Article(id=1241791791599522789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0309, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713542400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-20, revisedDate=1716134400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773995834493, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773995834493, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773995834493, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773995834493, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241791788986471392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773995833869, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996997624, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=106, endPage=117, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241791791809237990, articleId=1241791791599522789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Comparison of CPT liquefaction discrimination methods and analysis of liquefaction influencing factors based on machine learning, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There are various liquefaction assessment methods empirically based on test data used both domestically and internationally. Among them, the cone penetration test (CPT) has become a common method due to its inherent advantages. This paper elaborates on four commonly used CPT-based liquefaction assessment methods from both domestic and international sources: the NCEER method, the Code for investigation of geotechnical engineering method, the Specification for geotechnical invesitgation in soft clay area method, and the General rules for performance-based seismic design of buildings method. It compares the assessment results of these methods and utilizes data-driven classification and regression tree (CART) and random forest (RF) algorithms to study and analyze the importance of liquefaction influencing factors and the interplay among them. A new set of standards for determining liquefaction occurrence was developed, showing that: The General Rules method proposed by YUAN Xiaoming et al. is balanced with the highest accuracy for liquefaction assessment, achieving over 94% accuracy in seismic intensity zones of 7, 8 and 9, which is higher than the NCEER method, and significantly better than the Geotechnical Specification and Soft Soil Procedure methods. The NCEER method, though ranking second best, tends to misclassify a large quantity of non-liquefaction data as liquefaction in deeper layers of intensity zone 9, which is not consistent with reality. The performance of the Geotechnical Specification and Soft Soil Procedure methods is the worst. The accuracies of the two machine learning methods are 97.6% and 97.5% respectively, with the importance ranking of predictive variables being largely consistent. Factors such as relative density (Dr), soil behavior type index (Ic), fines content (FC), and cover thickness (CT) have a significant impact on triggering liquefaction, whereas peak ground acceleration (PGA), groundwater table (GWT), and critical thickness of the liquefiable layer (CTL) have a lesser impact. The proposed new standards for liquefaction triggering are in line with the impact trends of various influencing factors, providing references and support for the prediction and assessment of liquefaction triggering.

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国内外现有多种基于经验测试数据的液化判别方法,其中静力触探法(cone penetration test,CPT)由于其自身优势成为液化评价中的常用方法。该文介绍了国内外4种常用的CPT液化判别方法:NCEER法、《岩土工程勘察规范》方法(简称“岩规法”)、《软土地区岩土工程勘察规程》方法(简称“软土规程法”)和《建筑工程抗震性态设计通则》方法,对比分析了4种方法的判别结果,并采用基于数据驱动的分类与回归决策树(classification and regression tree,CART)算法以及随机森林(random forest,RF)算法对液化影响因素对液化触发的重要程度以及影响因素之间的耦合作用进行了研究分析,得出一套液化发生与否的判别新标准。结果表明:袁晓铭等提出的通则法具有均衡性,液化判别准确率最高,在7度、8度、9度区的准确率均在94%以上,均高于NCEER法,且远高于岩规法和软土规程法;NCEER法次之,但是在9度区的深层,会将大量非液化数据误判为液化数据,不符合实际;岩规法和软土规程法判别效果最差。2种机器学习方法判别准确率分别为97.6%和97.5%,且预测变量的重要性程度排名基本一致,其中相对密实度Dr、土壤类型行为指数Ic、细粒土含量(fines content,FC)、上覆盖层厚度(cover thickness,CT)对液化触发影响较大,峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)、地下水位(groundwater table,GWT)和可液化层厚度(critical thickness of the liquefiable layer,CTL)影响较小。提出新的液化触发判别标准符合各影响因素对液化触发的影响趋势,为液化触发的预测和判别提供了参考和支持。

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刘中宪(1982—),男,教授,博士,主要从事地震工程、工程防护研究。E-mail:
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李程程(1987—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事岩土工程抗震研究。E-mail:

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Research on decision tree algorithm for uncertain data[D]. Shenyang: Northeastern University, 2017. 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Research on loan default prediction based on classification algorithm in machine learning[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2021. 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Study on crop classification in the Sanjiang Plain region based on random forests[J]. Journal of Wuhan University (Engineering Edition), 2024, 57(4): 519-527. 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A study on credit risk measurement in China’s bond market based on random forest algorithm[D]. Chengdu: Sichuan University, 2022. 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Seismic fragility models of double column piers of small-and medium-span bridges in highway based on random forest[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2022, 42(1): 94-103. 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A review of technologies on random forests[J]. Statistics & Information Forum, 2011, 26(3): 32-38. 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Soil property correction coefficient αp

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数土类
砂土粉土
静力触探摩阻比RfRf≤0.40.4<Rf≤0.9Rf>0.9
土性修正系数αp1.000.600.45
), ArticleFig(id=1241825940544754408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土性修正系数αp

