Article(id=1245390007125521375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0305, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1674835200000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-28, revisedDate=1682265600000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853715926, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853715926, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853715926, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853715926, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390004252426256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='230', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853715241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854338522, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392618545332491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392618545332492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390007372985312, articleId=1245390007125521375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Structural damage identification based on graph convolutional neural network under strong noise and small sample conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Structural damage identification based on deep learning are mainly realized by capturing the characteristics and internal rules of data. Insufficient training samples and noise interference may lead to the failure of mining effective features and internal laws. It is particularly important to mine information as much as possible from the data for damage identification. To solve these problems, a structural damage identification method based on graph convolutional network (GCN) is proposed. In order to extract more features, considering the correlation between different position sensors and the characteristics of each sensor data, one-dimensional vibration data was converted into graph data by the graph construction method. Subsequently, GCN was used to extract the data features of the graph samples and achieve rapid classification to achieve the purpose of damage identification. The feasibility and reliability of the proposed method were verified by the Qatar University grandstand simulator structure, and the effects of noise level, number of samples, the method of graph construction and convolutional network parameters on the recognition results were discussed. The results show that, compared with 1 dimensional convolutional neural network, the GCN model has higher damage identification accuracy in the case of strong noise and small samples. The method of graph construction and pooling have certain influence on the identification results. The identification results of Path graph and Topk pooling are stable and higher than those of other combination forms.

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基于深度学习的结构损伤识别主要通过捕捉数据特征及内部规律来实现。训练样本不足、噪声干扰均可能导致有效特征及内部规律的挖掘失败。从数据中尽可能挖掘更多的信息用于识别损伤尤为重要。文中提出了基于图卷积神经网络的结构损伤识别方法。首先,为了能够提取更多特征,即同时考虑不同位置传感器之间的相关性和各个传感器数据的自身特性,通过图构造方法将一维振动数据转换为图数据。然后采用图卷积神经网络提取图样本的数据特征并实现快速分类,完成损伤识别的目的。采用卡塔尔大学看台结构模型来验证所提方法的可行性及可靠性,并探讨噪声程度、样本个数、构图方式及相关图卷积网络参数对识别结果的影响。结果表明:与一维卷积神经网络相比,图卷积神经网络模型在强噪声、小样本的情况下具有较高的损伤识别精度。构图方式及图池化方法对识别结果有一定的影响,Path构图方式与Topk池化的识别结果较为稳定且高于其他组合形式。

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骆勇鹏(1989—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事有限元模型修正、结构智能检测与监测技术等研究。E-mail:
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李行(1999—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构健康监测等方面研究。E-mail:

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李行(1999—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构健康监测等方面研究。E-mail:

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李行(1999—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构健康监测等方面研究。E-mail:

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Parameters of network structure

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网络层(类型)参数设置网络层(类型)参数设置
输入层2#批归一化层2048
1#图卷积层1024×20482#Relu层
1#批归一化层20482#图池化层2048
1#Relu层2#图读出层平均池化
1#图池化层20481#全连接层2048×1024
1#图读出层平均池化Dropout层0.2
2#图卷积层2048×20482#全连接层1024×C
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网络结构参数表

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网络层(类型)参数设置网络层(类型)参数设置
输入层2#批归一化层2048
1#图卷积层1024×20482#Relu层
1#批归一化层20482#图池化层2048
1#Relu层2#图读出层平均池化
1#图池化层20481#全连接层2048×1024
1#图读出层平均池化Dropout层0.2
2#图卷积层2048×20482#全连接层1024×C
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Identification accuracy of GCN and 1D-CNN under different noise conditions

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方法准确率
30%噪声40%噪声50%噪声60%噪声
GCN99.4699.1498.8198.39
1D-CNN88.7086.0284.9684.04
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GCN与1D-CNN在不同噪声条件下的识别精度

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方法准确率
30%噪声40%噪声50%噪声60%噪声
GCN99.4699.1498.8198.39
1D-CNN88.7086.0284.9684.04
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Damage identification under different sensor arrangements

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方法准确率
布置1布置2布置3布置4布置5布置6
第二、三列传感器第一、五列传感器第一列传感器第三列传感器第一、三、五行传感器第二、四、六行传感器
GCN97.4198.0698.0691.2995.8196.77
1D-CNN66.7867.7731.6137.7450.9748.39
), ArticleFig(id=1245390020316607098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390007125521375, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同传感器布置下的损伤识别情况

