Article(id=1241791683793322244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791680479822062, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0207, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704556800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-07, revisedDate=1711296000000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773995808790, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1745424000000, pubDateStr=2025-04-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773995808790, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773995808790, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773995808790, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241791680479822062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='237', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773995807999, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996976041, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796579670163949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791680479822062, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796579670163950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791680479822062, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=74, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241791684070146314, articleId=1241791683793322244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Damage state coupling characteristics of small-to-medium-span girder bridges based on the quasi-isolation concept, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To introduce the quasi-isolation concept in the transverse earthquake-resisting system of small-to-medium-span girder bridges, first the basic connotation of the quasi-isolation concept was elaborated based on the typical seismic damage statistical characteristics, and the performance roles of the critical elements (i.e. bearing, retainer and pier) were defined in the bridge earthquake-resisting system. Then, nonlinear analytical models were established for the bearing-retainer-pier systems considering the parameters of pier height and retainer capacity. Finally, the fragility analysis method based on the Copula functions was applied to investigating the coupling characteristics of the damage states of bearing, retainer and pier under earthquake actions, and the reasonable design capacity of retainer was explored according to the system-level deterministic fragility curves to satisfy the requirements of the quasi-isolation concept. The results showed that significant coupling relationships exist among the bearing, retainer and pier under seismic actions. The capacity of retainer has a notable impact on the damage states of bearing and pier. When the retainer capacity increases from 0 to 30% of the superstructural dead load reaction force, the damage probability of bearing decreases continuously, and a maximum decrease of 27.2% can be achieved at the complete damage state, while the damage probability of pier increases steadily with the maximum increase of 61. 