Article(id=1241793460592771454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241793456876618047, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0409, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712592000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-09, revisedDate=1717344000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773996232411, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1755792000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773996232411, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773996232411, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996232411, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241793456876618047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='222', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773996231526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773997043565, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796862877958695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241793456876618047, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796862877958696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241793456876618047, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=86, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241793461486158220, articleId=1241793460592771454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Seismic response analysis of cable-stayed bridge using regional multi-composite spectrum and ground motion selection, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To overcome the overly conservative nature of uniform hazard spectra and the unconservative nature of conditional mean spectra, the composite spectrum that combines the previous two spectra is proposed. The conditional periods are determined based on specific seismic information of the site (including magnitude, epicentral distance, etc.). This allows for the construction of multi-composite spectra that capture the regional seismic characteristics. A composite spectrum, representing the envelope of the corresponding conditional mean spectrum of one earthquake scenario, is ‘moderately’ conservative. By considering the influence of all earthquake scenarios in the region, the multiple mixed spectra are applicable for seismic analysis of all structures within the region. As illustrated by a specific region, the uniform hazard spectra, seismic parameters, and conditional periods of the region are determined following the seismic hazard analysis, and the method for generating multiple composite spectra is presented. Both the composite spectra and the design spectra are used to select actual ground motions. A case study is conducted on a typical cable-stayed bridge and