Article(id=1245373258816667840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245373256329441426, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0109, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1680710400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-06, revisedDate=1687708800000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774849722818, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774849722818, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774849722818, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774849722818, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245373256329441426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='236', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774849722225, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774851286407, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245379817042981204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245373256329441426, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245379817042981205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245373256329441426, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=95, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245373259068326088, articleId=1245373258816667840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Percussion-based bolt loosening detection method in a single-row multi-bolted steel beam-column joint, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The percussion-based method refers to a detection technique that utilizes a hammer to percuss test structures to produce vibration and sound, and diagnoses any abnormalities in structures based on sound features. Percussion-based bolt loosening detection has been one of the hot research topics in recent years. Most existing studies focus on the issue of single bolt loosening, while multi-bolt connections are commonly used in engineering applications. Therefore, current methods can not meet requirements for multi-bolt loosening detection in engineering. This paper proposes a fast percussion-based multi-bolt loosening detection method, using a single-row multi-bolted steel beam-column joint as the research object. Firstly, characteristic vectors of percussion sound of each bolt within the joint are extracted by short-time Fourier transform and binarization processing. Then, the Euclidean distances between characteristic vectors of each bolt under the loosening cases and under the reference case are calculated to quantify loosening characteristics. Normalized loosening indexes are subsequently constructed by combining loosening characteristic values of all bolts to measure loosening degree of the joint. Finally, the loosened bolts are identified by comparing the difference between loosening characteristic values and baseline value of each bolt. Experimental results show that the proposed method can rapidly and accurately identify loosened bolts in the joint, and further enhance the potential of percussion detection method in engineering application.

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叩诊法是指利用力锤敲击待测结构振动发声,通过声音特征诊断结构有无异常的一种检测方法。基于叩诊法的螺栓松动检测是近年来的研究热点之一。现有研究多关注单螺栓松动问题,而工程中常采用多螺栓连接方式,因此现有的研究方法无法满足工程多螺栓松动检测需求。以一单排多螺栓钢结构梁柱节点为研究对象,提出了一种基于叩诊法的多螺栓松动快速检测方法。首先通过短时傅里叶变换和二值化处理提取节点中各螺栓的叩诊声音特征向量,再计算各螺栓松动工况与基准工况特征向量间的欧式距离以量化松动特征。结合所有螺栓松动特征值构造标准化松动指标衡量节点松动程度后,对比各螺栓松动特征值与其基准值的差异性大小识别松动螺栓。研究结果表明,研究方法可快速准确地识别多螺栓节点中的松动螺栓,进一步提升叩诊检测方法在工程中的应用潜力。

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孔庆钊(1988—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构健康监测方面的研究。E-mail:
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王书胤(1997—),男,博士研究生,主要从事结构健康监测方面的研究。E-mail:

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王书胤(1997—),男,博士研究生,主要从事结构健康监测方面的研究。E-mail:

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Fast Bayesian modal parameter identification method based on short-time Fourier transform[J]. Journal of Building Structures, 2023, 44(5): 305-314, 334. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Fast Bayesian modal parameter identification method based on short-time Fourier transform, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245373273081496417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=3, pageStart=108, pageEnd=112, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=23, authorNames=王九龙, 盛俊杰, 蒋家勇, journalName=噪声与振动控制, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王九龙,盛俊杰,蒋家勇,. STFT-IP时频特征提取技术的螺栓松动识别方法[J]. 噪声与振动控制, 2021, 41(3): 108-112., articleTitle=STFT-IP时频特征提取技术的螺栓松动识别方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245373273203131243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=3, pageStart=108, pageEnd=112, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=24, authorNames=WANG Jiulong, SHENG Junjie, JIANG Jiayong, journalName=Noise and Vibration Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Jiulong, SHENG Junjie, JIANG Jiayong, et al. Identification method of bolt looseness using STFT-IP time-frequency feature extraction technology[J]. Noise and Vibration Control, 2021, 41(3): 108-112. 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figureFileBig=AsLeYQtPBzWVVCK4V4a8wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245373268450984513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=CN, label=图7, caption=双排多螺栓框架柱节点, figureFileSmall=v0ANhSftHicT+hknvw+97w==, figureFileBig=AsLeYQtPBzWVVCK4V4a8wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245373268568425032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Multi-bolt loosening cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号螺栓1(T/Nm)螺栓2(T/Nm)螺栓3(T/Nm)
1200200200
20200200
32000200
42002000
520000
602000
700200
), ArticleFig(id=1245373268664894030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

