Article(id=1241793457543512383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241793456876618047, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0406, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719244800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-25, revisedDate=1730304000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773996231684, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1755792000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773996231684, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773996231684, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996231684, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241793456876618047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='222', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773996231526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773997043565, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796862877958695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241793456876618047, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796862877958696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241793456876618047, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=53, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241793457828725058, articleId=1241793457543512383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Meta-analysis of earthquake casualty estimation models, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Meta-analysis method will be used to comprehensively evaluate relevant literature on earthquake casualty estimation models, aiming to verify the effectiveness and reliability of existing models. Firstly, a systematic search will be conducted in both Chinese and English databases to select literature that includes information on sample size, evaluation factors, model types, and performance. Secondly, a random effects model is used to calculate the effect values included in the study, while the I2 statistic is used to test the level of heterogeneity. Finally, the robustness of the Meta-analysis results is assessed through bias analysis and sensitivity analysis. The results indicate that the overall evaluation performance of the model is good, but there is significant heterogeneity and publication bias among studies, mainly due to methodological differences. Sensitivity analysis shows that the Meta-analysis results are robust. In summary, the overall evaluation effect of the earthquake casualty estimation models is reasonable and the model performance is good, which can meet the actual needs of earthquake emergency response.

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利用Meta分析方法综合评价地震人员伤亡评估模型的相关文献,旨在验证现有模型的有效性和可靠性。首先,在中英文数据库中进行系统性检索,筛选出包含样本量、评估因子、模型种类和性能等信息的文献。其次,采用随机效应模型计算纳入研究的效应值,同时使用I2统计量检验异质性水平。最后,通过偏倚性分析和敏感性分析判断Meta分析结果的稳健性。结果表明,模型整体评估效果较好,但研究之间存在显著异质性和发表偏倚,异质性主要来源于方法学差异,敏感性分析证明Meta分析结果具有稳健性。总之,地震人员伤亡评估模型整体评估效果合理、模型性能良好,能够支撑实际地震应急响应需求。

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陈文凯(1983—),男,正高级工程师,硕士,主要从事地震灾害风险评估、应急响应技术研究。E-mail:
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赵煜(1972—),女,教授,博士,主要从事应用数理统计、生态经济统计和自然灾害评估研究。E-mail:

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赵煜(1972—),女,教授,博士,主要从事应用数理统计、生态经济统计和自然灾害评估研究。E-mail:

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赵煜(1972—),女,教授,博士,主要从事应用数理统计、生态经济统计和自然灾害评估研究。E-mail:

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Natural Hazards, 2016, 84 (3): 2163-2178., articleTitle=An artificial neural network-based earthquake casualty estimation model for Istanbul city, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241802906417038331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, awardId=21XTJ004, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社科基金西部项目(21XTJ004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241802906622558220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, awardId=Lzufe2022B-005, language=CN, fundingSource=兰州财经大学重点项目(Lzufe2022B-005), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241802897265066298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241802897277649211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, companyId=1241802897265066298, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Statistics and Data Science, Lanzhou University of Finance and Economics, Lanzhou 730020, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241802897286037821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, companyId=1241802897265066298, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.兰州财经大学 统计与数据科学学院,甘肃 兰州 730020)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241802897416061253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241802897428644166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, companyId=1241802897416061253, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Center for Quantitative Analysis of Gansu Economic Development, Lanzhou 730020, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241802897437032776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, companyId=1241802897416061253, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.甘肃经济发展数量分析研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730020)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241802897541890384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241802897554473297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, companyId=1241802897541890384, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Institute of Lanzhou Earthquake Research, China Earthquake Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241802897562861906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, companyId=1241802897541890384, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国地震局兰州地震研究所,甘肃 兰州 730020)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241802901782332007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Flowchart for literature screening, figureFileSmall=6VHamnNrKmdEDXkOtQR4YQ==, figureFileBig=9mdLEIVwdbMkFYT4bRfmrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802901920744055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, language=CN, label=图1, caption=文献筛选流程图, figureFileSmall=6VHamnNrKmdEDXkOtQR4YQ==, figureFileBig=9mdLEIVwdbMkFYT4bRfmrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802902080127618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Forest diagram of earthquake casualty estimation models, figureFileSmall=kM070+dqrCtb0E+DlItJQg==, figureFileBig=vcb8Or7IdeHRcBNjMrzm0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802903585882771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, language=CN, label=图2, caption=地震人员伤亡评估模型森林图