the seismic responses in the longitudinal and transverse directions are compared. It shows that due to the contribution of higher modes, there exist significant differences in the vibration amplitude of different bridge components. The force response (including bending moments and shear forces) of the tower is more sensitive to short-period ground motions. Using design spectra to select ground motions significantly overestimates the longitudinal seismic response of the cable-stayed bridge. The overestimation is 50%, 23%, 38%, and 19% for the beam displacement, tower top displacement, tower base bending moment, and tower base shear force, respectively. It is suggested that the envelope of the mean seismic responses induced by the ground motions selected from each composite spectrum be used as the design seismic response of the cable-stayed bridge. This approach reasonably assesses the seismic demand of the bridge, thereby reducing the cost of the cable-stayed bridge and improving its economy.

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针对一致危险谱过于保守和条件均值谱偏于不保守的弊端,将一致危险谱和条件均值谱结合形成混合谱,根据场地的设定地震信息(包括震级、震中距等)确定条件周期,构建区域地震动特征相关的多混合谱。一条混合谱为某设定地震下所有条件均值谱的包络值,具有“适度”保守的特征;多混合谱为区域混合谱的集合,可分别基于混合谱选择地震波。以某一区域为例,基于地震危险性分析获得一致危险谱、设定地震参数和条件周期,计算得到多混合谱。将多混合谱、规范反应谱及其选择的地震波作为地震输入,对一座典型斜拉桥进行地震反应分析,分别对结构纵桥向和横桥向地震响应进行了比较。结果表明:由于高阶阵型贡献的影响,不同类别地震波作用下斜拉桥各构件受激励程度差异较大,塔柱受力(包括弯矩和剪力)受短周期地震波的影响显著;规范反应谱下斜拉桥纵向地震反应较大,其中梁体位移、塔顶位移、塔底弯矩和塔底剪力分别高于多混合谱约50%、23%、38%、19%;建议采用各混合谱所选地震波引起结构地震反应均值的包络值作为斜拉桥地震响应设计值,其“适度”保守估计了斜拉桥的地震需求,有助于降低斜拉桥造价和提升其经济性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
易江(1990—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:
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汤浩男(1999—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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汤浩男(1999—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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汤浩男(1999—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Shock-absorbing restraint system and its seismic response of sea-crossing cable-stayed bridge installing BRB between towers and girders, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241802912666550638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460592771454, awardId=52108445, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(52108445), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241802902143042189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460592771454, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241802902159819407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460592771454, companyId=1241802902143042189, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241802902168208016, 