多螺栓节点松动工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号螺栓1(T/Nm)螺栓2(T/Nm)螺栓3(T/Nm)
1200200200
20200200
32000200
42002000
520000
602000
700200
), ArticleFig(id=1245373268769751637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Normalized loosening indexes for multi-bolt loosening cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号1234567
标准化松动指标00.370.450.410.570.510.53
), ArticleFig(id=1245373268878803547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多螺栓松动工况标准化松动指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号1234567
标准化松动指标00.370.450.410.570.510.53
), ArticleFig(id=1245373269004632680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multi-level bolt loosening cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号螺栓1 (T/Nm)螺栓2 (T/Nm)螺栓3 (T/Nm)
1200200200
2200700
3200070
4702000
5707070
6700200
7020070
8070200
9(未开展)000
), ArticleFig(id=1245373269113684591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

多水平螺栓松动工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号螺栓1 (T/Nm)螺栓2 (T/Nm)螺栓3 (T/Nm)
1200200200
2200700
3200070
4702000
5707070
6700200
7020070
8070200
9(未开展)000
), ArticleFig(id=1245373269210153590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Bolt loosening characteristic values and normalized loosening indexes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号螺栓1松动特征值螺栓2松动特征值螺栓3松动特征值标准化松动指标
133.1031.1731.260
253.8159.0856.470.78
352.8652.1851.650.64
451.7451.6356.520.68
550.5146.1449.470.53
647.6947.8847.040.49
757.3447.3150.710.63
855.7844.9147.650.57
), ArticleFig(id=1245373269306622590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

螺栓松动特征值与标准化松动指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号螺栓1松动特征值螺栓2松动特征值螺栓3松动特征值标准化松动指标
133.1031.1731.260
253.8159.0856.470.78
352.8652.1851.650.64
451.7451.6356.520.68
550.5146.1449.470.53
647.6947.8847.040.49
757.3447.3150.710.63
855.7844.9147.650.57
), ArticleFig(id=1245373269415674504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Multi-bolt loosening cases for the double-row bolted joints

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号螺栓1(T/Nm)螺栓2(T/Nm)螺栓3(T/Nm)螺栓4(T/Nm)螺栓5(T/Nm)螺栓6(T/Nm)
1200200200200200200
22002002000200200
320020002002000
4020020002000
50200000200
600000200
7000000
), ArticleFig(id=1245373269524726416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

双排节点多螺栓松动工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号螺栓1(T/Nm)螺栓2(T/Nm)螺栓3(T/Nm)螺栓4(T/Nm)螺栓5(T/Nm)螺栓6(T/Nm)
1200200200200200200
22002002000200200
320020002002000
4020020002000
50200000200
600000200
7000000
), ArticleFig(id=1245373269629584023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Bolt loosening characteristic values and normalized loosening indexes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号螺栓1松动特征值螺栓2松动特征值螺栓3松动特征值螺栓4松动特征值螺栓5松动特征值螺栓6松动特征值标准化松动指标
124.8522.4123.4221.3126.7727.710.00
237.1036.9132.9139.0438.4640.740.54
339.5437.6335.2936.6138.9541.850.57
438.9939.6836.0438.7538.4841.720.60
538.1038.5634.7539.3440.7143.140.61
639.4241.4036.9438.6438.4042.110.62
739.1141.3038.0739.4639.1442.910.64
), ArticleFig(id=1245373269713470108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

