Article(id=1241791791926678504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724860800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-29, revisedDate=1727193600000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773995834571, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773995834571, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773995834571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773995834571, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241791788986471392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773995833869, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996997624, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=127, endPage=139, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241791792195113965, articleId=1241791791926678504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Interpretable prediction model of ground response spectra guided by site classifications, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The response spectrum is a crucial foundation for seismic design. The constitutive models of traditional numerical simulation methods fail to adequately capture the complex site conditions and dynamic processes of soil with high uncertainty, which causes significant discrepancies between calculated and measured response spectra. This paper used 2428 sets of bedrock and surface seismic records from horizontal site stations by KiK-net in Japan. It established a BO-XGBoost-SS model for predicting ground acceleration response spectra, taking soil layer information and bedrock input as primary features through a stratified sampling training strategy guided by site categories. Results demonstrate that the constructed model exhibits good predictive performance, with an R2 evaluation metric of 0.87 for surface acceleration response spectrum, with R2 values above 0.8 for various periods. Applying dynamic time warping (DTW) distance analysis to assess the prediction match of individual response spectrum, the model proposed shows stability across different site categories, overcoming the deficiencies of numerical methods in underestimating high-frequency ground motion and anomalously amplifying long-period response spectrum. Validation with the latest ground motion records as an external dataset further confirms the model’s generalization ability. Through shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis, the contributions of features to model predictions are elucidated, revealing key features influencing response spectrum predictions, consistent with existing knowledge. The study’s findings provide training strategies and assessment guidance for the development of site response prediction models, offering new insights into the application of machine learning in seismic zoning and earthquake-resistant design of engineering structures.

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反应谱是抗震设计的重要依据,传统数值方法的本构模型不能满足复杂场地和具有强不确定性土体动力过程的模拟,导致计算结果与实测反应谱之间差距较大。以一维场地反应分析为背景,从日本KiK-net强震台网搜集了2428组来自水平场地台站的基岩和地表地震动记录,将土层信息和基岩输入作为主要特征,使用场地类别引导的分层抽样训练策略,建立了BO-XGBoost-SS地表加速度反应谱预测模型。结果表明,构建的模型具有良好的预测性能,对地表加速度反应谱的决定系数R2评价指标为0.87,各周期点的R2均大于0.8,应用动态时间规整(dynamic time warping,DTW)的距离分析单条反应谱的预测匹配性,模型在各类场地表现稳定,克服了数值方法高频低估和长周期异常放大的不足。使用最新地震动记录作为外部数据集,进一步验证了模型的泛化能力。通过(shapley additive explanations,SHAP)解释分析特征对模型预测的贡献,揭示了影响反应谱预测的关键特征,各特征影响规律和现有研究成果一致。研究结果为场地反应预测模型的开发提供训练策略和评估指导,为机器学习在地震区划和工程结构抗震设计中的应用提供了新思路。

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郑桐(1984—),男,副研究员,博士,主要从事岩土地震工程研究。E-mail:
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钟兆诚(1999—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事岩土地震工程研究。E-mail:

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钟兆诚(1999—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事岩土地震工程研究。E-mail:

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Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology, 1974, 36(2): 111-133., articleTitle=Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802931863884578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791926678504, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=4765, pageEnd=4774, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=48, authorNames=LUNDBERG S M, LEE S I, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUNDBERG S M, LEE S I. A Unified approach to interpreting model predictions[C]∥Conference and Workshop on Neural Information Processing Systems. California: NIPS Press, 2017: 4765-4774., articleTitle=A Unified approach to interpreting model predictions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802932031656754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791926678504, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1953, volume=2, issue=28, pageStart=307, pageEnd=317, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=49, authorNames=SHAPLEY L S, journalName=Contributions to the Theory of Games, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHAPLEY L S. A value for n-person games[J]. 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Comparison of hyperparameter tuning results

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算法BO-RFBO-XGBoostBO-XGBoost-SS
超参数n_estimators=978
max_depth=12
max_features=7
min_samples_leaf=1
min_samples_split=2
n_estimators=699
learning_rate=0.025
max_depth=4
min_child_weight=1.262
subsample=0.90
colsample_bytree=1.0
reg_alpha=0.1103
reg_lambda=1.1440
n_estimators=1049
learning_rate=0.01073
max_depth=5
min_child_weight=1.242
subsample=0.6474
colsample_bytree=0.979
reg_alpha=0.3194
reg_lambda=2.047
交叉验证策略10-fold CV10-fold CVStr 10-fold CV
MSE0.004100.003350.00272
训练集R20.947190.933900.93826
MSE0.000810.001050.00103
Evar111
测试集R20.818090.831970.87570
MSE0.003500.003150.00253
Evar0.818580.832260.87580
), ArticleFig(id=1241802919499076581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791926678504, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

