Article(id=1241794071598006595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241794070289387562, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0508, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723046400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-08, revisedDate=1733241600000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773996378087, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1761062400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773996378087, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773996378087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996378087, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241794070289387562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='227', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773996377775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996935444, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796409465307627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241794070289387562, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796409465307628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241794070289387562, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=77, endPage=87, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241794072352981324, articleId=1241794071598006595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Experimental study on vibration reduction performance of frequency-adjustable TMD based on SMA springs, columnId=1241794071602200899, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the seismic performance of building structures and overcome the shortcomings of traditional passive tuned mass dampers (TMDs) with narrow vibration reduction frequency bands and difficulty in adjusting their own frequencies, a SMA-TMD with frequency modulation capability is presented based on SMA springs made of shape memory alloy (SMA) materials. Through frequency testing experiments, researchers found that the frequency of SMA-TMD increases with the increase of current flowing into the SMA spring. Shaking table tests were designed and conducted to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the frequency tuning and vibration reduction performance of the SMA-TMD. The experimental results show that compared to a detuned traditional TMD, the SMA-TMD, which retunes with the main structure by adjusting input current, demonstrates a higher vibration reduction rate in controlling the top floor peak acceleration response of the structure. The damping performance can be improved by at least 21.5%. Furthermore, the working stroke of the SMA-TMD is significantly improved compared to that of the traditional TMD, the maximum working stroke under the two sets of experimental conditions can be reduced by at least 46.9% and 39.2%, respectively. This improvement can save installation space, reserve more building area, and broaden the application scenarios by enabling placement in structures with spatial limitations.