6% at the complete damage state. The damage sequence gradually changes from the retainer, bearing, pier to the pier, bearing and then the retainer. When the retainer capacity is designed as 15%~20% of the superstructural dead load reaction force, the bearing sliding isolation and the pier plastic energy dissipation can be fully mobilized, and the severe damage probability of the bearing-retainer-pier systems under the seismic actions is the lowest and reduced by 16.3% when compared to that of the case without retainers.

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为了在中小跨径梁桥的横向抗震体系中引入准隔震理念,首先结合典型震害统计特征,阐明了准隔震理念的基本内涵,明确了关键构件(即支座、挡块、桥墩)在桥梁抗震体系中的功能定位。然后以墩高、挡块强度为参数,构建了支座-挡块-桥墩体系的非线性分析模型。最后采用基于Copula函数的地震易损性分析方法,研究了支座、挡块和桥墩在地震作用下损伤状态的耦合规律,并根据系统层面的确定性易损性曲线,探讨了满足准隔震理念的挡块合理设计强度。研究表明:支座和挡块和桥墩在地震作用下存在显著的耦合作用关系,挡块强度对支座、桥墩的损伤状态有重要影响;当挡块强度由0增至30%的恒载反力时,支座损伤概率不断降低,其完全破坏概率的最大降幅为27.2%,而桥墩损伤概率则不断上升,其完全破坏概率的最大增幅达61.6%,挡块、支座和桥墩的损伤次序会逐渐转变为桥墩、挡块和支座;当挡块强度取值为15%~20%的主梁恒载反力时,支座的滑动隔震和桥墩的塑性耗能都被充分调动,此时支座-挡块-桥墩系统在地震中出现严重损伤的概率最低,相比无挡块工况降低了16.3%。

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徐略勤(1983—),男,教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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徐略勤(1983—),男,教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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Journal of Bridge Engineering, 2019, 24(3): 04019001., articleTitle=Influence of multidirectional cable restrainer on seismic fragility of a curved bridge, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241825944462229760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791683793322244, awardId=51978113; 52378482, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51978113; 52378482), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241825944554504450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791683793322244, awardId=cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0133, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆英才计划项目(cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0133), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241825944646779141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791683793322244, awardId=CYS23473, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市研究生科研创新项目(CYS23473), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241825935096348764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, 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articleId=1241791683793322244, language=CN, label=图11, caption=系统损伤概率分布, figureFileSmall=b+huPd1vPNQtzlA1NkwgjQ==, figureFileBig=2OLJG9jAmHlmWMXGCAM1hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241825943367516392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791683793322244, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Damage indicators of bearing and retainers