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方法准确率
布置1布置2布置3布置4布置5布置6
第二、三列传感器第一、五列传感器第一列传感器第三列传感器第一、三、五行传感器第二、四、六行传感器
GCN97.4198.0698.0691.2995.8196.77
1D-CNN66.7867.7731.6137.7450.9748.39
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强噪声小样本条件下基于图卷积神经网络的结构损伤识别
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李行 1 , 骆勇鹏 1, 2, 3 , 郭旭 1 , 廖飞宇 1, 3 , 鲁四平 4
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(3): 52-60
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(3): 52-60
强噪声小样本条件下基于图卷积神经网络的结构损伤识别
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李行1 , 骆勇鹏1, 2, 3 , 郭旭1, 廖飞宇1, 3, 鲁四平4
作者信息
  • 1.福建农林大学 交通与土木工程学院,福建 福州 350108
  • 2.福建省结构工程与防灾重点实验室(华侨大学),福建 厦门 361021
  • 3.数字福建智能交通技术物联网实验室,福建 福州 350108
  • 4.中南大学 土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410075
  • 李行(1999—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构健康监测等方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

骆勇鹏(1989—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事有限元模型修正、结构智能检测与监测技术等研究。E-mail:
Structural damage identification based on graph convolutional neural network under strong noise and small sample conditions
Xing LI1 , Yongpeng LUO1, 2, 3 , Xu GUO1, Feiyu LIAO1, 3, Siping LU4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory for Structural Engineering and Disaster Prevention of Fujian Province (Huaqiao University), Xiamen 361021, China
  • 3.Digital Fujian Intelligent Transportation Technology Internet of Things Laboratory, Fuzhou 350108, China
  • 4.School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0305
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基于深度学习的结构损伤识别主要通过捕捉数据特征及内部规律来实现。训练样本不足、噪声干扰均可能导致有效特征及内部规律的挖掘失败。从数据中尽可能挖掘更多的信息用于识别损伤尤为重要。文中提出了基于图卷积神经网络的结构损伤识别方法。首先,为了能够提取更多特征,即同时考虑不同位置传感器之间的相关性和各个传感器数据的自身特性,通过图构造方法将一维振动数据转换为图数据。然后采用图卷积神经网络提取图样本的数据特征并实现快速分类,完成损伤识别的目的。采用卡塔尔大学看台结构模型来验证所提方法的可行性及可靠性,并探讨噪声程度、样本个数、构图方式及相关图卷积网络参数对识别结果的影响。结果表明:与一维卷积神经网络相比,图卷积神经网络模型在强噪声、小样本的情况下具有较高的损伤识别精度。构图方式及图池化方法对识别结果有一定的影响,Path构图方式与Topk池化的识别结果较为稳定且高于其他组合形式。

结构健康监测  /  损伤识别  /  振动响应  /  深度学习  /  图卷积神经网络

Structural damage identification based on deep learning are mainly realized by capturing the characteristics and internal rules of data. Insufficient training samples and noise interference may lead to the failure of mining effective features and internal laws. It is particularly important to mine information as much as possible from the data for damage identification. To solve these problems, a structural damage identification method based on graph convolutional network (GCN) is proposed. In order to extract more features, considering the correlation between different position sensors and the characteristics of each sensor data, one-dimensional vibration data was converted into graph data by the graph construction method. Subsequently, GCN was used to extract the data features of the graph samples and achieve rapid classification to achieve the purpose of damage identification. The feasibility and reliability of the proposed method were verified by the Qatar University grandstand simulator structure, and the effects of noise level, number of samples, the method of graph construction and convolutional network parameters on the recognition results were discussed. The results show that, compared with 1 dimensional convolutional neural network, the GCN model has higher damage identification accuracy in the case of strong noise and small samples. The method of graph construction and pooling have certain influence on the identification results. The identification results of Path graph and Topk pooling are stable and higher than those of other combination forms.