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为提高建筑结构的抗震性能,解决传统被动式调谐质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper, TMD)减振频带窄且自身频率难以调节的缺点,基于由形状记忆合金(shape memory alloy, SMA)材料制成的SMA弹簧,提出了一种具有调频能力的新型TMD(shape memory alloy tuned mass damper, SMA-TMD)。通过频率测试试验发现, SMA-TMD的频率会随着通入SMA弹簧电流的增大而升高。通过设计并开展振动台试验,验证SMA-TMD在调频与减振性能方面的可行性与有效性。试验结果表明,与失谐的传统TMD相比,通过调节输入电流而与主体结构再次调谐的SMA-TMD,在控制结构顶层峰值加速度响应方面,能够展现出更高的减振率,减振性能至少可提升21.5%。此外, SMA-TMD的工作行程相比于传统TMD也有显著改善,前后2组试验工况下的最大工作行程分别至少能够降低46.9%、39.2%。这不仅能够节省装置的安装空间,预留更多的建筑面积,还可拓宽装置的应用场景,使其能够布置在一些具有空间局限性的结构中。

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鲁正(1982—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构振动控制和工程结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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鲁正(1982—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构振动控制和工程结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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鲁正(1982—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构振动控制和工程结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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Smart Structures and Systems, 2014, 13(2): 203-217., articleTitle=Adaptive-length pendulum smart tuned mass damper using shape-memory-alloy wire for tuning period in real time, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802958644511383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071598006595, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=25, issue=null, pageStart=180, pageEnd=189, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=36, authorNames=HUANG H Y, CHANG W S, journalName=Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG H Y, CHANG W S. Re-tuning an off-tuned tuned mass damper by adjusting temperature of shape memory alloy: Exposed to wind action[J]. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071598006595, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同地震波下结构顶层加速度归一化功率谱密度, figureFileSmall=DpMfeO3mb1KNcgIrabz4rw==, figureFileBig=DEmSkjJV+J77RC9gPUQl7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802950956351530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071598006595, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition ratio of raw materials for SMA spring

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化学元素成分含量化学元素成分含量化学元素成分含量化学元素成分含量
Ni55.700Cu0.010Fe0.010H0.001
C0.030Cr0.010O0.039Ti余量
Co0.010Nb0.010N0.003
), ArticleFig(id=1241802951111540797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071598006595, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SMA弹簧原材料各化学成分配比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学元素成分含量化学元素成分含量化学元素成分含量化学元素成分含量
