Article(id=1241791795550556204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0304, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724860800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-29, revisedDate=1729612800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773995835434, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773995835434, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773995835434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773995835434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241791788986471392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773995833869, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996997624, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241791795907072062, articleId=1241791795550556204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Investigation and analysis of building damage in the epicentral area of the 6.2 magnitude Jishishan earthquake in Dahejia Town, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

On December 18, 2023, a magnitude 6.2 earthquake occurred in Jishishan County, Gansu Province, with a maximum intensity of Ⅷ degrees. In order to analyze the damage characteristics of different structural types of buildings constructed by the standard and self-built methods in the townships, a seismic damage survey was conducted on the buildings in the macro-seismological center of the earthquake-Dahejia Town. The typical seismic damage characteristics of reinforced concrete shear wall structures, masonry-concrete composite structures, reinforced concrete frame structures, and other structural types were summarized, and the causes of damage were analyzed. The results of the investigation and analysis show that the standard-built masonry-concrete composite structures and reinforced concrete shear wall structures suffered minor damage as a whole, which does not affect the continued use of the buildings. The load-bearing columns and beams of the standard-built frame structures are basically intact, but the infill walls are severely damaged, which affects the use of the building and the cost of later repair is relatively high. The self-built buildings are more severely damaged than the standard-built buildings, and the damage patterns are complex and diverse, which seriously affects the production and life of the residents. In view of the many problems in the earthquake-resistance of township houses, it is suggested that the relevant government departments organize professional units to carry out appraisal of existing buildings and provide multiple sets of repair and reinforcement schemes. For new and under-construction self-built houses, the regulatory intensity should be increased, and the professional skills of the personnel involved in house construction should be enhanced through training. For the urgently developing and constructing township areas, the relevant departments should strictly follow the relevant regulations of the seismic code, take the lead in the construction of civil houses, and improve the overall seismic capacity of the region.

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2023年12月18日,甘肃省积石山县发生了6.2级地震,此次地震最大烈度为Ⅷ度。为了分析乡镇自建与标准建造的不同结构类型建筑的震害,对此次地震宏观震中大河家镇建筑进行了震害调查,总结了钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构、砖混结构、钢筋混凝土框架结构以及其他结构的典型震害特征,并对其破坏原因进行了分析。调查与分析结果表明:标准建造的砖混结构、钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构整体轻微破坏,不影响建筑的继续使用;标准建造的框架结构建筑承重柱、梁基本完好,但填充墙破坏严重,影响了建筑的使用且后期修复费用造价较高;居民自建建筑较于标准建造建筑破坏更为严重,且破坏形态复杂多样,严重影响了居民生产生活。针对乡镇房屋在抗震方面存在的诸多问题,建议政府相关部门组织专业单位,对于既有房屋建筑进行鉴定,并给出多套修复与加固方案;对于新建、在建的自建房屋,加大监管力度,加强对房屋建造的从业人员进行专业技能的培训;对于亟需发展建设的乡镇地区,严格按照抗震规范相关规定,主导民用房屋的建设,提高区域整体抗震能力。

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孙柏涛(1961—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构工程、地震工程研究。E-mail:
