Article(id=1241791795227590978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0301, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737302400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-20, revisedDate=1742400000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773995835357, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773995835357, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773995835357, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773995835357, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241791788986471392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773995833869, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996997624, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241791795466666311, articleId=1241791795227590978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Review on the seismic performance of precast assembled structures connected with grouted sleeves, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Grouted sleeve connections are widely used in precast structures due to their excellent connectivity and ease of construction. However, variations in local stiffness within the grouted sleeve region and the relatively weak integrity of the concrete interface at the joint have negatively impacted the seismic performance of precast structures. This paper systematically summarizes the seismic performance tests, theoretical calculations, and numerical analysis of grouting sleeve connection joints, precast assembled components, and precast overall structures. Firstly, this paper elucidates the basic structure and force transmission mechanisms of grouted sleeves while summarizing the critical factors that influence the mechanical performance of sleeve grouted connections. Secondly, the influence laws of the strengthening effect of grouted sleeves on the mechanical properties of precast assembled structures are analyzed. Additionally, the impacts of the arrangement patterns of grouted sleeves and grout defects on the seismic performance of precast structures are investigated. Meanwhile, the calculation methods for the bearing capacities (bending, shear, and torsion) of precast assembled structures connected by grouted sleeves are summarized. Finally, the modeling methods of numerical analysis models for grout sleeve splice and precast assembled components connection with grouted sleeves are analyzed. Based on these, the following researches directions need to be explored: stiffness compatibility between sleeves, steels, and concrete; grouting quality assurance and detection methods; unified constitutive model for grouting material; calculation method for the bearing capacity of precast structure with grouted sleeve connections considering grouted sleeves, concrete, and steels factors.

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灌浆套筒连接因良好的连接性能和便利的施工性已被广泛应用于装配式结构中,由于灌浆套筒区域局部刚度突变和拼接缝混凝土新老界面整体性较弱,在一定程度上影响了预制拼装结构的抗震性能。对灌浆套筒连接接头、预制拼装构件和装配式整体结构,从抗震性能试验、理论计算和数值分析等方面进行系统性归纳。首先,阐明灌浆套筒基本构造及传力机理,总结影响灌浆套筒连接接头力学性能的重要因素;其次,分析了灌浆套筒增强效应对预制拼装结构力学特性的影响规律以及灌浆套筒排布方式和灌浆缺陷对预制结构抗震性能的影响,同时归纳灌浆套筒连接预制拼装结构的承载力(弯、剪、扭)计算方式;最后,分析了灌浆套筒接头以及灌浆套筒连接预制拼装构件数值分析模型的建模方法。基于此,提出亟待开展的研究方向,包括套筒、钢筋以及混凝土三者之间刚度匹配性;有效保证灌浆质量及检测方法研究;灌浆料统一的本构模型;综合考虑灌浆套筒、混凝土和钢筋等多种因素的灌浆套筒连接预制拼装结构承载力计算方法。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杜修力(1962—),男,教授,博士,主要从事地震工程领域研究。E-mail:
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刘洪涛(1986—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事装配式结构抗震性能研究。E-mail:

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刘洪涛(1986—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事装配式结构抗震性能研究。E-mail:

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Different detection methods and their advantages and disadvantages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法损伤优点缺点适用范围
声波探测法[50]无损无损伤,高灵敏度深度受限,多排套筒无法确定缺陷位置单排布置灌浆套筒的结构
预埋钢丝拉拔法[51]微损成本低,适用性广钢丝易受施工现场扰动或破坏预制剪力墙、柱
预埋传感器法[52]无损实时监测,可及时补救成本高,布置复杂,受施工环境影响大预制剪力墙、柱