Ni55.700Cu0.010Fe0.010H0.001
C0.030Cr0.010O0.039Ti余量
Co0.010Nb0.010N0.003
), ArticleFig(id=1241802951262535755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071598006595, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Variation law of the frequency of SMA-TMD with electric current

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电源箱输出电流/A0.51.01.52.02.5
SMA-TMD频率/Hz1.701.801.861.911.94
), ArticleFig(id=1241802951405142102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071598006595, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SMA-TMD的频率随电流的变化规律

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电源箱输出电流/A0.51.01.52.02.5
SMA-TMD频率/Hz1.701.801.861.911.94
), ArticleFig(id=1241802951522582628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071598006595, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of top floor peak acceleration responses of SDOF1 with and without control under different base excitations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底部激励无控TMD控制SAM-TMD控制底部激励无控TMD控制SAM-TMD控制
R u/g RT/g α/% RS/g α/% R u/g RT/g α/% RS/g α/%
SIN1-0.2840.15047.20.14349.6EQ20.2330.16529.20.16031.3
EQ10.214-0.14034.6-0.14631.8EQ30.3470.17749.00.17848.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241802952655044722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071598006595, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同底部激励作用下有无控制的SDOF1顶层峰值加速度响应对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底部激励无控TMD控制SAM-TMD控制底部激励无控TMD控制SAM-TMD控制
R u/g RT/g α/% RS/g α/% R u/g RT/g α/% RS/g α/%
SIN1-0.2840.15047.20.14349.6EQ20.2330.16529.20.16031.3
EQ10.214-0.14034.6-0.14631.8EQ30.3470.17749.00.17848.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241802952759902336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071598006595, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of damper working stroke under different base excitationsⅠ

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底部激励TMD/mmSMA-TMD/mm改良率/%
SIN140.9-17.257.9
EQ1-65.935.046.9
EQ2-72.128.061.2
EQ3-69.234.150.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241802952889925773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071598006595, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同底部激励作用下阻尼器工作行程对比Ⅰ

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底部激励TMD/mmSMA-TMD/mm改良率/%
SIN140.9-17.257.9
EQ1-65.935.046.9
EQ2-72.128.061.2
EQ3-69.234.150.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241802953032532124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071598006595, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of top floor peak acceleration responses of SDOF2 with and without coutrol under different base excitations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底部激励无控TMD控制SMA-TMD控制提升率βa/%
Ru /g RT/g α/% RS/g α/%
