Article(id=1241793462442464120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241793456876618047, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0405, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711555200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-28, revisedDate=1725379200000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773996232852, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1755792000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773996232852, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773996232852, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996232852, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241793456876618047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='222', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773996231526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773997043565, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796862877958695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241793456876618047, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796862877958696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241793456876618047, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=40, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241793462740259711, articleId=1241793462442464120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Empirical frequency content models and analysis of influencing factors for the vertical component of offshore ground motions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study analyzes 6 436 offshore ground motion records from 496 seismic events observed by seafloor observation network for earthquakes and tsunamis along the Japan Trench (S-net), aiming to investigate the frequency content characteristics of vertical ground motion components. Using random-effects regression with consideration of key factors like water depth and sediment layer thickness, we developed empirical models for vertical frequency content parameters. Significance tests and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) were employed to evaluate parameter validity and model goodness-of-fit. Results show that significant differences exist between horizontal and vertical frequency content distributions, highlighting the significance of the water depth parameter and setting condition. For S-net ocean-bottom stations (water depth: 102~7830 m), vertical frequency parameters shift toward shorter periods at depths less than 1500 m, while longer-period (longer than 0.8 s) records increase significantly at depths greater than 1 500 m. The water depth significantly affects vertical frequency content. Predictions for different tectonic types show consistent differences between vertical and horizontal models. Site terms exhibit significant differences between inner-trench and outer-trench stations, possibly influenced by the propagation paths of seismic waves and the topographical features associated with the outer ridge of the trench rather than sediment layer thickness. This study provides support for understanding offshore ground motion characteristics and assessing offshore seismic hazards.

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基于日本海底观测台网S-net的496次地震事件记录,共计6436组海底地震动数据,旨在探讨海底地震动竖向频率成分的特性。采用随机效应回归方法,考虑海水深度、沉积层厚度等关键影响因素,构建了海底地震动竖向频率成分参数的经验模型。通过显著性检验和AIC准则,评估了模型参数的有效性和拟合优度。研究结果表明,水平向与竖向频率成分参数值的分布存在显著差异,海底地震动记录竖向频率成分参数值与海水深度和布设方式有关:S-net海底台站水深范围介于102~7830 m,在海水深度小于1500 m的区域,竖向频率成分参数值整体分布向短周期方向偏移,而在海水深度大于1500 m的区域,长周期(大于0.8 s)记录数量显著增加;海水深度项在海底地震动竖向频率成分经验模型中具有显著性,表明海水深度是影响竖向频率成分的一个重要因素;不同构造类型的地震事件在竖向频率成分模型中的预测值表现出与水平向模型一致的差异性;此外,模型的场地项在海沟内外的海底地震动中表现出显著性差异,这种差异与沉积层厚度无直接关联,可能受到传播路径和海沟外隆起处地形的影响。该文理解和预测海底地震动特征及海域地震灾害风险评估提供了支持。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
胡进军(1978—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震动模型和强度指标研究。E-mail:
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崔鑫(1992—),女,博士研究生,主要从事海域地震动参数特征研究。E-mail:

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Information of S-net OBSs with water depths less or greater than 1500 meters

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台站分类DW<1500 M台站DW>1500 M台站总数
台站数量44106150
记录数量248539516436
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海水深度小于或大于1 500 m的S-net海底台站数量及记录信息

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台站分类DW<1500 M台站DW>1500 M台站总数
台站数量44106150
记录数量248539516436
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AIC values of the GMPE considering different explanatory variables

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解释变量AIC
ToTavgTm
MWRh4198.2326252.2165801.195
MWRhDW3534.3475929.1215440.504
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考虑不同解释变量的竖向频率成分经验模型的AIC值

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解释变量AIC
ToTavgTm
MWRh4198.2326252.2165801.195
MWRhDW3534.3475929.1215440.504
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Regression coefficients and deviations of proposed models