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魏珂(1998—),男,博士研究生,主要从事结构工程、地震工程研究。E-mail:

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积石山6.2级地震极震区大河家镇建筑震害调查与分析
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魏珂 1, 2 , 孙柏涛 1, 2, 3 , 闫佳琦 1, 2 , 姜鹏飞 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(3): 46-56
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(3): 46-56
积石山6.2级地震极震区大河家镇建筑震害调查与分析
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魏珂1, 2 , 孙柏涛1, 2, 3 , 闫佳琦1, 2, 姜鹏飞1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 3.地震和地质灾害生命搜索救援技术应急管理部重点实验室,北京 100049
  • 魏珂(1998—),男,博士研究生,主要从事结构工程、地震工程研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

孙柏涛(1961—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构工程、地震工程研究。E-mail:
Investigation and analysis of building damage in the epicentral area of the 6.2 magnitude Jishishan earthquake in Dahejia Town
Ke WEI1, 2 , Baitao SUN1, 2, 3 , Jiaqi YAN1, 2, Pengfei JIANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Life Search and Rescue Technology for Earthquake and Geological Disaster, Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0304
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2023年12月18日,甘肃省积石山县发生了6.2级地震,此次地震最大烈度为Ⅷ度。为了分析乡镇自建与标准建造的不同结构类型建筑的震害,对此次地震宏观震中大河家镇建筑进行了震害调查,总结了钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构、砖混结构、钢筋混凝土框架结构以及其他结构的典型震害特征,并对其破坏原因进行了分析。调查与分析结果表明:标准建造的砖混结构、钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构整体轻微破坏,不影响建筑的继续使用;标准建造的框架结构建筑承重柱、梁基本完好,但填充墙破坏严重,影响了建筑的使用且后期修复费用造价较高;居民自建建筑较于标准建造建筑破坏更为严重,且破坏形态复杂多样,严重影响了居民生产生活。针对乡镇房屋在抗震方面存在的诸多问题,建议政府相关部门组织专业单位,对于既有房屋建筑进行鉴定,并给出多套修复与加固方案;对于新建、在建的自建房屋,加大监管力度,加强对房屋建造的从业人员进行专业技能的培训;对于亟需发展建设的乡镇地区,严格按照抗震规范相关规定,主导民用房屋的建设,提高区域整体抗震能力。

积石山地震  /  大河家镇  /  建筑震害调查  /  乡镇建筑抗震  /  抗震加固

On December 18, 2023, a magnitude 6.2 earthquake occurred in Jishishan County, Gansu Province, with a maximum intensity of Ⅷ degrees. In order to analyze the damage characteristics of different structural types of buildings constructed by the standard and self-built methods in the townships, a seismic damage survey was conducted on the buildings in the macro-seismological center of the earthquake-Dahejia Town. The typical seismic damage characteristics of reinforced concrete shear wall structures, masonry-concrete composite structures, reinforced concrete frame structures, and other structural types were summarized, and the causes of damage were analyzed. The results of the investigation and analysis show that the standard-built masonry-concrete composite structures and reinforced concrete shear wall structures suffered minor damage as a whole, which does not affect the continued use of the buildings. The load-bearing columns and beams of the standard-built frame structures are basically intact, but the infill walls are severely damaged, which affects the use of the building and the cost of later repair is relatively high. The self-built buildings are more severely damaged than the standard-built buildings, and the damage patterns are complex and diverse, which seriously affects the production and life of the residents. In view of the many problems in the earthquake-resistance of township houses, it is suggested that the relevant government departments organize professional units to carry out appraisal of existing buildings and provide multiple sets of repair and reinforcement schemes. For new and under-construction self-built houses, the regulatory intensity should be increased, and the professional skills of the personnel involved in house construction should be enhanced through training. For the urgently developing and constructing township areas, the relevant departments should strictly follow the relevant regulations of the seismic code, take the lead in the construction of civil houses, and improve the overall seismic capacity of the region.