钻孔内窥镜法[53]有损钻孔后可直接观测灌浆缺陷深度损伤套筒预制剪力墙、柱
X射线数字成像法[54]无损无损伤,成像效果好造价昂贵,存在辐射单排套筒的预制剪力墙
), ArticleFig(id=1241802933126370220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791795227590978, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同检测方法及优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法损伤优点缺点适用范围
声波探测法[50]无损无损伤,高灵敏度深度受限,多排套筒无法确定缺陷位置单排布置灌浆套筒的结构
预埋钢丝拉拔法[51]微损成本低,适用性广钢丝易受施工现场扰动或破坏预制剪力墙、柱
预埋传感器法[52]无损实时监测,可及时补救成本高,布置复杂,受施工环境影响大预制剪力墙、柱
钻孔内窥镜法[53]有损钻孔后可直接观测灌浆缺陷深度损伤套筒预制剪力墙、柱
X射线数字成像法[54]无损无损伤,成像效果好造价昂贵,存在辐射单排套筒的预制剪力墙
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灌浆套筒连接预制拼装结构抗震性能研究综述
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刘洪涛 1 , 陈嘉豪 1 , 孔鹏超 1, 2 , 杜修力 3
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(3): 1-14
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(3): 1-14
灌浆套筒连接预制拼装结构抗震性能研究综述
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刘洪涛1 , 陈嘉豪1, 孔鹏超1, 2, 杜修力3
作者信息
  • 1.北京建筑大学 土木与交通工程学院,北京 100044
  • 2.中铁建设集团建筑发展有限公司,北京 100040
  • 3.北京工业大学 城市与工程安全减灾教育部重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 刘洪涛(1986—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事装配式结构抗震性能研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

杜修力(1962—),男,教授,博士,主要从事地震工程领域研究。E-mail:
Review on the seismic performance of precast assembled structures connected with grouted sleeves
Hongtao LIU1 , Jiahao CHEN1, Pengchao KONG1, 2, Xiuli DU3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
  • 2.China Railway Construction Group Construction Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100040, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0301
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灌浆套筒连接因良好的连接性能和便利的施工性已被广泛应用于装配式结构中,由于灌浆套筒区域局部刚度突变和拼接缝混凝土新老界面整体性较弱,在一定程度上影响了预制拼装结构的抗震性能。对灌浆套筒连接接头、预制拼装构件和装配式整体结构,从抗震性能试验、理论计算和数值分析等方面进行系统性归纳。首先,阐明灌浆套筒基本构造及传力机理,总结影响灌浆套筒连接接头力学性能的重要因素;其次,分析了灌浆套筒增强效应对预制拼装结构力学特性的影响规律以及灌浆套筒排布方式和灌浆缺陷对预制结构抗震性能的影响,同时归纳灌浆套筒连接预制拼装结构的承载力(弯、剪、扭)计算方式;最后,分析了灌浆套筒接头以及灌浆套筒连接预制拼装构件数值分析模型的建模方法。基于此,提出亟待开展的研究方向,包括套筒、钢筋以及混凝土三者之间刚度匹配性;有效保证灌浆质量及检测方法研究;灌浆料统一的本构模型;综合考虑灌浆套筒、混凝土和钢筋等多种因素的灌浆套筒连接预制拼装结构承载力计算方法。

灌浆套筒  /  预制拼装构件  /  试验研究  /  抗震性能  /  计算方法  /  数值分析

Grouted sleeve connections are widely used in precast structures due to their excellent connectivity and ease of construction. However, variations in local stiffness within the grouted sleeve region and the relatively weak integrity of the concrete interface at the joint have negatively impacted the seismic performance of precast structures. This paper systematically summarizes the seismic performance tests, theoretical calculations, and numerical analysis of grouting sleeve connection joints, precast assembled components, and precast overall structures. Firstly, this paper elucidates the basic structure and force transmission mechanisms of grouted sleeves while summarizing the critical factors that influence the mechanical performance of sleeve grouted connections. Secondly, the influence laws of the strengthening effect of grouted sleeves on the mechanical properties of precast assembled structures are analyzed. Additionally, the impacts of the arrangement patterns of grouted sleeves and grout defects on the seismic performance of precast structures are investigated. Meanwhile, the calculation methods for the bearing capacities (bending, shear, and torsion) of precast assembled structures connected by grouted sleeves are summarized. Finally, the modeling methods of numerical analysis models for grout sleeve splice and precast assembled components connection with grouted sleeves are analyzed. Based on these, the following researches directions need to be explored: stiffness compatibility between sleeves, steels, and concrete; grouting quality assurance and detection methods; unified constitutive model for grouting material; calculation method for the bearing capacity of precast structure with grouted sleeve connections considering grouted sleeves, concrete, and steels factors.