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系数To|t|Tavg|t|Tm|t|
c1-4.936150.311-4.052100.642-3.871100.633
c2,Ⅰ0.70997.8380.59467.2280.54965.025
c3,Ⅰ-0.0014.9720.00317.4000.00419.598
c4,Ⅰ-0.00716.772-0.01121.000-0.01225.588
c5,Ⅰ-0.00017.921-0.00011.542-0.00013.036
c2,Ⅱ0.67975.4120.61455.6880.58655.632
c3,Ⅱ0.00415.9190.00417.434
c4,Ⅱ-0.0077.553-0.01714.317-0.01917.325
c5,Ⅱ-0.00026.836-0.00015.135-0.00015.303
c2,Ⅲ0.692101.8860.56568.3230.51465.154
c3,Ⅲ-0.0013.8960.00317.0560.00419.524
c4,Ⅲ-0.00410.480-0.00715.061-0.00717.200
c5,Ⅲ0.00012.6750.0008.3420.0009.339
ϕ0.3010.3630.347
τ0.1660.1980.211
ϕss0.2190.2540.219
ϕS2S0.2070.2600.270
σss0.2750.3220.304
σT0.3440.4140.406
), ArticleFig(id=1241802928688796288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793462442464120, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

频率成分经验模型的回归系数及标准差

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系数To|t|Tavg|t|Tm|t|
c1-4.936150.311-4.052100.642-3.871100.633
c2,Ⅰ0.70997.8380.59467.2280.54965.025
c3,Ⅰ-0.0014.9720.00317.4000.00419.598
c4,Ⅰ-0.00716.772-0.01121.000-0.01225.588
c5,Ⅰ-0.00017.921-0.00011.542-0.00013.036
c2,Ⅱ0.67975.4120.61455.6880.58655.632
c3,Ⅱ0.00415.9190.00417.434
c4,Ⅱ-0.0077.553-0.01714.317-0.01917.325
c5,Ⅱ-0.00026.836-0.00015.135-0.00015.303
c2,Ⅲ0.692101.8860.56568.3230.51465.154
c3,Ⅲ-0.0013.8960.00317.0560.00419.524
c4,Ⅲ-0.00410.480-0.00715.061-0.00717.200
c5,Ⅲ0.00012.6750.0008.3420.0009.339
ϕ0.3010.3630.347
τ0.1660.1980.211
ϕss0.2190.2540.219
ϕS2S0.2070.2600.270
σss0.2750.3220.304
σT0.3440.4140.406
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海底地震动竖向频率成分参数经验模型与影响因素分析
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崔鑫 1, 2 , 胡进军 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(4): 40-52
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(4): 40-52
海底地震动竖向频率成分参数经验模型与影响因素分析
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崔鑫1, 2 , 胡进军1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 崔鑫(1992—),女,博士研究生,主要从事海域地震动参数特征研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

胡进军(1978—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震动模型和强度指标研究。E-mail:
Empirical frequency content models and analysis of influencing factors for the vertical component of offshore ground motions
Xin CUI1, 2 , Jinjun HU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2025-08-22 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0405
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基于日本海底观测台网S-net的496次地震事件记录,共计6436组海底地震动数据,旨在探讨海底地震动竖向频率成分的特性。采用随机效应回归方法,考虑海水深度、沉积层厚度等关键影响因素,构建了海底地震动竖向频率成分参数的经验模型。通过显著性检验和AIC准则,评估了模型参数的有效性和拟合优度。研究结果表明,水平向与竖向频率成分参数值的分布存在显著差异,海底地震动记录竖向频率成分参数值与海水深度和布设方式有关:S-net海底台站水深范围介于102~7830 m,在海水深度小于1500 m的区域,竖向频率成分参数值整体分布向短周期方向偏移,而在海水深度大于1500 m的区域,长周期(大于0.8 s)记录数量显著增加;海水深度项在海底地震动竖向频率成分经验模型中具有显著性,表明海水深度是影响竖向频率成分的一个重要因素;不同构造类型的地震事件在竖向频率成分模型中的预测值表现出与水平向模型一致的差异性;此外,模型的场地项在海沟内外的海底地震动中表现出显著性差异,这种差异与沉积层厚度无直接关联,可能受到传播路径和海沟外隆起处地形的影响。该文理解和预测海底地震动特征及海域地震灾害风险评估提供了支持。