注:短横线为95%的置信区间;绿色菱形为单个研究效应值;深蓝色空心菱形为各组合并效应值,其宽度表示95%的置信区间;紫色空心菱形为总体合并效应值。

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Literature data

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文献基本信息模型信息评估结果
题目模型因子预测样本量
作者模型类型模型预测值
发表时间训练样本量模型评估结果
), ArticleFig(id=1241802905422988176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

文献数据

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文献基本信息模型信息评估结果
题目模型因子预测样本量
作者模型类型模型预测值
发表时间训练样本量模型评估结果
), ArticleFig(id=1241802905565594528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Inclusion of literature information

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作者(发表年份)建模因子(数量)模型类别模型训练样本量/个模型预测样本量/个
陈韶金(2024年)[18]震级、震源深度、震中烈度、人口密度(7个)神经网络模型375
亓凤娇(2022年)[19]震中烈度、震区面积、抗震设防烈度(3个)回归模型8316
于晓虹(2022年)[20]震级、震源深度、震中烈度、人口密度(7个)对数模型688
朱鹏宇(2022年)[21]震源深度、震发时间、震区面积(8个)神经网络模型789
亓凤娇(2021年)[22]震中烈度、烈度区面积、人口密度(3个)对数模型、指数模型645
亓凤娇(2021年)[23]震中烈度、震区面积(3个)对数模型、指数模型11
张维佳(2021年)[24]地震烈度、地震滑坡(2个)指数模型256
朱达邈(2021年)[25]房屋破坏率、受灾人数(2个)对数模型、指数模型、回归模型15620
景国勋(2020年)[26]震级、震源深度、震中烈度(7个)神经网络模型275
王晨晖(2020年)[27]震级、震源深度、震中烈度、震发时间(7个)支持向量机模型2010
王晨晖(2019年)[28]震级、震源深度、震中烈度、震发时间(7个)支持向量机模型275
刘立申(2019年)[29]震级、震源深度、震中烈度(3个)支持向量机模型275
王羲(2018年)[30]震发时间、烈度、人口分布、在室率(5个)对数模型、指数模型、回归模型16
张晓雪(2018年)[31]震级、发震时间、震中烈度(4个)回归模型1838
张莹(2017年)[32]震中烈度、发震时间、人口密度(5个)指数模型1095
周德红(2017年)[33]震级、地震时间、震源深度、震中烈度(7个)神经网络模型275
石钰磊(2015年)[34]震级、烈度、发生时间、人口密度(7个)神经网络模型246
任宁宁(2015年)[35]震级、震中烈度、人口密度、设防水准(6个)支持向量机模型3212
朱林(2015年)[36]震级、震源深度、震中烈度、人口密度(7个)神经网络模型304
施伟华(2012年)[37]震级、震发时间、人口密度、在室率(6个)指数模型5512
刘金龙(2012年)[38]震中烈度、震级、人口密度(3个)指数模型108
张洁(2011年)[39]房屋倒塌率、人员密度、震发时间(4个)回归模型67
王海霞(2007年)[40]震级、震源深度、震中烈度、人口密度(7个)神经网络模型325
马玉宏(2000年)[6]房屋倒塌率、人口密度、震发时间(4个)对数模型33
LI Boyi(2021年)[41]震级、地震烈度、人口密度、GDP(5个)支持向量机模型228
XIA Chaoxu(2021年)[42]震级、烈度、震发时间、人口密度(5个)对数模型12111
HUANG Xing(2020年)[43]震级、震中烈度、震发时间、人口密度(9个)神经网络模型、支持向量机模型7410
XIA Chaoxu(2020年)[44]地震烈度、建筑类型、建筑抗震等级(3个)对数模型617
FIRUZIErfan(2020年)[45]震级、人口密度(2个)对数、指数模型、概率分布模型808
JIA Hanxi(2019年)[46]震级、震源深度、震发时间、人口密度(4个)随机森林模型、AdaBoost模型28910
HUANG Xing(2018年)[47]震级、震中烈度、震发时间、人口密度(5个)对数模型804
GUL Muhammet(2016年)[48]震级、人口密度(2个)神经网络模型2115
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纳入文献信息

