Article(id=1245389868575081185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0216, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1680537600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-04, revisedDate=1685894400000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853682893, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853682893, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853682893, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853682893, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245389858412282468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='232', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853680470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854277127, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392361031840387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392361031840388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=147, endPage=159, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245389868877071094, articleId=1245389868575081185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Study on the influence of wide-frequency tuned mass damper on rail corrugation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the rail corrugation in the curve section of steel spring floating slab track in a metro, firstly, the characteristics of rail corrugation were tested on site. Secondly, according to the characteristics of rail corrugation, the precise tuning and development of wide-frequency tuned mass damper (WTMD) were carried out. Then, the parameters such as mass, stiffness and damping of WTMD were input to the established Vehicle-WTMD-Steel spring floating slab coupled dynamic model. The floating slab and foundation were considered as flexible bodies in the model. The wheel-rail contact was solved by the Kik-Piotrowski model, a multi-point non-Hertzian contact model. The 5th grade power spectral destiny formula from USA superimposed on the measured corrugation irregularity spectrum were used as excitation. The finite element software ANSYS and the multi-body dynamics simulation software UM were used to carry out the coupled dynamics analysis, and the WTMD parameters were optimized iteratively. At the same time, the rail vibration accelerations obtained by simulation analysis with or without WTMD were compared with the field measured data, and the influence of WTMD on rail vibration was studied. Finally, the total rail vibration level, track decay rate and three times corrugation tracking tests, with or without WTMD, were carried out to study the influence