SIN20.4720.21654.20.13371.838.4
EQ40.4390.38312.80.26839.030.0
EQ50.3210.24623.40.19339.921.5
EQ60.261-0.21517.6-0.16237.924.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241802953179332780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071598006595, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同底部激励作用下有无控制的SDOF2顶层峰值加速度响应对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底部激励无控TMD控制SMA-TMD控制提升率βa/%
Ru /g RT/g α/% RS/g α/%
SIN20.4720.21654.20.13371.838.4
EQ40.4390.38312.80.26839.030.0
EQ50.3210.24623.40.19339.921.5
EQ60.261-0.21517.6-0.16237.924.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241802953326133432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071598006595, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of damper working stroke under different base excitations Ⅱ

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底部激励TMD/mmSMA-TMD/mm改良率/%底部激励TMD/mmSMA-TMD/mm改良率/%
SIN224.314.042.4EQ5-88.142.152.2
EQ4103.5-59.642.4EQ674.0-45.039.2
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不同底部激励作用下阻尼器工作行程对比Ⅱ

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EQ4103.5-59.642.4EQ674.0-45.039.2
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基于SMA弹簧的调频TMD减振性能试验研究
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鲁正 1, 2 , 赵若宇 2 , 柳祥千 2 , 杜江 3 , 张国伟 4
地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025,45(5): 77-87
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地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025, 45(5): 77-87
基于SMA弹簧的调频TMD减振性能试验研究
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鲁正1, 2 , 赵若宇2, 柳祥千2, 杜江3, 张国伟4
作者信息
  • 1.同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海200092
  • 2.同济大学结构防灾减灾工程系,上海200092
  • 3.同济大学材料科学与工程学院,上海200092
  • 4.北京建筑大学大型多功能振动台阵实验室,北京100044
  • 鲁正(1982—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构振动控制和工程结构抗震研究。E-mail:

Experimental study on vibration reduction performance of frequency-adjustable TMD based on SMA springs
Zheng LU1, 2 , Ruoyu ZHAO2, Xiangqian LIU2, Jiang DU3, Guowei ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 2.Department of Disaster Mitigation for Structures, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 3.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 4.Multi-Functional Shaking Tables Laboratory, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
出版时间: 2025-10-22 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0508
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为提高建筑结构的抗震性能,解决传统被动式调谐质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper, TMD)减振频带窄且自身频率难以调节的缺点,基于由形状记忆合金(shape memory alloy, SMA)材料制成的SMA弹簧,提出了一种具有调频能力的新型TMD(shape memory alloy tuned mass damper, SMA-TMD)。通过频率测试试验发现, SMA-TMD的频率会随着通入SMA弹簧电流的增大而升高。通过设计并开展振动台试验,验证SMA-TMD在调频与减振性能方面的可行性与有效性。试验结果表明,与失谐的传统TMD相比,通过调节输入电流而与主体结构再次调谐的SMA-TMD,在控制结构顶层峰值加速度响应方面,能够展现出更高的减振率,减振性能至少可提升21.5%。此外, SMA-TMD的工作行程相比于传统TMD也有显著改善,前后2组试验工况下的最大工作行程分别至少能够降低46.9%、39.2%。这不仅能够节省装置的安装空间,预留更多的建筑面积,还可拓宽装置的应用场景,使其能够布置在一些具有空间局限性的结构中。