节点螺栓松动特征值与标准化松动指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号螺栓1松动特征值螺栓2松动特征值螺栓3松动特征值螺栓4松动特征值螺栓5松动特征值螺栓6松动特征值标准化松动指标
124.8522.4123.4221.3126.7727.710.00
237.1036.9132.9139.0438.4640.740.54
339.5437.6335.2936.6138.9541.850.57
438.9939.6836.0438.7538.4841.720.60
538.1038.5634.7539.3440.7143.140.61
639.4241.4036.9438.6438.4042.110.62
739.1141.3038.0739.4639.1442.910.64
), ArticleFig(id=1245373269839299236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Bolt loosening characteristic value difference

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号螺栓1螺栓2螺栓3螺栓4螺栓5螺栓6
20.490.650.400.830.440.47
30.590.680.510.720.450.51
40.570.770.540.820.440.51
50.530.720.480.850.520.56
60.590.850.580.810.430.52
70.570.840.630.850.460.55
), ArticleFig(id=1245373269948351149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373258816667840, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

螺栓松动特征值差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号螺栓1螺栓2螺栓3螺栓4螺栓5螺栓6
20.490.650.400.830.440.47
30.590.680.510.720.450.51
40.570.770.540.820.440.51
50.530.720.480.850.520.56
60.590.850.580.810.430.52
70.570.840.630.850.460.55
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基于叩诊法的单排多螺栓钢梁柱节点松动检测方法
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王书胤 , 孔庆钊 , 周颖
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(1): 95-103
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(1): 95-103
基于叩诊法的单排多螺栓钢梁柱节点松动检测方法
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王书胤 , 孔庆钊 , 周颖
作者信息
  • 同济大学 土木工程防灾国家重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 王书胤(1997—),男,博士研究生,主要从事结构健康监测方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

孔庆钊(1988—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构健康监测方面的研究。E-mail:
Percussion-based bolt loosening detection method in a single-row multi-bolted steel beam-column joint
Shuyin WANG , Qingzhao KONG , Ying ZHOU
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0109
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叩诊法是指利用力锤敲击待测结构振动发声,通过声音特征诊断结构有无异常的一种检测方法。基于叩诊法的螺栓松动检测是近年来的研究热点之一。现有研究多关注单螺栓松动问题,而工程中常采用多螺栓连接方式,因此现有的研究方法无法满足工程多螺栓松动检测需求。以一单排多螺栓钢结构梁柱节点为研究对象,提出了一种基于叩诊法的多螺栓松动快速检测方法。首先通过短时傅里叶变换和二值化处理提取节点中各螺栓的叩诊声音特征向量,再计算各螺栓松动工况与基准工况特征向量间的欧式距离以量化松动特征。结合所有螺栓松动特征值构造标准化松动指标衡量节点松动程度后,对比各螺栓松动特征值与其基准值的差异性大小识别松动螺栓。研究结果表明,研究方法可快速准确地识别多螺栓节点中的松动螺栓,进一步提升叩诊检测方法在工程中的应用潜力。

多螺栓松动  /  叩诊法  /  短时傅里叶变换  /  二值化  /  量化松动特征

The percussion-based method refers to a detection technique that utilizes a hammer to percuss test structures to produce vibration and sound, and diagnoses any abnormalities in structures based on sound features. Percussion-based bolt loosening detection has been one of the hot research topics in recent years. Most existing studies focus on the issue of single bolt loosening, while multi-bolt connections are commonly used in engineering applications. Therefore, current methods can not meet requirements for multi-bolt loosening detection in engineering. This paper proposes a fast percussion-based multi-bolt loosening detection method, using a single-row multi-bolted steel beam-column joint as the research object. Firstly, characteristic vectors of percussion sound of each bolt within the joint are extracted by short-time Fourier transform and binarization processing. Then, the Euclidean distances between characteristic vectors of each bolt under the loosening cases and under the reference case are calculated to quantify loosening characteristics. Normalized loosening indexes are subsequently constructed by combining loosening characteristic values of all bolts to measure loosening degree of the joint. Finally, the loosened bolts are identified by comparing the difference between loosening characteristic values and baseline value of each bolt. Experimental results show that the proposed method can rapidly and accurately identify loosened bolts in the joint, and further enhance the potential of percussion detection method in engineering application.