structural health monitoring  /  damage identification  /  vibration response  /  deep learning  /  graph convolutional neural network
李行, 骆勇鹏, 郭旭, 廖飞宇, 鲁四平. 强噪声小样本条件下基于图卷积神经网络的结构损伤识别. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (3) : 52 -60 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0305
Xing LI, Yongpeng LUO, Xu GUO, Feiyu LIAO, Siping LU. Structural damage identification based on graph convolutional neural network under strong noise and small sample conditions[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (3) : 52 -60 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0305
土木工程结构在外部荷载、自然环境等因素的作用下不可避免地会出现一定程度的损伤,导致承载能力下降,影响正常服役功能[1]。因此,对既有结构进行实时健康监测尤为重要[2]。损伤识别是结构健康监测的关键组成部分,受到学者的广泛关注,特别是基于深度学习的结构损伤识别方法[3]。其中卷积神经网络是深度学习在损伤识别应用较为广泛的模型之一。ABDELJABER等[4-5]、AVCI等[6]将一维卷积神经网络(1 dimensional convolutional neural network,1D-CNN)用于结构损伤识别。研究表明,与传统的小波变换、经验模式分解法等理论相比,1D-CNN能够更有效地提取损伤特征,识别精度较高。ZHANG等[7]证明了1D-CNN对实际结构的微小状态变化具有高度敏感性。张健飞等[8]利用多尺度CNN模型提取结构振动响应的多尺度特征,该模型能够有效识别特征相近的损伤样本,且辨识能力优于单尺度CNN。从以往的研究可以看出结构响应的潜在特征的挖掘效果直接影响损伤识别精度。受测试误差、传感器性能退化和环境因素等的影响,现场采集的数据往往存在较大噪声等问题。传统深度学习方法从采集的信号中提取时间特征,忽视了样本或多个传感器之间的空间特征[9],可能导致模型无法捕获到足够多的响应特征来完成较高精度的损伤识别。如何进一步考虑传感器之间相关性,尽可能地用较少的传感器完成结构损伤识别是需要进一步解决的问题。
图谱理论中的图数据包含了节点自身特征以及节点之间的关系,相对其他数据类型能够提供更多的信息[10]。然而传统的神经网络模型对图数据的信息挖掘存在一定的困难。SCARSELLI等[11]提出了图神经网络,可实现对图数据的特征提取,随后广泛地应用于机械故障诊断、推荐系统等领域。在故障诊断领域,LI等[12]建立了基于图卷积神经网络(graph convolutional neural network,GCN)的智能故障诊断框架,通过不同的图构造方法将振动信号构造为图数据,最后输入模型进行故障诊断,结果证明了GCN模型有较好的泛化能力。YU等[13]对风电机组变速箱的原始振动信号进行小波包分解,引入GCN来提取图样本的特征信息,实现风电机组的故障诊断。YANG等[14]提出了基于多通道图卷积神经网络的旋转机械诊断模型,该模型使用多通道GCN来学习图的特征并进行多通道特征融合,提高故障诊断精度,但是存在计算成本较大的问题。ZHOU等[15]构建了用于旋转机械诊断的动态图数据处理框架,使用有限的训练样本获得优异的诊断结果,但在图的构建中只考虑了节点信息,忽略了边缘信息。XIE等[16]提出了半监督多尺度注意感知GCN网络,将可用的标记数据与未标记数据转换为图,并构建节点之间的连接关系,证明了GCN在低标记率数据下的有效性。工程结构损伤识别与机械故障诊断具有一定的共通性,图卷积神经网络应该也可以较好地完成结构的损伤识别,然而该方法在土木工程领域的应用还较少。DANG等[17]提出了基于GCN的结构损伤识别基本框架,通过在每个节点构建图卷积网络形成网络群组来实现多损伤工况的识别,通过3个案例证明了GCN网络相较于CNN、长短时记忆网络(long short-term memory network,LSTM)等网络具有较高的识别精度。但是对于网络模型参数(图的构造方式、池化方式等)、噪声程度和数据集要求等方面还未展开讨论。为此,本文提出强噪声小样本条件下基于图卷积神经网络的结构损伤识别方法,并采用卡塔尔大学的看台结构模型来验证所提方法的可行性及可靠性,分析了GCN模型参数、信号噪声程度、数据集大小、传感器的数据质量、数量、位置等因素对模型损伤识别性能的影响。