S-net  /  海底地震动  /  竖向分量  /  频率成分参数  /  海水深度

This study analyzes 6 436 offshore ground motion records from 496 seismic events observed by seafloor observation network for earthquakes and tsunamis along the Japan Trench (S-net), aiming to investigate the frequency content characteristics of vertical ground motion components. Using random-effects regression with consideration of key factors like water depth and sediment layer thickness, we developed empirical models for vertical frequency content parameters. Significance tests and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) were employed to evaluate parameter validity and model goodness-of-fit. Results show that significant differences exist between horizontal and vertical frequency content distributions, highlighting the significance of the water depth parameter and setting condition. For S-net ocean-bottom stations (water depth: 102~7830 m), vertical frequency parameters shift toward shorter periods at depths less than 1500 m, while longer-period (longer than 0.8 s) records increase significantly at depths greater than 1 500 m. The water depth significantly affects vertical frequency content. Predictions for different tectonic types show consistent differences between vertical and horizontal models. Site terms exhibit significant differences between inner-trench and outer-trench stations, possibly influenced by the propagation paths of seismic waves and the topographical features associated with the outer ridge of the trench rather than sediment layer thickness. This study provides support for understanding offshore ground motion characteristics and assessing offshore seismic hazards.

S-net  /  offshore ground motions  /  vertical component  /  frequency content parameters  /  water depth
崔鑫, 胡进军. 海底地震动竖向频率成分参数经验模型与影响因素分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (4) : 40 -52 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0405
