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In order to get rid of the problems of inaccurate instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation and energy dissipation inside the local maximum synchrosqueezing transform algorithm, an improved method is proposed and named as local maximum synchrosqueezing transform (ILMSST). Firstly, multiple iterations are performed on the obtained IF positions to get more precise IF positions. Secondly, the IF positions where maximum values of STFT coefficients appear are searched and then moved up and down to pre-estimate IF bands. After that, the STFT coefficients outside the pre-determined IF bands are totally assigned to zero. Finally, the IF positions that correspond to local maximum values of STFT coefficients are found out and subsequently an operation of reassignment is performed on the obtained IF positions to get refined IF bands. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, two numerical cases and two tests on a seven-story reinforced concrete shear wall structure and a steel cable with time-varying tension forces are investigated. The results demonstrate that the proposed ILMSST method behaves better than current local maximum synchrosqueezing transform. Moreover, it not only enhances the accuracy of IF estimation but also improves time-frequency energy concentration.

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为解决局部最大同步挤压变换算法识别的频率精度不足及频带能量发散的问题,提出一种改进算法并将之命名为改进局部最大同步挤压变换方法(improved local maximum synchrosqueezing transform,ILMSST)。该方法首先对瞬时频率(instantaneous freguency,IF)位置进行多次迭代,从而获得更高精度的瞬时频率位置。其次,搜索短时傅里叶系数模极大值的位置并上下平移该位置,得到初步估算的频带并将频带外的短时傅里叶系数归零。最后,搜索频率方向上短时傅里叶系数的局部最大值所对应的瞬时频率位置,根据这些位置对时频系数进行重排,进而得到细化的瞬时频带。通过2组数值算例、1个7层钢筋混凝土剪力墙振动台试验和1个时变拉索试验验证了所提新方法的有效性,研究结果表明:相比现有的局部最大同步挤压变换方法,改进算法不仅提高了瞬时频率的估算精度,而且改善了响应信号瞬时频带的时频聚集性。

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刘景良(1983—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事结构健康监测和桥梁振动与稳定研究。E-mail:

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刘景良(1983—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事结构健康监测和桥梁振动与稳定研究。E-mail:

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1, caption=

Index of accuracy of IF identification of x(t)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法LMSSTILMSST
IA6.112.35
), ArticleFig(id=1245389887688524545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389867530699461, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

x(t)的瞬时频率识别精度指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法LMSSTILMSST
IA6.112.35
), ArticleFig(id=1245389887793382146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389867530699461, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Index of accuracy of IF identification of y(t)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法LMSSTILMSST
IA16.622.41
IA21.651.09
), ArticleFig(id=1245389887894045446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389867530699461, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

y(t)的瞬时频率识别精度指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法LMSSTILMSST
IA16.622.41
IA21.651.09
), ArticleFig(id=1245389887986320137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389867530699461, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The IA of IF identification of the response from the cable

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法LMSSTILMSST
IA4.783.25
), ArticleFig(id=1245389888086983435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389867530699461, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

拉索响应信号的瞬时频率识别精度指标IA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法LMSSTILMSST
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基于ILMSST识别时变结构非平稳响应信号瞬时频率
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刘景良 1, 2 , 李宇祖 1 , 苏杰龙 1 , 骆勇鹏 1, 2 , 盛叶 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(2): 72-80
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(2): 72-80
基于ILMSST识别时变结构非平稳响应信号瞬时频率
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刘景良1, 2 , 李宇祖1, 苏杰龙1, 骆勇鹏1, 2, 盛叶1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.福建农林大学 交通与土木工程学院,福建 福州 350108
  • 2.“数字福建”智能交通技术物联网实验室,福建 福州 350108
  • 刘景良(1983—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事结构健康监测和桥梁振动与稳定研究。E-mail:

Instantaneous frequency estimation of nonstationary response signals of time-varying structures based on ILMSST
Jingliang LIU1, 2 , Yuzu LI1, Jielong SU1, Yongpeng LUO1, 2, Ye SHENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
  • 2.“Digital Fujian” Laboratory of Internet Things for Intelligent Transportation Technology, Fuzhou 350108, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0208
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为解决局部最大同步挤压变换算法识别的频率精度不足及频带能量发散的问题,提出一种改进算法并将之命名为改进局部最大同步挤压变换方法(improved local maximum synchrosqueezing transform,ILMSST)。该方法首先对瞬时频率(instantaneous freguency,IF)位置进行多次迭代,从而获得更高精度的瞬时频率位置。其次,搜索短时傅里叶系数模极大值的位置并上下平移该位置,得到初步估算的频带并将频带外的短时傅里叶系数归零。最后,搜索频率方向上短时傅里叶系数的局部最大值所对应的瞬时频率位置,根据这些位置对时频系数进行重排,进而得到细化的瞬时频带。通过2组数值算例、1个7层钢筋混凝土剪力墙振动台试验和1个时变拉索试验验证了所提新方法的有效性,研究结果表明:相比现有的局部最大同步挤压变换方法,改进算法不仅提高了瞬时频率的估算精度,而且改善了响应信号瞬时频带的时频聚集性。