首先对不同状态下的结构振动信号进行数据预处理,将时间序列(加速度时程响应)转换为图数据,构造数据集。其次训练GCN模型实现损伤识别。该算法主要涉及4个步骤:数据采集、数据集准备、图卷积神经网络模型训练和损伤识别,具体计算流程如图1所示。
在计算机科学中,图是一种通用的数据表示形式,通常表示为GVEW),其中V为图G中节点的集合,E为图G中节点之间边的集合,W为2个节点之间边的权重[18]。传感器网络中的每个传感器都可看作是图的1个节点,传感器之间的关系可以通过节点和节点之间的边来描述。转化为图数据后,图结构中每个节点都有自己的特征,节点间的关系又可以反映出图结构(传感器网络)的结构信息。GCN模型可以同时学习传感器网络的结构信息以及单个传感器的属性信息,结构信息和属性信息有很好的互补关系,属性信息的补充可以很好地提高模型学习的质量,并且结构信息蕴含着属性信息中所没有的知识[19]
常见的构图方法有路径图(Path graph)[12]、K-最近邻图(K-nearest neighbor,KNN)[14]和半径图(Radius graph)[12]3种。路径图是将不同传感器样本按顺序连接(例如,1号传感器连接着2号传感器),设置每2个相邻传感器的样本之间连接着一条边,通过式(1)和式(2)来计算相邻样本间的边的权重为
式中:分别为归一化后的传感器ijh时段的第m个数据点;s为每条样本中数据点的个数;wij为样本和样本之间的权重;σ为高斯函数的带宽方差。
构图方式如图2(a)所示。K-最近邻图则利用式(1)比较所有节点的相似性进而来选择节点的邻居,若2个样本存在连接,连接的权重可根据式(2)确定,具体构图方式如图2(b)所示。半径图是利用余弦相似度来估测样本之间的距离,当样本之间的余弦相似度大于给定阈值β时,则2个样本之间存在关联,邻居样本的权重设为1,具体构图方式如图2(c)所示。
此外,为了获取足够的数据用于训练集和测试集的构造,对归一化后长度为l的传感器信号进行切割,分别利用一个长度为d的窗口对数据进行切割(窗口不重叠),即可得到h个子样本(h = l/d),从而得到传感器的子样本数据集。根据上述构图方式即可得到h张图,如图1中数据集准备部分所示。
所用的GCN模型主要包括2个图卷积层,2个批归一化层,2个图池化层,2个图读出层以及2个全连接层。其中图卷积层主要用于图中节点与边的特征提取,该层主要基于谱域图卷积理论来实现,具体描述可参考文献[20]。谱域图卷积被定义为滤波器gθ =diag(θ)与图信号f在谱域的乘积,可以表示为
式中:∗为图卷积算子;θ = [θ1θ2...θn]为需要学习的参数,n为图中的节点个数;U为图拉普拉斯矩阵L的特征向量组成的矩阵。
由式(3)可知,完成每一次前向传播都需要计算UgθUT三者的乘积,计算代价较大。在面对大型图数据时,卷积计算将变得十分复杂。为了降低谱图卷积的计算复杂度,文献[21]提出可以利用切比雪夫多项式来近似卷积核gθ,如式(4)所示:
式中:ΛL的特征值组成的对角矩阵,λmaxL的最大特征值,IN为单位矩阵;θk为切比雪夫系数向量;Tk为切比雪夫多项式的递归计算,K阶切比雪夫多项式通过递归计算得到,递归表达式为Tkf)= 2fTk-1f)-Tk-2f),其中T0f)= 1,T1f)= f。因此,式(3)可以重新表示为
式中,,利用切比雪夫多项式参数化卷积核,实现谱卷积神经网络,避免了拉普拉斯矩阵L的特征分解[22],因此切比雪夫网络大大降低了计算的复杂度以及运算成本。
图池化层是对节点特征进行汇总,生成能够捕获整个图信息的高层特征。常用的池化方式有基于边收缩(Edge池化)的机制[23]和基于Topk[24]的图池化机制。基于Topk的池化机制是一个不断丢弃节点的过程,在特征矩阵更新的过程中利用节点的重要度对节点特征做了一次变换,强化了对于重要度高的节点的梯度学习[20]。首先设置一个全局基向量p,将节点特征在p上的投影当作重要度y,随后设置表示池化率的参数qq∈(0,1],在本模拟中q取0.5,学习出一个表示节点重要度的值并进行降排序,具体操作如式(6)所示:
式中:‖∗‖为L2范数;Q为图的特征矩阵。随后将图中n个节点下采样至qn个节点,最后可以得到池化后的图,池化后的图矩阵表示变化如式(7)、式(8)所示:
式中:Q′A′分别为池化后的特征矩阵和邻接矩阵;aj:为按照向量a的值对特征矩阵在相应的位置采取行切片;☉为哈达玛乘积,表示2个维度相同的向量进行相对应位置的逐个元素的乘积运算;A为图的邻接矩阵;Aa,a为按照向量a的值对邻接矩阵同时采取行切片与列切片。
图读出层的作用是将所有节点的特征聚合在一起,通过对图中所有节点求平均值,将得到的值作为整个图的特征表示[25]。通过上述图卷积、图池化和图读出等操作,信号数据被映射到隐层特征空间,网络模型已经获得了含相关特征的输出矩阵,再通过全连接层将输出矩阵整合在一起,矩阵中的元素与激活函数耦合后将会得到新的矩阵,最后将矩阵代入输出层获得判别结果[26]
以卡塔尔大学的看台结构(Qatar University grandstand simulator,QUGS)[6]数据集验证所提方法的可行性及可靠性,数据集可在http://onur-avci.com/benchmark/qugs/下载。该数据集包括了31种不同工况的加速度时程数据,即1种健康工况(工况1)和30种单节点损伤工况(工况2~工况31)。损伤工况主要通过分别松动梁与梁之间的部分螺栓来模拟。看台结构的具体情况如图3所示。
对原始数据集的每条信号数据进行切片处理,利用一个长度为1 024的窗口来截断原始信号(窗口不重叠)构造模型训练所需要的训练集和测试集。1号传感器在不同工况的加速度时程数据如图4所示。为了考虑样本个数对识别结果的影响,分别设置窗口滑动次数为10、15、20、30次,即每个工况的样本个数为10、15、20、30个,构造了总样本数分别为310、465、620、930个的数据集,分别称为数据集1~数据集4。在每一个数据集中,训练集和测试集分别占数据集总数的80%、20%。
GCN模型的优化器为随机梯度下降法(stochastic gradient descent,SGD),学习率为0.006,学习率衰减系数为0.0005,迭代次数为100,批次大小为64,激活函数为Relu函数,网络参数如表1所示。为保证试验结果的准确性,后续实验均重复执行5次,取测试集识别结果的均值作为最终结果。
以数据集4为研究对象,探讨构图方式、池化方式及切比雪夫多项式中阶数K的取值对损伤识别结果的影响。其中构图方式分别采用Path构图、KNN构图和Radius构图,池化方式分别采用Topk池化和Edge池化,共计组成6种网络模型进行对比,结果如图5所示。由图可知,在不同构图方式和池化方式组合下,随着K值的增加,模型的性能先上升后下降,在K值取3时,识别准确率达到最高。综上可知,K值选取对模型性能有一定的影响,当K取值小于3时,模型可能无法充分利用远离目标节点的特征信息,导致模型无法有效地捕捉到全局信息;当K取值大于3时,可能会导致网络过于全局化,难以捕捉图中的局部特征,从而限制了网络的性能。此外,根据目标任务不同、数据集类型不同等差异,构图方式和池化方式的选用仍需要根据具体情况进行调整。在面对该结构的数据集时,Path构图与Topk池化的组合识别准确率最高,达到99.67%,该组合可以一定程度上降低计算复杂度,减少过拟合的风险,并且可以帮助模型提取更具有区分度的特征,展现了较强的特征提取能力。为此,在后续分析中,构图方式采用Path构图,池化机制采用Topk池化,阶数K的取值为3。
1)噪声对损伤识别结果的影响
以数据集4为例,探讨测试噪声对损伤识别结果的影响。分别在数据集4的基础上分别加入30% ~ 60%噪声水平的高斯白噪声,具体加噪方式如式(9)所示:
式中:为第i个传感器加噪后的信号;xi为第i个传感器的原始信号;a为加入的噪声水平;ζ为标准正态分布随机数。
不同噪声水平下的识别结果如表2所示。由表可知,GCN模型的识别结果随着噪声的增加逐步降低,但是在高噪声水平(60%噪声水平)的识别准确率仍然达到98.39%。表2也给出了1D-CNN的识别结果,1D-CNN模型的具体训练参数设置为:6个卷积层、3个池化层、1个Dropout层以及1个全连接层,编译时设置优化函数为SGD,学习率为0.0002,训练批尺寸大小为64,总训练批次为100。由表2可知,与1D-CNN模型相比而言,在面对噪声数据时GCN模型体现了较强的鲁棒性,各个噪声水平下的GCN的识别准确率均高于1D-CNN模型。由此也证明将时间序列转化为图数据,采用GCN进行特征提取可有效地挖掘传感器自身特征及传感器网络的整体特征,能够进一步提高模型的损伤识别精度。
2)数据集大小对损伤识别结果的影响