of WTMD on the rail vibration, the track decay rate and the corrugation development. The results show that: The first three dominant frequencies of the designed WTMD are 518 Hz, 700 Hz and 759 Hz, which are consistent with the vehicle passing frequency (520~830 Hz). The simulation and measured data are in good agreement, and the rail vertical vibration acceleration RMS is reduced from 200 g to 20 g after the installation of WTMD, and the vibration reduction effect is 8.1 dB. The WTMD can improve the vertical and lateral track decay rate and suppress the vertical and lateral rail pinned-pinned resonance. The three times corrugation tracking tests find that the rail corrugation develops slowly after the installation of WTMD, the rail corrugation is invisible.

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为了解决某地铁钢弹簧浮置板轨道曲线段钢轨波磨问题,首先对钢轨波磨进行了现场测试,其次依据波磨特征进行宽频式钢轨动力吸振器(wide-frequency tuned mass damper,WTMD)的精准调频和研制。然后将WTMD的质量、刚度和阻尼等参数输入到建立的车辆-WTMD-钢弹簧浮置板耦合动力学模型。模型中浮置板和基础考虑为柔性体,轮轨接触采用多点非赫兹接触的Kik-Piotrowski模型求解。以美国5级谱叠加现场实测的波磨不平顺谱作为激励,运用有限元软件ANSYS和多体动力学仿真软件UM进行联合耦合动力学分析,逐次迭代优化WTMD参数。同时,将有无WTMD的仿真分析得到的钢轨振动加速度和现场实测数据进行对比,研究了WTMD对钢轨振动的影响。最后进行了有无WTMD的钢轨振动总振级、钢轨振动衰减率和3次波磨跟踪测试,研究了WTMD对钢轨振动、钢轨振动衰减率和波磨发展的影响。研究表明:设计的WTMD前3阶振动主频分别为518、700、759 Hz,与车辆通过波磨频率(520~830 Hz)一致;仿真和实测的钢轨振动加速度数据吻合较好,安装WTMD后钢轨振动加速度均方根值由200 g降低为20 g,减振效果为8.1 dB;WTMD可以提高钢轨的垂向和横向振动衰减率,抑制钢轨的垂向和横向pinned-pinned共振;3次波磨跟踪测试发现,WTMD安装后,钢轨波磨发展缓慢,无肉眼可见的波磨。通过以上的仿真和试验都验证了WTMD可以有效地抑制钢轨波磨。

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蒲黔辉(1965—),男,教授,博士,主要从事新建桥梁及既有桥梁结构的研究。E-mail:
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许孝堂(1987—),男,博士研究生,主要从事减振降噪及车-线-桥耦合动力学研究。E-mail:

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许孝堂(1987—),男,博士研究生,主要从事减振降噪及车-线-桥耦合动力学研究。E-mail:

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London: BSI-British Standards Institution, 2010., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245389893568938924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868575081185, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=33, authorNames=李霞, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李霞. 地铁钢轨波磨形成机理研究[D]. 成都:西南交通大学,2012., articleTitle=地铁钢轨波磨形成机理研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245389893665407919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868575081185, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=34, authorNames=LI Xia, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Xia. Study on the mechanism of rail corrugation on subway track[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2012. 