grouted sleeves  /  precast assembled components  /  experimental study  /  seismic performance  /  calculation method  /  numerical analysis
刘洪涛, 陈嘉豪, 孔鹏超, 杜修力. 灌浆套筒连接预制拼装结构抗震性能研究综述. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0301
Hongtao LIU, Jiahao CHEN, Pengchao KONG, Xiuli DU. Review on the seismic performance of precast assembled structures connected with grouted sleeves[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (3) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0301
装配式结构具有建造速度快、环境影响小等优势,已在部分地区广泛应用于建筑和基础设施[1]。装配式结构的抗震性能主要受其节点连接性能的制约,在艾米利亚地震中,拼装节点处出现黏结分离现象[2],严重影响了结构安全性,因此,确保预制构件间的有效连接是提升装配式结构整体抗震性能的关键。
装配式结构连接形式较多,根据连接部位是否需要现场浇筑混凝土或灌浆料可将连接方式分为干连接和湿连接。干连接主要有后张无黏结预应力筋连接[3],梁侧端板-螺栓连接[4]、焊接连接[5]等;湿连接主要包括浆锚搭接连接[6]、灌浆套筒连接[7-8]等。干式连接节点具有施工方便、震后可快速更换等优点,但连接质量受外界因素(如焊接、螺栓等)影响较大,结构整体性较差。湿连接中的浆锚搭接连接操作相对简单,施工成本相对较低,但并不适用于大直径钢筋连接和动载荷传递,使用范围小,主要适用于低层或多层建筑[9]
随着我国大力推动装配式产业发展,钢筋灌浆套筒连接技术在我国得到了广泛应用。然而,在实际工程中,由于灌浆套筒区域局部抗弯刚度突变和拼接缝混凝土新老界面整体性较弱,影响了预制拼装结构的延性和耗能能力。为了探寻灌浆套筒连接工作机理以及灌浆套筒对预制拼装结构抗震性能的影响,在已有研究[810-11]对装配式结构抗震性能研究的基础上,从灌浆套筒连接接头的连接性能到灌浆套筒连接预制拼装结构抗震性能的角度进行系统性归纳。首先,阐明灌浆套筒连接接头基本构造、传力机理及其影响因素;其次,分析了灌浆套筒刚度增强效应、灌浆套筒排布方式和灌浆饱满度对预制拼装结构抗震性能的影响规律,同时归纳灌浆套筒增强作用下预制拼装结构的弯、剪、扭承载力计算方式;最后,基于灌浆套筒的受力特点及影响因素,概括了灌浆套筒连接的预制拼装构件数值模型的简化处理方法,并分析了各自的优缺点。
钢筋灌浆套筒连接接头由钢筋、灌浆套筒和灌浆料三部分组成。灌浆套筒主要材料为球墨铸铁或优质碳素结构钢;灌浆套筒料是以水泥为胶凝材料,配上细骨料、混凝土外加剂以及其他材料组成的干混料,加水搅拌后具有良好的流动性、早强、高强和微膨胀等性能。灌浆套筒按钢筋连接方式分为两端均灌注灌浆料的全灌浆套筒和一端螺纹连接、另一端灌浆连接的半灌浆套筒,见图1
钢筋与灌浆料之间的连接作用主要由摩擦力、化学黏结力和机械咬合力组成,见图2。在拉力作用下,钢筋凸肋对灌浆料产生挤压力Rr,并经灌浆料传递至套筒内壁。两者与灌浆料间的相互作用可分解为径向压应力σn和切向剪切应力τn,见图2(a)。在其横截面方向,灌浆套筒约束灌浆料横向变形,使其产生拉应力σs,而灌浆料受到压应力σg,见图2(b)
基于钢筋、灌浆料和灌浆套筒三者之间的连接强弱关系,在拉力的作用下钢筋灌浆套筒连接接头的破坏形式主要有3种:钢筋拉断破坏、滑移破坏(钢筋与灌浆料、套筒与灌浆料)、灌浆套筒拉断破坏。因此作为传递钢筋应力的连接器,钢筋灌浆套筒连接接头既要避免套筒先于钢筋破坏,又要满足延性破坏需求[12]
基于钢筋灌浆套筒连接接头的传力机理,接头的连接性能主要受灌浆套筒、连接钢筋和灌浆料的力学性能影响。国内外学者主要针对以下三方面开展了接头性能研究。