Jishishan earthquake  /  Dahejia Town  /  building damage investigation  /  rural town building seismic resistance  /  seismic reinforcement
魏珂, 孙柏涛, 闫佳琦, 姜鹏飞. 积石山6.2级地震极震区大河家镇建筑震害调查与分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (3) : 46 -56 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0304
Ke WEI, Baitao SUN, Jiaqi YAN, Pengfei JIANG. Investigation and analysis of building damage in the epicentral area of the 6.2 magnitude Jishishan earthquake in Dahejia Town[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (3) : 46 -56 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0304
2023年12月18日23时59分,在甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山保安族东乡族撒拉族自治县(35°42′N,102°47′E)发生6.2级地震,震源深度10 km,测定震中位于积石山县柳沟乡。积石山地震为逆冲型地震,破裂面呈现SE—NW走向,破裂由震中向W方向延伸[1]。根据应急管理部发布的积石山6.2级地震烈度图[2]可知,地震最大烈度为Ⅷ度,本文以大河家镇为调查研究对象,位于此次地震的Ⅷ度极震区,也正是地震的实际宏观震中。此次地震,大河家镇的死亡人口78人,占比52%[3],近年来,我国破坏性地震多发生在乡(村)镇地区,造成的经济损失和人员伤亡也往往集中在这些地区。“中震大灾、小震成灾”成为了乡(村)镇地区普遍的震害特点,这就要从其建筑抗震特点来分析。
我国的房屋建设长期实施“二元化监管”制度:城市地区房屋在建造过程中往往受到严格的监管,不论是公共建筑还是大部分民用建筑,其设计和施工通常遵循当时的标准规范,抗震构造措施较为完备,抗震能力较好;农村地区房屋大多数为自建民用结构,由于地区、经济等差异,在建造时无法统一执行监管,房屋的设计好坏、施工质量以及建材优劣主要取决于业主的经济能力,同时大多也依靠工匠经验和当地建造习惯,因此其抗震能力通常较差且参差不齐。
不同于上述2种类型地区的房屋建筑,乡镇地区既存在严格按照规范标准设计建造的公共建筑和少部分民用建筑,还存在大量民众自建的房屋,分布于乡镇地区的房屋结构类型也最为繁多。一方面,乡镇地区经济条件往往优于农村,因此其中自建房屋抗震构造措施更为完备,抗震能力普遍高于农村地区同类房屋;另一方面,乡镇地区经济水平和社会发展通常滞后于城市地区,房屋建筑更新换代往往较慢,这就导致了这些地区存在一部分老旧公共建筑或标准民居,它们的抗震能力也较差。乡(村)镇农居抗震可以说起点低,需求迫切,量大面广,并且有区域特点[4]。总的来说,我国乡镇地区房屋结构形式繁多复杂,建造年代参差不齐,整体抗震能力较为薄弱且人口相对密集,以往地震中往往破坏严重,对人们的财产和生命安全造成严重威胁。
大河家镇的房屋建筑恰恰具备上述特点。文中通过对甘肃积石山6.2级地震极震区大河家镇不同结构类型房屋建筑震害现象和破坏机理进行分析,总结了我国乡镇地区房屋建筑震害特点,以期为我国既有乡镇的抗震政策及措施的制定提供一定参考,为我国新型城镇化示范乡镇的建设提出了一些抗震方面的建议。
大河家镇,隶属于甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山保安族东乡族撒拉族自治县,根据GB 18306—2015《中国地震动参数区划图》[5]及历代版本的区划图,其多年来设防烈度均为Ⅶ度,地震动峰值加速度为0.1 g,反应谱特征周期为0.45 s。