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journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868575081185, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Measurement points and excitation points of track decay rate, figureFileSmall=5vbSIwOJA748SPzZKqIlEA==, figureFileBig=Jzi3LIChF2xViBiUMTFx3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389889248805680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868575081185, language=CN, label=图16, caption=钢轨振动衰减率测试点和激烈点示意图

注:a为轨枕正上方锤击点;b为轨枕中间锤击点;c为传感器安装点;d为轨枕中间编号。

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Model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目参数单位项目参数单位
轴重14t隔振器垂向刚度6.6kN/mm
车速75km/h隔振器纵向间距1.8m
转向架中心距12.6m隔振器横向间距2.0m
WTMD设计频率520~830Hz曲线半径450m
WTMD质量13.8kg/m曲线轨底坡1∶40
WTMD阻尼比0.4曲线超高120mm
扣件垂向刚度40kN/mm混凝土密度2500kg/m3
扣件横向刚度60kN/mm混凝土泊松比0.2
浮置板截面尺寸3×0.45m混凝土弹性模量3.251010Pa
浮置板长度4.8m
), ArticleFig(id=1245389890129609544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868575081185, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目参数单位项目参数单位
轴重14t隔振器垂向刚度6.6kN/mm
车速75km/h隔振器纵向间距1.8m
转向架中心距12.6m隔振器横向间距2.0m
WTMD设计频率520~830Hz曲线半径450m
WTMD质量13.8kg/m曲线轨底坡1∶40
WTMD阻尼比0.4曲线超高120mm
扣件垂向刚度40kN/mm混凝土密度2500kg/m3
扣件横向刚度60kN/mm混凝土泊松比0.2
浮置板截面尺寸3×0.45m混凝土弹性模量3.251010Pa
浮置板长度4.8m
), ArticleFig(id=1245389890268021581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868575081185, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Process of tracking tests

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测试时间测试内容
2020-12-16波磨第一次观测和测试
2020-12-20—2020-12-27WTMD安装
2021-01-20对安装WTMD的钢轨进行打磨
2021-02-21波磨第二次观测和测试
2021-06-11波磨第三次观测和测试
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跟踪测试进程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试时间测试内容
2020-12-16波磨第一次观测和测试
2020-12-20—2020-12-27WTMD安装
2021-01-20对安装WTMD的钢轨进行打磨
2021-02-21波磨第二次观测和测试
2021-06-11波磨第三次观测和测试
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宽频式钢轨动力吸振器对波磨的影响分析
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许孝堂 1, 2 , 蒲黔辉 1 , 尹学军 2 , 勾红叶 1 , 洪彧 1
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(2): 147-159
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(2): 147-159
宽频式钢轨动力吸振器对波磨的影响分析
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许孝堂1, 2 , 蒲黔辉1 , 尹学军2, 勾红叶1, 洪彧1
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学 土木工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 2.青岛科而泰环境控制技术有限公司,山东 青岛 266101
  • 许孝堂(1987—),男,博士研究生,主要从事减振降噪及车-线-桥耦合动力学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

蒲黔辉(1965—),男,教授,博士,主要从事新建桥梁及既有桥梁结构的研究。E-mail:
Study on the influence of wide-frequency tuned mass damper on rail corrugation