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支座位移挡块位移
D0D1D2D3Δ1Δ2Δ3Δ4
58.2687.39145.6530035.8249.73107.65158.80
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支座与挡块的损伤指标

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支座位移挡块位移
D0D1D2D3Δ1Δ2Δ3Δ4
58.2687.39145.6530035.8249.73107.65158.80
), ArticleFig(id=1241825943573037295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791683793322244, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Damage indicators of typical bridge piers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
墩高/m墩底曲率/m-1
轻微损伤中等损伤严重损伤完全破坏
100.002650.003110.009570.02259
150.002260.002600.008110.01970
200.002200.002590.007420.01801
250.001930.002280.006920.01555
300.002060.002260.006770.01368
), ArticleFig(id=1241825943673700592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791683793322244, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型桥墩损伤指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
墩高/m墩底曲率/m-1
轻微损伤中等损伤严重损伤完全破坏
100.002650.003110.009570.02259
150.002260.002600.008110.01970
200.002200.002590.007420.01801
250.001930.002280.006920.01555
300.002060.002260.006770.01368
), ArticleFig(id=1241825943745003762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791683793322244, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of correlation coefficients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
墩高/m无挡块挡块10%挡块15%挡块20%挡块25%挡块30%
100.7020.7270.7380.7580.7450.786
150.7490.8110.8230.7970.8230.805
200.7940.7810.7930.7930.7900.788
250.7850.7610.7440.7300.7350.732
300.7170.6760.6450.6350.6390.600
), ArticleFig(id=1241825943841472756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791683793322244, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

相关系数结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
墩高/m无挡块挡块10%挡块15%挡块20%挡块25%挡块30%
100.7020.7270.7380.7580.7450.786
150.7490.8110.8230.7970.8230.805
200.7940.7810.7930.7930.7900.788
250.7850.7610.7440.7300.7350.732
300.7170.6760.6450.6350.6390.600
), ArticleFig(id=1241825943933747447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791683793322244, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of relevant parameters of Copula function

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函数类型无挡块挡块10%挡块15%挡块20%挡块25%挡块30%
Gaussian0.9480.9410.9480.9480.9460.945
Gumbel4.8434.5584.8254.8254.7694.705
Clayton8.6878.1168.6498.6498.5388.411