multi-bolt loosening  /  percussion-based method  /  short time Fourier transform  /  binarization  /  quantitative loosening characteristics
王书胤, 孔庆钊, 周颖. 基于叩诊法的单排多螺栓钢梁柱节点松动检测方法. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (1) : 95 -103 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0109
Shuyin WANG, Qingzhao KONG, Ying ZHOU. Percussion-based bolt loosening detection method in a single-row multi-bolted steel beam-column joint[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (1) : 95 -103 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0109
螺栓连接因其承载性好、可靠性高、易于安装等优势,被广泛应用于各类建筑结构中以连接不同构件。但在结构服役过程中,螺栓可能由于冲击振动、交变荷载、疲劳等因素影响逐渐发生松动甚至脱落,威胁结构整体安全[1-2]。因此,研究可靠有效的螺栓松动检测技术具有重要的工程意义。
学界对监测和检测螺栓松动的研究大致可分为基于接触式传感设备和非接触传感2种思路。前者在结构上贴附传感器检测螺栓受力状态,包括超声法[3]、主动传感法[4-5]、压电阻抗法[6-7]、应变法[8]等方法。这类方法可以实现对于螺栓预紧力精确的监测和检测,但受限于传感仪器布设规模、运维成本等因素暂时难以在工程中推广应用。非接触传感方法又可划分为基于机器视觉和基于机器听觉2条技术路径:视觉方法利用图像处理技术定位识别节点中明显松动的螺栓———伴有螺栓头部脱开紧固面[9-10]、角度转动[11-12]等易于分辨的特征;听觉方法又称叩诊法,在工程实践中的应用由来已久。铁道巡检工用力锤敲击待测螺栓并通过音色判断其是否发生松动[13],但这极依赖于工程经验且存在人工差异性。因此,研究者们提取叩诊声音特征,通过算法模型建立螺栓预紧状态与声音量化特征间的对应关系[14-15]。然而,目前基于叩诊法的研究多关注单个螺栓松动问题,而工程中多采用多螺栓连接方式。因此,本文进一步探索叩诊法在多螺栓节点松动检测方面的潜力。
本文主要以一个民用建筑中常见的单排多螺栓钢结构梁柱节点为研究对象,通过短时傅里叶变换和二值化处理提取节点中各螺栓的叩诊声音特征向量,再计算各螺栓松动工况与基准工况特征向量间的欧式距离以量化松动特征。结合所有螺栓松动特征值构造标准化松动指标并衡量节点松动程度后,通过对比各螺栓松动特征值与其基准值的差异性大小识别松动螺栓。
叩诊法是指利用力锤敲击待测结构振动发声,通过声音特征诊断结构有无异常的一种检测方法。结构的受迫振动响应能反映其动力特性,而振动产生声音,所以声音信号也包含结构动力特性信息。就利用叩诊法检测螺栓松动而言,将待测螺栓简化为一个单自由度系统,如图1所示,其集中质量为m,与连接界面的接触刚度为k。在叩诊力t)作用下,系统的稳态振动响应为
式中:为冲击力对时间积分求得的冲量;为系统频率。由式(1)可知,当冲量与系统质量大小一定时,振动响应主要受界面接触刚度影响。
由声场边界条件,固体表面介质振速等于固体振速,表达式为