Xiaotang XU1, 2 , Qianhui PU1 , Xuejun YIN2, Hongye GOU1, Yu HONG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2.Qingdao Create Environment Control Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266101, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0216
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为了解决某地铁钢弹簧浮置板轨道曲线段钢轨波磨问题,首先对钢轨波磨进行了现场测试,其次依据波磨特征进行宽频式钢轨动力吸振器(wide-frequency tuned mass damper,WTMD)的精准调频和研制。然后将WTMD的质量、刚度和阻尼等参数输入到建立的车辆-WTMD-钢弹簧浮置板耦合动力学模型。模型中浮置板和基础考虑为柔性体,轮轨接触采用多点非赫兹接触的Kik-Piotrowski模型求解。以美国5级谱叠加现场实测的波磨不平顺谱作为激励,运用有限元软件ANSYS和多体动力学仿真软件UM进行联合耦合动力学分析,逐次迭代优化WTMD参数。同时,将有无WTMD的仿真分析得到的钢轨振动加速度和现场实测数据进行对比,研究了WTMD对钢轨振动的影响。最后进行了有无WTMD的钢轨振动总振级、钢轨振动衰减率和3次波磨跟踪测试,研究了WTMD对钢轨振动、钢轨振动衰减率和波磨发展的影响。研究表明:设计的WTMD前3阶振动主频分别为518、700、759 Hz,与车辆通过波磨频率(520~830 Hz)一致;仿真和实测的钢轨振动加速度数据吻合较好,安装WTMD后钢轨振动加速度均方根值由200 g降低为20 g,减振效果为8.1 dB;WTMD可以提高钢轨的垂向和横向振动衰减率,抑制钢轨的垂向和横向pinned-pinned共振;3次波磨跟踪测试发现,WTMD安装后,钢轨波磨发展缓慢,无肉眼可见的波磨。通过以上的仿真和试验都验证了WTMD可以有效地抑制钢轨波磨。

地铁  /  钢轨动力吸振器  /  耦合动力学  /  波磨  /  浮置板轨道

In order to solve the rail corrugation in the curve section of steel spring floating slab track in a metro, firstly, the characteristics of rail corrugation were tested on site. Secondly, according to the characteristics of rail corrugation, the precise tuning and development of wide-frequency tuned mass damper (WTMD) were carried out. Then, the parameters such as mass, stiffness and damping of WTMD were input to the established Vehicle-WTMD-Steel spring floating slab coupled dynamic model. The floating slab and foundation were considered as flexible bodies in the model. The wheel-rail contact was solved by the Kik-Piotrowski model, a multi-point non-Hertzian contact model. The 5th grade power spectral destiny formula from USA superimposed on the measured corrugation irregularity spectrum were used as excitation. The finite element software ANSYS and the multi-body dynamics simulation software UM were used to carry out the coupled dynamics analysis, and the WTMD parameters were optimized iteratively. At the same time, the rail vibration accelerations obtained by simulation analysis with or without WTMD were compared with the field measured data, and the influence of WTMD on rail vibration was studied. Finally, the total rail vibration level, track decay rate and three times corrugation tracking tests, with or without WTMD, were carried out to study the influence of WTMD on the rail vibration, the track decay rate and the corrugation development. The results show that: The first three dominant frequencies of the designed WTMD are 518 Hz, 700 