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数土类
砂土粉土
静力触探摩阻比RfRf≤0.40.4<Rf≤0.9Rf>0.9
土性修正系数αp1.000.600.45
), ArticleFig(id=1241825940645417707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Reference value of cone tip resistance qc0

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计地震分组7度8度9度
第1组2.35(2.90)5.50(6.60)8.6
第2、3组2.90(5.50)6.10(7.80)9.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241825940720915182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

锥尖阻力基准值qc0

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计地震分组7度8度9度
第1组2.35(2.90)5.50(6.60)8.6
第2、3组2.90(5.50)6.10(7.80)9.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241825942239253233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design earthquake adjustment coefficient β

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计地震调整系数设计地震第1组设计地震第2组设计地震第3组
β0.901.001.10
), ArticleFig(id=1241825942339916536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

设计地震调整系数β

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计地震调整系数设计地震第1组设计地震第2组设计地震第3组
β0.901.001.10
), ArticleFig(id=1241825942419608315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Distribution of CPT data in different intensity zones

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型7度8度9度
液化2817603063
非液化369901354
总计6427504417
), ArticleFig(id=1241825942612546304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同烈度区的CPT数据分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型7度8度9度
液化2817603063
非液化369901354
总计6427504417
), ArticleFig(id=1241825942721598214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of the prediction accuracies of the four methods in different intensity zones

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法7度8度9度
液化非液化总体液化非液化总体液化非液化总体
NCEER法799789969696994081
岩规法329769549970509163
软土规程法50100786410077718978
通则法9694959199941009699
), ArticleFig(id=1241825942822261513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

4种方法在不同烈度区的预测准确率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法7度8度9度
液化非液化总体液化非液化总体液化非液化总体
NCEER法799789969696994081
岩规法329769549970509163
软土规程法50100786410077718978
通则法9694959199941009699
), ArticleFig(id=1241825942952284939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Parameters included in each factor affecting liquefaction in the database and their ranges

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响液化的因素范围
动荷载条件峰值加速度PGA/g0.17~0.74
初始应力条件上覆盖层厚度CT/m0.51~32.45
可液化层厚度CTL/m1.01~21.94
CT/CTL0.04~21.71
土性条件细粒土含量FC/%0~33
相对密实度Dr/%5~100
土体行为类型指数Ic1.35~2.55
排水条件地下水位GWT/m-0.5~18.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241825943044559630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

数据库中影响液化的各因素所包含的参数及其范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响液化的因素范围
动荷载条件峰值加速度PGA/g0.17~0.74
初始应力条件上覆盖层厚度CT/m0.51~32.45
可液化层厚度CTL/m1.01~21.94
CT/CTL0.04~21.71
土性条件细粒土含量FC/%0~33
相对密实度Dr/%5~100
土体行为类型指数Ic1.35~2.55
排水条件地下水位GWT/m-0.5~18.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241825943145222928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Comparison of the liquefaction triggering discrimination results of CART and RF

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法准确率(Accuracy)/%召回率(Recall)/%精确度(Precision)/%F1得分AUC值
CART97.698.198.30.9820.988
随机森林97.596.799.60.9810.998
), ArticleFig(id=1241825943229109011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

CART和RF液化触发判别结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法准确率(Accuracy)/%召回率(Recall)/%精确度(Precision)/%F1得分AUC值
CART97.698.198.30.9820.988
随机森林97.596.799.60.9810.998
), ArticleFig(id=1241825943333966613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Evaluation criteria for liquefaction triggering discrimination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
液化触发评价标准
液化当CT≤18.43 m,PGA≤0.19 g,且Dr≤20%时
当CT≤9.65 m,PGA>0.19 g,且Dr≤41%时
当9.65 m<CT≤18.43 m,PGA>0.31 gDr≤41%且FC≤9.17%时
当9.65 m<CT≤18.43 m,PGA>0.19 gDr≤32%,且FC>9.17%时
当CT≤18.43 m,41%<Dr≤42%且FC≤6.17%时
当CT≤8.14%且42%<Dr≤46%时
当CT>8.14%,PGA>0.52 g且42%<Dr≤46%时
当PGA>0.51 g且46%<Dr≤47%时
非液化当CT≤18.43 m,PGA≤0.19 g,且20%<Dr≤41%时
当9.65 m<CT≤18.43 m,0.19 g<PGA≤0.31 gDr≤41%且FC≤9.17%时
当9.65 m<CT≤18.43 m,PGA>0.19 g,32%<Dr≤41%且FC≤9.17%时
当CT≤18.43 m,41%<Dr≤42%且FC>6.17%时
当CT>18.43 m且Dr≤42%时
当CT>8.14 m,PGA≤0.52 g且42%<Dr≤46%时
当46%<Dr≤47%且PGA≤0.51 g
Dr>47%时
), ArticleFig(id=1241825943430435608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791791599522789, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