Frank17.56016.40017.48017.48017.26017.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241825944046993658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791683793322244, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Copula函数相关参数结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数类型无挡块挡块10%挡块15%挡块20%挡块25%挡块30%
Gaussian0.9480.9410.9480.9480.9460.945
Gumbel4.8434.5584.8254.8254.7694.705
Clayton8.6878.1168.6498.6498.5388.411
Frank17.56016.40017.48017.48017.26017.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241825944168628475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791683793322244, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Sum of squares of deviations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数类型轻微损伤中等损伤严重损伤完全破坏
Gaussian0.19650.11990.24050.4576
Gumbel0.20110.11540.25800.4695
Clayton0.19600.11670.24870.4561
Frank0.19960.11870.24330.4628
), ArticleFig(id=1241825944281874688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791683793322244, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

离差平方和

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数类型轻微损伤中等损伤严重损伤完全破坏
Gaussian0.19650.11990.24050.4576
Gumbel0.20110.11540.25800.4695
Clayton0.19600.11670.24870.4561
Frank0.19960.11870.24330.4628
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中小跨径梁桥基于准隔震理念的损伤状态耦合规律研究
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徐略勤 1, 2 , 范磊 1 , 岳克锋 1 , 甘超 1 , 刘杰 1
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(2): 74-85
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(2): 74-85
中小跨径梁桥基于准隔震理念的损伤状态耦合规律研究
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徐略勤1, 2 , 范磊1, 岳克锋1, 甘超1, 刘杰1
作者信息
  • 1.重庆交通大学土木工程学院,重庆 400074
  • 2.重庆交通大学山区桥梁及隧道工程国家重点实验室,重庆 400074
  • 徐略勤(1983—),男,教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

Damage state coupling characteristics of small-to-medium-span girder bridges based on the quasi-isolation concept
Lueqin XU1, 2 , Lei FAN1, Kefeng YUE1, Chao GAN1, Jie LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
出版时间: 2025-04-24 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0207
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为了在中小跨径梁桥的横向抗震体系中引入准隔震理念,首先结合典型震害统计特征,阐明了准隔震理念的基本内涵,明确了关键构件(即支座、挡块、桥墩)在桥梁抗震体系中的功能定位。然后以墩高、挡块强度为参数,构建了支座-挡块-桥墩体系的非线性分析模型。最后采用基于Copula函数的地震易损性分析方法,研究了支座、挡块和桥墩在地震作用下损伤状态的耦合规律,并根据系统层面的确定性易损性曲线,探讨了满足准隔震理念的挡块合理设计强度。研究表明:支座和挡块和桥墩在地震作用下存在显著的耦合作用关系,挡块强度对支座、桥墩的损伤状态有重要影响;当挡块强度由0增至30%的恒载反力时,支座损伤概率不断降低,其完全破坏概率的最大降幅为27.2%,而桥墩损伤概率则不断上升,其完全破坏概率的最大增幅达61.6%,挡块、支座和桥墩的损伤次序会逐渐转变为桥墩、挡块和支座;当挡块强度取值为15%~20%的主梁恒载反力时,支座的滑动隔震和桥墩的塑性耗能都被充分调动,此时支座-挡块-桥墩系统在地震中出现严重损伤的概率最低,相比无挡块工况降低了16.3%。

中小跨径梁桥  /  准隔震理念  /  损伤状态  /  挡块强度  /  地震易损性  /  Copula函数