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作者(发表年份)建模因子(数量)模型类别模型训练样本量/个模型预测样本量/个
陈韶金(2024年)[18]震级、震源深度、震中烈度、人口密度(7个)神经网络模型375
亓凤娇(2022年)[19]震中烈度、震区面积、抗震设防烈度(3个)回归模型8316
于晓虹(2022年)[20]震级、震源深度、震中烈度、人口密度(7个)对数模型688
朱鹏宇(2022年)[21]震源深度、震发时间、震区面积(8个)神经网络模型789
亓凤娇(2021年)[22]震中烈度、烈度区面积、人口密度(3个)对数模型、指数模型645
亓凤娇(2021年)[23]震中烈度、震区面积(3个)对数模型、指数模型11
张维佳(2021年)[24]地震烈度、地震滑坡(2个)指数模型256
朱达邈(2021年)[25]房屋破坏率、受灾人数(2个)对数模型、指数模型、回归模型15620
景国勋(2020年)[26]震级、震源深度、震中烈度(7个)神经网络模型275
王晨晖(2020年)[27]震级、震源深度、震中烈度、震发时间(7个)支持向量机模型2010
王晨晖(2019年)[28]震级、震源深度、震中烈度、震发时间(7个)支持向量机模型275
刘立申(2019年)[29]震级、震源深度、震中烈度(3个)支持向量机模型275
王羲(2018年)[30]震发时间、烈度、人口分布、在室率(5个)对数模型、指数模型、回归模型16
张晓雪(2018年)[31]震级、发震时间、震中烈度(4个)回归模型1838
张莹(2017年)[32]震中烈度、发震时间、人口密度(5个)指数模型1095
周德红(2017年)[33]震级、地震时间、震源深度、震中烈度(7个)神经网络模型275
石钰磊(2015年)[34]震级、烈度、发生时间、人口密度(7个)神经网络模型246
任宁宁(2015年)[35]震级、震中烈度、人口密度、设防水准(6个)支持向量机模型3212
朱林(2015年)[36]震级、震源深度、震中烈度、人口密度(7个)神经网络模型304
施伟华(2012年)[37]震级、震发时间、人口密度、在室率(6个)指数模型5512
刘金龙(2012年)[38]震中烈度、震级、人口密度(3个)指数模型108
张洁(2011年)[39]房屋倒塌率、人员密度、震发时间(4个)回归模型67
王海霞(2007年)[40]震级、震源深度、震中烈度、人口密度(7个)神经网络模型325
马玉宏(2000年)[6]房屋倒塌率、人口密度、震发时间(4个)对数模型33
LI Boyi(2021年)[41]震级、地震烈度、人口密度、GDP(5个)支持向量机模型228
XIA Chaoxu(2021年)[42]震级、烈度、震发时间、人口密度(5个)对数模型12111
HUANG Xing(2020年)[43]震级、震中烈度、震发时间、人口密度(9个)神经网络模型、支持向量机模型7410
XIA Chaoxu(2020年)[44]地震烈度、建筑类型、建筑抗震等级(3个)对数模型617
FIRUZIErfan(2020年)[45]震级、人口密度(2个)对数、指数模型、概率分布模型808
JIA Hanxi(2019年)[46]震级、震源深度、震发时间、人口密度(4个)随机森林模型、AdaBoost模型28910
HUANG Xing(2018年)[47]震级、震中烈度、震发时间、人口密度(5个)对数模型804
GUL Muhammet(2016年)[48]震级、人口密度(2个)神经网络模型2115
), ArticleFig(id=1241802905817252807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Grouping and merging results

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模型类别I2/%效应值95%CIP
神经网络模型24.00.889(0.821,0.957)0.207
回归模型0.00.650(0.560,0.740)0.573
对数模型29.80.601(0.529,0.673)0.098
指数模型42.50.626(0.512,0.741)0.066
支持向量机模型0.00.901(0.824,0.978)0.840
概率分布模型0.00.713(0.399,1.026)0.000
随机森林和AdaBoost模型0.00.928(0.399,1.026)0.000
总体63.10.711(0.660,0.763)0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241802906081493975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793457543512383, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