式中:va为振速幅值;ϕ为初始相位角。考虑理想流体介质中的点声源辐射效应[16],辐射声压在声场中随时间和空间的分布形式为
式中:ρ0为介质密度;c0为声波在介质中的波速;kc = ωn/c0为波数;为点源强度;r为沿点声源径向的坐标。由式(3)可知,在声场中一确定拾取位置,辐射声压也主要受界面接触刚度影响。根据SHERIF[17]的研究,接触刚度由螺栓预紧力和界面微观粗糙尺度共同决定。因此,当螺栓预紧力变化时,接触刚度发生改变,螺栓的叩诊声音特性也随之变化。所以可以通过分析声音特征检测螺栓的预紧状态。界面微观粗糙尺度与界面上应力分布相关。当节点中有多个螺栓协同工作时,任意一颗螺栓预紧状态的变化都会导致界面应力重分布从而改变界面接触性质,进而所有螺栓的声振特性都会改变。所以螺栓间的声振特性是相互影响的。
信号处理的常规方法包括时域分析、频域分析和时频域分析方法。其中时频域方法[18]可以观测信号频域特征在时间尺度上的变化,适用于非稳态信号的分析。短时傅里叶变换(short-time Fourier transform,STFT)是一种常见的时频域分析方法,通过滑动窗函数将原信号划分为平滑连续的时间帧,再利用傅里叶变换计算每帧内的频域特征,其数学表达式为[19]
式中:tf为时间和频率;xτ)为原信号;wτ-t)为滑动窗函数的共轭。声音是一种典型的非稳态信号,不同频率分量衰减快慢不同,因此采用STFT提取叩诊声音信号特征。
信号做STFT并取幅值后,其时频特征被量化表示为二维数值矩阵。由于人工敲击的随机性,特征幅值存在差异,导致定量分析标准不一。因此,对特征矩阵进行二值化处理为[20]
式中:ij分别为时间坐标和频率坐标;m为STFT幅值特征矩阵均值。将二值化的特征矩阵按列展开成一维向量,计算节点各螺栓无松动工况下和松动工况下特征向量间的欧式距离,量化松动特征。计算公式为
上述叩诊声音特征量化分析方法的详细流程如图2所示。采集得到螺栓拧紧和松动工况下的叩诊信号后,先进行STFT分析将时序信号转化成二维时频谱图。然后分别对每幅谱图中的特征值进行二值化处理:谱图中不低于均值部分的特征值被置为1,谱图上显示为白色;反之被置为0,谱图上显示为黑色。最后,为了计算螺栓无松动工况与松动工况叩诊信号的特征差异,将各自二值化后的时频谱展开成一列向量后,计算两列向量间的欧式距离以量化螺栓的松动特征。
本文选取民用建筑中一种常见的单排多螺栓钢梁柱连接节点,加工试件如图3所示。梁端通过3个8.8级M16螺栓与柱外伸腹板连接,柱底端通过4个8.8级M24螺栓与刚性桁架固定。试件钢号为Q235。考虑节点内不同的螺栓松动情形,为方便工况设计,每个螺栓的预紧状态分别设置为按设计预紧力拧紧和完全松动2种情况,节点松动试验工况如表1所示。
试验中用数显扭矩扳手按工况设置将对应螺栓拧紧到紧固扭矩,紧固扭矩值(200 Nm)由8.8级M16型号螺栓设计预紧力(80 kN)按照扭矩-预紧力线性经验公式换算得到。工况1中3个螺栓均按紧固扭矩拧紧,故将工况1作为后续分析的基准工况。工况2~工况4中有1个螺栓完全松动,工况5~工况7中有2个螺栓完全松动。当3个螺栓全部松动时,节点无法稳定,故未设置此工况。试验过程中,每个工况下用力锤依次敲击3个螺栓,每个螺栓敲击10次,且边敲边利用固定放置的手机麦克风录制叩诊声音,采样频率为48 kHz。
采用前述叩诊声音特征量化分析方法,将工况2~工况7收集得到的各螺栓叩诊信号均对比工况1中对应螺栓的基准信号求解松动特征值。由于每个工况内每个螺栓都重复敲击10次,得到一组10个叩诊信号。故检测信号组与基准信号组内信号两两比较求得100个欧氏距离值,取其统计均值为依据,下文统称为螺栓松动特征值。工况1中各螺栓的叩诊信号间也可互相计算欧式距离求均值作为工况1内各螺栓的松动特征值,如图4所示。