超参数调优结果对比

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算法BO-RFBO-XGBoostBO-XGBoost-SS
超参数n_estimators=978
max_depth=12
max_features=7
min_samples_leaf=1
min_samples_split=2
n_estimators=699
learning_rate=0.025
max_depth=4
min_child_weight=1.262
subsample=0.90
colsample_bytree=1.0
reg_alpha=0.1103
reg_lambda=1.1440
n_estimators=1049
learning_rate=0.01073
max_depth=5
min_child_weight=1.242
subsample=0.6474
colsample_bytree=0.979
reg_alpha=0.3194
reg_lambda=2.047
交叉验证策略10-fold CV10-fold CVStr 10-fold CV
MSE0.004100.003350.00272
训练集R20.947190.933900.93826
MSE0.000810.001050.00103
Evar111
测试集R20.818090.831970.87570
MSE0.003500.003150.00253
Evar0.818580.832260.87580
), ArticleFig(id=1241802919612322804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791926678504, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of DTW statistical results

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方法与DTW总体结果类别DTW统计指标
均值方差
BO-RF
均值:0.8254
方差:0.6450
场地类别0.82350.9000
0.81700.5190
0.86580.2917
PGA范围[0.01,0.05)g0.52380.0437
[0.05,0.1)g0.69100.1064
[0.1,1.1)g1.94242.1817
BO-XGBoost
均值:0.8106
方差:0.5849
场地类别0.81320.7594
0.77380.4640
0.95010.4585
PGA范围[0.01,0.05)g0.50530.0461
[0.05,0.1)g0.68720.1021
[0.1,1.1)g1.90301.8620
BO-XGBoost-SS
均值:0.7629
方差:0.3844
场地类别0.80700.4782
0.71290.3266
0.80400.3028
PGA范围[0.01,0.05)g0.47420.0510
[0.05,0.1)g0.70410.1233
[0.1,1.1)g1.69740.9163
), ArticleFig(id=1241802919725568003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791926678504, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

DTW统计结果对比

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方法与DTW总体结果类别DTW统计指标
均值方差
BO-RF
均值:0.8254
方差:0.6450
场地类别0.82350.9000
0.81700.5190
0.86580.2917
PGA范围[0.01,0.05)g0.52380.0437
[0.05,0.1)g0.69100.1064
[0.1,1.1)g1.94242.1817
BO-XGBoost
均值:0.8106
方差:0.5849
场地类别0.81320.7594
0.77380.4640
0.95010.4585
PGA范围[0.01,0.05)g0.50530.0461
[0.05,0.1)g0.68720.1021
[0.1,1.1)g1.90301.8620
BO-XGBoost-SS
均值:0.7629
方差:0.3844
场地类别0.80700.4782
0.71290.3266
0.80400.3028
PGA范围[0.01,0.05)g0.47420.0510
[0.05,0.1)g0.70410.1233
[0.1,1.1)g1.69740.9163
), ArticleFig(id=1241802919855591445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791926678504, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Prediction results of the external dataset

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评估指标BO-XGBoostBO-XGBoost-SS
R20.75200.8100
MSE0.02630.0183
DTWmean1.52101.2650
), ArticleFig(id=1241802919956254760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791926678504, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

外部数据集预测结果

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评估指标BO-XGBoostBO-XGBoost-SS
R20.75200.8100
MSE0.02630.0183
DTWmean1.52101.2650
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场地类别引导的可解释性地表反应谱预测模型
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钟兆诚 1, 2 , 孙锐 1, 2 , 郑桐 1, 2 , 陈卓识 1, 2 , 齐文浩 1, 2 , 王宇 1, 2 , 龙潇 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(3): 127-139
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(3): 127-139
场地类别引导的可解释性地表反应谱预测模型
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钟兆诚1, 2 , 孙锐1, 2, 郑桐1, 2 , 陈卓识1, 2, 齐文浩1, 2, 王宇1, 2, 龙潇1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 钟兆诚(1999—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事岩土地震工程研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