灌浆套筒构造形式是影响套筒与灌浆料连接性能的重要因素。不同构造形式的灌浆套筒见图3。套筒两端设计为钢圆环型[13]可以有效约束灌浆料的变形并提升套筒锚固强度,实现钢筋屈服破坏。基于安全可靠、经济适用的原则,设计不同内部构造形式的新型灌浆套筒,如无缝钢管冷滚压环肋型套筒[14]、内置楔形块无缝钢管套筒[15]和基于无缝钢管焊接浮锈工艺的灌浆套筒[16]。新型灌浆套筒均能够有效传递钢筋应力,当钢筋锚固长度为8dd为连接钢筋直径)时,连接接头均可表现出良好的延性性能。
钢筋锚固长度由灌浆料与钢筋间黏结强度决定。钢筋锚固长度既要满足连接安全性也要兼顾经济适用性和施工便捷性,因此可根据灌浆套筒和钢筋间的临界黏结强度考虑灌浆套筒总长度以及钢筋的锚固长度,两者间的临界黏结强度可由式(1)表示为
式中:τ为钢筋与套筒的黏结强度;Pu为峰值荷载;d为钢筋直径;L为钢筋锚固长度。
钢筋锚固长度也受到外部荷载类型的影响。在单向拉伸作用下,钢筋锚固长度为10d时,钢筋灌浆套筒连接接头可承受1.25倍钢筋屈服强度,达到一级接头的标准。在高应力反复拉压作用下,钢筋锚固长度为8d时,接头仍可取得良好的延性[17]。高向玲等[18]统计归纳不同类型套筒的钢筋与灌浆料黏结强度计算模型,通过响应面法推导了普适性的灌浆套筒黏结强度公式,并建议HRB400与HRB500级钢筋锚固长度为7d,HRB600级钢筋锚固长度为8d。JGJ 355—2015《钢筋套筒灌浆连接应用技术规程》[19]要求灌浆套筒锚固长度不小于8d时,可满足地震作用时钢筋的应力传递。因此,建议在工程中灌浆套筒锚固长度最低不应小于8d,以满足不同工况要求。
灌浆料力学性能显著影响灌浆套筒与灌浆料间的黏结锚固性能。复合纤维材料在灌浆料内部薄弱界面及微细裂缝处起到桥联作用,能有效地改善灌浆料的力学性能,如UHPC灌浆料、聚丙烯纤维(pp)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)。除掺拌复合纤维材料外,磷酸镁水泥(MPC)具有凝结硬化快、黏结性能优异的特点,在此基础上掺拌粉煤灰和硅灰,可制备出早期强度更高的灌浆料,可用于严寒地区装配式结构的连接建造。
灌浆料强度也是影响接头连接力学性能的关键因素。当强度不足时,接头易出现钢筋滑移破坏。朱文运等[20]设计了5种强度等级的灌浆料(40、50、60、70、80 MPa),通过灌浆套筒接头拉拔试验发现,套筒规格越大,所需灌浆料强度越大。当套筒型号分别为GT14、16和20时,满足接头力学性能要求的灌浆料强度分别是40、50、70 MPa。
灌浆套筒连接预制拼装试件试验(拟静力试验和拟动力试验)表明,灌浆套筒可有效传递钢筋应力,抗震性能基本满足规范要求[21-22]。灌浆套筒增强效应对预制拼装构件的承载力、变形、延性和耗能能力存在不同的影响。
灌浆套筒连接预制构件时,拼接缝处新、老混凝土接触面的黏结性能较弱,耦合套筒区域刚度突变等因素,导致拼接缝处形成贯通裂缝[1123]。QU等[24]通过振动台试验发现,承台预埋套筒试件裂缝主要集中在拼接缝,塑性铰区裂缝分布均匀,而柱底预埋套筒试件由于套筒的强化作用,裂缝主要集中在接缝和套筒底端位置,在套筒底部可能形成第二塑性铰。
在剪力和弯矩耦合作用下,灌浆套筒连接的预制拼装柱拼接面出现转动,见图4。其转角主要由钢筋和混凝土及灌浆料[25]间的滑移,以及拼接接头附近混凝土挤压变形产生[26]。拼接缝处变形直接影响预制拼接柱整体变形。灌浆套筒连接的预制拼装柱水平变形由弯曲变形Δf、剪切变形Δsh、旋转变形Δs、水平滑动变形Δh组成,见图5。套筒区域具有较大的抗弯刚度,使其在套筒区域范围内弯曲变形不明显,而拼接缝处的剪切滑移影响了结构整体性[26]
在轴力和弯矩作用下,灌浆套筒连接预制长柱(长细比大于4.0)随着轴压的增大,其整体耗能能力弱于现浇结构的耗能能力[11]。此外,灌浆套筒的存在使得构件沿连接方向刚度分布不均,引起套筒连接两端出现刚度突变及变形不协调,见图6(a)和(b)。当灌浆套筒置于柱底与基础连接时,柱底刚度变大,导致塑性铰转移且限制了塑性铰的扩展范围,见图6(c),从而降低了结构的延性和耗能,导致灌浆套筒连接的预制结构不适于高烈度地区使用[27]