理想状态下,如果每次叩击力度、角度和位置稳定且一致,工况1中3个螺栓的基准特征值应趋于0。但人工敲击的随机性较大,所以通过二值化处理以及多组数据求统计均值的方式来减小数据的不确定性。由图4可知,尽管工况1中3个螺栓特征值不为0,但对比其他工况其值最小,从而可表明工况1下节点松动程度最小,对应此时节点内无螺栓松动。
工况2~工况7的结果可验证前述叩诊法诊断原理结论:当节点中有螺栓松动时,节点内所有螺栓的叩诊声音特征均会变化。此外,工况5~工况7结果较工况2~工况4更大,符合此时节点整体松动程度更大的事实。
至此,提出基于叩诊法的单排多螺栓钢梁柱节点松动检测流程如图5所示,具体步骤如下:
1)通过叩诊声音特征量化分析方法提取节点各个螺栓的松动特征值;
2)构造标准化松动指标评估节点整体松动程度,判断节点中松动的螺栓数量;
3)比较松动工况下各螺栓松动特征值与其基准值的差异性大小,识别松动螺栓。
由节点各螺栓的松动特征值,构造标准化松动指标以衡量节点整体松动程度,计算公式为
式中:L为标准化松动指标;为各工况各个螺栓叩诊信号对应的特征值,下标i为螺栓编号,i = 1~3;上标j为工况编号,j = 1~7。计算结果汇总如表2所示。
工况1中节点无螺栓松动,L = 0。当节点中有螺栓松动时,L随之变大。虽然不同位置处的螺栓松动对于L增益贡献不同,但节点松动程度与松动螺栓数量呈正相关性,因此推断节点由单螺栓松动演化成双螺栓松动之间存在一个L阈值。由表2可知,工况2~工况4的L均小于0.5,而工况5~工况7的L均大于0.5。故本文中,针对本研究试验构件,将区分单和双螺栓松动指标阈值定为0.5。
通过标准化松动指标判断节点松动螺栓数量后,再对比各螺栓松动工况下特征值与其基准值的差异性大小识别松动螺栓:
式(8)中变量定义与式(7)相同,计算结果如图6所示。
在单螺栓松动工况中,特征值差异最大对应的螺栓即为松动螺栓。例如,在工况2中,螺栓1特征值对比其基准值差异最大,所以识别螺栓1为工况2中的松动螺栓。同理,工况3和工况4中识别出的松动螺栓分别为螺栓2和螺栓3。在双螺栓松动工况中,特征值差异更大的2个螺栓被判断为松动。例如,在工况5中,螺栓2和螺栓3的特征值差异比螺栓1更大,所以识别螺栓2和螺栓3为工况5中的松动螺栓。同理,工况6和工况7中识别出的松动螺栓分别为螺栓1和螺栓3与螺栓1和螺栓2。通过与表1的设置工况对比发现,本文提出的检测方法能准确识别出单排多螺栓钢梁柱节点中的松动螺栓。
在实际工程中,螺栓预紧力是逐步松动至零的,且节点螺栓的数量与排列方式因承载需求不同而变化。为检验前述方法在螺栓未完全松动时和螺栓数量与排列方式改变时识别节点中松动螺栓的有效性,本文设计了2组补充试验分别开展讨论。
选取图3所示节点作为研究对象,螺栓的拧紧水平分别设置为设计扭矩的100%、35%、0%。节点中有3个螺栓,每个螺栓设置3种拧紧水平,按正交试验表L9(33)设计试验工况如表3所示。其中工况9由于3个螺栓全部松动时节点无法稳定而未开展。
试验操作流程与特征量化分析方法同前文保持一致,以工况1内3个螺栓的叩诊信号为基准,分别求得不同工况各螺栓的松动特征值以及节点标准化松动指标如表4所示。
表3可知,工况2~工况4和工况6~工况8均为节点中3个螺栓分别拧到设计扭矩的100%、35%、0%,但表4中计算得到这6个工况的标准化松动指标变化范围较大。工况5中3个螺栓均发生松动,但此时松动指标值并未高于其他松动工况。通过分析表4中不同工况下各螺栓的松动特征值可知:节点各螺栓声振特性相互影响,且不同螺栓预紧水平的变化对彼此声振特性的影响幅度各不相同。因此,标准化松动指标无法合理表征节点的损伤程度,进而难以准确地识别松动螺栓。因此,本文现阶段提出的研究方法,暂时仅适用于螺栓完全拧紧或完全松动时的检测任务。而当节点中螺栓状态更复杂时,需要深入研究多螺栓叩诊特性相互影响机理进而指导挖掘叩诊信号高维深度特征,并借助算法训练分类模型以提高检测准确性。