大河家镇位于积石山县最北面,北临黄河,西靠积石山脉,整体地势平坦,见图1(a)。大河家镇城区以临大路为中轴线向两侧延伸,一侧分别沿雄关路和太子山旅游通道向西发展,另一侧分别沿滨河路、中学路向东建设,临大路东侧还分布一条与其平行的商贸路。
基于大河家镇现场震害调查结果,结合相关文献[6-12]分类方式,大河家镇建筑按照结构类型主要分为四类:钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构、砖混结构、钢筋混凝土框架结构以及其他结构,并按照标准建筑、自建建筑进一步细分。
钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构在大河家镇目前仅分布有3处,主要用作住宅或底部商用上部住宅,且建造年代较新,见图1(b)。砖混结构主要分为标准建造和居民自建砖混两大类。标准建造房屋又可分为标准建造的民用建筑和公共建筑两类,存量均相对较少,分别见图1(c)、(d);而居民自建砖混建筑存量众多,且包含了底框结构、内框架结构在内的多种类型,主要分布于街道两侧、街区内部及村镇结合部。钢筋混凝土框架结构同样分为标准建造和居民自建砖混两大类。标准建造的钢筋混凝土框架结构主要用作公共建筑,如大河家镇中学、积石山县中西医结合医院等,见图1(e);自建框架结构通常为商住两用房,主要分布于街道两侧。其他结构主要为砖木、土木结构,大量分布在村镇结合地带,少量存在于街区内部。
本文将按照上述分类对大河家镇建筑物震害现象及破坏机理展开描述与分析,并通过总结此次地震大河家镇震害特点,对目前我国乡镇地区建筑抗震方面存在的问题提出一些思考。
村镇地区砖混结构常见的震害特征往往为整体倒塌、局部倒塌、墙体破坏、砖柱破坏和屋顶破坏[13]。此次地震中大河家镇此类结构主要的震害现象则主要是:纵墙的窗间墙、窗下墙交叉裂缝或斜裂缝,横墙水平裂缝或斜裂缝等。此外由于建造差异性,还存在其他震害,下面将对大河家镇的砖混结构分为四类:标准建造公共建筑、标准建造民用建筑、自建砖混结构以及自建底框架和内框架结构,具体描述其震害特点。
1)标准建造公共建筑
在大河家镇中,作为公共建筑使用的砖混结构房屋数量占比较少,大河家镇政府办公楼是其中为数不多的公共砖混房屋。政府办公楼为两体建造的整体2层、局部3层的外廊式砖混结构,中间设沉降缝将其分为两体结构,采用现浇楼板且设置了圈梁。
该办公楼整体破坏特点是:底层破坏相对最重,裂缝较严重,数量较多,破坏情况随层数逐渐减轻,2层及以上基本完好;此外由于使用功能需要,纵墙门窗开洞较多而横墙几乎不开洞,导致纵墙墙体抗剪强度削弱较多,因此纵墙破坏程度较于横墙更为严重。
该建筑主要震害现象见图2。该建筑1层窗下墙、窗间墙分别出现较为严重的贯通斜裂缝,2层基本完好,见图2(a)。由于使用功能的改变,该办公楼部分房间由原来的大办公室隔断成宿舍或会议室,隔断处后砌横墙与上部及原纵墙脱开,分别产生水平裂缝和竖向裂缝,进而形成近似底端固定的悬臂结构,在地震中产生水平的贯通裂缝,见图2(b)。而楼梯间由于受力复杂,再加上其未设置必要构造措施且砂浆质量较差等原因,导致了楼梯间纵横墙均产生了较为严重的贯通裂缝,见图2(c)。此外,由于竖向刚度发生变化,该结构局部的3层产生了近似于“鞭梢效应”的破坏,见图2(d)。其上部横墙产生水平裂缝,纵墙部分位置出现斜裂缝,这也解释了为何该建筑3层破坏较于2层更重。
2)标准建造民用建筑
此类结构在建造时严格按照相关规范要求,且建造年代较新,建筑材料及施工质量较好,因此在本次地震中破坏较轻。主要震害现象见图3。窗下墙产生少量轻微斜裂缝,且主要存在于厨房等小开间、刚度大的位置;内部门洞上部、窗间墙位置局部出现交叉裂缝或斜裂缝;少数非承重墙体出现轻微斜裂缝。
3)自建砖混结构
新建的砖混结构,墙体为240 mm红砖砌筑,楼板现浇且房屋设置了圈梁构造柱等必要的构造措施见图4(a)。由于门窗洞口处未设置必要构造措施,且局部砂浆强度不足,导致其在洞口以及窗间墙部位沿灰缝产生斜裂缝。这样的破坏在这种自建民居中较为常见,由于其设置了充足的抗震构造措施,整体为轻微破坏;而对于未设置构造措施的房屋,整体性差,地震来临时各墙体无法共同承担水平地震力,从而使得部分薄弱墙体发生更为严重的破坏,导致房屋整体严重破坏,见图4(b)