Hz and 759 Hz, which are consistent with the vehicle passing frequency (520~830 Hz). The simulation and measured data are in good agreement, and the rail vertical vibration acceleration RMS is reduced from 200 g to 20 g after the installation of WTMD, and the vibration reduction effect is 8.1 dB. The WTMD can improve the vertical and lateral track decay rate and suppress the vertical and lateral rail pinned-pinned resonance. The three times corrugation tracking tests find that the rail corrugation develops slowly after the installation of WTMD, the rail corrugation is invisible.

metro  /  tuned mass damper  /  coupled dynamics  /  rail corrugation  /  floating sab track
许孝堂, 蒲黔辉, 尹学军, 勾红叶, 洪彧. 宽频式钢轨动力吸振器对波磨的影响分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (2) : 147 -159 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0216
Xiaotang XU, Qianhui PU, Xuejun YIN, Hongye GOU, Yu HONG. Study on the influence of wide-frequency tuned mass damper on rail corrugation[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (2) : 147 -159 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0216
随着我国经济的高速发展、城市化进程的加快、交通需求的增加,城市轨道交通以其运量大、快速、准时、便捷、安全和环保等优点成为解决城市交通拥堵的首选。但是,随之产生的振动噪声问题越来越严峻,对人们的身心健康与居住环境产生了严重的影响。钢轨波浪形磨耗(波磨)作为钢轨一种典型的伤损类型。波磨产生的剧烈轮轨作用常常会引起扣件弹条脱落甚至断裂、转向架构架断裂、车辆一系簧断裂等问题,严重降低了车辆行驶安全性和平稳性[1-3]。波磨产生的振动和车内噪声问题也严重影响了乘车舒适性[4]。因此,波磨一直是一项亟待解决的难题。
钢轨动力吸振器(tuned mass damper,TMD)多用于降低钢轨振动噪声。钢轨动力吸振器一般由高阻尼损耗因子的弹性体材料和质量块构成调频质量-弹簧-阻尼吸振系统。JIN等[5]研究了TMD治理北京地铁科隆蛋扣件段钢轨波磨问题,发现TMD的阻尼可以提高钢轨200~400 Hz的衰减速率,有利于控制钢轨振动。LI等[6]研制了多频段钢轨动力吸振器(multi-band tuned mass rail damper,MTRD),其主要工作频带在200~800 Hz。通过现场实测,MTRD可提高80 Hz以上轨道衰减率,垂向和横向最大增量分别为5.0、9.3 dB/m。LO等[7]研制了一种由调谐质量阻尼器和约束层组成的新型钢轨阻尼器,用于治理有轨电车弹性套靴轨枕段钢轨250~1200 Hz频段噪声,其近场降噪3.7 dB(A),远场降噪4.3 dB(A)。HO等[8]考虑到性能和成本的折中,提出了在轨枕间距交替处安装钢轨阻尼器(即半安装),并通过实测发现半安装成功提高了轨道垂向和横向衰减率,轨旁降噪1~6 dB(A)。KUCHAK等[9]基于钢轨-阻尼器系统的实验室模型和精确的有限元模型,研究了橡胶层的厚度、橡胶层的刚度、阻尼损耗因子和螺栓中的预紧力等参数对钢轨垂向振动衰减率的影响。MAZILU等[10]通过结合橡胶和油膜的黏弹性特性,新设计了一种新型TMD,并通过力锤敲击试验、理论建模和试验研究验证了利用新型TMD可以减小钢轨产生的振动和噪声。SUN等[11]提出了一种新型采用可变刚度磁流变弹性体层的钢轨阻尼器,其刚度可以通过外部施加的磁场来控制,以实现自适应特性,其研究发现磁流变弹性体钢轨阻尼器可以在更宽的频率范围内改善钢轨的轨道衰减率。ZHAO等[12-13]开发了具有高阻尼性能的聚氨酯和乙烯基酯树脂互穿聚合物网络阻尼材料,并改进了TMD的结构形式。改进后的钢轨阻尼器可大幅提高100 Hz以上频率的轨道衰减系数,在60 km/h速度下可降低噪声水平达6 dB,并将其应用到科隆蛋扣件地段钢轨短波长波磨治理中。XIAO等[14]采用了无限长周期结构动态特性的研究思路,从轨道的频响特性、振动衰减特性等多个方面研究了钢轨减振器的参数,提出钢轨减振器的设计频率应该接近原来轨道结构的pinned-pinned频率。WU等[15-17]运用车轮-轨道-吸振器耦合动力学、滚动接触力学和磨损模型,从轮轨相互作用力的角度,针对钢轨动力吸振器抑制短波长的波磨展开了研究,研究表明钢轨波磨波长与pinned-pinned振动频率密切相关。钢轨吸振器对控制铁路滚动噪声有直接和长久的作用,采用TMD可降低钢轨辐射噪声5~6 dB,同时能够抑制钢轨短波波磨发展。CHEN等[18]针对北京地铁Egg-III型扣件区段钢轨波磨和DTVI2扣件区段弹条断裂问题展开了研究,通过测试TMD安装前后轨道垂向频响、垂向衰减率和振动加速度级等,发现TMD对Egg-III轨道和DTVI2扣件轨道的动态特性都有明显的优化作用。