Xin CUI, Jinjun HU. Empirical frequency content models and analysis of influencing factors for the vertical component of offshore ground motions[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (4) : 40 -52 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0405
作为地震动的基本特征,频率成分与强度、持续时间和能量等具有同等的重要性。分析地震动的频率成分特征对于评估其对结构的影响至关重要,特别是在共振条件下,其影响通常比地面运动的强度和持续时间更加显著[1-3]。反应谱(spectral acceleration,SA)和傅里叶谱(Fourier amplitude spectra,FAS)能提供较完整的频率成分信息。类似于使用峰值地面加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)这一标量参数代表地震动强度,基于反应谱或傅里叶谱定义的标量频率成分参数可以代表地震动记录的频率成分特征,这便于比较不同地震动之间频率成分特征的差异,具有工程意义。将标量频率成分参数与系统的固有周期进行比较,可以快速评估共振条件及结构动力响应。RATHJE等[4]率先对地震动的频率成分参数进行研究并建立了经验模型,对比分析了3个频率成分参数:卓越谱周期Tp(predominant spectral period)、平滑卓越谱周期To(smoothed spectral predominant period)和平均周期Tm(mean period)。随后,RATHJE等[5]通过分析更大的数据集改进了模型,并提出了新的频率成分参数:平均谱周期Tavg(averaged spectral period)。
近年来,基于陆地地震动记录提出的频率成分模型在地震工程领域取得了显著进展。不同地区的研究者针对特定区域的地震活动特性,开发了多种地震动预测模型(ground motion prediction equations,GMPE)。例如,LEE[6]对美国5级以上地震动记录提出各个频率成分参数的地震动预测模型;YAGHMAEI-SABEGH[7]使用了伊朗数据并补充了小震记录(3.7级以上)提出ToTavgTm的地震动预测模型;DU[8]使用太平洋地震工程研究中心(pacific earthquake engineering research center,PEER)数据库记录提出了Tm的预测模型,其模型考虑了平均剪切波速度(VS30)的影响;CHOUSIANITIS等[9]和LASHGARI等[10]分别使用希腊数据和伊朗数据提出Tm的预测模型;此外,YAGHMAEI-SABEGH等[11]进一步研究了伊朗中等深度地震事件的频率成分参数特征,表明震源深度和构造类型的影响显著,但该研究结果受到数据量的限制;RAMOS-CRUZ等[12]使用传统回归分析方法与机器学习方法(支持向量机)建立墨西哥板间和中深板内地震动记录的Tm预测模型。
随着海域工程的快速发展,海底地震动的特征引起了广泛关注[13-16]。在频率成分特征方面,TAN等[17]分析了日本2次海域大震的频率成分特征,结果显示海底地震动记录的频率成分参数平均值通常大于陆地地震动。HU等[18]使用S-net记录分析了日本海底地震动的频率成分参数特征,并建立了水平向海底地震动频率成分经验模型,模型综合考虑了震级、震源距、震源深度和构造类型等多个因素,并对比了海底模型与已有陆地模型间的差异。但尚未对海底地震动的竖向分量特性及其影响因素进行深入研究。
尽管已有研究在海底地震动水平分量频率成分参数方面取得了进展,但对其竖向分量特性及其影响因素的研究仍然不足。竖向分量的地震动特性对于海域工程的结构抗震设计至关重要。BOORE等[19]通过对SEMS台网记录的海底强震数据分析,揭示了海底地震动竖向分量受到海水抑制作用的现象。DIAO等[20]通过理论模拟进一步确认了海水层对竖向地面运动的影响,特别是水层P波共振导致的频率范围变化,这种影响与海水和底部介质的阻抗比密切相关。此外,海底地震动竖向分量的研究也在V/H反应谱比或HVSR谱比分析中得到体现。CHEN等[21]使用日本ETMC台网的强震记录表明海域地震动的V/H反应谱比在短周期上明显低于陆地地震动的谱比。TAN等[22]使用ETMC台网记录对日本相模湾海域建立了V/H谱比预测模型并分析了各台站场地条件的差异。崔鑫等[23]使用S-net记录分析了日本东部福岛地区的海域MW7.1级强震记录特征,对比了不同断层距下平均V/H反应谱比曲线的海陆差异。周旭彤等[24]基于HVSR谱比方法分析了DONET1海底台站记录谱比特征,发现布设方式、场地条件和海底地形对海底台站的谱比特征有显著影响。这些研究表明,海底地震动竖向分量的特性与多种因素相关,需要综合考虑海水深度和沉积层厚度等因素。