液化触发判别评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
液化触发评价标准
液化当CT≤18.43 m,PGA≤0.19 g,且Dr≤20%时
当CT≤9.65 m,PGA>0.19 g,且Dr≤41%时
当9.65 m<CT≤18.43 m,PGA>0.31 gDr≤41%且FC≤9.17%时
当9.65 m<CT≤18.43 m,PGA>0.19 gDr≤32%,且FC>9.17%时
当CT≤18.43 m,41%<Dr≤42%且FC≤6.17%时
当CT≤8.14%且42%<Dr≤46%时
当CT>8.14%,PGA>0.52 g且42%<Dr≤46%时
当PGA>0.51 g且46%<Dr≤47%时
非液化当CT≤18.43 m,PGA≤0.19 g,且20%<Dr≤41%时
当9.65 m<CT≤18.43 m,0.19 g<PGA≤0.31 gDr≤41%且FC≤9.17%时
当9.65 m<CT≤18.43 m,PGA>0.19 g,32%<Dr≤41%且FC≤9.17%时
当CT≤18.43 m,41%<Dr≤42%且FC>6.17%时
当CT>18.43 m且Dr≤42%时
当CT>8.14 m,PGA≤0.52 g且42%<Dr≤46%时
当46%<Dr≤47%且PGA≤0.51 g
Dr>47%时
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CPT液化判别方法对比及基于机器学习的液化影响因素分析
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李程程 1, 2 , 崔怡怡 2 , 刘中宪 1, 2 , 袁晓铭 3, 4 , 徐蓝 2 , 魏庆宾 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(3): 106-117
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(3): 106-117
CPT液化判别方法对比及基于机器学习的液化影响因素分析
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李程程1, 2 , 崔怡怡2, 刘中宪1, 2 , 袁晓铭3, 4, 徐蓝2, 魏庆宾2
作者信息
  • 1.天津城建大学 天津市软土特性与工程环境重点实验室,天津 300384
  • 2.天津城建大学 土木工程学院,天津 300384
  • 3.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 4.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 李程程(1987—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事岩土工程抗震研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘中宪(1982—),男,教授,博士,主要从事地震工程、工程防护研究。E-mail:
Comparison of CPT liquefaction discrimination methods and analysis of liquefaction influencing factors based on machine learning
Chengcheng LI1, 2 , Yiyi CUI2, Zhongxian LIU1, 2 , Xiaoming YUAN3, 4, Lan XU2, Qingbin WEI2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Soft Soil Characteristics and Engineering Environment, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 4.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0309
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国内外现有多种基于经验测试数据的液化判别方法,其中静力触探法(cone penetration test,CPT)由于其自身优势成为液化评价中的常用方法。该文介绍了国内外4种常用的CPT液化判别方法:NCEER法、《岩土工程勘察规范》方法(简称“岩规法”)、《软土地区岩土工程勘察规程》方法(简称“软土规程法”)和《建筑工程抗震性态设计通则》方法,对比分析了4种方法的判别结果,并采用基于数据驱动的分类与回归决策树(classification and regression tree,CART)算法以及随机森林(random forest,RF)算法对液化影响因素对液化触发的重要程度以及影响因素之间的耦合作用进行了研究分析,得出一套液化发生与否的判别新标准。结果表明:袁晓铭等提出的通则法具有均衡性,液化判别准确率最高,在7度、8度、9度区的准确率均在94%以上,均高于NCEER法,且远高于岩规法和软土规程法;NCEER法次之,但是在9度区的深层,会将大量非液化数据误判为液化数据,不符合实际;岩规法和软土规程法判别效果最差。2种机器学习方法判别准确率分别为97.6%和97.5%,且预测变量的重要性程度排名基本一致,其中相对密实度Dr、土壤类型行为指数Ic、细粒土含量(fines content,FC)、上覆盖层厚度(cover thickness,CT)对液化触发影响较大,峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)、地下水位(groundwater table,GWT)和可液化层厚度(critical thickness of the liquefiable layer,CTL)影响较小。提出新的液化触发判别标准符合各影响因素对液化触发的影响趋势,为液化触发的预测和判别提供了参考和支持。