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figureFileSmall=PhEBOXMzB3kjgfVkdbA/4w==, figureFileBig=jt7aU+sjHIQ6KExuuqzQ+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802910263214338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460592771454, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Earthquake response analysis results of the cable-stayed bridge, figureFileSmall=1mhqDOvsUtpI3oN7Vou+vA==, figureFileBig=gGKljju5k7gbuBowvuqSiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802910363877647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460592771454, language=CN, label=图6, caption=斜拉桥地震反应分析结果, figureFileSmall=1mhqDOvsUtpI3oN7Vou+vA==, figureFileBig=gGKljju5k7gbuBowvuqSiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802910493901080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460592771454, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters for earthquake ground motion selection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应谱组别CS1CS2规范反应谱
震级(MW)范围6~77~86~8
震中距/km20~60>10020~150
剪切波速/(m/s)250~500250~500250~500
调幅范围0.5~2.00.5~2.00.5~2.0
匹配周期/s0.02~3.01.5~6.00.02~6.0
选波结果(PEER地震波库编号)268,548,910,2714,6060,6933,6948834,853,1153,1817,1828,3796,3824172,176,186,832,836,855,880
), ArticleFig(id=1241802910590370084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460592771454, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地震动选波参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应谱组别CS1CS2规范反应谱
震级(MW)范围6~77~86~8
震中距/km20~60>10020~150
剪切波速/(m/s)250~500250~500250~500
调幅范围0.5~2.00.5~2.00.5~2.0
匹配周期/s0.02~3.01.5~6.00.02~6.0
选波结果(PEER地震波库编号)268,548,910,2714,6060,6933,6948834,853,1153,1817,1828,3796,3824172,176,186,832,836,855,880
), ArticleFig(id=1241802910728782129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460592771454, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of seismic response results of the cable-stayed bridges using the composite spectra and the code specified response spectra

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算内容L+V工况T+V工况
梁体位移/m塔顶位移/m塔底弯矩/(mN•m)塔底剪力/mN梁体位移/m塔顶位移/m塔底弯矩/(mN•m)塔底剪力/mN
多混合谱0.12370.1373487.470.0270.03134627.5
规范反应谱0.18640.1694798.900.0270.03134627.5
(规范反应谱/多混合谱)/%151123138119100100100100
), ArticleFig(id=1241802910892360006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460592771454, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多混合谱与规范反应谱条件下斜拉桥地震响应结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算内容L+V工况T+V工况
梁体位移/m塔顶位移/m塔底弯矩/(mN•m)塔底剪力/mN梁体位移/m塔顶位移/m塔底弯矩/(mN•m)塔底剪力/mN
多混合谱0.12370.1373487.470.0270.03134627.5
规范反应谱0.18640.1694798.900.0270.03134627.5
(规范反应谱/多混合谱)/%151123138119100100100100
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采用区域多混合谱选波的斜拉桥地震反应分析