本文首先对海底地震动竖向分量的频率成分参数进行了计算,并与水平分量的分布特征进行了对比分析,以识别两者之间的差异性。随后,在参考了HU等[18]提出的水平分量频率成分经验模型形式的基础上,考虑了海水深度这一重要因素,构建了适用于海底地震动竖向分量频率成分的新经验模型。最终,本文深入探讨了模型中场地项的随海水深度和沉积层厚度等影响因素的变化特征,为理解和预测海底地震动特征及海域地震灾害风险评估提供支持。
S-net台网提供实时监测数据。S-net海底台网由S1~S6的6个子系统组成,共有150个海底台站(ocean bottom seismometers,OBSs)。其中,S1~S5子系统的OBSs从海岸到海沟沿缆线铺设,水平间隔20~30 km,竖向间隔约50 km,自2016年5月开始运行,S2、S3和S4布设位置为日本东北太平洋海岸地震震中区,S1和S5毗邻震中区未来存在引发大地震的风险;S6子系统的OBSs沿海沟外隆起铺设,自2017年4月开始运行。
S-net海底台网台站的布设方式受到海水深度的影响,当海水深度(Dw)小于1 500 m时,OBS放置在海底开挖的1 m深凹槽中,本文称为埋置台站,共计41个,这种放置方式旨在减少地面噪声,增强耦合,并防止渔业活动[25];当海水深度大于1500 m时,OBS自由放置在海底,本文称为未埋台站,共计109个。例外的是,有3个海水深度小于1500 m的海底台站是未埋台站,分别为S1N08(Dw=1 387 m)、S1N12(Dw=1239 m)和S6N24(Dw=1276 m)。
为对比海底地震动记录水平分量与竖向分量频率成分特征,本文使用的数据集包含了496个地震事件的6436组海底地震动记录,震级范围4.0~7.4级,震源距300 km以内(若断层信息可用震源距采用断层距,当断层信息不可用使用震中距作为替代)。下载每个地震事件发生时间前1 min开始的10 min数据段,筛选出信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)大于3的海底地震动记录;S-net的地震仪放置于圆柱形容器中,其记录对倾斜敏感,剔除少量旋转角度小于0.1°的海底地震动记录[26],对保留的记录使用TAKAGI等[27]估计的旋转矩阵进行坐标转换,将记录的XYZ分量转换为EW、NS及UD分量;然后进行统一处理,包括基线校正(使用事件前1 min记录均值)和4阶带通滤波(0.1~35 Hz)。
地震事件震级震源距分布见图1图1(a)为海水深度小于1 500 m的海底台站记录震级震源距分布,包括41个埋置台站记录和3个未埋台站记录(S1N08、S1N12及S6N24);图1(b)为海水深度大于1500 m的海底台站记录震级震源距分布,全部为未埋台站记录。依据ZHAO等[28]提出的地震分类方案将地震记录分为浅地壳与上地幔地震(shallow crust earthquakes and upper mantle earthquakes,SC&UM)、俯冲带板间地震(subduction interface earthquakes,INT)和俯冲带板内地震(subduction intraslab earthquakes,SL)记录,在图1中分别使用黑色叉形、蓝色三角形和红色方形标记表示。S-net海底台站海水深度小于或大于1 500 m的S-net海底台站数量及记录信息见表1。由于存在3个海水深度小于1 500 m的海底台站是未埋台站(即S1N08、S1N12和S6N24),因此海水深度小于1500 m的S-net海底台站数量比埋置台站数量多3个。
在地震工程领域,采用标量频率成分参数来表征地震动记录的频率特性具有重要的工程意义。它不仅能够快速比较不同地震动的频率成分,还便于实际应用于地震危险性评估和结构抗震设计。标量频率成分参数可以通过反应谱和傅里叶谱计算获得,常用的包括卓越谱周期(Tp)、平滑卓越谱周期(To)、平均谱周期(Tavg)和平均周期(Tm)。
Tp是指5%阻尼比条件下加速度反应谱峰值对应的谱周期。由于该参数只考虑反应谱的峰值,忽略了其整体形状,因而无法区分峰值相同但形状不同的加速度反应谱。因此,Tp在相关研究中的使用相对较少。为弥补Tp的不足,RATHJE等[4]提出了To以更加全面地考虑5%阻尼比加速度反应谱峰值附近的频率成分。相较于TpTo更加稳定且更具预测性,但其定义域的武断限制导致To无法有效区分长周期地震动之间的差异。为强调强震动低频成分对长周期结构系统的影响,RATHJE等[5]提出了平均谱周期(Tavg)。反应谱通过共振效应反映地震动的频率特性,而傅里叶谱则通过将地震动记录从时域转换到频域,直接揭示其频率成分。RATHJE等[5]基于傅里叶谱提出了标量频率成分参数Tm,该参数已在地震工程中得到了广泛应用。