形状记忆合金  /  振动控制  /  可变频率  /  调谐质量阻尼器  /  振动台试验

To improve the seismic performance of building structures and overcome the shortcomings of traditional passive tuned mass dampers (TMDs) with narrow vibration reduction frequency bands and difficulty in adjusting their own frequencies, a SMA-TMD with frequency modulation capability is presented based on SMA springs made of shape memory alloy (SMA) materials. Through frequency testing experiments, researchers found that the frequency of SMA-TMD increases with the increase of current flowing into the SMA spring. Shaking table tests were designed and conducted to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the frequency tuning and vibration reduction performance of the SMA-TMD. The experimental results show that compared to a detuned traditional TMD, the SMA-TMD, which retunes with the main structure by adjusting input current, demonstrates a higher vibration reduction rate in controlling the top floor peak acceleration response of the structure. The damping performance can be improved by at least 21.5%. Furthermore, the working stroke of the SMA-TMD is significantly improved compared to that of the traditional TMD, the maximum working stroke under the two sets of experimental conditions can be reduced by at least 46.9% and 39.2%, respectively. This improvement can save installation space, reserve more building area, and broaden the application scenarios by enabling placement in structures with spatial limitations.

shape memory alloy  /  vibration control  /  variable frequency  /  tuned mass damper  /  shaking table test
鲁正, 赵若宇, 柳祥千, 杜江, 张国伟. 基于SMA弹簧的调频TMD减振性能试验研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (5) : 77 -87 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0508
Zheng LU, Ruoyu ZHAO, Xiangqian LIU, Jiang DU, Guowei ZHANG. Experimental study on vibration reduction performance of frequency-adjustable TMD based on SMA springs[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (5) : 77 -87 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0508
调谐质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper, TMD)是一种在土木工程领域被广泛研究用于结构振动控制的动力吸振装置[1-2],一般由弹簧、质量块和阻尼装置组成。TMD由于其力学原理清晰、对原结构改动小以及减振效果明显等特点,在很多工程中得到了广泛的应用:上海气象塔[3],台北101大楼[4]及上海环球金融中心[5]等。当主体结构受到外界振动激励时,主体结构的振动会引起TMD质量块的振动,从而通过弹簧对主体结构施加一个反向的控制力,振动能量则由阻尼装置消耗掉。李祥秀等[6]建立了结构-TMD体系的功率平衡方程,以主结构的耗能功率最小为优化目标得到TMD最优频率比及阻尼比,并与以往的4种优化方法进行了对比,综合各项指标其控制效果均介于四者之间,但较无控结构相比有很好的控制效果。WANG等[7]考虑实际应用中阻尼器的连接,对结构-摆式调谐质量阻尼器(pendulum tuned mass damper, PTMD)系统的力学模型进行了更新,在引入模态振型影响的同时利用不动点理论导出了PTMD的解析优化设计公式,结果表明,所提出的优化设计公式比经典公式更有效、更稳健。但需要指出的是, TMD作为单频率调谐型被动阻尼器仅在特定的较窄频带范围内具有良好的减振控制效果[8]