分组合并结果

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模型类别I2/%效应值95%CIP
神经网络模型24.00.889(0.821,0.957)0.207
回归模型0.00.650(0.560,0.740)0.573
对数模型29.80.601(0.529,0.673)0.098
指数模型42.50.626(0.512,0.741)0.066
支持向量机模型0.00.901(0.824,0.978)0.840
概率分布模型0.00.713(0.399,1.026)0.000
随机森林和AdaBoost模型0.00.928(0.399,1.026)0.000
总体63.10.711(0.660,0.763)0.000
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地震人员伤亡评估模型的Meta分析
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赵煜 1, 2 , 张昊 1, 2 , 陈文凯 3
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(4): 53-63
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(4): 53-63
地震人员伤亡评估模型的Meta分析
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赵煜1, 2 , 张昊1, 2, 陈文凯3
作者信息
  • 1.兰州财经大学 统计与数据科学学院,甘肃 兰州 730020
  • 2.甘肃经济发展数量分析研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730020
  • 3.中国地震局兰州地震研究所,甘肃 兰州 730020
  • 赵煜(1972—),女,教授,博士,主要从事应用数理统计、生态经济统计和自然灾害评估研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈文凯(1983—),男,正高级工程师,硕士,主要从事地震灾害风险评估、应急响应技术研究。E-mail:
Meta-analysis of earthquake casualty estimation models
Yu ZHAO1, 2 , Hao ZHANG1, 2, Wenkai CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Statistics and Data Science, Lanzhou University of Finance and Economics, Lanzhou 730020, China
  • 2.Center for Quantitative Analysis of Gansu Economic Development, Lanzhou 730020, China
  • 3.Institute of Lanzhou Earthquake Research, China Earthquake Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China
出版时间: 2025-08-22 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0406
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利用Meta分析方法综合评价地震人员伤亡评估模型的相关文献,旨在验证现有模型的有效性和可靠性。首先,在中英文数据库中进行系统性检索,筛选出包含样本量、评估因子、模型种类和性能等信息的文献。其次,采用随机效应模型计算纳入研究的效应值,同时使用I2统计量检验异质性水平。最后,通过偏倚性分析和敏感性分析判断Meta分析结果的稳健性。结果表明,模型整体评估效果较好,但研究之间存在显著异质性和发表偏倚,异质性主要来源于方法学差异,敏感性分析证明Meta分析结果具有稳健性。总之,地震人员伤亡评估模型整体评估效果合理、模型性能良好,能够支撑实际地震应急响应需求。

地震人员伤亡  /  评估模型  /  Meta分析  /  预测模型  /  效应值

The Meta-analysis method will be used to comprehensively evaluate relevant literature on earthquake casualty estimation models, aiming to verify the effectiveness and reliability of existing models. Firstly, a systematic search will be conducted in both Chinese and English databases to select literature that includes information on sample size, evaluation factors, model types, and performance. Secondly, a random effects model is used to calculate the effect values included in the study, while the I2 statistic is used to test the level of heterogeneity. Finally, the robustness of the Meta-analysis results is assessed through bias analysis and sensitivity analysis. The results indicate that the overall evaluation performance of the model is good, but there is significant heterogeneity and publication bias among studies, mainly due to methodological differences. Sensitivity analysis shows that the Meta-analysis results are robust. In summary, the overall evaluation effect of the earthquake casualty estimation models is reasonable and the model performance is good, which can meet the actual needs of earthquake emergency response.