本文使用S-net海底地震动记录竖向分量的数据,根据频率成分参数TpToTavgTm的定义,计算了频率成分参数值以反映海底地震动的竖向频率特性。计算结果通过直方图形式见图2,同时对比了S-net海底地震动的水平分量与竖向分量在频率成分参数值上的差异性。图2(a)、(c)、(e)、(g)展示了海水深度小于1500 m的海底台站(主要是近海岸埋置台站)记录到的海底地震动竖向分量的频率成分参数TpToTavgTm的分布情况。相对应的,图2(b)、(d)、(f)、(h)的右侧则展示了海水深度大于1 500 m的海底台站(主要是近海沟未埋台站)记录的频率成分参数的分布。
对比结果表明,水平分量与竖向分量的频率成分参数TpToTavgTm在分布上存在显著差异。对于海水深度小于1500 m的海底台站,竖向分量的频率成分值在0.2~0.6 s周期段的记录数量明显减少,整体分布趋向于短周期方向偏移。相对地,海水深度超过1500 m的海底台站记录显示,竖向分量的频率成分值在0.1~0.4 s周期段的记录数量同样显著减少,而TavgTm在长周期(超过0.8 s)的记录数量则明显增多,表明分布向长短周期两端扩展。
在对4个频率成分参数的比较中,Tp因其定义的简洁性,无法充分区分不同地震动记录间的频率成分特征差异,因此后续分析和讨论将不再展示Tp参数的结果。To虽然在一定程度上补充了Tp的不足,但在区分地震动长周期特征上仍有局限。相比之下,TavgTm参数在识别不同地震动的频率成分特征上表现更佳。
海底地震动记录的竖向频率成分参数值ToTavgTm随海水深度(左列)、沉积层厚度(右列)的分布情况见图3,其中沉积层厚度采用NIED提供的Vs为1.4 km/s的沉积层厚度信息。图中圆形标记代表海水深度小于1500 m的海底台站记录,三角形标记代表海水深度大于1 500 m的海底台站记录;黑色虚线和实线分别描绘了这两类台站的竖向频率成分参数值随海水深度和沉积层厚度变化的趋势。由图3可知,海底地震动记录竖向频率成分参数值与海水深度和海底台站布设方式有关,无论是近岸埋置台站还是近海沟未埋台站,其记录的竖向频率成分参数值均随着海水深度的增加而上升,且在水深1 500 m处出现了显著的分界,这可能与台站的具体布设方式有关。此外,无论是埋置台站还是未埋置台站,竖向频率成分参数值并未随沉积层厚度的增加而有明显变化,表明沉积层厚度对这些参数的影响有限。
海水深度对海底地震动记录P波和SV波的竖向分量有抑制作用,使其在海水的固有频率附近减小,基阶固有频率计算公式为
式中:C为水中P波速度(1500 m/s);H为海水深度,即海水深度越深其固有频率越低,对地震动长周期成分的影响越大。S-net海底台站海水深度范围为102~7830 m,参考式(1)可知,S-net海底台站受到海水深度固有频率的影响范围在0.045~3.676 Hz之间,对应的周期影响范围为0.272~20.880 s。
不同构造类型的地震事件在水平向频率成分模型中存在差异性[18],本文探讨了这些差异性在竖向频率成分参数中的具体表现。竖向频率成分参数值随着震级、震源距、震源深度和海水深度的变化情况见图4。图中红色叉形、蓝色三角形和黑色正方形符号分别代表SC&UM、INT和SL事件。图4所示的初步趋势表明需要进行更深入的回归分析,并对参数进行显著性检验。
随机效应回归分析被应用于经验模型以确定系数。计算每个系数的t统计量能够对模型参数的显著性进行有效评估,仅当系数的t统计量绝对值达到1.96或更高时,模型参数在统计上才具有显著性。此外,使用AIC准则可以对经验模型拟合优度进行评估[29],其定义为
式中:k为模型所包含参数的数量;LL为模型的对数似然函数值。随着解释变量数量的增加,AIC值的降低表明模型拟合优度的提升。
本文参考了HU等[18]提出的水平分量频率成分经验模型形式,对竖向分量频率成分参数进行回归,并计算AIC值。该模型基于RATHJE等[5]提出的模型,并考虑了震源深度项和构造类型。采用了由ABRAHAMSON等[30]改进的混合效应回归方法,将模型的总残差分解为事件间残差和事件内残差,模型形式如式(3)所示:
式中:TcharToTavgTm的预测值;MW为地震的震级;R为震源距离(km);h为震源深度(km)。下标“k”等于Ⅰ、Ⅱ或Ⅲ,分别为构造类型,其中Ⅰ为浅部地壳和上地幔(SC&UM)地震;Ⅱ为俯冲带板间(INT)事件;Ⅲ为俯冲板块(SL)事件;δBe为事件间残差;δWes为事件内残差。