时变  /  局部最大同步挤压变换  /  时频系数  /  瞬时频率  /  时频分析

In order to get rid of the problems of inaccurate instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation and energy dissipation inside the local maximum synchrosqueezing transform algorithm, an improved method is proposed and named as local maximum synchrosqueezing transform (ILMSST). Firstly, multiple iterations are performed on the obtained IF positions to get more precise IF positions. Secondly, the IF positions where maximum values of STFT coefficients appear are searched and then moved up and down to pre-estimate IF bands. After that, the STFT coefficients outside the pre-determined IF bands are totally assigned to zero. Finally, the IF positions that correspond to local maximum values of STFT coefficients are found out and subsequently an operation of reassignment is performed on the obtained IF positions to get refined IF bands. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, two numerical cases and two tests on a seven-story reinforced concrete shear wall structure and a steel cable with time-varying tension forces are investigated. The results demonstrate that the proposed ILMSST method behaves better than current local maximum synchrosqueezing transform. Moreover, it not only enhances the accuracy of IF estimation but also improves time-frequency energy concentration.

time-varying  /  local maximum synchrosqueezing transform  /  time frequency coefficient  /  instantaneous frequency  /  time frequency analysis
刘景良, 李宇祖, 苏杰龙, 骆勇鹏, 盛叶. 基于ILMSST识别时变结构非平稳响应信号瞬时频率. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (2) : 72 -80 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0208
Jingliang LIU, Yuzu LI, Jielong SU, Yongpeng LUO, Ye SHENG. Instantaneous frequency estimation of nonstationary response signals of time-varying structures based on ILMSST[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (2) : 72 -80 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0208