To introduce the quasi-isolation concept in the transverse earthquake-resisting system of small-to-medium-span girder bridges, first the basic connotation of the quasi-isolation concept was elaborated based on the typical seismic damage statistical characteristics, and the performance roles of the critical elements (i.e. bearing, retainer and pier) were defined in the bridge earthquake-resisting system. Then, nonlinear analytical models were established for the bearing-retainer-pier systems considering the parameters of pier height and retainer capacity. Finally, the fragility analysis method based on the Copula functions was applied to investigating the coupling characteristics of the damage states of bearing, retainer and pier under earthquake actions, and the reasonable design capacity of retainer was explored according to the system-level deterministic fragility curves to satisfy the requirements of the quasi-isolation concept. The results showed that significant coupling relationships exist among the bearing, retainer and pier under seismic actions. The capacity of retainer has a notable impact on the damage states of bearing and pier. When the retainer capacity increases from 0 to 30% of the superstructural dead load reaction force, the damage probability of bearing decreases continuously, and a maximum decrease of 27.2% can be achieved at the complete damage state, while the damage probability of pier increases steadily with the maximum increase of 61. 6% at the complete damage state. The damage sequence gradually changes from the retainer, bearing, pier to the pier, bearing and then the retainer. When the retainer capacity is designed as 15%~20% of the superstructural dead load reaction force, the bearing sliding isolation and the pier plastic energy dissipation can be fully mobilized, and the severe damage probability of the bearing-retainer-pier systems under the seismic actions is the lowest and reduced by 16.3% when compared to that of the case without retainers.

small-to-medium-span girder bridges  /  quasi-isolation concept  /  damage states  /  retainer strength  /  seismic fragility  /  Copula function
徐略勤, 范磊, 岳克锋, 甘超, 刘杰. 中小跨径梁桥基于准隔震理念的损伤状态耦合规律研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (2) : 74 -85 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0207
Lueqin XU, Lei FAN, Kefeng YUE, Chao GAN, Jie LIU. Damage state coupling characteristics of small-to-medium-span girder bridges based on the quasi-isolation concept[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (2) : 74 -85 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0207
中小跨径梁桥是国内外最为普遍采用的桥型,也是我国百余万座公路桥梁中的绝对主力[1]。这类桥梁通常采用柔性的板式橡胶支座作为上、下部结构之间的连接构件,同时在墩台上设置挡块来限制梁体在横向荷载下的位移。因此,支座和挡块往往相伴出现,但两者在定位上却有很大差别。支座是重要的传力构件,而挡块则被定位为构造措施或二次构件,在桥梁抗震分析中一般都被简化处理,或假设墩-梁横向之间仅保留支座的弹性约束,或因挡块刚度远高于橡胶支座而假设墩-梁横向之间完全固结[2-4]。在2008年我国汶川地震[5]、2010年智利地震[6]和2021年我国玛多地震[7]中,中小跨径梁桥发生大面积以梁体位移为主导的损坏,国内外学者从实际震害中认识到挡块不仅仅只是一个构造措施,它与支座一样也发挥着承上启下的串联作用,采用简化处理的分析结果并不可靠。而且,上述以位移为主导的震害与以桥墩塑性耗能为基础的延性设计理念背道而驰。可见,为了充分发挥板式橡胶支座的抗震优势,亟需引入新的抗震理念。