杨新文等[19]通过建立钢轨振动-声辐射模型,对钢轨底部动力吸振器展开了研究,分析了钢轨振动特性和声辐射特性,发现轨底动力吸振器的减振频段为750~1650 Hz,降噪频段为800 Hz以上。徐涆文等[20]考虑到轨道的周期结构特征,运用子结构迭代的方法,研究吸振器安装的部位以及橡胶特征参数等对轮轨振动噪声的影响。研究发现轨腰安装钢轨动力吸振器对轮轨振动噪声有3.2 dB(A)的降噪量。王梦等[21]通过试验段进行实车试验,发现调频约束阻尼系统在630~1 600 Hz内的降振效果明显,能够有效降低高速铁路钢轨的振动(以800~1400 Hz为主频)。在试验车速下,距轨道中心线30 m、地面以上1.2 m处的边界测点等效声级插入损失为2.7~4.0 dB(A)。戚健儒等[22]通过力锤锤击试验分析了吸振器对钢轨振动量级与衰减率的变化。研究发现,调频式动力吸振器在100~600 Hz内降振效果明显,在垂向和横向上降振效果超过3 dB。
综上所述,目前钢轨动力吸振器的研究主要分为两大类:①运用有限元-边界元仿真或者自编程序研究吸振器对钢轨振动和辐射噪声的作用[5-69-1113-1719-21]。②运用室内试验或者现场测试分析吸振器的减振降噪效果[5-1317-1821-22]。但是,车辆与轨道两者之间是相互作用,且不可分割的。车辆通过轮轨作用力影响轨道形态结构。变形后的轨道又会通过轮轨接触斑变化、接触位置变化等影响车辆的运行特性,而有限元或边界元仿真分析中不能很好地考虑车辆-轨道的耦合作用。因此,有必要运用车辆-轨道耦合动力学,研究钢轨动力吸振器(TMD)对钢轨振动以及钢轨波磨的影响。此外,诸多波磨研究文献对于浮置板轨道曲线段钢轨波磨的研究也鲜有涉及。因此,本文设计了一种新型宽频式动力吸振器(wide-frequency tuned mass damper,WTMD)用于治理浮置板轨道曲线段钢轨波磨。本文首先对钢弹簧浮置板轨道曲线段钢轨波磨进行现场测试,依据波磨的波长和频率特性进行WTMD的精准调频和研制。然后将WTMD的质量、刚度和阻尼等参数输入到建立的车辆-WTMD-钢弹簧浮置板耦合动力学模型。模型中浮置板和基础考虑为柔性体,轮轨接触采用多点非赫兹接触的Kik-Piotrowski模型求解。以美国5级谱叠加现场实测的波磨不平顺谱作为激励,运用多体动力学仿真软件UM进行耦合分析,逐次迭代优化WTMD参数设计。同时,将有无WTMD的仿真分析得到的钢轨振动加速度和现场实测数据进行对比,研究了WTMD对钢轨振动的影响。另外,进行有无WTMD的钢轨振动总振级、钢轨振动衰减率和3次波磨跟踪测试,研究WTMD对钢轨振动、钢轨振动衰减率和波磨发展的影响,最后从这三个方面说明WTMD对钢轨波磨的抑制作用。
为了分析钢弹簧浮置板轨道曲线段(R =450 m)钢轨的波磨特征,采用高精度波磨小车,对钢轨表面波磨的波磨波深与波长特性进行测试,如图1所示。内轨波磨严重,肉眼可见,如图2所示。波磨波深0.29 mm,存在25 mm和40 mm的典型波长。钢轨粗糙度级超出ISO 3095标准[23]分别为19.5、23.2 dB,在特征波长40 mm处的波磨水平已严重超标,如图3所示。外轨波磨较轻,肉眼不可见。波磨波深0.13 mm,约为内轨的一半。外轨波磨的典型波长为25 mm,超出标准15.8 dB。由此可见,此曲线段钢弹簧浮动置板轨道钢轨波磨特征波长为25、40 mm,此路段车辆通过速度为75 km/h,通过式(1)可以计算出车辆通过此波磨段的通过频率为520~830 Hz,其表达式为
式中:v为车辆行驶速度(km/h);λ为钢轨波磨波长(mm);f为车辆通过波磨频率(Hz)。
新型设计的WTMD主要由迷宫式约束阻尼板以及TMD构成,其中TMD由质量块和阻尼材料构成。产品的钢轨断面结构如图4(a)所示,产品实物图如图4(b)所示,安装到钢轨状态下的WTMD如图4(c)所示。WTMD通过高性能金属黏接剂将迷宫式阻尼板黏接在钢轨轨腰两侧。调谐质量阻尼器安置于扣件的中间位置,在钢轨翼缘的两侧各有一个,采用高性能的弹性黏合剂黏结在翼缘板和迷宫阻尼板上,然后采用弹簧夹进行进一步的保护,以满足防护要求。
WTMD的阻尼效果和振动主频可以通过改变阻尼材料和弹性元件的刚度实现,常见的阻尼材料可以是橡胶或者聚氨酯材料等。还可以通过改变弹性元件的材质、数量和尺寸等调整WTMD的振动主频率。此处设计的WTMD阻尼材料为改性聚氨酯脲,质量为13.8 kg/m,阻尼比达到了0.4。通过力锤敲击试验测试了振动台和WTMD的幅频特性曲线发现,设计的WTMD振动一阶、二阶、三阶主频分别为518、700、759 Hz,如图5所示。通过对比发现,设计的WTMD的吸振频率与波磨段车辆的通过频率(520~830 Hz)一致。实际上,WTMD的垂向和横向振动可以分别控制,主要通过分别调整WTMD的横向和垂向振动元件的阻尼、刚度和弹簧夹的松紧等特性实现。钢弹簧浮置板曲线波磨段WTMD产品现场安装后如图6所示。
车辆在轨道上运行过程很复杂,涉及到很多因素,且都相互作用,不但有车辆方面的因素,而且有轨道层面上的因素。传统的车辆动力学方法不考虑轨道的振动特性,多以不平顺谱作为激励分析车辆的振动特性。传统的轨道动力学方法,常常把车辆简化为轨道系统的外部激励荷载,分析轨道结构的振动响应特性。实际上车辆和轨道是密不可分,且相互作用的[24]。两者通过轮轨相互作用构成一个整体。
车辆周期性的轮轨相互作用将引起轨道的振动,轨道的振动又将对车辆的运行品质产生影响。另外,轨道的几何变形会激起车辆系统振动,而车辆振动经过轮轨接触界面作用力的传递,又会引起轨道振动的加剧,助长了轨道的振动变形。因此,有必要建立车辆-WTMD-钢弹簧浮置板耦合动力学模型,研究WTMD对曲线段钢弹簧浮置板轨道钢轨波磨的影响。模型主要包含3个子系统:车辆子系统、轨道子系统和轮轨子系统,如图7所示。