服役期间的土木工程结构在承受环境侵蚀、材料老化和工作荷载等作用时本质上属于时变结构系统,其响应信号呈现非平稳特性[1-3]。因此,从非平稳信号处理的角度来提取结构的时变模态参数更符合实际情况,对于深入理解结构动力灾变机理、损伤识别理论、振动控制和健康监测具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。时频分析方法是一种将一维时域信号映射到二维时频面的信号处理技术,非常适用于分析非平稳信号。作为经典的时频分析方法之一,小波变换(wavelet transform,WT)因具有形状可变的窗口而被广泛应用于结构参数识别领域[4-6]。然而,WT在分析结构低频响应信号时缺乏足够的频率精度,具体表现为小波量图中低频信号的频带较宽[7]。为此,同步挤压小波变换[8](synchrosqueezing wavelet transform,SWT)将小波变换后的小波系数压缩至中心频率附近,从而提升了瞬时频率(instantaneous frequency,IF)的识别精度。如WANG等[9]将SWT与解析模态分解定理结合识别了2层剪切框架结构的瞬时频率。王超等[10]利用SWT识别了移动车辆荷载作用下桥梁结构的瞬时频率。LIU等[11]提出了一种基于SWT的联合方法来识别悬臂梁结构的瞬时频率。虽然SWT改善了WT的不足,但是它在分析非渐进信号时误差较大。
针对这一问题,OBERLIN等[12-13]提出了二阶同步挤压变换。该方法通过引入二阶相位来估算信号的二阶瞬时频率。在此基础上,PHAM等[14]借助递推算法提出了高阶同步挤压变换(high-order synchrosqueezing transform,HSST)。HSST虽然提高了瞬时频率的估算精度,但是易受噪声干扰且计算效率不高。为此,同步提取变换(synchroextracting transform,SET)通过仅保留瞬时频率位置处的时频系数提升了SWT的时频聚集性[15-16]。如唐蕾等[2]将SET与变分模态分解定理相结合从而提取了时变拉索的瞬时频率。沈中祥等[17]联合改进的S变换与SET识别了7层钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构的瞬时频率。李志农等[18]提出一种基于非线性调频分解与SET的联合方法来提升SET处理频率相近多分量信号的能力。虽然SET可以有效地识别结构响应信号的瞬时频率,但是它在重构强调频信号时将产生较大误差[19]。为此,YU等[19]提出了局部最大同步挤压变换(local maximum synchrosqueezing transform,LMSST)。该方法通过构造窗口来搜索频率方向上时频系数的局部最大值,从而获得了更高的时频精度和信号重构能力。然而,该方法估算的瞬时频率仅为一阶瞬时频率,这使得其在分析快变信号的瞬时频率时精度不足。此外,LMSST在进行同步挤压时有可能将短时傅里叶变换(short time Fourier transform,STFT)识别的频带外的干扰点重排至瞬时频率位置附近,进而使得识别的频带能量产生发散现象。
为解决上述问题,本文提出改进局部最大同步挤压变换(improved local maximum synchrosqueezing transform,ILMSST)。该方法首先对信号进行STFT,然后针对STFT变换后的系数求取时间的偏导,进而得到估算的瞬时频率位置。其次,对估算的瞬时频率位置进行多次迭代以获得精度更高的估算瞬时频率位置,再搜索时频图中STFT系数最大值所对应的迭代后瞬时频率位置。再次,上下平移这些瞬时频率位置,从而得到一条初步估算的瞬时频带并仅仅保留频带内的STFT系数。最后,搜索频率方向上STFT的局部最大值所对应的瞬时频率位置并根据这些位置对时频系数进行重排,进而得到细化的瞬时频带。由于ILMSST方法提取的是瞬时频带而非瞬时频率曲线,采用时频系数模极大值法在限定的频带范围内提取瞬时频率曲线。通过2组数值算例、一个7层钢筋混凝土剪力墙振动台试验和一个时变拉索试验验证了所提新方法的有效性,研究结果表明:相比现有的LMSST方法,ILMSST不但提高了估算瞬时频率的精度,而且改善了LMSST的时频聚集性。
设定如式(1)所示的单分量调幅调频信号为
式中,At)和φt)分别为信号的幅值和相位。
ε足够小且A′t) ≤εφ‴t) ≤ε。根据二阶泰勒展开公式,Au)和φu)在t时刻可表示为
式中,O{A′t)}和O{φ‴t)}分别为A′t)和φ‴t)的无穷小,可忽略不计。
将式(2)和式(3)代入式(1)可得
以高斯窗函数gt) = e-0.5t2作为窗函数,对式(4)进行STFT变换,可得如式(5)所示的STFT系数Gtω)。所有的Gtω)可以组成一个mn列的STFT系数矩阵Gm×n
式中:ω为频率;τ= (u - t)。
针对STFT系数求取关于时间t的偏导并乘以信号长度L,估算瞬时频率位置如式(6)所示:
然而需要指出的是,信号st)的长度L应当大于STFT的窗长,否则,ILMSST将无法对其进行有效的傅里叶变换。在此之后,取式(6)的实部作为瞬时频率位置的估算值,如式(7)所示:
理论上,信号估算的瞬时频率为相位的一阶导数。然而,在实际求解过程中,估算的瞬时频率与相位的一阶导数有可能产生偏差,进而影响瞬时频率的识别精度[815]。由于估算的瞬时频率位置与估算的瞬时频率为一一对应关系,因此,估算的瞬时频率中的误差也将影响瞬时频率位置的精度。为此,根据式(8)对进行N次迭代,即可得到更高精度的瞬时频率位置。
由于时频重排时代表STFT系数所在的行号,需对其进行四舍五入取整,如式(9)所示:
式中,的整数部分。表示对进行四舍五入取整。