earthquake casualties  /  estimation model  /  Meta-analysis  /  prediction model  /  effect size
赵煜, 张昊, 陈文凯. 地震人员伤亡评估模型的Meta分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (4) : 53 -63 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0406
Yu ZHAO, Hao ZHANG, Wenkai CHEN. Meta-analysis of earthquake casualty estimation models[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (4) : 53 -63 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0406
地震是导致人员伤亡严重的自然灾害之一[1]。近年来,世界各地发生的破坏性地震不仅给经济造成巨大损失,还导致大量人员伤亡。由于地震具有不可预测性,很难在地震发生前做好准备[2]。因此,世界各国都致力于提高震后的应急救援能力。只有准确了解受灾区域的人员伤亡情况,制定出科学合理的救援方案,才能有针对性地进行救援和抢险工作,从而最大限度地减少伤亡。因此,对人员伤亡情况进行及时有效的评估对震后救援工作至关重要[3-6],研究地震人员伤亡评估和预测模型对于增强地震灾害应对能力和提高应急救援效率具有重要意义[7-9]。许多学者和相关工作人员基于地震参数、建筑物易损性以及灾区环境等各方面指标建立模型对地震人员伤亡进行评估,但由于受到指标间不同的关联性、环境的复杂性以及数据可获取性等条件制约,地震人员伤亡评估模型的指标因子难以选取[10],因此难以准确评估地震人员伤亡。通过相关领域学者的不断研究,基于不同因子提出了多种模型,包括基于地震参数的经验评估模型、基于建筑物易损性评估模型、基于GIS的伤亡评估模型和基于机器学习方法的评估模型等[11-12]。不同方法和数据来源导致评估模型具有其不确定性。本文旨在对地震人员伤亡评估模型进行Meta分析,探讨不同模型的实用性和校准度,定量评估各种模型的性能,为地震灾害应急管理和救援工作提供科学依据。
对特定领域问题进行研究时,通常会采用文献综述的形式来梳理知识脉络使众多相关信息系统化、条理化。然而,传统的叙述性文献综述易受主观因素影响,采用定性分析方法常常会导致结果模糊,不同学者的结论也有差异。近年来,随着统计学方法的不断完善与引入,学者们在诸多学科中开始运用定量分析方法处理文献。Meta分析作为一种有效的定量分析方法,在医学、心理学等领域广泛应用。1976年,Glass首次提出“Meta-analysis”,相关概念源于20世纪30年代[13]。其思想方法是依据统计学原则,对多个独立研究进行定性与定量综合分析来提高统计效能,兼容相互矛盾的结论以获得综合性分析结果。因此,Meta分析通过规范流程与科学方法的综合运用,非常适合分析以数量资料形式为表述结果的地震人员伤亡评估文献[14]
为了尽可能全面地收集相关文献,本文检索中国知网、万方中文数据库、Web of Science和Springer Link英文数据库,以“地震人员伤亡” “地震人口伤亡” “地震伤亡人数” “地震死亡人数” “地震死亡人口”为关键词,检索2024年3月31日以前的相关文献,并通过查阅相关文章的参考文献作为文献资料补充。
在全面收集文献的基础上,制定适宜的文献纳入与排除标准也至关重要。纳入与排除标准过严或过宽皆有弊端,若标准过严则符合要求的文献将会减少,可能会达不到用Meta分析来增加统计学功效、定量估计平均水平的目的;若标准过宽则会出现“合并苹果和桔子”现象,降低Meta分析结果可靠性和有效性。通常情况下,纳入文献质量越高,其结果客观性越强,研究结果更有说服力,需要从研究对象、设计类型、采用指标以及样本大小等多个方面制定标准。
本文文献纳入标准:①文献研究主题必须聚焦地震引发的人员伤亡评估或预测领域;②文献研究至少包含以下影响因素之一:震级、烈度、震中烈度、震源深度、震发时间、震区面积、抗震设防烈度、震中烈度与抗震设防烈度之差、人口密度、房屋倒塌率、房屋破坏率和建筑物易损性;③文献根据影响因素建立或引入模型进行评估。
本文文献排除标准:①文献涉及样本不具备独立性且样本量小于3;②文献样本数据不完整,联系作者后仍无法得到完整数据;③文献为学术会议、学位论文或者综述评价等其他类别;④无法获取全文内容的文献。