郑桐(1984—),男,副研究员,博士,主要从事岩土地震工程研究。E-mail:
Interpretable prediction model of ground response spectra guided by site classifications
Zhaocheng ZHONG1, 2 , Rui SUN1, 2, Tong ZHENG1, 2 , Zhuoshi CHEN1, 2, Wenhao QI1, 2, Yu WANG1, 2, Xiao LONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0311
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反应谱是抗震设计的重要依据,传统数值方法的本构模型不能满足复杂场地和具有强不确定性土体动力过程的模拟,导致计算结果与实测反应谱之间差距较大。以一维场地反应分析为背景,从日本KiK-net强震台网搜集了2428组来自水平场地台站的基岩和地表地震动记录,将土层信息和基岩输入作为主要特征,使用场地类别引导的分层抽样训练策略,建立了BO-XGBoost-SS地表加速度反应谱预测模型。结果表明,构建的模型具有良好的预测性能,对地表加速度反应谱的决定系数R2评价指标为0.87,各周期点的R2均大于0.8,应用动态时间规整(dynamic time warping,DTW)的距离分析单条反应谱的预测匹配性,模型在各类场地表现稳定,克服了数值方法高频低估和长周期异常放大的不足。使用最新地震动记录作为外部数据集,进一步验证了模型的泛化能力。通过(shapley additive explanations,SHAP)解释分析特征对模型预测的贡献,揭示了影响反应谱预测的关键特征,各特征影响规律和现有研究成果一致。研究结果为场地反应预测模型的开发提供训练策略和评估指导,为机器学习在地震区划和工程结构抗震设计中的应用提供了新思路。

地表加速度反应谱  /  场地类别  /  机器学习  /  动态时间规整  /  可解释性

The response spectrum is a crucial foundation for seismic design. The constitutive models of traditional numerical simulation methods fail to adequately capture the complex site conditions and dynamic processes of soil with high uncertainty, which causes significant discrepancies between calculated and measured response spectra. This paper used 2428 sets of bedrock and surface seismic records from horizontal site stations by KiK-net in Japan. It established a BO-XGBoost-SS model for predicting ground acceleration response spectra, taking soil layer information and bedrock input as primary features through a stratified sampling training strategy guided by site categories. Results demonstrate that the constructed model exhibits good predictive performance, with an R2 evaluation metric of 0.87 for surface acceleration response spectrum, with R2 values above 0.8 for various periods. Applying dynamic time warping (DTW) distance analysis to assess the prediction match of individual response spectrum, the model proposed shows stability across different site categories, overcoming the deficiencies of numerical methods in underestimating high-frequency ground motion and anomalously amplifying long-period response spectrum. Validation with the latest ground motion records as an external dataset further confirms the model’s generalization ability. Through shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis, the contributions of features to model predictions are elucidated, revealing key features influencing response spectrum predictions, consistent with existing knowledge. The study’s findings provide training strategies and assessment guidance for the development of site response prediction models, offering new insights into the application of machine learning in seismic zoning and earthquake-resistant design of engineering structures.