然后,本文在该模型基础上增加海水深度项,对竖向分量频率成分参数重新回归,新的模型形式如式(4)所示:
式中:Dw为海水深度(m),其余同式(3)。
上述2个竖向频率成分经验模型考虑了不同的解释变量时,其AIC值见表2。结果表明,当模型中引入海水深度这一变量时,3个参数模型的AIC值均出现了显著下降。因此本文采用式(4)作为海底地震动竖向分量频率成分模型,各个模型的回归系数及其t值见表3,由t值也可以看出海水深度项系数是显著的。
海底地震动竖向分量频率成分参数ToTavgTm的预测模型(简称竖向模型)中值随矩震级(MW)、震源距(R)、震源深度(h)及海水深度(Dw)的变化情况见图5~图7。图中虚线为SC&UM竖向模型;有标记实线为俯冲带INT竖向模型;无标记实线为俯冲带SL竖向模型。表示预测中值随矩震级变化时,将震源距固定为100 km,震源深度固定为25 km(SC&UM和INT模型)或者75 km(SL模型),海水深度固定为1000 m;表示预测中值随震源距变化时,将矩震级固定为5.5,震源深度固定为25 km(SC&UM和INT模型)或者75 km(SL模型),海水深度固定为1000 m(其中To的竖向模型震源距项在显著性检验中表现为不显著);表示预测中值随震源深度变化时,将矩震级固定为5.5,震源距固定为100 km,海水深度固定为1000 m;表示预测中值随海水深度变化时,将矩震级固定为5.5,震源距固定为100 km,震源深度固定为25 km(SC&UM和INT模型)或者75 km(SL模型)。
图5~图7可知,海底地震动竖向分量的频率成分在不同构造类型的地震之间存在显著差异,这与HU等[18]中海底地震动水平分量的研究结果相一致。具体来说,俯冲带板间地震具有最高的预测值,其次是浅地壳和上地幔地震,板内地震模型预测值最低。ToTavgTm模型的预测值随着矩震级的增加而增加,这与水平分量相关研究结果相符[518];随着震源距的增加,由于高频成分在传播过程中的衰减,长周期成分变得更加突出,因此TavgTm模型的预测值随之增加,然而,To模型由于其对长周期地震动的不敏感性,在震源距因素的显著性检验中未显示出统计学上的显著性。随着震源深度的增加,ToTavgTm模型的预测值呈下降的趋势,这可能与传播过程中的能量耗散有关。同样,随着海水深度的增加竖向模型的预测值也呈下降的趋势,这反映了海水对海底地震动竖向分量的抑制作用。
在随机效应模型中,残差分为事件间残差(δBe)和事件内残差(δWes),服从均值为零、标准差分别为τϕ的正态分布[31]。事件间残差反映了震源效应,而事件内残差反映了其他效应,总标准差(σT)是τϕ的平方和的平方根。
海底地震动竖向分量频率成分模型的事件间残差随矩震级和震源深度的分布见图8,其事件内残差相对于矩震级、震源距及海水深度的分布见图9
图8图9可知,使用不同的符号来区分不同类型的地震事件:叉号为SC&UM地震事件;三角形为INT地震事件;正方形为SL地震事件。为更直观地展示残差分布趋势,图中实线为SC&UM事件、INT事件和SL事件残差的线性拟合趋势,这些趋势线基本接近于0,表明模型不存在显著偏差,各个模型的标准差结果参见表3
事件内残差仍然包括观测站随机性对模型误差的影响,特定场地对地震动的影响具有系统性和可重复性,可以通过从事件内残差中剔除这种影响来降低随机不确定性[31]。通过将观测台站视为随机变量,可以将事件内残差(δWes)进一步分解为场地间残差(δWo,es)和场地内残差(δS2Ss)。场地项δS2Ss为观测台站s的场地响应的平均差异,其不确定性为ϕS2S,用于量化场地间变异性。事件内单台残差δWo,es是均值为0、标准差为ϕss的随机变量。在消除场地间变异性后,地震动模型的总标准差为事件内单台标准差(σss),通常称为单台标准差。
在日本海沟地区海底地震动竖向分量的频率成分模型中,基于遍历性假设得到的总标准差(σT)在自然对数尺度上介于0.344~0.414之间(表3),通过消除场地间的变异性,即场地影响后,模型的单台标准差σss值降低至0.275~0.322的范围(表3),减少了约20%~25%。图10直观地展示了这些标准差的结果,图中实心圆形为总标准偏差σT;空心圆形为事件内单台标准差σss;实心三角形为事件内标准差ϕ;空心三角形为事件内单台标准差ϕss;空心正方形为事件间标准差τ;叉形为单台标准差ϕS2S。此外,与日本海沟地区海底地震动水平分量的频率成分模型的标准差结果相比较[18]To参数的水平向模型与竖向模型在标准差上的差异不大,而对应TavgTm参数,竖向模型的标准差明显高于水平向模型。
