框架结构,承担主要的商业功能,二楼及以上存在部分承重墙和填充墙,因此一楼是所有楼层中的薄弱环节,通常在一层柱底或者柱顶发生柱的剪切破坏,这种结构类型也基本难以实现强柱弱梁的设计理念。
图8所示建筑为地下1层地上4层的底框结构,结构的内部墙体、楼梯间两侧墙体等均发生了破坏,而由于一楼仅通过竖向柱承担竖向和水平向地震作用,加之柱子的截面较小,导致一层柱顶均发生了剪切破坏,整体结构发生了扭转,这使得这类结构震后修复更加困难。
图9所示为一栋4层的底框结构,结构一层至二层破坏较轻微,这主要是由于一层和二层柱截面较大,具有足够的安全储备,而三层至四层的柱为变截面柱,柱子截面显著减小,导致该结构的三楼和四楼发生严重破坏,如图9(b)、(c)所示;三层和四层建筑的柱顶、填充墙、门窗和窗间墙等均发生了严重破坏。而破坏的主要原因就是变截面柱造成了结构竖向刚度的突变,导致三层和四层不具备足够的安全储备。
某供热公司链条炉中作为灰斗的钢结构如图10所示,由图可知,这是一个典型的“头重脚轻”的钢结构,上部荷载通过下部型钢柱承担,此次地震作用下,结构下部的支承柱发生了明显的侧移,如图10(a)所示;同时柱与基础的混凝土桩顶连接部位发生连接破坏,如图10(b)、(c)所示。由于混凝土桩的截面和强度不足导致桩头被拉裂,同时也有部分连接板下部锚筋被拉断,如图10(d)所示。由图10的典型破坏可知,结构的支座和连接部位破坏是地震作用下破坏的主要模式之一,这也说明了在设计过程中应该重视支座和连接部位的强度和延性,做到强节点和强锚固。
通过对积石山地震现场典型建筑的大量震害调查工作,可以得到以下结论:
1)确保结构的地震安全性首先是转变抗震设防和设计的理念,具有良好抗震能力的房屋是抗震设计的第一选择,这也是避免救火式救灾的第一要务。
2)城镇和农村自建房应加强监管和有效引导,尤其应该加强施工质量、材料质量、连接质量和后期维护等,坚决杜绝自建自管的现象,同时也应该针对我国不同的设防地区和不同的民俗习惯,建立相应的农居标准设计图集,充分考虑抗震设计和构造的需要。
3)自建房一定要设置圈梁构造柱,并与填充墙进行有效连接,同时,在可能的情况下,政府可以采取补助圈梁构造柱费用的形式大力提升自建房的抗震能力。
4)结构应避免平立面的不对称性,避免水平向和竖向刚度的突变,例如局部二层结构和平面的不规则。重视强节点、强锚固、强柱弱梁机制的实现。
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2024年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0321
  • 接收时间:2024-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-15
  • 修回日期:2024-02-08
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中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项青年领军人才培育计划项目(2023C02)
黑龙江省自然科学基金杰出青年基金项目(JQ2022E006)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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