车辆子系统常采用多刚体动力学理论建立列车空间三维动力学模型,车辆为6编组B型车,每个车辆由1个车体、2个构架、4个轮对和8个轴箱构成,其中,车体、构架和轮对均考虑6个方向的自由度,轴箱仅考虑点头自由度,每个车辆共计50个自由度,通过多体动力学仿真软件UM9136建立的车辆动力学模型如图8所示。模型中考虑车辆一、二系悬挂刚度和阻尼的非线性特性以及车体横向止档、抗侧滚扭杆、抗蛇形减振器等非线性特性。车辆各自由度的运动方程可通过D’Alembert原理得到,用矩阵表示为
式中:MV为车辆的质量矩阵;CV为车辆的阻尼矩阵;KV为车辆的刚度矩阵;FV为作用于车辆系统上的动力荷载矩阵。
轨道子系统由钢轨、WTMD、扣件、浮置板、弹簧隔振器、基础和CA砂浆层等组成。其中扣件采用弹簧-阻尼单元进行模拟,钢弹簧减振器采用非线性弹簧阻尼单元模拟,CA砂浆层采用均布的弹簧-阻尼单元进行模拟,WTMD采用质量、弹簧-阻尼振动系统模拟。浮置板和基础考虑为柔性体,钢轨采用3D数值铁木辛柯梁模型,其动力学方程如式(3)所示:
式中:E为弹性模量;G为剪切模量;ρ为材料密度;A为截面面积;Jyy方向的转动惯量;Jzz方向的转动惯量;Jx为圣维南扭转常数;Jω为翘曲常数;kyy方向剪切修正系数;kzz方向剪切修正系数;Jp为极惯性矩;ys为剪切中心相对形心的横向坐标;zs为剪切中心相对形心的垂向坐标;δ( )为狄拉克三角函数;xwt)为轮对当前纵向坐标;Fxt)为车轮作用在钢轨上的纵向力;Fyt)为车轮作用在钢轨上横向力;Fzt)为车轮作用在钢轨上的垂向力;Mxt)为车轮作用在钢轨上力矩;t)为扣件作用到钢轨上的纵向力;t)为扣件作用到钢轨上的横向力;t)为扣件作用到钢轨上的垂向力;t)为扣件作用到钢轨上力矩;为轨枕的纵向坐标。
浮置板和基础考虑为柔性体。首先采用有限元软件ANSYS15.1建立浮置板和基础,然后运用固定界面模态综合法导入UM9136软件,导入的曲线段钢弹簧浮置板模型如图9所示,模型包含16块浮置板和128个隔振器。进而通过轮轨子系统的连接作用将轨道子系统与车辆子系统建立车辆-WTMD-钢弹簧浮置板耦合动力学模型。
根据有限元理论建立有限元模型,则经过离散后的任意子结构的无阻尼动力学方程为
式中:为子结构i的质量矩阵;为子结构i的刚度矩阵;为界面处的力矩阵;ui为节点位移矩阵。
依据模态综合法,式(4)无阻尼动力学方程则可写为
式中:ui为结构内部的节点位移;uj为界面处节点的位移;为边界处的内力矩阵。
引入模态矩阵φi和模态坐标qi,因此节点位移可表示为
式中:φn为固定界面的主模态矩阵;φc为约束模态矩阵。
特征值分析通过式(7)表示为
式中:ω为结构频率。
通过正则化和变换矩阵,可以得到正交化的模态矩阵:
在一般工程实践中,阻尼矩阵通过模态阻尼比给出,可对每阶模态赋予相同或不同阻尼比,因此在无阻尼动力学方程中引入阻尼矩阵为
则柔性体的动力学方程则为
式中:
通过轮轨的相互作用关系可以将车辆子系统和浮置板轨道子系统联系起来,轮轨作用可以通过轮轨切向力和法向力代替。轮轨接触采用多点非赫兹接触的Kik-Piotrowski模型[25],Kik-Piotrowski方法是通过虚拟渗透的接触理论建立的。其认为接触区域接触斑的形状与轮轨廓形和渗入量(或者称为压入量)有关。其网格划分和是否接触的判断方法示意图如图10所示。利用该理论得到法向接触力的合力如式(11)所示:
式中:N为法向力合力;pxy)为法向接触压力分布函数;xlylyr为接触斑在纵向和横向接触半径;E为弹性模量;μ为泊松比;δ为虚拟渗透量。
Kik-Piotrowski模型中利用每个接触斑的等效椭圆计算每个接触斑的Kalker线性系数,然后用FASTSIM算法求解切向力。椭圆的等效方法依据下面的2个原则。
1)用Kik-Piotrowski方法计算得到的接触斑的长度与宽度比作为等效椭圆的长宽比。
2)用Kik-Piotrowski方法计算得到的接触斑的面积作为等效椭圆的面积。
利用等效的椭圆可得各个接触斑上的Kalker系数,然后在接触斑上积分,可得各个接触斑上的柔度系数:
式中:L1iL2iL′2i分别为在纵向、横向、自旋方向上的柔度系数;C11iC22iC23i分别为在纵向、横向、自旋方向上的Kalker系数;G为剪切模量,A为每个接触斑的接触面积。然后再结合FASTSIM就可以求得轮轨切向应力分布。
地铁车辆为B型车,轴重14 t,6编组。WTMD的设计频率与车辆通过波磨频率一致。WTMD的质量为13.8 kg/m,阻尼剂采用改性聚氨酯脲,阻尼比达0.4。钢轨为CN60轨,DTVI2型扣件,隔振器垂向刚度6.6 kN/mm,曲线半径450 m,模型的主要参数如表1所示。模型的激励采用美国5级谱叠加现场实测的波磨短波不平顺谱。其中美国5级谱的波长范围为0.5~100 m,现场实测波磨短波不平顺谱波长范围0.01~0.50 m,短波波磨的特征波长为25、40 mm,如图11所示。车辆-WTMD-钢弹簧浮置板耦合动力学仿真模型如图12所示。
现场曲线段钢弹簧浮置板轨道钢轨波磨特征波长为25、40 mm,波深0.13~0.29 mm,此路段车辆通过速度为75 km/h,可以计算出车辆通过此波磨段的通过频率为520~830 Hz。WTMD安装前后,现场实测和耦合仿真得到的钢轨垂向振动加速度如图13所示,可以发现无论是WTMD安装前还是安装后,钢轨振动加速度实测和仿真值都相吻合,实测和仿真值都表明WTMD安装后,钢轨垂向振动加速度均方根值(root mean square,RMS)由200 g降低为20 g左右。可见WTMD能够显著降低钢轨的振动水平,进而降低钢轨振动能量,从而减少钢轨波磨的产生。
为了进一步研究3.5节中提到的WTMD对钢轨振动的减振效果,对安装钢弹簧浮置板波磨段钢轨WTMD前后进行了20次垂向振动加速度测试,振动加速度现场安装照片如图14所示。测试段(有WTMD)和对比段(无WTMD)区段均为钢弹簧浮置板道床,列车行驶速度相同,扣件形式均为DTVI2,曲线半径450 m,传感器为Kistler的8763B500三向加速度传感器,传感器安装于跨中钢轨的底部,信号采集分析仪为INV3062C型。对安装WTMD前后钢轨振动加速度垂向总振级进行作差,重复测量20次,取平均值,即以振级差评价WTMD的减振效果。20次测量得到的钢轨振动加速度垂向总振级如图15所示。由图可知,WTMD的垂向减振效果为8.1 dB。