静力触探  /  液化判别方法  /  CART决策树  /  随机森林  /  液化触发判别标准

There are various liquefaction assessment methods empirically based on test data used both domestically and internationally. Among them, the cone penetration test (CPT) has become a common method due to its inherent advantages. This paper elaborates on four commonly used CPT-based liquefaction assessment methods from both domestic and international sources: the NCEER method, the Code for investigation of geotechnical engineering method, the Specification for geotechnical invesitgation in soft clay area method, and the General rules for performance-based seismic design of buildings method. It compares the assessment results of these methods and utilizes data-driven classification and regression tree (CART) and random forest (RF) algorithms to study and analyze the importance of liquefaction influencing factors and the interplay among them. A new set of standards for determining liquefaction occurrence was developed, showing that: The General Rules method proposed by YUAN Xiaoming et al. is balanced with the highest accuracy for liquefaction assessment, achieving over 94% accuracy in seismic intensity zones of 7, 8 and 9, which is higher than the NCEER method, and significantly better than the Geotechnical Specification and Soft Soil Procedure methods. The NCEER method, though ranking second best, tends to misclassify a large quantity of non-liquefaction data as liquefaction in deeper layers of intensity zone 9, which is not consistent with reality. The performance of the Geotechnical Specification and Soft Soil Procedure methods is the worst. The accuracies of the two machine learning methods are 97.6% and 97.5% respectively, with the importance ranking of predictive variables being largely consistent. Factors such as relative density (Dr), soil behavior type index (Ic), fines content (FC), and cover thickness (CT) have a significant impact on triggering liquefaction, whereas peak ground acceleration (PGA), groundwater table (GWT), and critical thickness of the liquefiable layer (CTL) have a lesser impact. The proposed new standards for liquefaction triggering are in line with the impact trends of various influencing factors, providing references and support for the prediction and assessment of liquefaction triggering.