目前,国内外对支座和挡块抗震性能的认识已取得了重要进展。为了明确板式橡胶支座在地震中的滑动摩擦行为及其力学特征,已有学者[8-11]通过试验广泛研究了接触压力、加载速率和接触面类型等众多因素的影响规律。在试验基础上,XIANG等[8]、STEELMAN等[11]提出了支座滑动摩擦系数的取值模型,可充分考虑上述因素的影响机理;FILIPOV等[12]则进一步提出了考虑支座双向耦合滑动的精细化分析模型,但使用起来稍显复杂。在挡块的力学性能与分析模型方面,SILVA等[13]根据MEGALLY的试验结果,最早提出挡块滞回性能分析模型,但该模型不便于在杆系有限元分析中应用;徐略勤等[14]最早在国内开展挡块抗震性能试验,并提出挡块力-位移关系的简化滞回分析模型,该模型可有效融入杆系有限元分析中。随着支座和挡块力学分析模型的提出和完善,通过数值模拟来研究支座与挡块的耦合作用及其对桥梁抗震性能的影响得到了充分发展[15-18]。与前述2种简化分析相比,考虑支座与挡块真实抗震力学性能的数值模拟结果与实际震害现象更加趋近,与振动台试验结果也能相互验证[19]。这些研究表明,挡块不但影响着支座的滑动隔震效果,也会对桥墩的损伤状态产生重要影响。换言之,支座、挡块和桥墩在地震中的损伤状态具有显著的耦合关系。然而,现有研究通常只关注支座与挡块之间的耦合效应,缺乏对桥墩在耦合效应中所起作用的充分认识,这给中小跨径梁桥的合理抗震设计理念埋下了隐患。
针对传统延性设计方法与中小跨径梁桥实际震害的不一致现象,我国JTG/T 2231-01—2020《公路桥梁抗震设计规范》[20]首次引入了“抗震体系”的概念。其中,抗震体系Ⅱ提出允许支座在地震中发生滑动,规定在抗震分析中应“考虑支座的滑动效应、限位装置的非线性特性的影响”。然而,规范也明确表示由于“目前这方面的设计经验还不够多”,抗震体系Ⅱ仍需要开展专项研究。其中的关键问题之一是支座、挡块和桥墩在抗震体系中的定位尚未明确,即三者的容许损伤状态及其耦合规律有待确定。鉴于此,本文结合中小跨径梁桥的典型震害特征,引入“准隔震理念”来定义支座、挡块和桥墩的抗震定位,通过研究三者在地震中损伤状态的耦合规律,探讨满足准隔震理念的挡块合理设计强度。本研究主要为构建中小跨径梁桥的准隔震设计方法奠定基础,为新版规范中抗震体系Ⅱ的具体实现提供参考思路。
中小跨径梁桥一般采用简支或先简支后连续的预制T梁、小箱梁和空心板,桥墩一般为单柱或多柱式排架,桥台一般为重力式或柱式,主梁通过板式橡胶支座支承在墩台上,如图1(a)所示。相比日本和美国的桥梁构造而言,我国中小跨径梁桥的最大特点是板式橡胶支座与主梁和墩台间没有任何锚固措施,上、下部结构之间属于典型的“弱连接”。在横桥向,为了限制主梁在地震作用下的侧移,一般会在盖梁和台帽两侧设置限位挡块,如图1(a)所示。这种构造特点决定了中小跨径梁桥的震害特征。
汶川震害调查[5]显示,由于“弱连接”的原因,中小跨径梁桥在地震中主要表现为纵、横向移位。在横桥向,主梁移位对限位挡块造成了非常严重的破坏,而挡块破坏又进一步造成支座滑动失控和盖梁、台帽损坏,其震害特征如图1(b)所示。主梁发生移位的比例达19.5%,与挡块剪断比例16.8%和支座滑动比例16.6%非常接近,如图1(c)所示。由此可见,挡块的限位作用与中小跨径梁桥横向震害直接相关。另一方面,支座在滑动的同时消耗了部分地震能量,使得上、下部结构间传递的惯性力显著减小,对墩台及其基础起到了隔震效果。调查发现桥墩在汶川地震中的受损比例仅为2.3%,且这些受损墩柱大部分为连续梁桥的固定墩,与支座滑动隔震关联不大。如图1(d)所示,正是由于“弱连接”的构造特点,中小跨径梁桥在汶川地震中有94.6%出现中等及以下震害,其中在Ⅷ度区内没有出现完全失效的情况,在Ⅸ度区的失效率也仅为1.8%,表明这些桥梁在承受比设防水准更高的地震动时也能实现“大震不倒”的抗震目标。
板式橡胶支座的滑动隔震与传统的减隔震完全不同,前者属于随遇平衡状态,没有恢复力,震后会产生明显的残余位移,如图2(a)所示;而后者具有很强的自复位能力。TOBIAS等[21]形象地将支座滑动隔震称为“准隔震(quasi-isolation)”,冠以“准”字即表明该理念不具备传统减隔震设计的耗能和自复位功能。试验研究[8]表明,板式橡胶支座在地震中的位移响应过程可分为3个阶段,如图2(b)所示。当橡胶层的剪切变形量达到峰值后(约200%~250%)将进入滑动阶段,此时支座侧向力不再增大,如图2(a)所示。因此上部结构通过支座传递至墩台的地震惯性力被大幅降低,这是中小跨径梁桥震害特点的重要原因。
汶川震害表明,允许支座滑动能让桥梁在大震后保有相当高的幸存几率。这正是准隔震理念所追求的最终抗震目标,即允许部分指定构件出现不同程度的损伤来防止桥跨倒塌。与延性设计和减隔震设计不同,准隔震理念旨在调动多个关键构件,使其按照一定的顺序发挥耗能作用或充当牺牲机制,从而形成具有多级抗震冗余度的结构体系[21]。因此,在中小跨径梁桥中,支座滑动隔震可作为1级抗震机制,挡块耗能或牺牲可作为2级抗震机制,桥墩产生塑性铰可作为3级抗震机制,最后设置足够的墩-梁搭接宽度可作为4级抗震机制。但在实际工程中,“支座滑动隔震”与“桥墩产生塑性铰”本身是矛盾的,能够让两者按照一定的顺序发挥抗震功效,挡块的设计非常关键。一方面,挡块应配合支座的滑动隔震行为,并确保支座滑动可控;另一方面,挡块需把足够的惯性力传递给桥墩,使其产生塑性铰,但又不能导致桥墩先于挡块自身发生破坏,也就是桥墩只能产生有限塑性损伤,否则第4级抗震机制无法发挥作用。由此可见,准隔震理念的核心问题之一是探明支座-挡块-桥墩系统的耦合作用机理,借此确定挡块的合理设计参数,使得4级抗震机制得以有序发挥作用。
以公路桥梁通用标准图中的30 m简支转连续T梁桥作为分析对象。该梁结构布置与建模过程如图3所示。如图3(a)所示,上部结构为5片预应力混凝土T梁,单跨总重618.90 t(含二期恒载),下部结构为双柱墩,墩高作为研究参数,分别取10、15、20、25、30 m,墩柱直径和配筋根据标准图随墩高变化而变化。挡块设计强度也作为研究参数,分别取主梁恒载反力的0%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%。板式橡胶支座采用GJZ550 mm×600 mm×130 mm。