值得注意的是,在土木工程领域的实际工程中,由于主体结构在使用寿命过程中的损伤累计和因使用功能变化而进行的结构改造,以及结构设计阶段所采用的近似分析方法,往往会导致结构的实际频率偏离结构的设计频率,而实际工程中的TMD存在难以调节频率的难题,最终会导致TMD的减振效果被大大削弱[9-11]。为了解决上述问题, WANG等[12-13]针对具有非线性刚度特性的非线性能量阱(nonlinear energy sink, NES)进行了大量的研究,发现NES具有更强的频率鲁棒性,可以与主结构的一系列模态发生瞬时共振。LU等[14-15]研究的颗粒阻尼器通过颗粒与颗粒、颗粒与腔体之间的随机碰撞与摩擦耗能,可以有效地克服传统TMD减振频带窄、鲁棒性差的缺点。除了上述被动控制措施外,许多学者也进行了相关的自适应和半主动调频控制措施研究[16]。WANG等[17-18]提出了一种可以通过改变悬臂梁的自由端长度来改变刚度和频率的自适应被动变刚度TMD(adaptive-passive variable stiffness tuned mass damper, APVS-TMD),以及一种通过步进电机改变摆长来改变频率的自适应被动摆式TMD(adaptive-passive eddy current pendulum tuned mass damper, APEC-TMD)。ZHANG等[19]提出了一种新型的半主动变刚度调谐质量阻尼器,其通过改变并联和串联配置的弹簧线圈的数量来改变弹簧的刚度。SUN等[20]研究了具有变阻尼系数和变刚度的半主动调谐质量阻尼器,并提出了一种基于短时傅里叶变换(short-time Fourier transform, STFT)的控制算法。
近年来随着智能材料的不断发展,形状记忆合金(shape memory alloys, SMA)以其优异的形状记忆效应和超弹性能逐渐被引入到解决传统TMD减振频带窄这一缺陷的研究中[21-23]。LU等[24]将具有超弹性的SMA弹簧引入到调谐吸振器中,发现相比传统钢弹簧TMD,其减振频带更宽,在不同地震波下均表现出稳定的控制能力,但该研究仍属于被动控制范畴,所采用的SMA弹簧不具备变刚度的能力。SATISH等[25]利用SMA材料制成可变长度的记忆金属线,结合机械装置,实现了对单摆式TMD的调频。HUANG等[26]利用SMA材料制作的杆件(SMA棒),通过对其温度进行控制,实现了对悬臂式TMD的调频。
本研究提出将具有双程形状记忆效应(即合金在加热时恢复高温相形状,冷却后又能恢复低温相形状)的SMA弹簧用以替换传统TMD中的钢弹簧,旨在研发一种基于SMA弹簧的具有调频能力的新型TMD(shape memory alloy tuned mass damper, SMA-TMD),以弥补被动控制装置无法随结构自身特性变化调节系统控制频率的缺陷,且装置简单,原理清晰,频率调节更加便捷,工作行程更小。本文所提出的SMA-TMD由SMA弹簧、电源箱、质量块和装置底座组成,质量块左右两端的SMA弹簧通过简单的电路与电源箱并联,通过改变电源箱的输出电流改变SMA弹簧的温度,实现对SMA-TMD调频的目的。本文借助2个不同自振频率的单自由度结构,以结构顶层峰值加速度响应为减振性能指标,以TMD质量块相对结构顶层的相对位移为TMD工作行程性能指标,通过试验验证了SMA-TMD在调频、减振性能方面的可行性与有效性,同时发现SMA-TMD具有优异的工作行程优势,有助于节省安装空间,节约建筑面积。
本研究所采用的被控主体结构为单自由度钢框架结构,由4条270 mm×40 mm×1 mm的薄钢条作为提供结构抗侧刚度的柱构件,结构底部为一块250 mm×250 mm×16 mm的带螺孔钢板,通过螺栓将4条钢条的一端固定在底部钢板的4个角部,4条钢条的另外一端同样各预先通过螺栓固定在一块与底部钢板同规格的钢板的4个角部,以此作为单自由度钢框架结构的顶层,此时钢框架的尺寸规格为250 mm×250 mm×270 mm,可以通过增减柱构件中薄钢条的数量或是在顶层增减钢板的数量来对该单自由度钢框架结构的自振频率进行调整。由于本文的重点在于测试SMA-TMD的调频减振能力,故将采用2个自振频率不同的单自由度钢框架结构,通过增减顶层钢板数量的方式调整框架频率,以模拟实际工程中主体结构实际频率由于种种原因发生变化的情况。本文所采用的2个单自由度钢框架分别记为SDOF1和SDOF2。
单自由度钢框架结构SDOF1的顶层质量为12.53 kg,钢框架SDOF2的顶层质量为10.43 kg。测试2个被控主体结构的自振频率,测试方法为对框架顶层施加一个初位移,用加速度传感器采集框架顶层的自由衰减振动加速度时程,并对采集到的数据进行傅里叶变换处理,以此得到框架的自振频率。测试结果是:钢框架SDOF1的自振频率为1.71 Hz,钢框架SDOF2的自振频率为1.91 Hz。
本研究所提出的SMA-TMD主要由SMA弹簧、电源箱、质量块和装置底座组成,见图1。质量块底部固接一个带滚珠的小车,该小车与装置底座上的滑轨定向连接,使得质量块能够在滑轨上单向滑动,该SMA-TMD的滑动总质量为0.36 kg。质量块左右两端各通过1根SMA弹簧与装置底座连接,2根SMA弹簧通过简单的电路与电源箱并联,通过改变电源箱的输出电流改变SMA弹簧的温度,实现对SMA-TMD调频的目的。
SMA-TMD所采用的SMA弹簧由Ni-Ti形状记忆合金制备,其原材料的各化学成分配比见表1。SMA弹簧为丝径为0.3 mm、外径为4.6 mm、圈数为76圈、初始有效长度为20 mm的拉伸弹簧。测试SMA弹簧的宏观热力学行为,其相变温度为50℃且具有双程形状记忆效应,见图2,即当SMA弹簧在加热至40℃左右时, SMA弹簧会逐渐开始自动伸长,主要原因是合金内部开始发生马氏体逆相变,合金内部微观晶相由低温马氏体相转变为高温奥氏体相,随着温度升高至50℃左右,马氏体逆相变结束,弹簧自由伸长至最大长度,且温度越高该SMA弹簧的伸长过程进行得越迅速;此时将SMA弹簧置于室温环境下,合金内部又会发生马氏体正相变,合金内部微观晶相由高温奥氏体相转变为低温马氏体相,直到相变结束, SMA弹簧又恢复至初始有效长度。
另外,在室温环境下,将处于初始有效长度状态的SMA弹簧用外力拉伸至远超其初始有效长度, SMA弹簧将产生大量的塑性残余变形,并保持当前长度而无法恢复至初始有效长度,合金内部微观晶相发生应力诱发的奥氏体相向马氏体相的转变。此时,将SMA弹簧升温且保持其温度大于等于其相变温度, SMA弹簧会逐渐缩短恢复至高温奥氏体相状态下的长度,该SMA弹簧的恢复过程同样是温度越高恢复越快,从而表现出更大的恢复力;然后将其置于室温环境下, SMA弹簧又会逐渐恢复至初始有效长度,整个过程见图3
上述SMA弹簧的宏观热力学行为是:通过改变输入电流实现对SMA-TMD的调频奠定了可行性基础。