为降低灌浆套筒对预制拼装柱耗能和延性的影响,可调整灌浆套筒位置,以此避开最不利受力区域,此后采用灌浆套筒连接底端大直径高强钢筋的方式[25],以增强灌浆套筒底部(柱-基础界面)钢筋屈服能力,增大预制结构延性,见图7。为实现预制拼装柱更大的极限位移和能量耗散,AMELI等[28]将灌浆套筒放置于基础地梁中,见图8。因此灌浆套筒的连接部位(连接高度)不同会对竖向压弯构件的抗震性能产生不同影响。考虑接缝处新、老混凝土黏结刚度弱化现象,LIU等[29]采用数值方法研究了灌浆套筒与接缝刚度强弱耦合作用对结构承载力和变形的影响,分析表明在高轴压下灌浆套筒的位置对构件承载力影响较大,在低轴压下拼接缝高度对试件变形的影响较为明显。在集中荷载作用下,拼接处出现近似刚体转动现象,一定程度上可提高预制拼装结构的延性,为此,LU等[30]研究了过渡钢筋连接的双灌浆套筒拼装梁,见图9
预制拼装短柱和预制剪力墙的抗震性能主要受其抗剪能力的影响。LI等[31]对跨高比为1.7的预制拼装短柱采用柱-基础套筒连接和柱-柱套筒连接形式,见图10。通过拟静力试验发现,前者具备与现浇短柱相近的极限位移和耗能能力,后者损伤集中发生在灌浆套筒与基础梁之间,塑性铰无法充分扩展,导致其受剪承载力和耗能能力显著降低。
当构件跨高比小于1.0且灌浆套筒长度占构件总长度的70%时,在套筒对柱身抗剪增强作用下,短柱受水平剪切后出现纵筋拔出破坏及墩身整体刚体旋转,使其在灌浆套筒内置且近似通长范围内,其抗剪性能优于抗弯性能[32]图11
拼接缝是预制拼装结构的薄弱部位,接缝位置和拼装形式会影响结构整体抗震性能[33]。对于预制装配式剪力墙结构,拼接缝会削弱其抗侧刚度,可通过设置粗糙凹面[34]或剪力键[35]来增大接触面积和摩擦力,提高接触面的剪力,见图12(a)和(b)。针对地下地铁车站结构,考虑土层对墙体平面外剪力作用,见图12(c),杜修力等[11]采用了Z型接缝,但因预制拼装结构在灌浆套筒连接部位刚度突变,墙体损伤主要集中在预制剪力墙拼接缝处,使其耗能能力显著降低。
灌浆套筒因截面面积较大,易与横向和纵向钢筋出现碰撞冲突现象,同时灌浆套筒在构件中的布局位置也会影响其受力特性。因此需对灌浆套筒连接区域进行深度设计和平面布局优化。
对于装配式剪力墙结构,灌浆套筒可采用等强原则简化处理。为降低灌浆套筒的使用数量,可采用大直径钢筋间接搭接、单排套筒连接的拼装方式[36-37],见图13(a)。研究结果表明,单排灌浆套筒连接的剪力墙具有与现浇剪力墙近似的滞回特性。此外,图13(b)中灌浆套筒梅花型排布连接的预制剪力墙[38],也表现出较好的变形和耗能能力。因此合理设计钢筋灌浆套筒连接接头的布置方式可提高墙体的延性、改善截面内的受力分布、提升拼装效率。
对于灌浆套筒连接的预制拼装压弯构件,既可用波纹钢管灌浆连接四角大直径钢筋[39],又可用波纹钢管灌浆连接预制柱沿菱形箍筋分布的纵筋[40],见图14。虽然灌浆套筒排布不同,但预制柱仍具有较大强度和刚度。为了保证钢筋在地震作用下能有效传递拉压应力,一般不建议减少压弯构件中灌浆套筒数量。
综上所述,灌浆套筒连接的预制拼装结构受灌浆套筒和拼接缝的双重影响,其耗能、延性、变形和裂缝分布相较于现浇结构有较大差别;灌浆套筒位置对灌浆套筒预制拼装结构的抗弯和抗剪性能具有显著影响,从而限制了灌浆套筒在8度以上抗震设防地区的装配式结构使用。
预制拼装节点的有效连接是保证结构体系协同受力的关键,也是装配式框架结构抗震性能研究的重点。灌浆套筒连接预制柱的预制混凝土框架结构的拟静力试验研究表明,此类结构与现浇钢筋混凝土结构的抗震性能基本相当[41]
根据灌浆套筒连接位置和施工工艺的不同,梁柱节点主要存在3种拼装方式。节点形式1:梁端与柱端钢筋采用灌浆套筒与节点核心区进行连接[7],见图15(a)。此连接方式能够提升施工效率,增强柱端抗弯刚度,但在一定程度上影响了耗能能力。节点形式2:预制梁和节点核心区一同预制完成,下柱外伸钢筋穿过核心区预留孔道与上柱通过灌浆套筒连接[42],见图15(b)。此连接方式可以保证节点核心区的强度,提高梁端耗能能力,降低预制构件因外伸钢筋在节点核心区汇集的复杂程度。节点形式3:节点核心区单独成块预制完成,预制构件通过预留外伸钢筋与节点核心区进行连接,此种连接方式为节点形式2在空间中另一连接方向的补充,可实现节点核心区模块化制备[42],见图15(c)。以上预制构件连接方法均需预留外伸钢筋,不便于运输以及安装。为此,可采用双灌浆套筒预制边节点[43],见图15(d)。试验表明该类型节点均为梁端破坏,未发现灌浆套筒钢筋黏结滑移破坏,同时结构承载力和耗能能力随着过渡钢筋直径的增大而增加。
混凝土预制梁柱框架节点的抗震性能,主要受梁端、柱端灌浆套筒位置影响,刚度较大的灌浆套筒在一定程度上限制梁端和柱端塑性铰的发展,同时节点核心区后浇区混凝土强度和连接方式也会影响节点核心区的抗剪能力。