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汤浩男 1 , 于德恩 2 , 易江 1
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(4): 86-93
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(4): 86-93
采用区域多混合谱选波的斜拉桥地震反应分析
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汤浩男1 , 于德恩2, 易江1
作者信息
  • 1.广州大学 土木与交通工程学院,广东 广州 510000
  • 2.中国公路工程咨询集团有限公司,海南 海口 570100
  • 汤浩男(1999—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

易江(1990—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:
Seismic response analysis of cable-stayed bridge using regional multi-composite spectrum and ground motion selection
Haonan TANG1 , Deen YU2, Jiang YI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510000, China
  • 2.China Highway Engineering Consultants Corporation, Haikou 570100, China
出版时间: 2025-08-22 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0409
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针对一致危险谱过于保守和条件均值谱偏于不保守的弊端,将一致危险谱和条件均值谱结合形成混合谱,根据场地的设定地震信息(包括震级、震中距等)确定条件周期,构建区域地震动特征相关的多混合谱。一条混合谱为某设定地震下所有条件均值谱的包络值,具有“适度”保守的特征;多混合谱为区域混合谱的集合,可分别基于混合谱选择地震波。以某一区域为例,基于地震危险性分析获得一致危险谱、设定地震参数和条件周期,计算得到多混合谱。将多混合谱、规范反应谱及其选择的地震波作为地震输入,对一座典型斜拉桥进行地震反应分析,分别对结构纵桥向和横桥向地震响应进行了比较。结果表明:由于高阶阵型贡献的影响,不同类别地震波作用下斜拉桥各构件受激励程度差异较大,塔柱受力(包括弯矩和剪力)受短周期地震波的影响显著;规范反应谱下斜拉桥纵向地震反应较大,其中梁体位移、塔顶位移、塔底弯矩和塔底剪力分别高于多混合谱约50%、23%、38%、19%;建议采用各混合谱所选地震波引起结构地震反应均值的包络值作为斜拉桥地震响应设计值,其“适度”保守估计了斜拉桥的地震需求,有助于降低斜拉桥造价和提升其经济性。

桥梁工程  /  多混合谱  /  设定地震  /  斜拉桥  /  地震反应分析  /  地震需求

To overcome the overly conservative nature of uniform hazard spectra and the unconservative nature of conditional mean spectra, the composite spectrum that combines the previous two spectra is proposed. The conditional periods are determined based on specific seismic information of the site (including magnitude, epicentral distance, etc.). This allows for the construction of multi-composite spectra that capture the regional seismic characteristics. A composite spectrum, representing the envelope of the corresponding conditional mean spectrum of one earthquake scenario, is ‘moderately’ conservative. By considering the influence of all earthquake scenarios in the region, the multiple mixed spectra are applicable for seismic analysis of all structures within the region. As illustrated by a specific region, the uniform hazard spectra, seismic parameters, and conditional periods of the region are determined following the seismic hazard analysis, and the method for generating multiple composite spectra is presented. Both the composite spectra and the design spectra are used to select actual ground motions. A case study is conducted on a typical cable-stayed bridge and the seismic responses in the longitudinal and transverse directions are compared. It shows