场地项δS2Ss为正值代表观测值高于预测值,意味着该场地对地震动有放大作用,反之则有减小作用。海底地震动竖向分量频率成分ToTavgTm模型的场地项空间分布显示:海沟两侧场地项的空间分布特征存在显著的差异。从海岸线到日本海沟方向,海沟内台站地震动频率成分参数δS2Ss的值的分布呈现增长趋势,这与数据集中地震事件震源位置主要集中在日本东海岸线附近有关。随着震源距的增加,高频成分衰减,而长周期成分变得更加显著。然而,海沟的东西两侧在频率成分参数值上表现出显著差异,海沟外台站场地项普遍为负值。
为进一步探究海底台站场地项的分布规律,本文查看了各频率成分参数模型的场地项随沉积层厚度与海沟距的变化情况。沉积层厚度采用NIED提供的Vs为1.4 km/s的沉积层厚度信息。海沟距则定义为台站到日本海沟的距离,海沟东侧记为正值,西侧记为负值,结果见图11。图中方形为埋置台站,圆形为未埋台站。图11(a)、(c)、(e)分别为ToTavgTm模型场地项随沉积层厚度的分布情况。结果表明,与未埋台站相比,埋置台站在竖向频率成分参数的场地项上显示出较低的离散性。然而,总体来看,场地项随沉积层厚度的变化并不显著。图11(b)、(d)、(f)分别为ToTavgTm模型场地项随海沟距的分布,显示出未埋台站在海沟内外表现出的显著差异。结果显示,海沟东侧台站(海沟距为正值)的场地项分布与海沟距无关,而沿海沟外隆起布设的台站(海沟距为负值)的场地项则表现出显著差异。这种差异与沉积层厚度无直接联系,而更可能是受到传播路径和海沟外隆起处地形的影响。
海水对海底地震动记录竖向分量的抑制作用与海水深度有关。本研究利用日本海沟地区S-net海底台站的广泛海水深度范围(102~7830 m)的观测数据,分析了海底地震动竖向频率成分的特征。同时,参考Hu2024水平向模型,考虑海水深度等影响参数,使用随机效应方法进行模型的回归,建立了海底地震动竖向频率成分经验模型,并分析了不同海底台站布设方式场地项的分布与沉积层厚度及海沟距的关系,得出如下主要结论:
1)水平向与竖向频率成分参数值的分布存在显著差异。海底地震动记录竖向频率成分参数值与海水深度和布设方式有关:海水深度小于1500 m的区域,竖向频率成分参数值在0.2~0.6 s范围内的记录数量减少,整体分布向短周期方向偏移;而在海水深度大于1500 m的区域,竖向频率成分参数值在0.1~0.4 s范围内的记录数量减少,长周期(大于0.8 s)记录数量显著增加;
2)海底地震动竖向频率成分模型与Hu2024水平向模型在形式上存在差异,竖向模型中海水深度项的影响显著,反映了海水深度对竖向分量抑制作用的影响;此外,不同构造类型的地震事件在竖向频率成分模型中的预测值表现出与Hu2024水平向模型一致的差异性:俯冲带板间地震具有最高的预测值,其次是浅地壳和上地幔地震,板内地震模型预测值最低;
3)海底地震动竖向频率成分模型的场地项在海沟东西两侧表现出显著差异,这种差异与沉积层厚度无直接关联,很可能受到传播路径和海沟外隆起处地形的影响。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3003503; 2021YFC3100701)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52478568; 52078470)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0405
  • 接收时间:2024-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-28
  • 修回日期:2024-09-04
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3003503; 2021YFC3100701)
国家自然科学基金项目(52478568; 52078470)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080

通讯作者:

胡进军(1978—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震动模型和强度指标研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0405
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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