装配式框架-剪力墙结构多为框架结构预制、剪力墙现浇的组合方式,对于全装配式框架-剪力墙结构研究较少。预制剪力墙结构与预制框架协同抵抗地震荷载,具有可靠的抗倒塌能力。马军卫等[44]设计制作了1榀1/2缩尺两层两跨灌浆套筒连接全装配式框架-剪力墙结构模型,见图16。试验表明结构整体延性性能比现浇结构的延性性能降低,同时结构整体刚度退化减缓,未出现承载力急剧下降的现象。钱稼茹等[22]为研究灌浆套筒连接的装配式框架-剪力墙结构抗震性能,以一栋16层的剪力墙结构为试验原型,选取底部3层的一部分作为试验模型进行拟动力试验,试验结果表明灌浆套筒连接的装配式剪力墙与现浇剪力墙的破坏模式相似,但承载能力和耗能能力要略高于现浇剪力墙。但由于其全装配式构件拼装方式,目前较少应用在实际工程中。
灌浆质量直接影响接头的连接性能进而影响预制拼装整体结构的力学性能。由于现场施工环境复杂及影响因素众多,灌浆质量难以把握,因此易产生灌浆缺陷。灌浆缺陷多为灌浆料不密实、钢筋偏心对接和灌浆料强度不足3种情况。
灌浆缺陷在套筒中的位置不同,使得钢筋接头承载力和变形能力损失程度不同。研究表明,缺陷位置在套筒中部时,接头的承载力下降速率较快[45]。将灌浆缺陷长度与钢筋锚固长度之比定义为灌浆缺陷率。对于存在灌浆缺陷的试件,缺陷率存在某一阈值,随着钢筋直径的增大该阈值逐渐减小[46]。在反复拉压和单轴拉伸条件下中所观测到的阈值基本一致,当缺陷率达到阈值时,套筒内灌浆无法保证其连接质量,引起滑移破坏。对于GTZQ4-20接头,当灌浆缺陷率大于30%时,钢筋先于屈服被拔出破坏,且峰值应力和极限滑移位移显著降低[47]。初步说明常规型号的灌浆套筒在灌浆料强度满足要求的前提下,其缺陷率阈值为30%。
此外,缺陷对钢筋垂直偏心和斜向偏心对接接头的连接性能有重要影响,发现在单轴拉伸下出现小量偏心的钢筋灌浆套筒连接接头性能满足规范[19]要求。灌浆缺陷影响连接件的承载力和变形,在灌浆过程中应保证灌浆质量,减少因施工质量导致的灌浆缺陷。
预制拼装柱的纵筋套筒连接缺陷,导致钢筋与灌浆料滑移破坏,结构承载力降低及滞回曲线“捏缩”现象明显[48],见图17。因此灌浆缺陷在一定程度上影响了预制拼装结构的承载力、延性和耗能能力。CAO等[49]对不同连接缺陷程度的装配式框架-剪力墙整体结构开展了静力推覆和地震易损性分析,研究发现灌浆套筒连接缺陷数量比例达到25%时,结构不再满足抗震设计的要求。因此对套筒灌浆缺陷的有效检测和补强是保证装配式结构抗震性能的关键。有效检测方法为解决套筒缺陷以及保证装配式结构力学性能奠定了基础,可保证灌浆套筒连接的预制结构服役时,不会因连接件灌浆缺陷失去承载能力。
针对单独灌浆套筒接头灌浆缺陷的检测方法较为成熟,但对于结构内部的灌浆缺陷的检测,其难度较大,尤其是多排灌浆套筒连接的构件。常见套筒灌浆缺陷检测方法有:声波探测法[50]、预埋钢丝拉拔法[51]、预埋传感器法[52]、钻孔内窥镜法[53]和X射线数字成像法[54]等,其优缺点见表1。灌浆套筒接头的补强措施常用直接补灌法和破型修复法等方式。通过上述方法对带有灌浆缺陷的预制柱进行整治修复后,可显著提高其承载力、延性与耗能能力,满足现行标准的要求。
灌浆套筒增强作用以及拼接缝削弱作用使得构件的轴向刚度变化不协调,在水平地震荷载作用下,易在刚度突变位置发生破坏,从而影响灌浆套筒连接预制拼装构件的抗弯、抗剪和抗扭等力学性能。而装配式结构设计计算基本上延续了现浇混凝土结构的设计规范,并未考虑灌浆套筒和拼接缝等特性对预制拼装结构承载力的影响。
灌浆套筒连接的预制拼装梁,虽然灌浆套筒截面抗弯性能强于普通钢筋混凝土截面,但在灌浆套筒无滑移状态下灌浆套筒预制拼装梁抗弯承载力计算方法等同现浇结构[30]
预制拼装柱的抗弯承载力主要取决于柱底塑性铰区域的力学性能。为了提高拼装效率,一般将灌浆套筒放置在预制拼装柱底部。根据平截面假定和应力等效原则(图18),建立截面力和弯矩平衡方程如式(2)~式(5)所示:
式中:N为外部轴向荷载;Cc为混凝土的等效压力;hb分别为柱截面的深度和宽度;c为从截面受压边缘到中性轴的距离;εcu为混凝土极限压应变;hi为钢筋等效拉应力到混凝土极限压应变的距离;σsiAsi分别为纵筋应力和横截面积;Esfy分别为纵向钢筋的弹性模量和屈服强度。