static cone penetration test  /  liquefaction discrimination methods  /  CART decision tree  /  random forest  /  liquefaction triggering discrimination criteria
李程程, 崔怡怡, 刘中宪, 袁晓铭, 徐蓝, 魏庆宾. CPT液化判别方法对比及基于机器学习的液化影响因素分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (3) : 106 -117 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0309
Chengcheng LI, Yiyi CUI, Zhongxian LIU, Xiaoming YUAN, Lan XU, Qingbin WEI. Comparison of CPT liquefaction discrimination methods and analysis of liquefaction influencing factors based on machine learning[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (3) : 106 -117 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0309
我国是一个地震多发的国家。在我国“十四五”规划中,强调重点发展的城市群区域,如京津冀协同发展区、长江经济带等,工程地质条件复杂,地震形势严峻。这些区域大多位于各河流三角洲、沿海平原、冲洪积平原和洪积平原等地域,饱和粉土、粉砂和细砂广泛分布,是液化灾害高发区。因此,有效地防御和减轻地震引发的液化灾害风险,具有重大意义。
目前,国内外基于经验测试数据的液化判别方法包括标准贯入试验(standard penetration test,SPT)、静力触探法(cone penetration test,CPT)、贝克贯入试验(Becker penetration test,BPT)、大型贯入仪试验(large penetration test,LPT)和剪切波速(shear wave velocity,Vs)试验等。BPT、LPT和Vs试验倾向于在特殊情况下使用,因此,在液化评估中使用的频率低于SPT和CPT。而相较于SPT和CPT具有许多优点,如可提供连续的锥端阻力数据,并且不容易受到操作者人为误差的影响,设备简单、操作方便、精度高、速度快[1],近年来,随着历史地震数据的积累,也逐渐成为一种液化判别的常规手段。国际上首个直接基于历史数据的CPT液化判别方法是由周神根[1]提出,通过对唐山地震区130个CPT试验数据进行总结分析,提出了一个用CPT判别砂土液化势的实用方法,且用海城地震区的试验资料检验,证明了该方法有较好的判别效果,后被纳入到《岩土工程勘察规范》简称“岩规法”中。1996—1997年间,在美国国家地震工程研究中心(NCEER1997)和美国国家科学基金会(National Science Foundation,NSF)组织的研讨会上,YOUD和IDRISS[2]召集20名专家回顾了过去10 a地震液化判别方法的发展,及时总结了基于SPT、CPT和Vs的判别方法,其中推荐了ROBERTSON等提出的CPT液化判别方法,本文简称“NCEER”法,其由国家地震工程研究中心(National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research,NCEER)召开会议总结改进得到,因此称NCEER法。上海岩土工程勘察设计研究院、同济大学等有关单位,针对上海和南方软土地区砂类土的特性建立了JGJ 83—2011《软土地区岩土工程勘察规程》[3]简称“软土规程法”中的基于CPT的液化判别方法。张思宇等[4]针对《岩土工程勘察规范》浅层偏于保守,且指出国际方法液化临界线存在低烈度区不合理回弯问题以及高烈度区又偏于保守的问题,以Boulanger数据库171组数据为回归样本,提出了新的基于CPT液化判别的双曲线模型和计算公式,该方法被纳入《建筑工程抗震性态设计通则》(简称“通则法”)。
但值得注意的是,虽然上述经验方法能进行液化与否的判别,但均无法体现液化影响因素对判别结果的重要程度以及影响因素之间的耦合作用,而且当数据量较大时,基于CPT的液化判别方法计算效率较低,随着计算机的发展,机器学习方法逐渐被运用在岩土工程领域。KOHESTANI等[5]使用JUANG等[6]的数据集,结果表明随机森林模型判别结果优于现有的人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)和支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)模型;杨琛[7]收集了620例SPT数据,运用随机森林算法优化其建立的基于佳点集法的樽海鞘算法(salp swarm algorithm,SSA)与SVM的SSA-SVM模型,并将经过随机森林算法优化和未优化的2种模型与Seed“简化法”预测结果进行对比,验证了RF-SSA-SVM具有更高的预测精度。王昭栋等[8]基于新西兰岩土数据库(New Zealand Geotechnical Database,NZGD)中519组CPT数据,用网格搜索法对支持向量机、极限梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)、随机森林3种机器学习算法进行超参数优化,并对3种方法建立的砂土液化预测模型性能进行对比,得出随机森林的预测能力更强。