that due to the contribution of higher modes, there exist significant differences in the vibration amplitude of different bridge components. The force response (including bending moments and shear forces) of the tower is more sensitive to short-period ground motions. Using design spectra to select ground motions significantly overestimates the longitudinal seismic response of the cable-stayed bridge. The overestimation is 50%, 23%, 38%, and 19% for the beam displacement, tower top displacement, tower base bending moment, and tower base shear force, respectively. It is suggested that the envelope of the mean seismic responses induced by the ground motions selected from each composite spectrum be used as the design seismic response of the cable-stayed bridge. This approach reasonably assesses the seismic demand of the bridge, thereby reducing the cost of the cable-stayed bridge and improving its economy.

bridge engineering  /  multiple composite spectrum  /  scenario earthquake  /  cable-stayed bridge  /  seismic response analysis  /  earthquake demand
汤浩男, 于德恩, 易江. 采用区域多混合谱选波的斜拉桥地震反应分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (4) : 86 -93 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0409
Haonan TANG, Deen YU, Jiang YI. Seismic response analysis of cable-stayed bridge using regional multi-composite spectrum and ground motion selection[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (4) : 86 -93 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0409
斜拉桥是我国最主要的大跨度桥梁结构型式,在跨江、跨山谷和跨海等场地得到广泛应用,总数逾1000座。斜拉桥投资大、重要程度高,一旦因地震发生破坏,所产生的经济损失、社会影响将十分严重,因此斜拉桥地震响应受到较多关注。斜拉桥由桥塔、梁体和柔性拉索等构件组成,不同构件的刚度、质量分布差异较大,这使得斜拉桥地震动力反应非常复杂,呈现出如高阶阵型贡献较大、非线性效应显著等[1-3]。斜拉桥地震设计的流程:首先基于场地地震危险性确定场地反应谱;然后根据反应谱选择合适的地震波时程,开展全桥结构模型的非线性时程分析[4]。其中,如何合理地确定斜拉桥地震设计反应谱及选择合适的地震波,是斜拉桥抗震设计面临的重要课题。
常用的反应谱包括一致危险谱(uniform hazard spectrum,UHS)或条件均值谱(conditional mean spectrum,CMS);基于一致危险谱或条件均值谱匹配的选波方法是地震工程领域主流的选波方法。一致危险谱综合考虑了场地所有潜在地震的贡献,它上面每一点均具有相同的超越概率。目前工程中常用一致危险谱作为目标谱以选择地震波,如抗震设计规范提供的设计谱(规范反应谱)本质是一致危险性谱。然而,在地震中各个频率分量并不会同时达到最大幅值,一致危险谱在部分周期处比一条“真实”地面运动的谱值大[5-6],因而基于一致危险谱选波可能导致过于保守的结果。同时,对于斜拉桥这类长周期结构,目标谱与真实谱的周期匹配范围大,可能难以选出足够数量的实际地震波,这使得一致危险谱在斜拉桥抗震分析的应用受限[7]
条件均值谱是在参照周期处对应目标加速度谱值的条件下,估计加速度谱的分布(包括平均值和标准偏差)。条件均值谱和实际地震动反应谱的形状接近,能较好地反映实际地震动的频谱特性,克服了一致危险谱过于保守的弊端[8]。近年来基于条件均值谱的选波方法得到较多关注与应用[9-11],证实了使用条件均值谱选波具有一定的合理性。然而,在生成CMS时,条件周期是一个关键参数,一般选取结构的第一周期作为条件周期[5],因此基于CMS的选波方法是与结构动力特性相关的,在实际应用时,其存在一定局限性:①长周期结构的高阶阵型贡献较为显著,将CMS作为目标谱可能低估高阶阵型的贡献,计算结果偏于不保守;②不同结构需要重新生成CMS和选择对应的地震波。
为解决一致危险谱过于保守和条件均值谱偏于不保守的弊端,本文将UHS和CMS相结合提出多混合谱的概念,基于区域设定地震[12]确定多混合谱的关键参数。多混合谱具有“适度”保守的特征,适用于区域内所有结构的抗震分析。首先介绍了混合谱和多混合谱的概念及生成方法;建立了某地区的多混合谱,并从地震波数据库选择合适的实际地震波;以一座斜拉桥为例,比较了多混合谱和规范反应谱对斜拉桥地震反应的影响。基于区域多混合谱及选择的地震波计算得到的斜拉桥地震反应结果与实际地震作用下斜拉桥地震响应更为接近,解决了一致危险谱过于保守的弊端,有助于降低斜拉桥造价和提升其经济性。