在此之后,搜索每一时刻STFT系数模极大值所对应的位置,结果如式(10)所示:
式中:max [ • ]为求取括号内最大值;| • |为求取模值;Find{   }为搜索括号内最大值对应的行号。
然后,根据式(11)对得到的STFT系数最大位置进行上下平移并仅保留该范围内的STFT系数值,从而得到一条初步估算的瞬时频带。
式中,u为平移的范围,其建议值为r的0.1~0.2。若u过小,可能会导致频带断裂;反之,若u值过大则频带外仍然存在干扰点。
在限定的频带范围内,搜索频率方向上STFT系数的局部最大值所对应的位置并将其余位置归零,结果如式(12)所示:
式中:γ =argmax[|Gtω)|]表示求取Gtω)为极大值时所对应的估算瞬时频率位置;lmax =r+ulmin =r-u
最后,通过式(13)保留与γ位置所对应的多次迭代后瞬时频率位置并以它们为行号对STFT系数进行时频重排,结果如式(14)所示:
式中:ηα为被挤压区间的中心,Δω = ηα - ηα-1δ{•}为克罗内克函数。
根据式(14)可得挤压后的ILMSST系数Tstηα),然后,寻找每一时刻Tstηα)所对应频率值并将其刻画至时频面,即可得到ILMSST识别的瞬时频带结果。由于ILMSST提取的结果为瞬时频带而非瞬时频率曲线,为此,我们引入时频系数模极大值法来提取ILMSST的瞬时频率曲线,其具体理论如式(15)所示:
针对式(14)中的Tstηα)取模极大值,可得
然后,根据式(16)将所得的位置转换为对应的瞬时频率并将它们按时间顺序连成光滑的曲线,即为所识别的瞬时频率曲线,其表达式为
式中fs为采样频率。
考虑单分量调幅调频信号如式(17)所示:
该信号的采样频率为100 Hz,采样时间设为6 s。对信号xt)添加10 dB的高斯白噪声,其时域波形如图1(a)所示。首先,对信号进行STFT变换,结果如图1(b)所示。然后,再对STFT提取的频带分别进行ILMSST及LMSST变换,结果如图2(a)和(b)所示。
图2(b)可知,LMSST识别的频带外存在干扰点。此外,LMSST识别的频带还存在能量发散的现象。相对而言,ILMSST识别的频带不仅不存在干扰点,而且其时频能量聚集性也优于LMSST。为进一步对比瞬时频率识别结果,采用时频系数模极大值法对上述2种方法得到的频带进行瞬时频率曲线的提取,结果如图3(a)所示。其中,蓝色实线为理论值,红色菱形虚线为LMSST识别结果,黑色星形实线为ILMSST识别结果。为方便对比,对图3(a)进行局部放大,结果如图3(b)所示。由图3(b)可知,相比于LMSST,ILMSST识别的瞬时频率与理论值更加接近,其识别精度更佳。
为更清楚地比较瞬时频率识别精度,以瞬时频率在整个时间历程内的均方根作为精度指标(index of accuracy,IA)来量化瞬时频率的识别精度,其表达式为
式中:fdt)为瞬时频率识别值;fet)为瞬时频率理论值。IA值越小,说明识别值与理论值越接近,即精度更高。
2种方法识别xt)的瞬时频率精度指标如表1所示。由表可知,相较于LMSST,ILMSST的IA值最小,这再一次说明了ILMSST具有更好的瞬时频率识别精度。
考虑如式(19)所示的多分量调幅调频信号。该信号的采样频率为100 Hz,采样时间设为6 s。对信号yt)添加10 dB的高斯白噪声,其时域波形如图4(a)所示。首先,对信号进行STFT变换,结果如图4(b)所示。然后,再对STFT提取的频带分别进行ILMSST及LMSST变换,结果如图5(a)和(b)所示。
式中:y1t) = [2 + cos(πt)]cos[16πt + 2sin(1.5πt)];y2t) = [3 + cos(πt)]cos[40πt + 2cos(1.5πt)]。
图5(b)可知,LMSST识别的频带外存在干扰点。此外,LMSST识别的频带还存在能量发散的现象。相对而言,ILMSST识别的频带不仅不存在干扰点,而且其时频能量聚集性也优于LMSST。为进一步对比瞬时频率识别结果,采用时频系数模极大值法对上述2种方法得到的频带进行瞬时频率曲线的提取,结果如图6(a)所示。为方便对比,对图6(a)进行局部放大,结果如图6(b)和(c)所示。由图6(b)和(c)可知,相比于LMSST,ILMSST识别的瞬时频率与理论值更加接近,其识别精度更佳。
为更好地对比2种方法的瞬时频率识别精度,仍然采用2.1节中的IA值进行比对,结果如表2所示。其中,IA1和IA2分别为y1t)和y2t)的瞬时频率精度指标。由表2可知,相较于LMSST、ILMSST的IA值最小,这再一次说明了ILMSST具有更好的瞬时频率识别精度。
为进一步验证ILMSST方法的有效性,本节对PANAGIOTOU等[20-21]设计完成的7层钢筋混凝土剪力墙振动台试验数据进行了分析。为获得剪力墙振动台结构的加速度响应,对整个结构布置了密集的传感器,其中包括139个单轴加速度传感器,88个位移传感器和139个应变仪。传感器的采样频率设定为240 Hz。更多关于该试验的细节可参考文献[20-21]。在试验过程中,他们对该振动台试验结构施加了4次不同的地震激励。矩震级为6.7级地震波激励的时域波形图如图7所示,该地震波激励下7层剪力墙振动台结构顶层的加速度响应信号如图8所示。