张屹蕃等[9]基于YOUD等2002液化变形数据库,分别讨论了BP神经网络(back propagation neural network,BPNN)模型、径向基神经网络(radial basis function neural network,RBF)模型、决策树(decision tree,DT)模型、随机森林(random forest,RF)模型、支持向量机(SVM)模型等机器学习模型的适用性,研究表明随机森林(RF)模型表现最为优越,将新近地震液化场地水平位移的整体预测精度提升了18.17%。但RF算法也有一些不足之处:①模型解释性相对较差。作为一种黑盒模型,难以解释单个树的决策过程,可能会影响模型的可解释性和透明度。②计算开销相对较大。构建多个决策树和集成它们的结果可能需要较多计算资源,特别是在大规模数据集上,训练时间可能较长。而分类与回归树算法,生成的决策树结构直观,便于可视化易于理解,且可以有效地处理大规模数据集以及高维数据,保持较好的分类和回归能力。李程程[10]构建了CART分类决策树,实现了判别过程的可视化,提出了准确可靠的液化侧移等级判别标准。彭刘亚等[11]用唐山大地震72个样本数据,选取8个液化特征,用CART决策树和随机森林算法进行预测模型的建立,成功预测了测试集上的每一个样本。
本文对上述国内外常用的液化判别方法汇总整理,并收集了新西兰2010—2011年间系列地震中7231个CPT实测数据,对比分析了各个基于CPT液化判别方法的合理性与适用性,且本文分别采用了RF算法以及CART算法对液化影响因素对液化触发的重要程度以及影响因素之间的耦合作用进行了研究分析,影响因素包括相对密实度Dr、上覆盖层厚度(cover thickness,CT)、可液化层厚度(critical thickness of the liquefiable layer,CTL)、上覆盖层对可液化层的限制程度CT/CTL、土体行为类型指数Ic、地下水位(groundwater table,GWT),细粒土含量(fines content,FC)和峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA),得出一套液化发生与否的判别新标准。
NCEER法是对SEED和IDRISS[12]在1971年提出的液化判别“简化方法”的更新和扩充,其实质是将由于地震运动而产生的循环剪应力比(cyclic shear stress ratio,CSR)与产生液化所需的循环抗力比(cyclic resistance ratio,CRR)进行比较,当CSR>CRR时判为液化,反之为不液化,NCEER法的循环剪应力比(CSR)采用SEED和IDRISS[12]提出的计算公式:
式中:amax为地震产生的地表水平加速度峰值;g为重力加速度;σv0分别为总垂直上覆应力和有效垂直上覆应力;γd为应力折减系数[4]Kσ为有效上覆应力修正系数,建议的值为1.0;MSF为震级标定系数[2]
循环抗力比(CRR)是ROBERTSON等[13]提出的。基于CPT数据,直接测定纯砂(FC≤5%)的CRR值,绘制曲线,该曲线正确预测了液化的发生与否,可靠性高于85%,由此曲线近似得到了CRR7.5的计算公式:
式中,qc1Ncs为等效的纯砂值[13]
GB 50021—2001《岩土工程勘察规范》(2009年版)[14](简称“岩规法”)条文,提到的静力触探试验液化判别方法是根据唐山地震的试验资料,用判别函数法统计分析得到的,具体内容是:当qc<qccr时,为液化,反之判别为非液化,其中qccr为液化锥尖阻力临界值,计算公式如式(4)~式(6)所示:
式中:qco为地下水位2 m,上覆非液化土层厚度2 m时,饱和土液化判别锥尖阻力基准值,7度、8度和9度的qco分别取为5、11、17 MPa;αw为地下水位埋深修正系数;αu为上覆非液化土层厚度修正系数;αp为土性修正系数,不同类型的上对应的数值见表1,文中αp取1.00;dw为地下水位深度;du为饱和砂土层埋深。
JGJ 83—2011《软土地区岩土工程勘察规程》[3]条文规定:当采用静力触探试验方法判别液化时,若土的贯入阻力或锥尖阻力实测值大于临界值,可判为不液化土。判别公式为
式中:qc0为锥尖阻力基准值,取值见表2ds为静力触探试验点深度,当深度为15~20 m时,取15 m;a为系数,可取1;b为系数,可取0.75;ρc为黏粒含量百分率,取邻近钻孔资料或场地平均值,且当小于3或为砂土时,应采用3。
张思宇等[4]结合SPT的液化判别的双曲线模型优势,运用Matlab编程,采取综合效果最好的参数,构造出CPT液化判别新方法。最终的公式为
式中:β为设计地震调整系数,取值见表3,也可以按照β = 0.2 MS-0.5计算,其中MS为面波震级;ds为砂层深度(m);Rf为静力触探摩阻比,当小于0.4或为砂土时,应采用0.4。
本文整理了2010—2011年间新西兰系列地震液化数据,从新西兰数据库中得到了深度大于10 m的CPT钻孔的26837条样本数据,去除掉不满足厚度要求的以及整理有误差的数据,最终得到7231个样本数据。其中液化样本数据4851个,非液化样本数据2 380个。CPT钻孔的土壤剖面图、液化层及土壤行为类型指数分布见图1,CPT数据烈度分布见表4图2。由表4可知,数据主要集中在8度和9度区,7度区数据占比最少,仅有64例数据。
采用新西兰数据库中的数据,对比分析国内外4种液化判别方法,4种判别方法在不同烈度区内的判别正确率记录在表5中。通过以下假设作出锥尖阻力随深度变化的临界线:地下水位取2 m,震级MW为7.5;颗粒特性的校正因子Kc = 1.0;随土壤行为类型图(soil behavior type,SBTn)变化的应力指数n = 0.75;砂土饱和重度取值为20 kN/m3;砂土天然重度取值为19 kN/m3,NCEER法根据CRR7.5 = CSR7.5求出锥尖阻力qc。烈度为7度、8度、9度下4种方法对比见图3
表5图3可知,NCEER法在7度区,液化案例误判数量较多,锥尖阻力临界线在10 m左右出现了不合理的回弯现象,导致深层的判别结果过于危险;在8度区,判别结果整体较好;在9度区,锥尖阻力的大小随着深度的增大而不断增加,导致将深处具有较大锥尖阻力的数据点判别为液化,结果偏于保守,不符合实际。