根据图19展示的计算流程,计算纵向钢筋应力,获得灌浆套筒截面抗弯强度[8]。除此外,预制拼装柱整体抗弯承载力还需考虑拼接缝和灌浆套筒上部区域(潜在塑性铰区)抗弯承载力的相对强弱关系,并与外部荷载作用下的截面弯矩相比较,最终确定抗弯性能薄弱部位,以确定结构整体的抗弯承载力。
对于剪跨比小于2.5的预制拼装构件,其主要承受抗剪荷载。根据柱身与拼接缝抗剪强度强弱关系,其破坏类型主要有柱身剪切破坏和拼接缝剪切破坏。
1)柱身抗剪承载力计算
不同规范对柱身抗剪承载力计算的考虑因素不同。Caltrans规范[55]中把预制柱位移延性作为出发点,以塑性铰区域划分抗剪强度计算方法。塑性铰区域内的预制柱抗剪承载力主要考虑箍筋抗剪、钢筋配筋率以及位移延性;而柱塑性铰区域外侧,抗剪承载力主要考虑轴压比对混凝土抗剪强度的影响。塑性铰区域内外的抗剪承载力计算方法如式(6)~式(9)所示:
式中:fyh为箍筋的抗拉屈服强度;dv为截面有效深度;为圆柱体混凝土试块的轴心抗压强度;ρs为箍筋配箍率;Av为同一层箍筋截面面积总和;Ag为柱截面面积;μd为位移延性系数;s为箍筋间距。
AASHTO规范[56]中基于修正压力场理论(modified compression field theory,MCFT)考虑了裂缝处混凝土拉力传递效果,建立了预制柱在弯矩、剪力和轴力联合作用下的抗剪承载力计算方法,如式(10)、式(11)所示:
式中:εs为钢筋应变;MuNuVu分别为柱截面弯矩、轴力和水平剪力承载力设计值;As为受拉纵筋面积。
DG/TJ 08-2160—2015《预制拼装桥墩技术规程》[57]中预制柱的抗剪性能主要考虑箍筋和混凝土的贡献,并采用安全储备更好的统一抗剪计算公式,如式(12)~式(14)所示:
式中:fkh为箍筋抗拉强度设计值;Ae为截面有效面积;h0为截面有效高度;fcd为混凝土抗压强度设计值。
上述抗剪承载力计算方法均未考虑灌浆套筒对抗剪承载力影响。HAN等[26]考虑灌浆套筒对周围混凝土的约束增强作用,将灌浆套筒区域划分为套筒单元与混凝土单元,见图20。通过MCFT分别计算各个单元的裂缝角度,采用断裂力学分析不同单元下裂缝发展形态以及裂缝贯穿箍筋数量,提出了考虑灌浆套筒刚度效应的截面抗剪承载力,如式(15)所示:
式中:n为裂缝通过箍筋的层数;fyv为箍筋的屈服强度;a为悬臂柱的长度;k为构件位移延性表征系数;为圆柱体混凝土的轴心抗压强度。
2)拼接缝处抗剪强度计算
除了构件本身的抗剪强度外,拼接缝也是抗剪薄弱界面。LI等[58]开展了灌浆套筒预制混凝土桥柱水平推覆试验,研究发现混凝土损伤主要集中在拼接缝处,箍筋对结构拼接缝平面抗剪承载力贡献较小,混凝土承担了主要的抗剪作用。基于混凝土抗压性能,考虑轴压与弯矩联合作用提出了预制柱接缝失效时抗剪承载力简化计算公式,如式(16)所示:
式中:Mso分别为受拉与受压纵筋对柱截面中心产生的弯矩;Nc为混凝土未开裂时所能承受的轴压力;L为柱顶部到拼接缝的距离。
灌浆套筒和拼接缝会共同影响截面的抗扭转性能,其中灌浆套筒会显著提高构件的抗扭承载力,而拼接缝会显著削弱界面的抗扭承载力。刘洪涛等[59]研究了轴压比、灌浆套筒位置及长度、预制构件拼接缝界面黏结强度对中柱抗扭性能的影响,并认为预制构件接触面黏结强度会显著影响预制拼装柱抗扭性能,在连接良好的情况下,其抗扭承载力可参考现浇整体柱进行设计,如式(17)所示:
式中:T为扭矩设计值;ft为混凝土轴心抗拉强度设计值;Wt为截面受扭塑性抵抗矩;ξ为普通纵筋与箍筋的强度比值;Astl为截面周边配置的箍筋单肢截面面积;Acor为截面核心部分的面积;A为受扭构件截面面积。
灌浆套筒连接预制梁柱节点也是构件的易损伤区域,其节点抗剪设计主要采用了现浇节点设计方案。ACI-550.1R-09[60]中系统阐述了装配式梁柱节点性能要求,提出“等同现浇”的设计思路。ACI 318-19[61]也同样认为预制结构的整体性主要由钢筋混凝土结构的构造措施保证,预制节点承载力可用现浇节点计算方法进行评估。规范JGJ 1—2014《装配式混凝土结构技术规程》[62]认为梁柱节点内钢筋在满足锚固和构造要求的同时,可额外设计混凝土剪力键以增加节点抗剪能力,其抗剪性能设计应等同于现浇结构。
综上,因建造管理和抗震设防标准的不同,钢筋混凝土结构抗剪强度计算方法略有不同,但计算方法均需考虑箍筋、混凝土和轴力对结构抗剪承载力的影响,但对于灌浆套筒连接的预制拼装结构的抗剪性能还需考虑灌浆套筒剪切刚度和灌浆套筒因刚度差别较大与混凝土的变形协调等问题。