基于条件均值谱,区域多混合谱考虑了一个区域地震作用下,多个条件周期及多个设定地震的贡献,其谱值既兼具了UHS和CMS的特征,又反映了“适度”保守的特点,不同反应谱的谱值特征见图1
BAKER[5]提出了条件均值谱概念,其计算公式为
式中:MR分别为震级和震中距;T*为条件周期;分别为给定地震预测方程得到的Ti周期处对数加速度的均值和标准差;ρTiT*)为TiT*处加速度谱值的相关系数;εT*)为特征周期点处的谱形参数,计算公式为
式中:SaT*)为目标加速度谱(一般为一致危险谱)在条件周期T*处的对数谱加速度;分别为给定地震预测方程在条件周期T*处的对数加速度均值和标准差。典型条件均值谱的图形见图1(a)
条件均值谱一般仅在条件周期T*处与一致危险谱相等,在其余周期小于目标均值谱。多自由度体系存在多个周期,则必然在部分周期处存在低估加速度谱值的可能。基于此,提出如下的混合谱[713]
式中:分别为混合谱的2个条件周期。图1(b)混合谱表征了式(3)中三段反应谱曲线,在条件周期内(),混合谱的谱值与目标谱重合,相较条件均值谱趋于保守;在条件周期外(或者),混合谱的谱值低于目标谱,表明混合谱保守程度低于目标谱。如果条件周期选择合理,混合谱是一种“适度”保守的反应谱。
一个场地地震危险性通常由多个潜在地震贡献。设定地震指反映地震动参数的危险水平中贡献较大(或最大)的地震[12]。设定地震具有明确的物理意义和构造位置,被称为具有概率意义的确定性地震,在实际工程中应用较广[14-15]。一般而言,短周期设定地震为震级小、震中距小的地震,中长周期为震级较大、震中距较大地震,而长周期为震级大、震中距大的地震[16]
假设某区域存在n个设定地震(n>1),用震级和震中距表征为(M1R1),(M2R2),…,(MnRn);2个相邻设定地震在某个周期处发生改变,称为突变周期,则存在n-1个突变周期,T1,2T2,3,…,Tn-1,nT1,2<T2,3<,…,Tn-1,n)。由此,可以生成n个混合谱,分别为
式中:TminTmax分别为反应谱最小和最大周期。假设某个区域存在3个设定地震,2个突变周期为,该区域多混合谱的图形见图1(c)。可见,每一条混合谱表征了对应条件周期内的地震加速度的包络值,在条件周期外混合谱谱值则低于一致危险谱,若将场地内所有设定地震对应的混合谱组合为多混合谱,多混合谱的包络值又对应了一致危险谱:因此基于多混合谱选波将获得“适度”保守的计算结果。另一方面,由于突变周期是区域相关,而非结构相关的,多混合谱适用于该区域内所有结构的抗震分析。
采用GB 17741—2005《工程场地地震安全性评价》[17]规定的地震危险性概率分析方法计算区域一致危险谱。某区域以走滑断层性质的地震为主,其潜在震源区的划分见图2。以图2(a)中一个代表性的控制点作为概率地震危险性分析的研究场地,在50年2%超越概率(罕遇地震)条件下,基于设定地震解耦方法[5],计算所有周期条件下危险性水平地震动强度的相对贡献率,见图2(b)。可见,该场地主要由2个震源(震源18和震源23)贡献,对应的设定地震参数分别为M=6.5,R=38(R单位为km,下同)和(M=7.5,R=115)。两者分别表征近、远场地震,采用最大贡献地震作为设定地震[18],故在0~1.5 s范围内,震源18(M=6.5,R=38)相对贡献率最大,为该周期范围内的设定地震;在1.5~6 s范围内,震源23(M=7.5,R=115)相对贡献率最大,为对应的设定地震;确定突变周期为1.5 s。
根据式(4)确定场地的多混合谱为
本文研究对象为斜拉桥,该桥场地地面设防地震加速度峰值为0.1 g,场地特征周期为0.4 s,目标谱采用50 a超越概率为2%的规范反应谱。均值谱、方差及相关系数ρTiT*)采用PEER NGA-West2数据库资料,计算得到多混合谱见图3(a)。其中,混合谱CS1在0~1.5 s与规范反应谱一致,在大于1.5 s时低于规范反应谱;而混合谱CS2在0~1.5 s小于规范反应谱,在大于1.5 s时与规范反应谱一致。单一混合谱CS1或CS2规避了规范反应谱“过于保守”的弊端,同时混合谱CS1和CS2的包络值与规范反应谱一致,表明多混合谱的包络值可充分表征规范反应谱所代表的地震危险性。
分别以50 a超越概率为2%的规范反应谱、混合谱CS1和CS2为目标谱,从PEER NGA-West2数据库选择匹配的强震记录。为表征区域地震动特征,选波时仅考虑走滑地震,考虑如表1所示的选波参数筛选地震波,并基于最小误差平方和分别选择7条地震波。选波参数参考了相关研究建议[1619],选择的地震波数据见表1图3(b)~(d)分别给出了选波谱形,图3(e)比较了不同组地震波反应谱均值,可见,在0~1.5 s周期范围内,CS1和规范谱选择的地震波反应谱均值基本一致;在1.5~6.0 s周期内,CS2与规范谱选择的地震波反应谱均值基本一致;在0~6.0 s周期范围内,CS1和CS2选择地震波反应谱均值的包络与规范谱基本一致。
背景工程为采用半漂浮体系的等跨双索面斜拉桥,跨径分布为230 m+230 m,该桥的总体布置图见图4。桥塔为倒Y型C50混凝土塔,承台以上塔高150 m,塔底两塔柱中心距为60 m。桥塔沿高度方向分为下塔柱、中塔柱和锚索区3个区域,各自高度分别为34、72、44 m。其中下塔柱截面尺寸由14 m×7.5 m减小为10.8 m×6 m,中塔柱截面尺寸由10.8 m×6 m减小为8.5 m×5 m;上下塔柱纵向主筋均为直径36 mm的HRB400钢筋,配筋率约在1.85%~2.25%之间。主梁为全封闭流线型扁平钢箱梁,梁高3.2 m,宽34 m,钢材为Q235。全桥采用4×17=68根拉索支承主梁,拉索为平行钢丝索,拉索抗拉强度为1 670 MPa。过渡墩为门式框架双柱墩,墩高34 m,混凝土材料为C40。所有支座纵向自由滑动,横向固定。
采用OpenSees建立全桥模型的非线性有限元模型。根据《公路桥梁抗震设计规范》[20],塔柱和梁体宜保持弹性设计,采用弹性梁单元模拟,在后续计算中验证了塔柱和梁体处于弹性范围。拉索采用空间桁架单元模拟,并采用Ernst公式修正拉索的弹性模量,以考虑拉索的几何非线性效应。滑动支座采用双线性单元来模拟摩擦效应,滑动摩擦系数为0.02,摩擦位移为2 mm[21]