接下来开展SMA弹簧性能试验,以定量地揭示弹簧刚度随着电流输入的变化规律。由于SMA弹簧在沿弹簧长度方向受力较小时表现为线性刚度,受力较大时会进入非线性阶段,这将导致当测试SMA弹簧刚度所采用的重物质量不同时,测得的弹簧刚度也会有所不同,从而影响测量结果的准确性;另外SMA弹簧尺寸较小且直接通入电流,直接测试弹簧刚度具有一定的危险性。然而, SMA弹簧随着通入电流的不同而展现出来不同的刚度特性,最终将体现在SMA-TMD不同的频率特性上。因此,本文将直接测试在SMA弹簧通入不同电流时的SMA-TMD的频率,将SMA-TMD视为单独的一个单自由度结构,对SMA-TMD进行扫频试验,通过2个激光位移传感器分别采集SMA-TMD装置底座和滑动质量块的位移时程数据,以此得到滑动质量块相对于装置底座的相对位移,对采集到的相对位移时程数据进行傅里叶变换处理,最终得到SMA-TMD的频率。
SMA-TMD的2根SMA弹簧与电源箱并联,即通过单根SMA弹簧的电流为电源箱输出电流的一半。电源箱输出电流共设置5个档位,分别为0.5 A、1.0 A、1.5 A、2.0 A、2.5A。SMA-TMD在不同档位下的频率见表2图4,电流越大, SMA-TMD的频率越大,且增大趋势逐渐变缓。
基于得到的SMA-TMD频率随电流的变化规律,提出SMA-TMD调频系统控制流程,见图5。本研究所采用的电源箱为SS-305P可编程电源,配置有与笔记本电脑联机的通讯接口,可通过电脑程序直接控制电源的输出电压和电流。本文所以提出的调频SMA-TMD,仅在检测到结构自振频率改变时(通常,因使用功能改变导致结构荷载分布的改变或对结构的改造,以及遭受强风、地震作用导致结构刚度的退化,会使结构自振频率发生变化),才调节电源箱输出电流,由于实际工程结构的频率变化周期常以月或年计,远远超出调节结束后SMA-TMD达到目标频率值所需时间,故不同大小电流对SMA弹簧调温变化快慢所产生的时滞效应不会对其控制效果有影响。当调节结束后,通入SMA弹簧的电流保持恒定, SMA-TMD的控制方式同样是被动式的。
为验证本研究所提出的SMA-TMD调频后的控制性能,选取SMA-TMD在电源箱输出电流为0.5 A和2.0 A时的这2个档位进行后续振动台试验,频率分别与被控主体结构SDOF1和SDOF2相调谐。
作为对照组的传统被动式TMD的配置,除了提供装置刚度的弹簧采用的是普通钢弹簧且没有连接电源箱外,其余构造均与SMA-TMD相同。将传统被动式TMD的频率调整至1.70 Hz,与钢框架SDOF1的频率相调谐。
本试验所采用的地震波输入装置为Quanser公司单向振动台试验系统(Shake tableⅡ),见图6
本试验主要测试被控主体结构的顶层加速度响应和TMD质量块相对于结构顶层的相对位移响应。其中,加速度传感器为ZC1100L压电式传感器,电压灵敏度为1023 mV/g,频率范围为0.5~2000 Hz,共1个,布置在被控主体结构顶层位置;位移传感器为HG-C 1400微型激光位移传感器,灵敏度为12.5 mV/mm,量程为±200 mm,共2个,测点布置在被控主体结构顶层位置和TMD质量块位置。具体的试验布置和测点布置分别见图7图8
本研究中,减振性能试验的试验工况共设置2组。其中,第1组的被控主体结构为SDOF1,且下面又分为无控、传统TMD控制和0.5 A档SMA-TMD控制3种状态,该组的传统TMD和SMA-TMD均与被控主体结构的自振频率相调谐,主要目的是体现SMA-TMD的工作行程优势;第2组的被控主体结构为SDOF2,以模拟主体结构在使用寿命期内由于种种原因其自振频率发生变化,另外下面又分为无控、传统TMD控制和2.0 A档SMA-TMD控制3种状态,该组的传统TMD与被控主体结构的自振频率失谐,而SMA-TMD则通过调节电源箱输入SMA弹簧的电流,使其与被控主体结构再次调谐,该组试验的主要目的是测试SMA-TMD的调频减振性能,同时凸显SMA-TMD的工作行程优势。
本研究中,减振性能试验的底部激励输入选取包括正弦波、El Centro波、AWX0.9-1波和Northridge波。由于Shake TableⅡ的最大行程限制,试验过程中除正弦波外,其余所有地震波的峰值位移都被缩放为±3 cm,此外还将对各原始地震波的峰值加速度进行一定缩放。为了防止无控结构在正弦激励输入下被破坏,2组工况的正弦激励峰值位移取0.1 cm,另外考虑到2组试验工况的被控主体结构不同的自振频率,实际结构底部激励选取如下。第1组试验工况的底部激励输入分别是:SIN1(峰值位移0.1 cm,频率1.70 Hz的正弦波)、EQ1(峰值位移3 cm,峰值加速度0.1 g的AWX0.9-1波)、EQ2(峰值位移3 cm,峰值加速度0.06 g的Northridge波)、EQ3(峰值位移3 cm,峰值加速度0.08 g的Northridge波);第2组试验工况的底部激励输入分别是:SIN2(峰值位移0.1 cm,频率1.90 Hz的正弦波)、EQ4(峰值位移3 cm,峰值加速度0.1 g的El Centro波)、EQ5(峰值位移3 cm,峰值加速度0.12 g的Northridge波)、EQ6(峰值位移3 cm,峰值加速度0.14 g的Northridge波)。相应的地震波加速度时程曲线见图9图10。由于实际地震波激励的随机性,以及本研究的重点在于证明所提出SMA-TMD的调频减振能力,上述对原始地震波数据进行的缩放并不影响试验结果的准确性。文中所采用的加速度单位均为g,即重力加速度,1 g=9.794 m/s2
基于上述试验概况介绍的被控主体结构参数、阻尼器系统参数以及结构底部激励输入开展小型振动台试验,检验本文所提出的SMA-TMD在调频、减振性能方面的可行性与有效性,并验证其在工作行程上的优势,为SMA-TMD的实际应用提供重要依据。在分析试验结果之前,先定义本文用于评估阻尼器系统减振效果的性能指标:
1)阻尼器控制下的结构顶层峰值加速度响应减振率为
式中:Ru为无控结构的顶层峰值加速度响应;Rc为有控结构的顶层峰值加速度响应。
2)SMA-TMD相较于传统TMD的结构顶层峰值加速度响应控制提升率为
式中:RT为传统TMD控制下结构的顶层峰值加速度响应;RS为SMA-TMD控制下结构的顶层峰值加速度响应。
3)SMA-TMD相较于传统TMD的最大工作行程改良率为
式中:DT为传统TMD的最大工作行程;DS为SMA-TMD的最大工作行程。