选取一钢框架柱节点为研究对象,如图7所示。柱端通过双排6个M16螺栓与下部连接。试件钢号为Q235。为方便工况设置,螺栓的预紧状态设置为按设计预紧力拧紧和完全松动2种情况。节点松动试验工况如表5所示,从工况1到工况7节点中螺栓松动数量逐渐增多。以工况1内各螺栓的叩诊信号为基准,分别求得各工况下螺栓松动特征值以及节点标准化松动指标如表6所示。
表6可知:工况1中所有螺栓处于拧紧状态,故此时各螺栓松动特征值相对其他工况时最小;当节点中有螺栓发生松动时,所有螺栓松动特征值均改变,表明各螺栓声振特性是相互影响的;随着节点中松动螺栓数量的增加,标准化松动指标值相应增加,但各工况间松动指标值较为接近,难以通过合理设置阈值判断节点中松动的螺栓数量。根据式(8)将松动工况2~工况7中各螺栓松动特征值与基准工况1中对应特征值的差异计算结果如表7所示。
表7可知,当节点中仅有1个螺栓松动时(工况2),可根据特征差异最大值识别松动螺栓位置(最大差异值对应的螺栓4)。但当节点中更多螺栓松动且松动螺栓不在同一排时,仅能依据特征差异判断节点中存在松动螺栓,而无法确定松动的螺栓位置。以上结果表明,节点中螺栓排列方式以及边界条件的变化会影响其叩诊特性,本文提出的单排多螺栓松动检测方法不适用于复杂节点检测任务。后续需要通过精细化有限元建模分析螺栓的预紧力以及边界条件变化对螺栓群叩诊特性的影响幅度及范围,进而在目前方法的基础上拓展完善复杂螺栓节点的分区域检测策略。
本文提出了一种基于叩诊法的单排多螺栓钢梁柱节点松动检测方法,主要结论如下:
1)从力学机理层面揭示了叩诊声音特征可以表征螺栓的预紧状态;对于多螺栓连接节点而言,节点中各螺栓的声振特性相互影响。
2)利用短时傅里叶变换和二值化处理叩诊信号定量提取螺栓松动特征值,结合节点各螺栓松动特征值构造标准化松动指标衡量节点的松动程度用以判断松动螺栓数量后,再通过对比各螺栓松动特征值与其基准值的差异性大小识别松动螺栓。
3)面对实际工程中更为复杂的多螺栓节点检测任务时,本文方法尚存在一定局限性。后续工作仍需从两方面改进:当待测螺栓的预紧状态处于拧紧和完全松动之间时,需要深入研究多螺栓叩诊特性相互影响机理进而指导挖掘叩诊信号高维深度特征,并借助算法训练分类模型以提高检测准确性;当节点中螺栓的数量和维度增加时,需通过精细化有限元建模分析螺栓的预紧力以及边界条件变化对螺栓群叩诊特性的影响幅度及范围,进而拓展完善复杂螺栓节点的分区域检测策略。
  • 上海市科学技术委员会项目(21DZ1204400)
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0109
  • 接收时间:2023-04-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-06
  • 修回日期:2023-06-26
基金
上海市科学技术委员会项目(21DZ1204400)
作者信息
    同济大学 土木工程防灾国家重点实验室,上海 200092

通讯作者:

孔庆钊(1988—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构健康监测方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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