岩规法的锥尖阻力随深度的变化表现出与其他3种方法相反的趋势,即随着深度的增加,锥尖阻力不断减小。在7度、8度和9度区,锥尖阻力的临界线靠左,导致液化判别结果偏于危险,深层的锥尖阻力趋于0,导致将大量的液化点判别为非液化点。
在7度、8度和9度区,软土规程法在5 m附近都出现了一定程度的回弯;在7度和8度区,深层液化案例的判别准确率较低,结果偏于危险;在9度区,由于回弯导致一部分非液化案例被判别为液化案例,浅层判别结果偏于保守。
通则法随着深度的增加,在浅层锥尖阻力的增长速率较快,随着深度的加深,锥尖阻力趋于平稳,不会随着深度的增加无限增大,符合实际现象,无论是在深层还是浅层,在7度、8度和9度区均具有较高的判别准确率,分别为95%、94%以及99%。
影响砂土液化的可能因素众多,主要包括土性条件、初始应力条件、动荷载条件及排水条件[15],本文建立的数据库中涉及的因素有:上覆盖层对可液化层的限制程度CT/CTL、相对密实度Dr、上覆盖层厚度CT、可液化层厚度CTL、土体行为类型指数Ic、细粒土含量FC、峰值加速度PGA、锥尖阻力qc、侧摩阻力fs和地下水位GWT,影响因素之间应避免具有强的相关性,因此本文建立相关热力图,见图4,对上述参数进行初步筛选。
随着颜色的加深,相关性逐渐增强。由图4可知,DrqcIc和FC,qcfs之间具有较强的相关性,Dr属于土性条件,是砂土液化主要的影响因素,ALBA等[16]也通过研究发现Dr对饱和砂土的抗液化强度具有较大影响。因此,本文在建立预测模型时选择了相对密实度Dr,而不考虑锥尖阻力和侧摩阻力。此外,胡记磊等[17]研究验证Ic能够提高逻辑回归液化判别模型性能,因此本文同时保留了Ic和FC,最终选取DrIc、FC、CT、CT/CTL、PGA、GWT和CTL作为模型最终的输入参数,各参数的分布见表6
决策树是一种常见的机器学习算法,一棵决策树包含父节点、多个内部节点和若干叶节点[18],叶节点的纯度越高,分类效果越好。决策树包括分枝和修剪过程,修剪是防止过拟合的主要手段,CART决策树是一种分类和回归的算法,使用“基尼指数”进行分枝[19-20],选择划分后基尼指数最小的特征进行划分[21],选择最佳的分类特征,保证每一个叶节点代表一种类别。
本文结合预剪枝和后剪枝2种方法进行剪枝,可以在一定程度上平衡模型的过拟合和欠拟合风险,预剪枝主要通过限制父节点和叶子节点包含的最小样本数判断是否需要分裂,后剪枝采用V-fold交叉验证法选择最优的复杂度参数,剪枝可以实现整体损失函数最小化。
CART决策树具有较好的解释性,可以直观的看到每一条分类路径的分类规则,并且能够展示各个影响因素对分类结果影响的重要性排名,计算速度快,操作简单且计算结果准确。
随机森林(RF)算法由多棵决策树组成[22],是一种将Bagging算法和CART算法结合起来的集成学习算法,“随机”体现在两个方面,首先是数据集随机,利用Bagging算法的原理,采取有放回的抽样,构建k个独立的样本集;第2个随机是特征变量随机,一个样本拥有m个特征变量,从m个特征变量中抽取n个参与决策树的生成,其中n<m。同时生成k棵决策树,对决策树不用进行剪枝处理。数据集的随机和特征变量的随机保证了决策树之间的独立性,提高了模型的泛化能力,稳定性强。分类器对未训练数据进行分类的能力称为泛化能力[23],RF通过对袋外误差(OOB)的计算[24],衡量分类器的泛化能力,将未抽中的36.8%的样本数据作为袋外数据[25],进行泛化误差的计算。在对未知数据进行预测时,分类结果服从少数服从多数原则,运用简单多数投票法,将样本的类别定义为在所有决策树判别结果中占比最多的类别,因此随机森林通常能提供较高的预测准确率。该方法还可以提供精度较高的特征的重要性评估,有助于理解哪些特征对模型贡献最大。但该方法模型解释性相对较差,作为一种黑盒模型,难以解释单棵树的决策过程,可能会影响模型的可解释性和透明度。
本文规定当数据安全系数(factor of safety)FS≤1时,判别为液化,FS>1时为非液化。将液化和非液化分别设置为1和0,便于分辨分类结果。基于上述构建的数据库,采用CART算法和RF算法,以CT/CTL、Dr、CT、CTL、Ic、FC、GWT和PGA为预测变量,以1和0(液化与否)为目标变量,建立液化判别分类模型,2种机器学习算法下,各预测变量对液化的重要性程度见图5(a)、(b)。在CART算法和随机森林算法中,预测变量的重要性程度排名基本一致,DrIc、FC、CT对液化触发影响较大,其中DrIc、FC均为土性条件,可见土质情况是影响液化的主要因素,PGA、GWT和CTL影响较小,PGA触发液化,是液化发生的前提,GWT和CTL的分布比较集中,在液化和非液化数据中的差异较小,因此排名比较靠后,但是也是影响液化不容忽视的因素。
本文选择准确率(Accuracy)、召回率(Recall)、精确度(Precision)、F1得分(F1)和曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)值5个指标对液化触发判别结果进行评价。F1得分是精确率和召回率的调和平均数,F1得分越高,代表综合评价表现越好。精确度是指真正例占所有被预测为正例的样本数的比例;召回率是真正例占所有实际为正例的样本数的比例。受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线下面积AUC在0.5~1.0之间,值越大越好。对比结果见表7
从对比的结果可以看出,决策树和随机森林都具有较好的预测结果。
液化触发判别评价标准见表8,该判别准则是通过梳理分类决策树从根节点到叶节点的每一条路径而制定的标准,液化判别预测分类决策树见图6