ground acceleration response spectrum  /  site category  /  machine learning  /  dynamic time warping (DTW)  /  explainability
钟兆诚, 孙锐, 郑桐, 陈卓识, 齐文浩, 王宇, 龙潇. 场地类别引导的可解释性地表反应谱预测模型. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (3) : 127 -139 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0311
Zhaocheng ZHONG, Rui SUN, Tong ZHENG, Zhuoshi CHEN, Wenhao QI, Yu WANG, Xiao LONG. Interpretable prediction model of ground response spectra guided by site classifications[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (3) : 127 -139 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0311
历次地震事件表明,不同类型的场地对震害的影响存在显著差异[1]。反应谱直观地反映了地震动的动力特性,是表征地震工程设计和抗震设防水平的重要参数。场地反应分析通常借助地表加速度反应谱研究特定场地在地震事件中的频谱特性和振幅放大效应。然而,面对地震动的不确定性和土体复杂性,准确预测未来地震中局部场地响应仍是岩土地震工程领域面临的挑战之一。
可以通过统计分析实际强震资料来研究场地条件对地震动特性的影响[2-3],但这需要大量可靠的强震记录作支撑,仅适用于定性分析特定场地。数值分析方法仍是目前最主要的研究手段,也是地震安全性评价、重大工程抗震设计等工作的重要内容[4-5]。如我国GB 17741—2005《工程场地地震安全性评价》[6]中规定场地反应采用数值方法计算,但分析模型具体采用什么方法在规范中并没有规定和说明。在无复杂地形的情况下,一维场地反应分析方法基本能够模拟横波在土体中的垂直传播,进而计算得到地表反应谱并供结构抗震设计使用[7]。常用的方法分为频域等效线性化方法[8]和时域非线性方法,研究人员基于这些方法编制了许多程序并被广泛应用,如SHAKE[9]、LSSRLI-1[10]和DEEPSOIL[11]等。普遍认为一维场地反应分析方法都可以很好地估计小型地震情况下的场地响应,但对于大应变和高频条件下的计算存在显著差异。在最近十年中,已有研究者[12-17]针对美国和日本的垂直阵列台站开展了大量验证性研究,研究表明无论是等效线性化方法还是非线性方法,在总体上普遍低估了高频地面运动,这无疑挑战了一维场地分析方法的适用性。可以通过考虑更复杂的三维建模、非线性行为模拟或多向地震动的耦合效应[18]等来克服这些限制,然而工程实践很少提供计算资源和专业知识,实际应用中并未普及。总之,数值模拟方法通常需要详细了解物理过程,并假设特定形式的本构。然而实际场地具有较强的不确定性,模拟土壤非线性响应需要丰富的分析经验。特别是在软土场地和强震动下,这些常用方法对地面峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)的低估较为明显,与实测反应谱有较大偏差。
数据驱动的机器学习算法在减少对本构形式假设依赖方面展示出显著优势,已成为解决复杂工程和非线性问题的有效工具。随着真实记录的不断积累,机器学习也被应用于地震工程领域,如地震预警和地震动参数预测等方面[19-22]。DANG等[21]以震级、震源深度、震中距、VS30、场地海拔和震源机制为特征参数,开发了基于XGBoost的日本地震动预测方程,所提模型能很好地反映日本地震动衰减情况。DERRAS等[22]利用KiK-net台网的基岩谱加速度和对应周期开发了人工神经网络推导的地表反应谱预测模型。该模型未考虑土层参数,适合作为利用井下记录预测地表响应的快速计算工具。LI等[23]通过有限元模型计算的土柱地震响应数据库,验证了所提出的深度学习模型的可行性,并使用KiK-net中台站IBRH13记录的地面运动数据进一步构建了该台站地震反应预测模型。该研究仅分析了单个台站的场地反应,考虑震源参数而忽略了该地点的土层信息,在适用性方面存在局限。综合上述,当前大多数地表反应谱预测模型的研究侧重于预测地震动在不同频率下的衰减关系,但对局部场地条件的影响及地震动频率成分的综合考虑尚显不足。如何有效利用井下记录和局部场地信息,构建准确且具备适用性的地表反应谱预测模型成为当前研究的关键焦点。