根据中小跨径梁桥的动力特性和断面布置,如图3(a)所示,所选桥例为几何形状相似的典型规则桥梁,因此按照JTG/T 2231-01—2020《公路桥梁抗震设计规范》[20]采用等效单自由度模型进行近似分析,即将主梁等效为质量点,从而构建支座-挡块-桥墩系统。采用OpenSees建立分析模型,盖梁采用弹性梁单元模拟,双柱墩和横系梁采用弹塑性纤维梁柱单元模拟,其中混凝土和钢筋的力学本构分别采用Kent-Scott-Park和Giuffre-Menegotto-Pinto模型,如图3(b)所示。支座采用零长度单元(zero-length)模拟,其位置设置在支座的剪切高度处,支座的上、下节点分别与主梁和盖梁的相应节点进行刚接,采用平滑动模型(Flat Sliding Bearing Element)模拟支座的滑动摩擦行为,动摩擦系数取0.2[820]。挡块采用文献[14]中的简化滞回分析模型,即采用2个多段线滞回弹簧分别模拟钢筋和混凝土对挡块力学性能的贡献,弹簧参数的计算方法详见文献[14]。2个弹簧并联后,再串联一个Gap单元模拟挡块和主梁之间的初始间隙(取2 cm)。支座、挡块分析模型与实测曲线的对比如图3(b)所示。采用Rayleigh阻尼模型,阻尼比取5%。
采用地震易损性分析方法开展支座-挡块-桥墩损伤状态耦合规律研究,其中构件层面的易损性函数采用较为成熟的基于能需比模型的曲线拟合法[22]来建立,此处不再赘述。关于系统易损性函数,考虑到支座-挡块-桥墩系统中3个关键构件相互耦合,传统的一阶界限法显然是不合适的。本文引入Copula函数来考虑构件之间的相关性,由此构建系统易损性函数。Copula函数具有以下性质[23]
1)定义域为:IN,即[0,1]N
2)C(…,…,…)具有基底,且N维递增;
3)C(…,…,…)的边缘分布函数Cn(•)满足:
un服从[0,1]均匀分布。根据Sklar定理,存在Copula函数C使得变量X1X2,…,Xn的联合分布Hx1x2,…,xn)满足:
若已知各变量的边缘分布函数,则可用各变量的边缘分布函数和一个Copula函数将联合分布函数显式表达出来。常见的Copula函数有Elliptic Copula函数簇和Archimedean Copula函数簇。本文从以上两类函数簇中选取Gaussian、Gumbel、Clayton以及Frank这4种Copula函数来求解支座-挡块-桥墩系统的易损性,其具体表达式(以二维为例)依次分别为
式中:Φ-1(•)为标准正态分布函数的反函数,也称为逆累计分布函数;θ为相关参数,可通过变量间的Pearson相关系数或者Kendall秩相关系数求出。本文采用Kendall秩相关系数τ求解,τ与Copula函数的关系为
采用最小离差平方和准则(Z)来进行Copula函数优选,并对拟合结果进行评价,其表达式如下(以二维为例):
式中,为经验Copula函数:
式中:I[•]为示性函数,当Fnxniun时,I =1,当Fnxni >un时,I =0;Cu1iu2i)为Copula函数的理论值。
支座的损伤指标可通过其位移响应D来定义。本文采用零长度单元和平滑动模型模拟支座,因此支座位移包含其剪切变形和滑移位移,即主梁相对于盖梁的位移。按照文献[8-12]的试验结果,将支座划分为4种损伤状态,如图3表1所示。其中,D0为支座的弹性剪切变形;D1D2为支座剪切变形量分别达150%、250%时所对应的位移;D3为主梁处于半脱空状态(主梁落座临界,如图3所示)。D0表达式如式(10)所示:
式中:μf为橡胶与钢板的动摩擦系数,取0.2[820]NB为支座反力;KB为支座剪切刚度;Gd为橡胶动剪切模量,按JTG/T 2231-01—2020《公路桥梁抗震设计规范》[20]取1 200 kN/m2Ar为橡胶剪切面积;为橡胶层总厚度。
挡块的损伤指标同样以其位移响应Δ为依据,该位移响应反映的是挡块自身的变形,即挡块顶部相对于其底部(即盖梁连接部位)的位移。参考文献[14]的研究成果,将挡块的损伤状态分为4种损伤状态,其中:轻微损伤为Δ =Δ1~Δ2,表示挡块处于强化阶段;中等损伤为Δ =Δ2~Δ3,表示挡块强度开始退化;严重损伤为Δ =Δ3~Δ4;完全破坏为ΔΔ4,此时挡块完全丧失了限位能力,如图3所示。
墩柱通常可采用位移延性和曲率延性作为损伤指标。考虑到横系梁对双柱墩反弯点的影响,墩底曲率与墩顶位移可能存在不对应的关系,因此直接采用墩身最大曲率作为损伤指标。同样将桥墩划分为4种损伤状态,对双柱墩进行Pushover分析,得到4种损伤状态对应的关键位置曲率值。其中,轻微损伤对应首根钢筋屈服时的曲率;中等损伤对应等效屈服曲率;严重损伤对应保护层混凝土剥落时的曲率;完全破坏对应核心混凝土压溃时的曲率。表2以墩底截面为例,给出部分关键截面损伤指标值。
按照Ⅱ类场地选取地震波,为了充分考虑地震频谱的随机性,以峰值地面加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)为地震动强度指标,从太平洋地震工程研究中心的强地面运动数据库选出100条地震波,如图4所示。
采用SAT =1.0 s)为地震动强度指标[24]对支座、挡块和桥墩的概率地震需求进行回归分析,图5以10 m墩高、20%挡块强度为例给出了分析结果。图中EC表示各构件地震响应需求,R2表示判定系数,其值越接近1,表明拟合程度越高。可以看到,3个关键构件的地震响应需求95%预测区间的范围较宽,95%置信区间的范围较窄,回归分析的结果可信度较高。
限于篇幅,图6给出了部分典型工况下支座、挡块、桥墩地震易损性曲线的变化规律,图中PC表示构件的损伤概率。由图6(a)可知,在4种损伤状态下,3个构件的损伤概率基本保持着挡块>支座>桥墩的关系,即损伤次序为挡块、支座、桥墩,如当3个构件的中等损伤概率都为50%时,其对应的SA分别为0.25、0.49、0.59 g。由于挡块强度较低,在地震中容易因过早剪断而失去传力作用,因此桥墩出现严重损伤和完全破坏的概率明显低于支座,如当SA =1.5 g时,支座和桥墩严重损伤的概率分别为72.8%、25.7%,完全破坏的概率分别为34.7%、4.1%。可见,桥墩充分发挥塑性耗能的概率很低,这不符合准隔震理念的设防内涵。由图6(b)可知,在相同墩高下,将挡块强度由10%提升至20%后,桥墩的损伤概率迅速增大,与支座的损伤概率也更加接近,其出现中等损伤的概率甚至超过了支座。当SA =1.5 g时,支座和桥墩严重损伤的概率分别为68.7%、54.7%,完全破坏的概率分别为30.5%、19.8%,且支座损伤概率都低于图6(a)中对应的损伤概率。在图6(c)中墩高增大至20 m,对比图6(a)可见,支座的损伤概率明显下降,而桥墩的损伤概率则明显增大,如当SA =1.5 g时,支座和桥墩严重损伤的概率分别为55.7%、46.3%,完全破坏的概率分别为20.0%、17.0%。可以看到,图6(c)中3个构件的易损性曲线分布规律与图6(b)非常接近。从准隔震理念来说,图6(b)、(c)所呈现的易损性规律相对图6(a)更好,因为支座滑动隔震与桥墩塑性耗能可以得到相近程度的发挥,且最不利损伤概率有所下降。由图6(d)可见,在墩高为20 m、挡块强度为25%时,3个构件的易损性规律出现了重大改变。在严重损伤和完全破坏状态下,三者的损伤概率为桥墩>挡块>支座,即损伤次序转变为桥墩、挡块、支座,说明挡块完全限制了支座滑动隔震,地震力大幅传递给桥墩,导致桥墩的损伤概率明显高于支座,这显然也不符合准隔震理念的设防内涵。图6充分体现了支座、挡块、桥墩在构件层面上的耦合作用关系,挡块强度和桥墩高度都会对三者的易损性规律产生重要影响。