本文验证了CART算法在进行液化触发预测时,具有较高的准确率,同时对影响因素的各参数分布情况进行分析,根据影响趋势分析提出判别规则的可靠性。CT/CTL、Dr、CT、CTL、Ic、FC、GWT和PGA在液化数据和非液化数据中的频率分布直方图见图7。由图7(a)和(b)可知,液化数据的上覆盖层厚度分布在0~20 m的范围内,而非液化数据的上覆盖层厚度主要集中在0~35 m范围内,范围更广,厚度更厚,因此上覆盖层厚度越厚越不容易液化;由图7(c)和(d)可知,液化和非液化数据的可液化层厚度都分布在0~12 m的范围内,分布比较均匀;图7(e)和(f)显示细粒土含量主要分布在15%以内;由图7(g)和(h)可知,土壤类型行为指数均分布在1.31~2.60之间,液化数据主要集中在1.80左右,非液化数据主要集中在1.60左右;由图7(i)和(j)可知,PGA大于0.5 g的液化数据占31%,非液化数据占21%,液化数据的加速度更大,峰值加速度与液化为正相关关系。由图7(k)和(l)可知,液化数据中的Dr主要分布在0~0.5范围内,非液化数据主要分布在0.3~0.9的范围内,说明土越密实越不容易液化。由图7(m)和(n)可知,液化数据的CT/CTL值在0~5范围内的占比比非液化数据多,由图7(o)和(p)可知,液化数据和非液化数据的分布基本一致,但是非液化数据地下水位在0~5 m范围内的数据更多,地下水位与液化呈负相关。
本文建立的液化触发判别决策树符合影响因素对液化触发的规律。根节点在相对密度Dr≤42%时判别为液化,Dr>42%时判别为非液化,符合相对密实度越大越不容易液化的规律;子节点4根据PGA≤0.19 g和PGA>0.19 g分别判别为非液化和液化,可以看出加速度越大越容易液化;在其他限制因素相同的条件下,叶节点8和叶节点9在FC<6.17%时被判别为液化,FC≥6.17%为非液化,细粒土含量与液化呈负相关关系;同样,子节点7的分类情况也可以看出细粒土含量越大越不容易液化。各影响因素之间相互耦合制约,如子节点13,在CT>8.14 m时为不液化,但是当PGA足够大,PGA>0.52 g时,发生液化,同样地,在FC≤9.17%的情况下,子节点8为液化,但是当加速度PGA≤0.31 g时,液化变为非液化。因此,判别准则符合影响因素的实际规律,同时也体现了各因素之间的耦合作用,具有可靠性和合理性。
基于新西兰数据库,对国内外4种基于CPT的液化判别方法进行对比并研究了CART法和随机森林在液化判别方面的预测性能,得出以下结论:
1)本文整理了2010—2011年间新西兰系列地震实测CPT液化数据,建立了包含CT/CTL、Dr、CT、CTL、Ic、FC、GWT和PGA等多个参数的数据库。数据库中包含7231组数据,其中液化样本数据4851个,非液化样本数据2380个,所建立的数据库数据量大,数据范围广,以此得出的液化等级判别标准模型具有普适性。对地震液化灾害研究具有重要意义。
2)基于该数据库,对比分析了4种国内外的液化判别方法,结果表明,袁晓铭等提出的通则法具有均衡性,液化判别准确率最高,在7度、8度、9度区的准确率均在94%以上,均高于NCEER法,且远高于岩规法和软土规程法;NCEER法次之,但是在9度区的深层,会将大量非液化数据误判为液化数据,不符合实际;岩规法和软土规程法判别效果最差,这一发现可以直接指导工程设计师在液化潜在区域进行更准确的风险评估,从而设计出更安全、经济的建筑结构。
3)分别采用了CART算法以及RF算法分析了液化影响因素对液化触发的贡献度以及影响因素之间的耦合作用。结果表明,DrIc、FC、CT对液化触发影响较大,其中DrIc、FC均为土性条件,可见土质情况是影响液化的主要因素,并得出一套液化发生与否的判别新标准。2种预测模型均得到较好的判别结果,准确率分别为97.6%和97.5%,AUC值分别为0.988和0.998,不仅能快速地判别液化,而且可以根据各因素对液化的影响程度,有针对性地采取措施减轻液化造成的灾害,对指导防灾减灾工作的开展具有重大意义。
4)建立CART决策树,总结了新的液化触发判别准则,根据各影响参数对液化的影响趋势,PGA值越大越容易液化,CT、Dr和FC值越大越难液化,验证了新规则的可靠性。
  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金重点项目(U2139208)
  • 中国地震局地震工程与工程振动重点实验室重点专项(2020EEEVL0302)
  • 天津市软土特性与工程环境重点实验室开放课题基金项目(2022SCEEKL003)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52008287; 52278516)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0309
  • 接收时间:2024-04-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-20
  • 修回日期:2024-05-20
基金
国家自然科学基金联合基金重点项目(U2139208)
中国地震局地震工程与工程振动重点实验室重点专项(2020EEEVL0302)
天津市软土特性与工程环境重点实验室开放课题基金项目(2022SCEEKL003)
国家自然科学基金项目(52008287; 52278516)
作者信息
    1.天津城建大学 天津市软土特性与工程环境重点实验室,天津 300384
    2.天津城建大学 土木工程学院,天津 300384
    3.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    4.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080

通讯作者:

刘中宪(1982—),男,教授,博士,主要从事地震工程、工程防护研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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