首先对模型结构进行模态分析(此时不考虑斜拉桥的非线性效应),计算得到的周期及其振型参与质量系数,见图5。由图可知,该桥前几阶阵型质量贡献均较小,不超过50%;存在多个质量参与系数较大的高阶阵型,表明该桥的高阶效应显著,其对斜拉桥地震响应的贡献不容忽略。
在进行斜拉桥抗震分析时,应分别进行纵桥向和横桥向地震反应分析。在纵桥向,存在支座的非线性效应,需采用非线性时程分析方法;在横桥向,无明显非线性效应,采用多振型反应谱法简化分析。在进行纵桥向地震反应分析时,将表1选取的地震动记录分别输入斜拉桥OpenSees模型中,地震输入为纵桥向和竖向(L+V),其中竖向地震动的调幅系数与水平向相同;采用非线性时程分析方法,计算斜拉桥结构动力响应,计算结果取为7条地震动输入下结构响应均值与方差。在进行横桥向地震反应分析时,将3种反应谱(CS1、CS2和规范反应谱)分别输入斜拉桥模型,考虑横桥向和竖向(T+V)同时输入,其中竖向反应谱根据规范取为水平向反应谱的0.6倍;采用反应谱方法计算斜拉桥结构横向地震反应,分析时取前500阶振型,保证90%以上的质量参与系数,阵型组合采用CQC方法,方向组合采用SRSS方法。斜拉桥地震反应分析结果见图6
在L+V工况下,采用规范反应谱地震波计算得到梁体位移、塔顶位移响应最大,其次为CS2,CS1最小;规范反应谱地震波最为“宽带”,位移响应较大;CS2地震波在长周期范围加速度谱值大于CS1地震波,其引起的结构位移响应亦大于CS1地震波。一般来说,与位移响应相比,结构受力受高阶振型的影响更为显著[22]。CS2地震波在短周期的加速度谱值最小,其引起的塔柱弯矩、剪力最小;采用规范反应谱或者CS1地震波时塔底剪力接近,但规范反应谱地震波引起的塔底弯矩大于CS1地震波,说明这2组地震波对结构激励位置不同。由于塔底剪力、弯矩主要来自梁体惯性力和塔柱惯性力,梁体惯性力通过拉索传递至塔柱拉索锚固区域,力臂较大[1],说明规范反应谱地震波更能激励梁体的响应,而CS1地震波更能激发塔柱的地震响应。在多数情况下CS1地震波和规范反应谱地震波作用下响应方差相近,而CS2地震波作用下响应方差略小;响应方差无明显变化规律。上述结果说明采用多混合谱或规范反应谱选波结构响应离散性差别不大。
图5可知,斜拉桥横向振动周期均小于突变周期(1.5 s)。在T+V工况下,CS1和规范反应谱在短周期内的加速度谱值相同,二者引起的结构响应亦相同。由于CS2在短周期(<1.5 s)加速度谱值较小,其引起结构的横向地震反应小于其余2组反应谱。
考虑工程结构在设计时需考虑多个设计地震,在应用多混合谱时,结构的地震响应设计值为考虑所有混合谱条件下结构地震反应的包络值。在本例中,斜拉桥纵桥向地震响应设计值为CS1地震波引起结构响应均值和CS2地震波引起结构响应均值的包络值,横桥向地震响应设计值为CS1和CS2作用下结构响应的包络值。表2对多混合谱方法设计结果与规范反应谱结果进行了对比。可见,采用多混合谱选波时,斜拉桥纵桥向地震普遍小于规范反应谱,横桥向两者相同。由于多混合谱是“适度”保守的目标谱,说明采用规范反应谱选波时,其至少分别高估了纵桥向的梁体位移反应50%,塔顶位移23%、塔柱弯矩38%和塔底剪力19%。假设地震是斜拉桥设计的控制因素,采用本文提出的多混合谱方法,可大幅度优化斜拉桥的地震需求,有助于减小斜拉桥截面尺寸或降低塔柱配筋、阻尼器参数等,降低斜拉桥的造价[23]
本文提出的采用区域多混合谱选波的斜拉桥地震反应分析流程是:①确定斜拉桥所在场地的设定地震及对应的突变周期;②根据式(4)计算该场地的多混合谱,据此选择多组地震波;③将所选地震波作为地震动输入,开展斜拉桥非线性动力分析;④计算不同混合谱对应多条地震波激励的斜拉桥地震响应平均值,然后取所有平均值的包络值作为斜拉桥地震响应的设计值。
目前,条件均值谱的研究已经较为深入,并且在工程中得到一定的应用,基于条件均值谱选择地震波作为结构地震动输入具有一定的合理性。在此基础上,本文针对条件均值谱偏于“不保守”的弊端,进一步提出“适度”保守的多混合谱,使得计算结果也较为保守,具有一定的可靠性。
与传统方法相比,采用区域多混合谱选波将增加斜拉桥地震反应分析的工作量。例如,采用规范反应谱选波和本文的方法选波,分别需要开展7次和14次斜拉桥非线性时程分析。但考虑到斜拉桥造价高,本文提出的方法降低了斜拉桥的地震需求,有利于减小构件截面尺寸,其带来的经济效益是不容忽视的。
1)所提出的混合谱由两段条件均值谱和一段一致危险谱组成,综合了条件均值谱选波和一致危险谱选波的优点,具有“适度”保守的特征。根据区域设定地震确定条件周期,生成多混合谱,其综合考虑区域内所有设定地震的影响,适用于区域内所有结构的抗震分析。
2)将多混合谱应用于一座斜拉桥,不同混合谱所选的地震波由于频谱特征的差异,对结构不同构件地震反应的激励程度差异较大,建议采用各混合谱所选地震波引起结构地震反应均值的包络值作为结构地震响应设计值。
3)采用规范反应谱选波将高估斜拉桥纵向地震反应,其中梁体位移、塔顶位移、塔底弯矩和塔底剪力分别高估约50%、23%、38%、19%;采用本文提出的多混合谱选波将优化斜拉桥的地震需求,有助于降低工程造价,提升斜拉桥的经济性。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(52108445)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0409
  • 接收时间:2024-04-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-09
  • 修回日期:2024-06-03
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(52108445)
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    1.广州大学 土木与交通工程学院,广东 广州 510000
    2.中国公路工程咨询集团有限公司,海南 海口 570100

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易江(1990—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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