钢轨振动衰减率是指钢轨的振动沿着钢轨前进的方向上,能量或者振动幅值传递衰减的情况。这是一项重要的钢轨动态参数,单位是dB/m。因此可以用来描述在某频段,测试段轨道结构的抑制钢轨振动的水平[26]。钢轨振动衰减率越大,说明轨道系统的阻尼越大。
主要参照欧洲标准BS EN15461:2008+A1:2010[27]测试钢轨的振动衰减率。利用力锤敲击法进行测试。锤击点沿着钢轨纵向不少于28个点,如图16所示。
需要将加速度传感安装在以下2个位置:第一组扣件间距的正中位置和第二组扣件间距的正中位置。钢轨的振动衰减率DR的计算公式为
式中:Axn)为在第n个点激励时,位于0点的频响函数;Δxn为激励点到0点的距离。
竖向振动、横向振动沿钢轨衰减率如图17所示,WTMD安装后,钢轨垂向振动衰减率有显著提升。尤其在250~5 000 Hz范围内。在3 150 Hz频带处达到最大,提高约28倍。同样,安装段横向振动衰减率在125~5000 Hz频带范围内较对比段均有明显提高,横向振动衰减率在1 250 Hz频带处提高最大,约是对比段的17倍。可见WTMD能够提高钢轨的振动衰减率,降低钢轨振动。众多研究发现,钢轨波磨与钢轨pinned-pinned共振密切相关[14-17]。依据文献[28]研究发现,钢轨垂向一阶pinned-pinned共振频率约为1314 Hz,钢轨横向一阶pinned-pinned共振频率约为531 Hz。通过对比图17发现,WTMD安装后能够显著提高钢轨垂向一阶pinned-pinned共振频率和横向一阶pinned-pinned共振频率处的钢轨振动衰减率,加大了轨道系统的阻尼,使得振动沿钢轨快速衰减下来,从而能够在一定程度上抑制钢轨波磨的发展。
3次波磨跟踪测试时间和测试内容如表2所示。2020年12月16日,对钢弹簧浮置板曲线段钢轨表面进行了第一次观察和波磨测试。2020年12月20日—27日,安装WTMD。2021年1月20日,对安装了WTMD的钢轨进行打磨。随后在2021年2月21日和2021年6月11日又分别进行了第二次、第三次钢轨表面观察和波磨测试。3次跟踪测试的钢轨表面照片如图18所示,由图18可知,打磨和安装WTMD后的1个月和5个月,钢轨表面未再产生肉眼可见的钢轨波磨。这是由于安装WTMD后降低了钢轨振动水平,并且提高了钢轨振动衰减率,从而使得钢轨波磨发展得到了一定的延缓。
3次波磨测试的钢轨表面粗糙度水平如图19所示。第一次波磨测试发现,内轨波磨严重,内轨的典型波长为25、40 mm,对应的钢轨粗糙度级超限分别为19.5、23.2 dB,在特征波长40 mm处的粗糙度已严重超标。存在3个以上连续频带短波不平顺谱值超过3 dB以及单频带超过6 dB的情况,超标较为严重。外轨波磨较轻,典型波长为16、25 mm,对应的钢轨粗糙度级超限分别为10.2、15.8 dB。第二次波磨测试发现,内轨在典型波长25、40 mm处粗糙度级超限值分别为6.0、4.9 dB,波磨肉眼不可见。外轨在典型波长16、25 mm处的超限值分别为3.8、5.1 dB,波磨肉眼不可见。第三次波磨测试发现,内轨在典型波长为25、40 mm处粗糙度级超限值分别为2.5、5.5 dB,波磨肉眼不可见。外轨在典型波长16、25 mm处的超限值分别为4.8、4.3 dB,波磨肉眼不可见。通过比较第二次和第三次波磨测试情况发现,钢轨波磨均肉眼不可见,2次测试间隔约4个月,波磨发展缓慢,波磨水平并未恶化,由此可见,安装WTMD可以有效地抑制钢轨波磨的发展。
针对某地铁钢弹簧浮置板轨道曲线段钢轨波磨问题,本文采用了试验和仿真相结合的方法研制了一种宽频式钢轨动力吸振器(WTMD),并对其减振和抑制波磨效果进行了跟踪测试研究。本文首先通过钢轨波磨现场测试。其次依据波磨特征进行WTMD的精准调频和研制。同时通过建立曲线段车辆-WTMD-钢弹簧浮置板耦合动力学模型,逐次迭代优化WTMD参数。另外,将有仿真现场实测数据进行对比,研究了WTMD对钢轨振动的影响。最后进行了有无WTMD的钢轨振动总振级、钢轨振动衰减率和3次波磨跟踪测试。经过研究得出如下结论:
1)波磨的特征波长为25、40 mm,车辆通过频率为520~830 Hz。
2)设计的WTMD振动前3阶主频分别为518、700、759 Hz,与车辆通过波磨频率吻合。
3)仿真和实测的钢轨振动加速度数据吻合较好,安装WTMD后钢轨垂向振动加速度有效值由200 g降低为20 g
4)安装WTMD后,钢轨加速度垂向总振级从174.5 dB降为166.4 dB,减振效果为8.1 dB。
5)WTMD可以在较宽频带范围内提高钢轨的垂向和横向振动衰减率,增大轨道系统的阻尼,抑制钢轨的垂向和横向pinned-pinned共振,抑制钢轨波磨发展。
6)3次波磨跟踪测试发现,WTMD安装后,钢轨波磨发展缓慢,WTMD能够有效地抑制钢轨波磨的发展。
  • 广西创新驱动发展专项(桂科AA21077011-4)
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2024年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0216
  • 接收时间:2023-04-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-04
  • 修回日期:2023-06-05
基金
广西创新驱动发展专项(桂科AA21077011-4)
作者信息
    1.西南交通大学 土木工程学院,四川 成都 610031
    2.青岛科而泰环境控制技术有限公司,山东 青岛 266101

通讯作者:

蒲黔辉(1965—),男,教授,博士,主要从事新建桥梁及既有桥梁结构的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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