图8所示的加速度响应信号进行STFT变换,结果如图9(a)所示。然后,对STFT变换后的结果分别进行ILMSST和LMSST变换,可得瞬时频带如图9(b)和(c)所示。由图9(b)和(c)可知,相对LMSST和ILMSST识别的频带更加光滑,因此它具有较好的时频聚集性。为进一步对比瞬时频率的识别精度,采用时频系数模极大值法对2种方法识别的瞬时频带进行瞬时频率曲线的提取,结果如图10(a)所示。为方便对比,对图10(a)进行局部放大,其结果如图10(b)所示。由图10(b)可知,相比LMSST,ILMSST识别的瞬时频率曲线波动较小,因此其识别精度相对较好。
本节采用文献[22]中的时变拉索结构试验数据来验证本文所提方法的有效性及准确性。时变拉索结构的试验装置如图11所示。该试验通过连续变更拉索的拉力来改变其刚度,从而实现结构的时变特性。
试验采用的拉索为一根7Φ5钢绞线,索长为4.55 m,弹性模量E =1.95×105 MPa,截面积为1.374×10-4 m2,线密度为1.1 kg/m。拉索的一端采用反力架锚固,另一端通过电液伺服加载系统(MTS)的作动器施加拉力,而索的中部则放置德国HBM公司生产的竖向加速度传感器并用于采集加速度响应。激励设备采用LC-03冲击力锤,信号的采集工作则通过德国HBM公司生产的动态信号采集仪来进行。试验开始前,对拉索施加22 kN的预拉力,然后通过MTS作动器来改变索的拉力,使其刚度随时间而发生变化。在改变索力的同时采用冲击力锤敲击拉索并通过动态信号采集系统和加速度传感器采集拉索的竖向加速度响应。
设定采集仪的采样频率为600 Hz,采样时间为6 s。拉索的拉力正弦变化及采集的加速度响应数据如图12图13所示。对图13所采集到的加速度响应进行STFT变换,结果如图14(a)所示。然后,对STFT变换后的时频图分别进行ILMSST和LMSST变换,结果如图14(b)和(c)所示。由图14(b)和(c)可知,LMSST识别的频带存在能量发散现象,而ILMSST则摆脱了这个限制。因此,ILMSST的时频聚集性优于LMSST。
为进一步对比瞬时频率的识别精度,采用时频系数模极大值法对2种方法得到的频带进行瞬时频率曲线的提取,结果如图15所示。由图可知,相对于LMSST和ILMSST的瞬时频率识别结果更加接近理论值,因此ILMSST的瞬时频率识别精度更佳。此外,为量化2种方法的瞬时频率识别精度,采用2.1节中的IA值进行比对,结果如表3所示。由表可知,与LMSST相比,ILMSST的IA值较小,因此ILMSST具有更佳的瞬时频率识别精度。需要指出的是,ILMSST仅需时变结构的响应信号即可有效估计瞬时频率,因此它具备识别环境激励下实际结构瞬时频率的潜力,但是其在大尺寸结构的有效性还有待进一步验证。
提出基于ILMSST的时变结构瞬时频率识别方法。以2组数值算例、一个7层钢筋混凝土剪力墙振动台试验以及一个时变拉索试验验证所提方法的有效性及可行性,得到以下结论:
1)ILMSST通过仅保留估算瞬时频带内时频系数的方式不但消除了频带外干扰点,而且解决了瞬时频带能量发散这一问题。
2)ILMSST有效识别了7层钢筋混凝土剪力墙振动台结构和时变拉索结构的瞬时频率且其识别精度优于现有的LMSST方法。
3)ILMSST虽然具备识别环境激励下实际结构瞬时频率的潜力,但是其在大尺寸结构的有效性还有待进一步验证。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(51608122)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展专项(202L3007)
  • 福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2020J01581; 2020J01579)
  • 福建农林大学优秀硕士学位论文基金项目(113/1122YS01005)
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2024年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0208
  • 接收时间:2022-10-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-30
  • 修回日期:2022-12-30
基金
国家自然科学基金青年项目(51608122)
中央引导地方科技发展专项(202L3007)
福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2020J01581; 2020J01579)
福建农林大学优秀硕士学位论文基金项目(113/1122YS01005)
作者信息
    1.福建农林大学 交通与土木工程学院,福建 福州 350108
    2.“数字福建”智能交通技术物联网实验室,福建 福州 350108
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