该地区还存在部分自建砖混房屋见图4(c),2层房屋长宽较于底层均有所减少,且正面门窗洞口开洞大,后墙不开窗或开小窗。这导致了此类房屋在竖向上刚度不均匀,在地震中产生“鞭梢效应”,2层往往破坏严重;此外,2层平面上布置不均匀加上其通常不设置构造柱等措施,使得其平面刚度不均从而在地震中易发生扭转效应,局部崩塌甚至严重时整层垮塌。
此外,自建砖混房屋还存在以下震害:纵横墙咬槎不足导致的纵横墙脱开或竖向裂缝,见图4(d);非结构构件由于拉结不足而掉落等。
4)自建底框架和内框架结构
自建框架结构见图5,其底层结构设置较为规则,基本完好;2层则为墙柱共同承重的内框架结构,平面不规则,2层墙体无有效构造及拉结措施,且前侧开窗洞口较大,临街面墙体整体垮塌外闪。此外,平面布局不规则,结构容易产生扭转,致使墙角局部产生较为严重的裂缝,见图5(b)
内框架结构见图6,整体由墙体和柱共同承重,地震来临时,由于砖混墙体和混凝土柱无法协同工作,混凝土柱拥有相对较好的变形能力,而导致在相同位移下,砖混墙体承受更多的水平地震力;再加上其建筑平面布置不均匀,就导致了砖混墙体角部的严重破坏,见图6(b),这种破坏往往是扭转造成的。
钢筋混凝土框架结构常见的震害特征往往为填充墙破坏、框架柱端塑性铰、框架节点剪切破坏以及楼梯、楼板破坏等现象[14]。此次地震中,此类结构主体承重结构大多基本完好,主要震害发生于填充墙体的破坏。下面将分别对大河家镇公建框架结构和自建框架结构震害进行描述。
1)公建框架结构
大河家镇中公共的框架结构存量较少,调查发现积石山县中西医结合医院的门诊部、住院部和住宿楼均为框架结构。这几栋建筑的混凝土框架柱和梁均基本完好,但是其填充墙大多数发生了较为严重的破坏。
门诊部和住院部纵横墙走向一致,其震害现象见图7。主要是:外纵墙窗间墙和窗下墙产生斜裂缝和交叉裂缝,且底层裂缝最为严重,随着层数升高裂缝数量减少,破坏程度也逐渐减轻;走廊内纵墙主要发生剪切破坏,斜裂缝和交叉裂缝严重,甚至局部崩塌,且层数越高震害越轻;用于功能分隔的内横墙主要发生弯曲破坏,底层存在部分水平裂缝,2层及以上则基本完好。
纵横墙的破坏形态主要与地震方向有关,根据大河家镇康吊村GS.N0028台站记录,东西向地面峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)为911.83 cm/s2、南北向PGA为759.49 cm/s2,因此主震方向以东西向为主。这两栋建筑的纵墙走向为东西向,与此次地震方向基本平行,因此主要呈现剪切破坏形态,同理,横墙在一定程度上呈现弯曲破坏形态。
住宿楼纵横墙走向与另外两栋楼恰好相反,其震害现象见图8,主要是外墙基本完好,内横墙主要承受剪切破坏,存在贯穿交叉斜裂缝,内纵墙则在门框洞口上部及两侧存在轻微裂缝。这几栋建筑破坏形态的差异也恰恰印证了地震动具备一定的方向性效应。
除上述震害之外,还存在楼梯间梯段处端部水平裂缝等,吊顶等非结构构件掉落等破坏现象。
2)自建框架结构
大河家镇自建框架结构主要分布于街道两侧,大多数为商住两用房。两跨框架结构见图9,主体基本完好,填充墙砂浆强度较低,局部存在轻微裂缝,抹面局部掉落,整体呈现轻微破坏。
本次地震中,大河家镇钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构存在少部分建筑为轻微破坏,整体情况基本完好。
大河家镇某建筑为钢筋混凝土框架-核心筒结构见图10,其主要震害现象是:伸缩缝两侧建筑在地震过程中产生相对位移,导致伸缩缝被拉开,外保护层脱落;建筑竖向存在变刚度层,在变刚度层上下楼层窗洞口处产生轻微裂缝,表面抹灰掉落;剪力墙之间的连梁处产生水平裂缝,这也是剪力墙结构常见的震害现象之一。
钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构楼梯间也往往是震害较为集中的位置,楼梯间受力复杂,而在地震时楼梯间砖混填充墙无法与钢筋混凝土剪力墙协同工作,因此强度相对较低的砖混墙往往会产生裂缝而破坏,见图11
此外,大河家镇某钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构出屋面楼梯间震害情况见图12。造成这种现象主要原因是:出屋面楼梯间为整栋楼竖向刚度突变位置,极易发生“鞭梢效应”,导致此处地震力放大;加上该建筑群部分出屋面楼梯间砖混填充墙未与主体结构形成有效拉结,本就容易外闪。地震来临时,层高和“鞭梢效应”的共同放大作用,使得其振动幅度加大,将未有效拉结的填充墙甩出,从而造成破坏。