为进一步探讨数据集大小对模型识别精度的影响,分别以数据集1~数据集4(60%噪声水平)为输入进行损伤识别。在多类别分类问题中,为了更好地将模型的预测结果与真实标签进行对比,通常利用混淆矩阵来评估分类模型性能,若模型的识别准确率越高则方块的颜色就越深。以数据集2为输入的GCN模型与1D-CNN模型的识别结果如图6所示。由图6可知,GCN对31种工况分类结果显著高于1D-CNN的分类结果。不同数据集的识别结果如图7所示。由图7可知,训练数据量较小的时候,1D-CNN模型识别准确率较低,5次运行结果的离散程度较大,其中数据集1上的平均准确率仅为55.48%。而GCN模型在不同数据集下的识别结果均具有较高精度。由此可知,在小样本情况下,GCN模型的精度较高且稳定性更强。
3)传感器数量、位置对损伤识别结果的影响
在实际工程结构损伤识别中,受监测系统造价的限制,往往需要在有限的传感器下完成损伤识别。为此探讨不同传感器布置方式下模型的损伤识别性能,共设计了6种传感器布置类型,重新构造数据集,其中设置每类损伤10个样本、噪声水平为60%,具体识别结果如表3所示。由表可知,传感器数量较少的情况下,传感器布置位置和数量对模型损伤识别结果有一定的影响。为了分析识别精度差异,输出了布置3和布置4下各个工况的具体判断结果,如图8所示。由图可知,在布置4情况下,模型发生误判的工况往往发生在对称节点(如节点7损伤误判为节点9损伤)及相邻节点(如节点22损伤误判为节点23损伤)。布置4仅用了中间列的传感器进行损伤识别,对称节点发生损伤引起第三列响应变化的差异较小,这可能是误判较多的原因之一。此外,也可能是传感器采集数据质量的问题,深度学习算法属于数据驱动,数据集的质量对于识别结果有较大的影响。但是总体而言,相较于1D-CNN网络而言,所提的GCN模型的识别精度仍保持在91.29%以上,满足工程精度要求。
提出一种适用于小样本强噪声条件下的结构损伤识别方法,并探讨噪声程度、数据集样本个数、构图方式及传感器布置数量对模型识别结果的影响,得到以下结论:
1)构图方式、池化方机制和切比雪夫多项式的阶数K对模型识别结果有一定的影响。不同构图和池化机制组合下,识别结果的准确率在K取3时达到最高。此外,GCN模型采用Path构图与Topk池化时的识别准确率最高,达到99.67%。
2)GCN模型具有较高的抗噪性能,在高噪声水平(60%噪声水平)的识别准确率仍然达到98.39%,识别精度高于传统的1D-CNN模型。
3)数据集样本大小对GCN模型的识别精度影响较小,在小样本情况下仍然具备较高的识别精度。
4)传感器布置方式对GCN模型的识别有一定的影响,但是相比于1D-CNN,GCN的模型的损伤仍然具有较高的识别准确率,最低识别准确率为91.29%。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51808122)
  • 福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2020J01580)
  • 福建省结构工程与防灾重点实验室开放课题(华侨大学)(SEDPFJ-2018-01)
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2024年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0305
  • 接收时间:2023-01-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-28
  • 修回日期:2023-04-24
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51808122)
福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2020J01580)
福建省结构工程与防灾重点实验室开放课题(华侨大学)(SEDPFJ-2018-01)
作者信息
    1.福建农林大学 交通与土木工程学院,福建 福州 350108
    2.福建省结构工程与防灾重点实验室(华侨大学),福建 厦门 361021
    3.数字福建智能交通技术物联网实验室,福建 福州 350108
    4.中南大学 土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410075

通讯作者:

骆勇鹏(1989—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事有限元模型修正、结构智能检测与监测技术等研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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