本研究建立了一种融合贝叶斯优化的可解释性XGBoost地表反应谱预测模型,应用于一维场地分析中。首先,筛选了43个来自日本KIK-net强震台网符合水平场地条件的台站,并从中下载真实地震动记录和土壤信息(波速剖面、土层厚度等)。根据一系列标准和专业知识来提取训练特征和输出标签。在模型训练阶段,为了解决数据集中场地特征的潜在不平衡,使用场地类别为标签的分层抽样策略并结合高斯过程的贝叶斯搜索来优化模型。最后,模型评估阶段比较了机器学习算法与等效线性方法、非线性方法的计算结果,综合了统计分析、单条反应谱的定量分析和SHAP解释,构成模型预测全过程的可靠评价体系,为岩土工程领域的地震响应分析提供重要的技术支持和应用价值。
XGBoost[24]和随机森林(random forest,RF)[25]分别是基于提升和装袋的集成学习算法。初步使用这2种算法开展训练,将20%的数据集划分为测试集,剩余80%的数据用于训练目标函数。在定义机器学习超参数范围后,使用十折交叉验证构建目标函数。
JAS等[26]指出,混合机器学习框架具有训练优势,主要体现在优化算法和特征工程技术。本文采用基于高斯过程的贝叶斯优化算法(Bayesian optimization,BO)进行超参数调优,通过建立目标函数的高斯过程模型来寻找下一步的超参数组合,并根据新的样本点更新高斯过程模型,重复前述步骤直到达到停止条件[27]。实际问题往往是非凸函数,网格搜索和随机搜索训练耗时长且容易陷入局部优解,而贝叶斯优化能够在更短的时间内找到更好的结果。统一将混合贝叶斯优化的模型称为BO-ML(machine learning with Bayesian optimization),本文模型均基于该框架进行训练,如BO-XGBoost,BO-RF。
动态时间规整(dynamic time warping,DTW)方法通过计算最优映射之间的距离(如欧式距离)来评价2个时间序列之间的相似程度,其最早用于语音信号识别和分类[28]。通常DTW距离越小,相似度越高。反应谱为频域序列,其频域特性在结构动力学中具有物理解释。DTW并未直接考虑频域响应的特性,但仍然可以利用其非线性时间对齐性质来评价预测反应谱与真实反应谱之间的匹配程度,刘浩等[29]以DTW距离作为控制加速度反应谱与目标设计谱匹配程度的标准参数。
本文采用DTW距离来定量评价预测反应谱与实测反应谱的差距。DTW路径矩阵见图1[30],矩阵中的色块代表距离,红色向深蓝色渐变即由近及远;白色实线为最优映射组成的路径,称为规整路径,需满足2个条件:首先,反应谱具有周期先后顺序,规整路径从左下角计算至右上角的过程中不应出现跳跃对应现象;其次,路径中的某元素和路径的下一点都随着时间轴单调进行,保证映射线不出现交叉现象。DTW距离即Dmn)可由式(1)递推得到:
式中:dpiqi)和Dij)分别为反应谱P的第i点和反应谱Q的第j点之间的误差值和累积误差值。由于自振周期体系的响应相互独立,DTW路径矩阵给出的路径越接近对角直线,则预测反应谱越规整。
采用均方误差(mean squared error,MSE)、决定系数(R2)和可解释方差(Evar)作为预测结果的统计评价指标。3个指标的表达式分别为
式中:T为周期点;n为样本数量;yTi为样本点真实值;为样本点预测值;为真实值的平均。最终的评估指标为35个周期点统计结果的平均值,记为
使用Python编程语言以及Jupyter Notebook这一交互式计算环境,来进行机器学习实验和数据分析。本文在数据预处理阶段实现了对原始数据的统一处理和参数提取工作。具体而言,包括利用快速傅里叶变换获取卓越频率、采用Nigam-Jennings[31]法输出地表反应谱、提取地震动参数等操作。同时,利用土层波速剖面资料编写符合规范的程序,统一获取场地卓越周期、场地类别和剪切波速等场地信息。
KiK-net强震台网遍布日本全岛,每个台站在井上和井下安装有三分量的高灵敏加速度传感器[32]。本文以一维水平场地为研究对象,不考虑地形放大效应,选取43个建设在水平场地的台站,从1996年3月1日至2016年11月1日[33]的记录中选取基岩和地表的2428对水平向加速度记录,过滤掉PGA小于0.01 g的小震,尽可能纳入所有PGA大于0.1 g的记录。在0~4.0 s区间按对数距离均匀地选取35个谱周期,作为模型的预测周期点。根据我国GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[34]中的标准划分场地类别,地震动记录分布见图2,据统计,约60.2%的PGA分布在0.05~0.4 g,而大于0.4 g的强震记录占7.0%;台站所在场地均含覆盖土层,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类台站数量比例为6∶29∶8,地震记录占比分别为40.36%、48.11%、11.53%。
输入特征包含场地及地震动特性表征参数,即输入峰值基岩加速度(peak bedrock acceleration,PBA)、输入地震动卓越频率、场地覆盖层厚度[34]、埋置深度、地表剪切波速、基岩剪切波速、等效剪切波速[34]。剪切波速能够代表场地土的刚性,等效剪切波速通过土层剪切波速和厚度计算而得。在进行场地地震反应分析时,常考虑地震波入射时土层与基岩面处的系数和近地表的土层状况[35],因而加入基岩剪切波速和地表剪切波速。埋置深度为实际输入地震动深度。