首先对收集到的文献进行初步处理,去除重复文献,并浏览题目和摘要,筛除明显不符合要求的文献。随后通读全文,严格依据制定标准进行细致鉴别,同时检索符合标准的参考文献以补充相关研究,并在筛选过程中对文献质量进行评估。整个筛选工作由2位作者独立进行,如果在文献选择方面出现分歧,将由3位作者共同讨论直至达成共识。对于存有疑问的文献,需联系作者获取相关信息后再做取舍。
筛选出符合标准的文献后,对其进行信息数据的提取与整理。提取数据包括文献基本信息、模型信息与评估结果,具体见表1
由于研究对象的复杂性和多样性,单个研究往往难以涵盖所有情况,因此需要通过Meta分析系统性地总结和比较不同研究的结果来弥补单个研究局限性和偶然性,揭示出普遍规律和变异原因,提高结论的准确性和一般化程度。
1)构建效应值。由于此研究属于横断面研究,其性质与实验性科学研究存在显著差异,模型分析中无对照资料,因此直接采用模型预测性能比率值r作为效应值的衡量标准[13]r是由数量级吻合率C和平均绝对百分比误差P加权平均得到的指标,本文侧重C,因此加权平均系数为0.6,P权数为0.4。计算公式为
式中:yi为真实值;ŷi为预测值;n为样本个数;ɑ为阈值是评估预测结果与真实结果之间的数量级差异,反映数据的特点和误差容忍度。若数量级较大,阈值也选取相对较大,即对于较大的数量级差异能够接受的误差,一般根据经验取值。在计算P过程中,对数值小但差异大的样本,采用加权平均的方法,以更准确地反映模型整体预测准确性。由于数据的特殊性,存在真实值或者预测值为0的情况,导致对数取值不存在、数学上无定义,本文采取加一个很小的正数(称为平滑值)的方法对其进行修正,能有效地避免错误并且不会对整体的评估造成显著影响。
2)效应值合并[15]。使用Stata18软件对纳入模型样本进行Meta分析,r及Se作为合并效应统计量。
3)异质性分析[16]。为了评估研究间是否存在差异,判断是否适合将研究结果进行合并分析,确保最终结论的可信度和一致性。本文异质性检验的统计量选用I2I2指数描述由各个独立研究所致的变异占总变异的百分比,并非由抽样误差引起的异质性。I2指数的计算公式为
式中,Se为标准误差;ri为单个独立研究的效应值;r为总合并效应值;Wi为每个独立研究的权重,是各个研究效应值的方差倒数;n为样本量;K为纳入Meta分析的研究个数。若I2≤25%,表示各研究之间不存在异质性;若25%≤I2≤50%,则各研究之间同质性较好,存在轻度异质性;若I2>50%,则各研究之间存在显著的异质性,需要通过分组分析和敏感性分析等方法进行进一步研究。
4)偏倚性分析。偏倚分析旨在识别这些可能存在的偏倚,评估研究结果的真实性和客观性,以确保最终结论的科学性和可靠性。本文使用漏斗图并结合Egger检验鉴定偏倚[17]
5)敏感性分析。本文使用逐一剔除法对纳入文献进行敏感性分析,通过反复进行Meta分析,每次排除一个研究来观察合并结果的变化,评估每个单独研究对整体结果的影响。
流程图描述了文献检索和筛选过程,见图1
按照检索原则,初步检索有7743篇相关文献,根据标题和摘要排除重复文献193篇;阅读全文对保留的7550篇文献进行再次筛选,剔除不符合文献7479篇,保留文献71篇;提取数据过程中又剔除39篇文献,最终得到符合标准的文献32篇。有7类模型和60个独立模型样本纳入Meta分析。
纳入的32篇文献的模型信息见表2
研究主要集中在2015—2023年,其中中文文献24篇,英文文献8篇。在纳入的研究中,主要将震级、烈度或者房屋破坏率作为主要参数,再与震源深度、震发时间和人口密度等参数结合建立模型。由于部分研究采用了模型对比研究方法,所使用的模型已通过训练验证,因此未能提供准确的训练样本数量。在数据提取过程中,研究只要对模型进行了预测且符合纳入标准,就将每一项研究中涉及的模型提取为一次独立的预测样本。共提取了60个模型样本,其中包括对数模型21个、神经网络模型12个、指数模型11个、支持向量机模型7个、回归模型7个,以及随机森林和AdaBoost模型各1个。模型的预测样本量最多为20个,最少为3个。
将本文纳入32篇文献的60个预测模型样本采用随机效应模型进行Meta分析,森林图见图2
图2可知,所有模型合并效应值为0.711,95%的置信区间为(0.660,0.763),表示所有地震人员伤亡评估模型的平均效果。总异质性I2指数为63.1%,且p<0.001,表明研究之间存在显著的异质性,即不同研究模型存在较大差异,可能是多种原因造成的。例如,不同研究采用了不同的模型类型或选取了不同的评估因子。因此,不能将合并效应值直接作为所有研究的统一代表,需要对不同的研究进行更深入的分析和探讨。