大河家镇其他结构类型主要包括砖木、土木结构等,其主要分布在大河家镇城区同周边农村地区交接处。此类结构较于其他结构类型房屋,大多数建设年代较早,采用的建筑材料以及建造的质量都比较差,整体破坏情况较为严重。这些房屋震害现象见图13,主要是:门窗洞口处墙体垮塌进而造成屋盖坍落;单坡屋顶后纵墙外闪,墙角崩塌;房屋整体倒塌;屋盖吊顶垮落等。
建筑碰撞实际上是相邻建筑之间巨大的动量的相互传递和转化,当碰撞产生的冲击荷载超出了结构承载能力时,将会导致结构的严重破坏甚至突然倒塌。碰撞所产生的冲击荷载往往比建筑设计规范预计的地震荷载大好几倍,并且碰撞破坏可以导致建筑结构的突然倒塌,对人们的生命财产安全造成巨大威胁[15]
某剪力墙结构与其临近附属框架结构的破坏情况见图14,两栋建筑之间设有变形缝。调查发现,该房屋基本未发生明显破坏,而其附属框架结构房屋外墙洞口处开裂明显,且内部隔墙出现严重贯通裂缝,甚至局部崩塌。
究其原因,即两者的刚度差异较大,地震过程中,两者无法协同位移,难免会产生相对位移,从而发生碰撞,而剪力墙结构本身刚度大,框架结构自身刚度小相对比较柔弱,在相互碰撞作用产生的冲击荷载下,刚度小的框架结构自然就会最先发生破坏,而作为其抗震薄弱环节的砖混填充墙便首当其冲,造成严重的震害。
此外,大河家镇街道两旁自建的框架结构,为了充分利用土地,不同建筑之间通常紧密相连,设很小变形缝甚至干脆不设置,这往往更容易造成上部非结构构件的拉裂破坏以及建筑间的相互碰撞,从而使墙体产生更严重的破坏,对于本就脆弱的结构,甚至可能发生局部垮塌或房屋倒塌,见图15
实际上,GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[16]对于不同结构类型建筑“防震缝”的设置进行了详细的规定,而解决建筑间的碰撞问题关键在于处理“缝”的问题。对于乡镇地区街道两侧自建建筑群体,往往在结构类型、结构高度以及材料种类等方面具有一定的相似性,这样的建筑在设计时,可以考虑建造成一体建筑,中间不断开,就不会发生碰撞的问题;对于不同结构类型、不同高度的相邻建筑,不得不设置成两体建筑,则在建设时,应该严格按照规范中相关规定,计算缝的最小宽度,在业主可接受范围内,尽可能增加缝的宽度,但要做好防水措施。也可以考虑尽可能提高伸缩缝两侧建筑的刚度,刚度越大,地震来临时两侧建筑位移才会越小,从而降低碰撞的风险。此外,还可以通过在相邻建筑物间增加阻尼器等装置,尽可能减少碰撞造成的冲击力,而降低对结构整体的影响[17]
1)底框结构2层及以上设置悬挑
在我国乡镇地区,存在相当一部分建筑,因为使用功能的需要,底层往往设计成大开间的框架结构,上部通常为墙柱共同承重的砖混结构,而为了增加上部结构的使用面积,2层及以上楼层通常正面悬挑1.5 m左右的部分,悬挑的这一部分大多数不设置圈梁构造柱等构造措施,且悬挑部分墙体与主体结构无有效拉结措施,同时正面为了采光等需要通常大开洞口,对墙体进一步削弱。这些情况往往导致悬挑部分墙体既没有较好的抗剪承载力而产生较严重的破坏,又因拉结不足容易发生外闪,见图16
2)构造柱等必要构造措施的缺乏
构造措施的设置对于砖混结构尤其是居民自建房屋的抗震性能提升往往具有重要作用,在一定程度上能较好地弥补房屋设计的不合理或结构缺陷。根据GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[16]中7.2.7条规定,普通砖、多孔砖墙体的截面抗震受剪承载力,一般情况下,应按式(1)规定验算:
式中:V为墙体剪力设计值;fvE为砖砌体沿阶梯形截面破坏的抗震抗剪强度设计值;A为墙体横截面面积,多孔砖取毛截面面积;γRE为承载力抗震调整系数,两端均有构造柱、芯柱的抗震墙取0.9,其他抗震墙取1.0。
因此,具有构造柱的墙体抗剪承载力往往比不具备构造措施的墙体要高1.1倍及以上,而那些配备了充足构造柱的墙体,其抗剪承载力更是显著高于那些没有采取抗震措施的居民自建房屋的墙体。这说明,合理的构造措施在提升砖混结构的抗震性能方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
3)建筑材料及建设质量良莠不齐