高度相关的特征对输出有类似的作用,可能降低模型的效率和可解释性[36]。因此需检查特征间的相关性,Pearson相关系数定义为
式中:分子为随机变量XY之间的协方差;分母为随机变量XY的标准差之积。
所建立数据集的散点图矩阵为Pearson相关系数,见图3。由图可知,7个特征之间保持较低的Pearson相关性,没有明显的线性趋势。峰值基岩加速度的分布范围在0~0.3 g之间;覆盖层厚度的分布范围为0~260 m;卓越频率的分布范围在0~24 Hz之间,小于5 Hz的数据约占65%;等效剪切波速的分布范围在90~330 m,100~250 m之间的数据约占86.5%。
对于数据驱动模型,领域知识的加入在特征筛选和数据集不平衡问题的处理上尤为重要,同时能够提升模型的性能,并增强其可解释性。在实际应用中,类别不平衡可能会导致模型对样本数量较少的类别进行欠拟合,从而影响模型的泛化能力。类别不平衡问题通常在分类任务中出现,然而,本文在构建地表反应谱预测模型时发现类似问题,所使用台站数据来自不同场地,对于地震动响应存在差异,场地信息在数据子集上的不均匀分布将导致训练的偏差,使得模型可能会更倾向于优化对于较多类别的性能,而忽略较少类别的表现。以输入特征的取值范围作为划分标签,无法得到统一的数据划分。场地类别能够综合考虑土层剪切波速和土层厚度的差异,而不同场地类别对地震动的放大效应及结构的破坏又具有重要影响。因此,使用场地类别作为输入以外的特征纳入模型,引导模型捕捉不同场地条件下,特征与反应谱之间的预测规律,从而改善模型预测性能。
在交叉验证中,数据集通常被划分为多个子集,其中一个子集被保留用于测试模型,其余子集用于训练模型[37]。通过重复执行交叉验证过程,可以获得对模型性能的稳健估计。同样,本文在模型训练阶段采用以场地类别为标签的分层十折交叉验证(stratified 10-fold cross validation,Str 10-Fold CV),以提升模型评估的稳定性。
综上所述,本文按照8∶2的比例将原始数据分层随机抽样为训练集与测试集,然后按场地类别使用分层十折交叉验证进行模型调优,以此形成一种由场地类别引导分层抽样(stratified sampling by site category,SS)的训练策略。在这个过程中,目标函数设定为均方误差(MSE),并利用高斯贝叶斯搜索来找到最优的超参数组合。平行坐标图见图4,展示了模型经200次迭代的优化过程,目标函数逐渐向左下方收敛,取得训练的最优超参数组合,将最终所得模型命名为BO-XGBoost-SS(XGBR为XGBoost regressor)。
本文模型与2种机器学习方法的统计比较见表1,其中BO-XGBoost和BO-RF使用简单随机划分和十折交叉验证进行训练。由表1可知,BO-RF在训练集上的MSE、R2都较好,但在交叉验证和测试集上的表现却比BO-XGBoost差,这表明XGBoost对于本文的反应谱多输出预测任务中具有更好的预测能力,其超参数涉及到采样和正则化,具有更精细的超参数范围,因而本研究选择了XGBoost算法进行进一步的优化。3种方法在训练集上的可解释方差均为1,这表明模型的预测能力可以解释训练集中所有的变异性。而R2均在0.93~0.95之间,模型在训练集上的拟合程度较高;对于测试集,BO-XGBoost-SS的各统计指标均优于BO-RF和BO-XGBoost,MSE最小,且总体R2大于87%;在交叉验证结果中,BO-XGBoost-SS的MSE最低,是三者中最优的模型。
为了进一步分析本文模型的泛化性能,训练集和测试集在各输出周期点的R2对比见图5。BO-XGBoost的预测结果在某些输出的准确度出现了较为明显的下降,特别是在中长周期段的拟合程度较差,其测试集上的R2低于60%,与训练集结果差距较大,存在明显的过拟合。而本文BO-XGBoost-SS模型由于加入了场地类别的引导,有效地改善了总体泛化误差,各输出在测试集上的决定系数均大于80%,对比BO-XGBoost的R2,长周期段的提升在5%~30%之间。
残差蕴含了模型基本假设的重要信息,在回归模型正确的情况下可将残差看作误差的观测值。本文选择0.01、0.50、1.00 s这3个周期点进行残差分析,为了使不同范围的误差更加平衡,减小异常值影响,本文使用对数残差,公式为
式中,y分别为真实值和预测值。