Meta分析通常采用总异质性来度量综合效应值的变异程度。当存在显著异质性时,就需要进行异质性分析。异质性分析能够对不同研究之间存在的差异进行评估,考量异质性对分析结果的影响,并探寻异质性的来源。本文从模型方法学差异以及模型指标因子差异进一步展开分析,见图2。依据不同模型方法进行分组,将森林图中各组合并效应值以及95%的置信区间整理,见表3
表3可知,概率分布模型、随机森林和AdaBoost模型合并后I2 =0%且p<0.001,即无异质性,主要原因是各模型都只有一项研究且预测效果较好,不受其他因素影响。然而,其95%的置信区间均出现大于1的边界值,主要是由于“率”的Meta分析稳定性不同于2个研究组,是研究数量少所导致的偏差,这并不意味着结果无效或无意义。
神经网络模型和支持向量机模型共19项研究,合并效应值基本比整体合并效应值高,95%的置信区间范围均匀且窄,表现出机器学习方法在不同领域优异的预测性能。神经网络模型研究中一项研究朱鹏宇[21]效应值低于整体合并效应值0.711,是因为这项研究预测评估了2008年的8.0级汶川地震和2010年的7.1级玉树地震。汶川地震和玉树地震是2次具有极高破坏性的地震事件,其地震机制和影响因素非常复杂,研究过程没有充分考虑影响因素导致预测效果不佳。神经网络模型研究合并结果I2=24%,而p值为0.207,可以推断出,虽然研究间存在一定程度的异质性,但在统计学上不显著,即这种异质性可能是由于随机误差或其他因素引起的,而非真正研究间差异所致。支持向量机模型效应值I2 =0%,但p值较高,因此不能排除研究间异质性是由随机因素引起的可能性。这组包含了7项研究,其模型训练样本都在20以上,最多为74,预测样本在5~12之间。由于组内研究方法和研究数据结构相似,可以推断研究间的异质性可能是由随机因素引起的。
在7项线性回归模型研究中,只有一项研究朱达邈[25]效应值高于整体效应值,原因是这项研究选取了8个指标因子,其余研究模型均略低于整体合并结果,预测效果一般,该组I2 =0%且p值为0.573,说明异质性可能是由随机误差或其他因素引起的。
对数和指数模型效应值不稳定,这是因为2组中多数文献为模型对比,即在同结构数据下比较其他模型与作者所建模型的预测性能,因此,I2不为0%但p值大,表明异质性非真实的效应差异。两组研究95%的置信区间范围宽且有4个模型出现了小于0的情况,与神经网络模型中的异常值相同,都是因为该研究涉及汶川地震和玉树地震,没有充分考虑震例的特殊因素导致预测效果不佳。
通过方法学分组分析,子组研究间无显著的异质性,而整体表现出较高的异质性,这表明各组研究间方法学差异对整体结果产生了影响。接着,考虑模型选取不同的指标因子是否会导致整体结果的异质性增加。纳入模型所选取因子的堆叠柱状图见图3,其显示不同模型在各个因子上的累积影响,每个柱代表一个影响因子,每个模型对应柱子上的一个部分,不同颜色表示不同的模型。
从本文纳入的60个模型样本中只列出选取次数在6次以上的因子,且从上往下频率依次递减。由图3可知,所有模型都选择了人口密度因子;支持向量机模型没有选取建筑破坏率因子;神经网络模型没有选取建筑破坏率和烈度;回归模型选取建筑破坏率因子频次最大。虽然各模型选取因子不同,但基本选取了人口密度、震发时间、震级、震中烈度和震源深度5个主要的地震参数,在此基础上随着影响因子的增加,模型预测性能均呈现出正相关趋势,即影响因子的增多会使模型的预测效果更好。因此,影响因子选取差异不会导致整体结果的异质性增加。
通过绘制漏斗图对纳入研究的偏倚风险和适用性进行分析,见图4
图4中点为纳入的研究,横坐标为效应量,纵坐标为标准误差值(纵坐标为逆向),斜虚线为95%的置信区间,竖直线为合并的效应值。理想状态下,各个研究应该均匀对称分布在竖直线两侧,在斜线内部,呈倒置的漏斗状。漏斗图中数据存在略微不对称,再结合Egger检验进一步分析图4的对称性,结果p值小于0.05,说明纳入研究可能存在发表偏倚。则需通过漏斗图剪补法,发现缺失的研究分布位置,从而分析漏斗图不对称是由发表偏倚或其他原因引起。
通过剪补法修正后的漏斗图见图5。在已有的60个研究的基础上,通过剪补法补充了23个研究(图中空心圈点),有20个缺失的研究分布在无统计学显著性区域(95%的置信区间外),有3个缺失的研究分布在有统计学显著性区域,因此传统漏斗图(图4)不对称的原因除了发表偏倚,小样本研究、研究间异质性大等也是潜在的影响因素。由于补充的这些研究主要集中在图右侧,导致研究合并效应值为0.844,95%的置信区间向右移动为(0.784,0.904)。因此,对于Meta分析的结果需要进一步进行准确性和稳健性评估。
逐一剔除文献进行敏感性分析,判断Meta分析结果是否具有稳健性,结果见图6