此次大河家镇震害调查中发现,居民自建房屋相对于其他类型房屋破坏情况较为严重,还有一方面原因就是这些自建房屋所使用的建筑材料尤其是砂浆标号,相较于标准建造的房屋要差得多,这是墙体沿灰缝出现裂缝的主要原因,也是房屋破坏的主要因素之一,另一方面则是自建房屋的构造措施和施工质量存在缺陷,导致房屋存在致命的薄弱环节,从而造成破坏。
已有研究表明,砂浆等级对砌体结构抗震能力的影响非常显著,在某些情况下,砂浆对抗震性能的提升作用甚至远大于构造措施[18]。此次地震中,同样也存在震后基本完好的自建房屋,见图17。该房屋为自建框架结构,承重柱配筋充足,箍筋密度高,采用砂浆标号高,且砂浆密实度高,悬挑部分充分拉结,即使其进行了悬挑且正面大开窗,房屋整体也基本未发现明显震害。
本次积石山地震极震区大河家镇建筑物震害现场调查工作,涵盖了钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构(28栋),标准建造的钢筋混凝土框架结构(8栋),标准建造的砖混结构(10栋),居民自建砖混结构(80余栋),居民自建框架(50余栋)及其他结构,该区域内所调查的不同类型结构建筑破坏形态具备较好的普遍性和典型性,总结如下:
1)标准建造的建筑,砖混结构、钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构整体轻微破坏,不影响建筑的继续使用;框架结构建筑承重柱、梁基本完好,但填充墙破坏严重,影响了建筑的使用且后期修复费用造价较高,整体为中等破坏。
2)居民自建建筑存在构造措施不足、结构竖向及空间设计不合理、建造随意性强、建筑材料和建设质量较差等多方面原因,较于标准建造建筑破坏更为严重,且破坏形态复杂多样,严重影响居民生产生活。
目前乡镇地区建筑仍以自建建筑为主,这些房屋在抗震方面存在的诸多问题,归根结底是经济和意识的问题,解决这些问题的关键就在于政府相关部门的主导作用,为此提出如下几点建议:
1)对于抗震能力较差的既有房屋建筑,组织专业单位进行鉴定,并针对业主不同需求和经济能力给出多套修复与加固方案,使其具有现行标准及业主所要求的安全性、耐久性和适用性[19]
2)对于新建、在建的自建房屋,应当加大监管力度,加强对房屋建造的从业人员专业技能的培训,正确引导工匠建造习惯向建设规范标准的转变。制定鼓励乡(村)镇群众建房时采用规范抗震设计施工的政策,引导民众在房屋建设上逐步达到抗震设防要求[20]
3)对于亟需发展建设的乡镇地区,政府可以主导民用房屋的建设,严格按照抗震规范相关规定,把控建材和建设质量,从而提高区域整体抗震能力。
4)普及地震相关知识,加大抗震方面的社会宣传力度,从多方面增强民众抗震意识。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3005701)
  • 黑龙江省重点研发计划项目(GA22C001)
  • 中国地震局地震工程与工程振动重点实验室重点专项(2021EEEVL0203)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0304
  • 接收时间:2024-08-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-29
  • 修回日期:2024-10-23
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3005701)
黑龙江省重点研发计划项目(GA22C001)
中国地震局地震工程与工程振动重点实验室重点专项(2021EEEVL0203)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    3.地震和地质灾害生命搜索救援技术应急管理部重点实验室,北京 100049

通讯作者:

孙柏涛(1961—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构工程、地震工程研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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