为了进一步验证所提出模型的性能,加入SHAKE2000和DEEPSOIL比较数值计算结果。所有方法分布于区间(-2,2)的残差均在99%以上,而分布于区间(-1,1)的残差,BO-XGBoost-SS、SHAKE2000和DEEPSOIL分别为94.2%、92.4%、92.4%。在T = 0.01 s时,BO-XGBoost-SS的残差较数值方法小,且全部分布于区间(-1,1),见图6;数值方法较BO-XGBoost-SS的残差在长周期内出现发散现象,且在图6中展示的部分数值方法的残差显示明显的负向偏移,说明SHAKE2000和DEEPSOIL在长周期存在高估的现象。BO-XGBoost-SS的残差保持在0附近均匀分布,平均值趋近于0。各方法预测结果的残差概率密度,BO-XGBoost-SS的残差基本在0附近随机分布,符合正态性,而数值方法的残差在中长周期处(如图7T = 0.5 s、T = 1.0 s对应的结果)明显向基线左侧偏斜,呈一定的偏态分布,存在一定系统误差,不符合正态性和零均值的特点。
以上均方误差等指标仅在统计平均意义上对各输出结果进行评价,往往忽略了物理含义。因此,还需对单条预测反应谱进行评价。本文对数据集中所有地震动记录的预测结果进行了DTW距离的统计分析,见表2。总体上,XGBoost算法的DTW均值和方差均更小,优于随机森林算法。而BO-XGBoost-SS模型优于BO-XGBoost模型,其DTW均值更低且方差较小,表现稳健。不同场地类别对应的预测结果显示,无论是哪类场地,本文的BO-XGBoost-SS模型均优于其他2种模型,且各类场地的DTW的均值和方差相差不大,比较均衡。3种方法的DTW值均随PGA的增大而增大,但BO-XGBoost-SS算法的DTW最小。
不同场地类别下的平均放大系数谱,机器学习模型在所有情况下都优于数值方法见图8,可以看到数值方法容易高估长周期段的地震反应,且对于反应谱卓越周期的预测存在偏差,机器学习方法则克服了以上问题。由图8可知,数值方法在短周期段的表现比中长周期段更好,相比之下,BO-XGBoost-SS在全周期段、全类别场地均表现良好,展示了机器学习模型较好的预测能力。
测试集中选出的6条代表性记录,对比了以上所有方法的预测结果,BO-XGBoost-SS的预测结果与实测反应谱非常接近,而其他方法在不同周期点的预测存在不同程度的变化,见图9。由图9可知,机器学习方法的预测是较为准确的,数值方法对于卓越周期附近的预测存在明显偏差,而长周期段总是有异常凸起。从图9的大震记录中可以看出,各类方法对于卓越周期前的预测偏向低估,BO-XGBoost-SS的匹配程度是最好的。从所有结果可以看出,SHAKE2000对于短周期内的响应接近恒定,这是等效线性化方法无法重现更高频率的响应所造成的。总的来说,数值方法容易高估长周期成分,而对于高频下的响应总是偏向低估,特别是对于Ⅳ类软土场地的预测结果较差,机器学习的预测则很好的改善了以上问题。
BO-XGBoost-SS在数据集划分上加入了场地类别的引导,使用了不同的数据子集。为了进一步统一比较,选取了KiK-net[33]上2020—2023年大于0.05 g的180条最新地震动数据作为外部数据集。表3为3种方法预测结果的统计,BO-XGBoost-SS总体R2保持在80%以上,且MSE和DTWmean均较小,表明泛化能力更好。图10为其中较大地震记录的预测结果,BO-XGBoost-SS对于各类场地预测结果的DTW值均较小,且DTW路径矩阵更加规整。
Shapley additive explanations(SHAP)是由LUNDBERG等[38]开发并被广泛应用的可解释算法之一,旨在使黑盒模型更具可解释性。该方法基于联盟博弈论[39],通过计算每个特征对预测结果的贡献值来衡量特征对结果的影响,特征在模型中的作用越大,贡献值的绝对值越大,特征重要性越高。
各周期点的预测结果的平均SHAP绝对值见图11。由图可知,2个数据子集上的特征重要性极为一致,这表明模型在训练集上学到的特征重要性较好地泛化到了测试集上。从图10中的特征贡献可以看出峰值基岩加速度始终是贡献最大的特征,卓越频率的重要性则是随周期的增加越来越重要。对于场地特征,覆盖层厚度在0~0.25 s呈现为第二重要特征,基岩剪切波速在短周期较为重要,等效剪切波速在T = 0.4 s后较为重要。
本文选用0.01、0.5、1.0 s这3个周期点的结果,分析了单因素的特征SHAP依赖关系,见图12。由图12(a)可知,对于各个周期,当峰值基岩加速度小于0.02 g左右时,SHAP值小于0,对预测结果有负向影响,峰值基岩加速度大于0.02 g左右时,SHAP值大于0,对预测结果有正向影响,且随着峰值基岩加速度的增大,SHAP值也随之增大,表明不同周期的谱加速度均随峰值基岩加速度的增大而增大。由图12(b)可知,各周期下的卓越频率的最大SHAP值均出现在该输入地震动卓越频率相对应的谱周期,T = 0.5 s集中在2 Hz而T = 1.0 s集中在1 Hz,此时对预测结果的正向作用最大,和现有研究成果一致,即当输入地震动的卓越频率与场地基本周期相近时,易产生共振现象,使场地放大效应更明显,而输入地震动的卓越频率与场地基本周期相差较大时,避免了共振现象的发生,降低了场地放大效应。由图12(c)可知,在反应谱周期较长时覆盖层厚度的SHAP值较小,对预测结果贡献较小;在短周期时,随覆盖层厚度的减小,其SHAP值逐渐增大,特别是当覆盖层厚度小于30 m时,SHAP值基本为正值,即对谱加速度的预测起增大作用,即覆盖层较薄时,对高频放大较明显。