4种底部激励输入下(SIN1、EQ1、EQ2、EQ3),有无阻尼器控制的钢框架SDOF1顶层位置加速度响应曲线对比见图11,表3提取了相应的钢框架SDOF1顶层位置峰值加速度响应;SMA-TMD和传统TMD的工作行程曲线对比见图12,表4提取了相应的SMA-TMD和传统TMD的最大工作行程。第1组试验工况,传统TMD和SMA-TMD均与被控主体结构SDOF1的自振频率相调谐。
图11表3可知,当SMA-TMD和传统TMD均与被控结构调谐时,对于被控结构的顶层加速度响应,两者都能达到不错的控制效果。传统TMD对于钢框架SDOF1顶层峰值加速度响应的减振率依次为47.2%、34.6%、29.2%、49.0%;SMA-TMD对于钢框架SDOF1顶层峰值加速度响应的减振率依次为49.6%、31.8%、31.3%、48.7%。这说明调谐的SMA-TMD能够达到调谐的传统TMD的减振效果。
虽然在该组工况下SMA-TMD和传统TMD都有着不相上下的减振效果,但由图12表4可知, SMA-TMD的工作行程相比于传统TMD能够有较大幅度的缩减,阻尼器装置的最大工作行程改良率分别为57.9%、46.9%、61.2%、50.7%。
SMA-TMD的工作行程之所以能够有如此大的改善,是因为在SMA弹簧随着质量块往复运动而被拉长和缩短的过程中,质量块的动能被SMA弹簧吸收。由图3可知,当SMA弹簧被过度拉长时,会产生很大的残余变形,这便将质量块的动能转化为SMA弹簧的残余变形能,合金内部微观晶相发生应力诱发的奥氏体相向马氏体相的转变,随后有电流通入的SMA弹簧在高温的作用下发生马氏体相向奥氏体相的转变,同时SMA弹簧缩短,准备进行下一个循环的能量转换。在SMA-TMD的工作过程中, SMA弹簧不断重复进行上述过程,从而有效吸收质量块的动能,改善装置的工作行程。这将大大节省装置的安装空间,预留更多的建筑面积,同时还能拓宽装置的应用场景,使其允许被布置在一些具有空间局限性的结构中。
4种底部激励输入下(SIN2、EQ4、EQ5、EQ6),有无阻尼器控制的钢框架SDOF2顶层位置加速度响应曲线对比见图13,表5提取了相应的钢框架SDOF2顶层位置峰值加速度响应;SMA-TMD和传统TMD的工作行程曲线对比见图14,表6提取了相应的SMA-TMD和传统TMD的最大工作行程。第2组试验工况,传统TMD与被控主体结构SDOF2的自振频率失谐,而SMA-TMD则通过调节电源箱输入SMA弹簧的电流,使其与被控主体结构再次调谐。
此时, SMA-TMD相较于传统TMD的结构顶层峰值加速度响应控制提升率依次为38.4%、30.0%、21.5%、24.7%。由此可见,再次调频的SMA-TMD相比于自身频率无法调节的传统TMD,其对于结构顶层峰值加速度响应具有更好的控制效果,说明本研究所提出的SMA-TMD的调频减振性能可行且有效。
此外, SMA-TMD的工作行程优势依旧不小,阻尼器装置的最大工作行程改良率分别为42.4%、42.4%、52.2%、39.2%。该组工况下,传统TMD由于与主体结构失谐,其工作性能没有被完全激发,即传统TMD的质量块无法充分移动并耗能,而SMA-TMD由于再次与主体结构调谐而处于完全工作状态, SMA-TMD的质量块能够相对充分地移动并使被控结构的能量得到转移与耗散,所以其工作行程优势不如第1组工况,但至少39.2%的改良率也足够可观。这说明本文所提出的SMA-TMD能够在保证其调频减振性能的同时,改善阻尼器的工作行程。
图11图13可知,虽然SMA-TMD在控制结构顶层峰值加速度响应上具有不错的效果,但在部分加载时段上, SMA-TMD相比传统TMD,控制效果未能体现出优势。因此,绘制出结构顶层加速度响应的归一化功率谱密度见图15,从频域角度揭示该原因。在抑制结构基频附近的响应上,调谐的SMA-TMD基本上能够达到调谐的传统TMD的减振效果见图15(a)~(c),且调谐的SMA-TMD比失谐的传统TMD的减振效果更好,见图15(d)~(f)。然而,在远离结构基频的频率分量处,由于SMA弹簧的非线性特性,功率谱幅值会略有放大,与结构基频附近的峰值相比,该放大效应不起主导作用, SMA-TMD的调频减振性能是可行且有效的。
本文针对传统TMD减振频带窄且自身频率难以调节的缺点,基于由SMA材料制成的SMA弹簧,提出了一种具有调频能力的SMA-TMD。通过设计并开展试验,可以得出以下结论:
1)通过测试通入不同电流的SMA-TMD的频率发现, SMA-TMD的频率随着通入电流的增大而增大。当结构自振频率发生改变时,可以通过调节输入SMA-TMD的电流,使其再次与结构变化后的自振频率调谐。
2)第1组小振动台试验证明,在控制结构顶层峰值加速度响应上,调谐的SMA-TMD能够达到调谐的传统TMD的减振效果,并且SMA-TMD的工作行程相比于传统TMD有较大程度的改善,最大工作行程改良率在46.9%以上。
3)第2组小振动台试验证明,在控制结构顶层峰值加速度响应上,相比于非调谐传统TMD,在不同类型的底部激励下,调谐的SMA-TMD均能表现出更好的控制效果,响应控制提升率在21.5%以上,验证了本研究所提出的SMA-TMD在调频、减振性能方面的可行性与有效性。此时, SMA-TMD的最大工作行程改良率在39.2%以上。
4)由于SMA-TMD的工作行程相较于传统TMD有较大程度改善,因此其允许被布置在一些具有空间局限性的结构中。然而,目前对于SMA-TMD的研究仅处于初步阶段,试验采用的是小尺寸模型,要使其在实际工程结构中能够输出足够大的控制力,还需进一步探索。
  • 北京建筑大学大型多功能振动台阵实验室开放研究专项基金项目(2023MFSTL01)
  • 土木工程Ⅰ类高峰学科建设经费资助项目(20223YB15)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0508
  • 接收时间:2024-08-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-08
  • 修回日期:2024-12-04
基金
北京建筑大学大型多功能振动台阵实验室开放研究专项基金项目(2023MFSTL01)
土木工程Ⅰ类高峰学科建设经费资助项目(20223YB15)
作者信息
    1.同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海200092
    2.同济大学结构防灾减灾工程系,上海200092
    3.同济大学材料科学与工程学院,上海200092
    4.北京建筑大学大型多功能振动台阵实验室,北京100044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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