图6中每行表示移除一项模型预测样本后剩余样本的Meta合并效应值,即第1行表示如果不纳入“陈韶金(2024)”这项样本数据,空心圈所表示的值是余下59项模型预测样本合并效应值,虚线区间表示此时95%的置信区间,文献剔除顺序与表2文献样本顺序一致。分析得出,各个合并效应值均在0.71左右,并没有发生非常明显的改变,对应95%的置信区间也没有显著偏离,文献没有对Meta分析的结果造成较大干扰,意味着本文纳入的模型预测样本通过敏感性检验,合并效应结果具有良好的稳健性,也意味着偏倚不会对合并结果产生影响。通过剪补法得到的漏斗图只是补充了可能未被纳入的研究,没有对整体合并产生稳健性影响。
本文采用Meta分析方法,综合了32篇样本文献,并从中提取了60个独立模型样本,对地震人员伤亡评估模型的预测性能进行了定量分析和比较,得到如下结论:
1)整体而言,地震人员伤亡预测模型整体评估效果合理、模型性能良好,能够支撑实际地震应急响应需求。但涉及较大震级或特殊震例时,评估结果误差较大,需要考虑特定因素。
2)在各种模型中,神经网络和支持向量机模型表现最佳,其合并效应值分别为0.889、0.901,95%的置信区间分别为(0.821,0.957)和(0.824,0.978)。这两类机器学习模型能够有效处理各种复杂因素之间的相关性,训练出误差较小、精度较高的综合模型。
3)对数模型和指数模型的合并效应值分别为0.601、0.626,95%的置信区间分别为(0.529,0.673)和(0.512,0.741)。这两类模型已被学者多次运用,例如刘金龙指数模型和马玉宏对数模型等,多次被引入进行模型对比分析。由于这些模型是基于主要地震参数建立的经验评估模型,参数较少且使用方便。
4)回归模型的预测效果相对稳定,但精度低且应用较少,综合模拟效果一般。可以考虑将其作为修正模型,并与其他模型建立混合模型以提升性能。回归模型的合并效应值为0.650,置信区间为(0.560,0.740)。
5)各类模型均选择主要地震参数作为模型因子,模型子组内无显著异质性,研究间整体表现出的高异质性主要来源于方法学差异和随机误差。
6)纳入研究存在明显的发表偏倚,但通过敏感性检验,说明Meta分析结果相对稳定,并且不受单个研究或方法选择的显著影响。需要注意的是,本文只纳入了部分数据库的研究,可能存在未被纳入的研究结果,这可能会对Meta分析的结果产生一定程度的影响。
在地震人员伤亡评估领域,各种模型的发现为应急救援工作提供了重要支持和指导。但是,在上述整理和分析的基础上,还需要进一步优化以下几个方面:
1)构建完整数据库。目前,模型评估的地区分布存在局限,且历史震例数据有限,无法充分训练模型。因此,需要搜集全球范围内的历史震例数据,建立一个相对完整的数据库,以突破地域限制,扩大评估范围。
2)增强报告透明度。由于研究方法和报告透明度存在差异,Meta分析无法更深层次地分析研究间的异质性和发表偏倚。因此,未来需要严格要求和增强报告的透明度。
3)加强灾害关联性研究。除了考虑地震带来的影响,还需要研究各个系统之间的相关性,以更好地认识灾害的发生和动态演变过程,进而更准确地评估灾害人员伤亡。
总之,地震灾害无法避免。根据历史震例,需要不断整合和完善数据库,并改进评估方法,优化评估模型,以提高其准确性和实用性,为各级政府和应急管理部门提供更好应急救援技术支持。此外,进行灾害关联系统研究和跨学科研究合作也至关重要。只有通过共同努力,才能更好地应对灾害,保障人民生命财产安全。
  • 国家社科基金西部项目(21XTJ004)
  • 兰州财经大学重点项目(Lzufe2022B-005)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0406
  • 接收时间:2024-06-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-25
  • 修回日期:2024-10-31
基金
国家社科基金西部项目(21XTJ004)
兰州财经大学重点项目(Lzufe2022B-005)
作者信息
    1.兰州财经大学 统计与数据科学学院,甘肃 兰州 730020
    2.甘肃经济发展数量分析研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730020
    3.中国地震局兰州地震研究所,甘肃 兰州 730020

通讯作者:

陈文凯(1983—),男,正高级工程师,硕士,主要从事地震灾害风险评估、应急响应技术研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0406
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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