由图12(d)可知,随着等效剪切波速的增大,SHAP值有变小的趋势,特别是在反应谱中长周期。当等效剪切波速小于150 m/s时,其SHAP值基本为正,即对预测结果起正向作用,表明场地越软,基本频率越低,越易在长周期段产生共振现象,对长周期段的反应谱的放大效应越明显,反之亦然。由图12(e)可知,随着基岩面剪切波速的增大,其SHAP值逐渐增大,在波速约800 m/s附近由负转正,且随着波速的增大,SHAP值增大的幅度减小,说明随着基岩剪切波速越大,地表水平峰值加速度和谱加速度有增大趋势。由图12(f)和(g)可知,地表剪切波速和埋置深度的SHAP值均小于前面几个特征的SHAP值,二者的影响相对较小,总体来看,SHAP值均有随地表剪切波速和剖面深度增大而减小的趋势。
本文利用日本KIK-net强震台网数据,将机器学习方法应用于场地反应分析,提出了一种场地类别引导的可解释性地表加速度反应谱预测模型BO-XGBoost-SS,应用于一维场地反应分析中,得到以下结论:
1)综合考虑场地特征与地震动参数,选取了峰值基岩加速度、卓越频率、覆盖层厚度、埋置深度、地表剪切波速、基岩剪切波速、等效剪切波速7个参数作为输入特征;利用高斯过程的贝叶斯方法优化模型,实现了高效超参数搜索。BO-XGBoost-SS模型使用场地类别引导分层抽样的训练策略,有效改善了场地信息在数据子集上的不均匀分布导致的训练偏差,总体决定系数大于87.5%,各周期点的R2均超过80%,相较于BO-XGBoost整体提升约4.4%,预测PGA的R2值达到了95.3%,而对于长周期段的提升幅度在5% ~30%之间;与数值方法相比,BO-XGBoost-SS模型能够克服低估PGA、高估反应谱长周期的不足。
2)运用动态时间规整算法定量评估预测反应谱与实测值的匹配性,BO-XGBoost-SS模型对于3种类型场地的预测结果较为平衡,特别是对大于0.1 g的强地震动的DTW统计结果最小且方差较数值模拟方法有显著降低,预测结果稳健。
3)使用2020—2023年的最新地震动记录作为外部数据集,BO-XGBoost-SS模型的所有统计结果均优于BO-XGBoost,总体R2在80%以上,且在DTW矩阵中的路径更加规整,再一次验证了模型良好的泛化能力。利用SHAP对模型的预测机理进行后置解释,结果表明PBA是影响反应谱预测结果的第一特征,卓越频率、等效剪切波速和覆盖层厚度也有较重要影响。SHAP值对预测结果的解释与现有认识一致,进一步说明了模型预测结果的可靠性。
综上所述,机器学习方法在场地反应谱预测中展现了较高的可行性和应用前景。在整体样本范围内,机器学习模型能够有效克服常见的预测偏差,表现出良好的稳健性和泛化能力,为场地反应分析提供了创新性的解决方案。然而,安全评估关乎生命与财产安全,任何新方法在广泛应用前,都必须经过严格的验证。现阶段,机器学习模型仍主要作为一种探索性工具。在本文的研究中,数据集主要针对水平场地,以便与一维土层反应数值模拟结果进行对比,因此,模型并不适用于复杂场地条件。未来的工作将扩展数据集,考虑不同地形因素的影响,力求构建更加通用的地震反应预测模型。此外,进一步挖掘KiK-net数据,基于台站构建更加多样化的数据集,将是模型优化和验证的重要方向。
  • 中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2024B04)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金联合引导项目(LH2023E021)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51808515)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0311
  • 接收时间:2024-08-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-29
  • 修回日期:2024-09-25
基金
中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2024B04)
黑龙江省自然科学基金联合引导项目(LH2023E021)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51808515)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080

通讯作者:

郑桐(1984—),男,副研究员,博士,主要从事岩土地震工程研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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