为了准确分析灌浆套筒接头的连接性能,灌浆套筒、灌浆料和钢筋可采用八节点三维实体减缩积分单元(C3D8R),但此方法的单元数量较多,耗时较长。为了提高计算效率,灌浆套筒可采用壳单元(S4),钢筋采用梁单元(B31)。钢筋与灌浆料间的滑移可通过非线性弹簧单元和内聚力单元表示。
灌浆料的应力-应变关系尚无统一的理论模型,因其与高强度混凝土材料性能相似,灌浆料的本构关系通常按高强混凝土选取。不同的破坏模式也会受到不同模型的影响。钢筋拔出破坏时灌浆料的失效可用混凝土脆性断裂模型(BC)模拟;灌浆套筒外钢筋拉断破坏时,灌浆料可采用混凝土损伤塑性模型(CDP)。对灌浆有缺陷的灌浆套筒接头的数值分析时,可设置CDP模型的单元失效应变,以便更好地体现接头的力学性能,见图21
预制拼装结构与单个灌浆套筒接头研究目的显著不同,其数值模型的建立模式不同。采用实体单元建模可以观察灌浆套筒连接件黏结界面的受力状态以及损伤状态,能较好地考虑实际情况,但计算过程复杂且不易收敛。在装配式结构数值分析时,根据灌浆套筒的受力状态、破坏损伤形态,通常可将套筒等效为同面积、等性能钢筋材料。忽略套筒内部灌浆料与钢筋、套筒间的黏结作用,仅对套筒及主筋进行等效处理[27],但该方法忽略了灌浆套筒的刚度增强实际受力效应。罗小勇等[64]通过数据回归拟合得到灌浆套筒三折线本构模型,建立后浇面节点弹簧的切向力与变形的关系,灌浆套筒连接件和后浇界面用非线性弹簧模拟,以考虑新、旧混凝土界面的影响。
综上所述,钢筋灌浆套筒连接接头的数值模型采用精细化实体单元能较好模拟套筒受力形态;而对于装配式结构整体抗震性能分析时,应根据试验中灌浆套筒的应力、应变状态及受损形态,合理的对灌浆套筒及灌浆料模型进行简化处理,以提高分析效率。
钢筋灌浆套筒连接被广泛应用于装配式建筑及基础设施,本文分别从试验、理论和数值分析层面总结并阐述了其抗震性能,分析了灌浆套筒连接接头的传力机理及灌浆套筒连接对预制拼装构件和结构整体抗震性能的影响,总结了灌浆套筒连接预制构件的抗弯、抗剪和抗扭承载力计算公式,得到以下结论:
1)灌浆套筒通过灌浆料提供的黏结锚固作用能很好地传递钢筋应力。灌浆质量和钢筋锚固长度是影响灌浆套筒连接性能的主要因素。
2)套筒拼装部位刚度大,导致结构的不协调变形且裂缝分布集中,限制塑性铰发展,降低了预制拼装结构的延性和耗能能力,因此要综合考虑套筒、钢筋以及混凝土三者之间刚度匹配性问题;多种拼装方式下的灌浆套筒连接的整体框架结构和整体框架-剪力墙结构具有可靠的抗倒塌能力。
3)灌浆套筒连接预制拼装结构与现浇整体结构的受力特性不同,尤其是灌浆缺陷对预制拼装结构的抗震性能有显著影响;灌浆套筒连接预制结构承载力计算时需考虑灌浆套筒刚度和截面面积对截面抗弯、抗剪和抗扭的影响。
4)进行灌浆套筒接头力学性能数值分析时应采用精细化建模,根据不同破坏形态选用不同分析模型以提高计算精确度;对于灌浆套筒连接预制构件,可根据灌浆套筒在试验中的受力状态,简化计算模型,提高计算效率,同时还需考虑灌浆料的本构关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52478488; 51908013)
  • 北京市自然科学基金项目(8204054)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0301
  • 接收时间:2025-01-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-20
  • 修回日期:2025-03-20
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52478488; 51908013)
北京市自然科学基金项目(8204054)
作者信息
    1.北京建筑大学 土木与交通工程学院,北京 100044
    2.中铁建设集团建筑发展有限公司,北京 100040
    3.北京工业大学 城市与工程安全减灾教育部重点实验室,北京 100124

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杜修力(1962—),男,教授,博士,主要从事地震工程领域研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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