图7给出了不同挡块强度对支座和桥墩易损性曲线的影响,限于篇幅,仅列出10、20 m墩高的中等损伤和完全破坏2个状态。由图7(a)可知,随着挡块强度的增大,支座的损伤概率不断下降,即挡块的限位作用不断加强,且当地震动较小时挡块的限位作用更好,如当SA =0.5 g时,支座中等损伤概率在无挡块和30%挡块限位下分别为56.8%、39.9%,下降16.9%;当SA =1.0 g时,同样工况下支座中等损伤概率下降12.7%,明显低于SA =0.5 g时的限位效果。其原因在于,当地震动较小时,挡块处于弹性或强化阶段,而当地震动较大时,挡块退化甚至被完全剪断,限位作用明显减弱。值得注意的是,墩高对挡块的限位作用有很大影响,如当SA =1.0 g时,10 m墩高在无挡块和30%挡块限位下支座的中等损伤概率分别为87.0%、74.3%,而20 m墩高分别为80.3%、37.7%,即在对应的工况下,30%挡块在10 m墩高时可使支座的中等损伤概率下降12.7%,而在20 m墩高时可使其下降42.6%。这个现象充分体现了支座、挡块、桥墩三者之间的耦合作用关系,这是以往研究仅关注支座和挡块时所容易忽视的重要方面。由图7(b)可知,与支座相反,随着挡块强度的增大,桥墩的损伤概率不断上升,且低墩所受影响更大,如当SA =1.0 g时,10 m高的桥墩在无挡块和30%挡块限位下的中等损伤概率分别为56.3%、96.6%,增大40.3%,完全破坏概率分别为0.7%、44.5%,增大43.8%;而在对应的工况下,20 m高的桥墩中等损伤和完全破坏概率分别仅增大15.1%、21.2%,明显低于10 m墩高。其原因在于,墩高越大,其抗推刚度越小(3次方下降),而挡块的初始刚度通常远大于桥墩,因此高墩与挡块的相对刚度关系受挡块强度变化的影响相对更小。
在传统抗震理念中,减隔震设计要求桥墩保持弹性,支座等耗能件可发生不同程度的损伤;而延性设计则要求桥墩产生塑性耗能,支座等作为能力保护构件不应发生损伤。因此从理论上说,传统抗震理念的系统损伤概率可由某一关键构件决定。然而,准隔震理念的核心在于调动多个关键构件,使其按照一定的顺序发挥耗能作用或充当牺牲机制,即各个潜在抗震构件均可产生不同程度的损伤,从而确保桥梁结构系统具有最高的震后幸存几率。在支座-挡块-桥墩系统中,支座与挡块是并联关系,为便于描述,将两者合称为“支承体系”,支承体系与桥墩是串联关系。由于挡块对支座的限位作用,支座的损伤失效一般都晚于挡块,即两者的损伤概率之差在各种工况下都高于0,如图8所示(图中PBPR分别表示支座和挡块的损伤概率)。因此,支座-挡块-桥墩系统的损伤失效概率最终取决于桥墩和支座,挡块的作用则体现在对桥墩和支座损伤概率的影响上。
根据上述原理,可采用支座的损伤失效概率来表征支承体系,那么支座-挡块-桥墩系统的损伤失效概率可由串联的支承体系与桥墩来求得:
式中:PS为支座-挡块-桥墩系统的损伤概率;gBgP分别为支座和桥墩的功能函数。支座和桥墩同时失效的概率为
因此,基于Copula函数的系统损伤概率可进一步写为
式中:PBPP分别为支座和桥墩的损伤概率。
首先对各构件进行相关性分析,结果如表3所示。然后将相关系数代入式(7),得到Copula函数的相关参数,如表4所示。限于篇幅,表4只给出了20 m墩高的结果。由表3可知,对于不同挡块强度,除了墩高为30 m时支座和桥墩的相关系数低于0.7以外,其他均在0.7以上,表明两者相关性较好。
将支座和桥墩的损伤概率代入式(14)即可得到系统易损性曲线。表5给出了20 m墩高、15%挡块强度下4种Copula函数的离差平方和。可以看到,4种Copula函数的离差平方和非常接近,且数值较低,表明4种Copula函数都能较好地描述桥墩和支座之间的相关性。限于篇幅,以Gaussian函数为例来讨论支座-挡块-桥墩系统的耦合规律与地震易损性。
图9以20 m墩高、15%挡块强度的工况为例,对比了本文基于Copula函数的易损性分析方法与传统一阶界限法的差异。一阶界限法假定系统内各构件的损伤概率是独立的,忽略了构件间的相关性,只能给出损伤概率的上、下限[20]图9中与Copula函数曲线颜色相同的曲线分别为由一阶界限法得到的系统损伤上、下限。由图9可知,基于Copula函数的系统易损性曲线处于一阶界限法的上、下限之内,且更靠近下限值,表明本文对支座-挡块-桥墩系统易损性的分析方法是合理的。
图10给出了10、20、30 m墩高在不同挡块强度下支座-挡块-桥墩系统完全破坏的概率易损性曲线。由图10(a)可见,与无挡块相比,当设置15%、20%挡块强度时,系统完全破坏的概率下降最明显,而设置25%、30%挡块强度反而会增大系统完全破坏的概率。以SA =1.5 g为例,相比无挡块工况,当挡块强度依次从10%增至20%时,系统完全破坏的概率分别降低了5.1%、7.4%、8.1%;而当挡块强度增至25%和30%时,系统完全破坏的概率反而提升了2.1%和23.5%。图10(b)、(c)中的20、30 m墩高亦有类似规律,不再赘述。对于准隔震理念来说,为了使支座的滑动隔震和桥墩的塑性耗能被充分调动,且得到良好平衡,挡块强度不宜设置过大,也不宜过小。过大则容易导致桥墩塑性损伤增大,过小则容易导致支座滑动损伤增大。因此,合理设计挡块强度是准隔震多级抗震机制有序发挥功能的关键。
图11(a)~(e)给出了不同墩高、不同挡块强度在SA =1.5 g时支座-挡块-桥墩系统各个损伤状态的概率分布。由图可知,挡块强度对系统轻微和中等损伤概率的影响相对较小(尤其当墩高为10 m和15 m时),但对系统严重损伤和完全破坏概率的影响较大,而这2个状态正是准隔震理念最为关注的抗震设防目标。考虑到桥梁完全破坏的后果较为严重,图11(f)以严重损伤状态为依据,对比了不同挡块强度对支座-挡块-桥墩系统的影响规律,图中纵坐标PjP0分别代表不同挡块强度和无挡块工况下系统的严重损伤概率,10~30 m分别表示墩高。由图可知,设置挡块总体上有利于降低支座-挡块-桥墩系统的严重损伤概率,且随着墩高的增大,效果越明显,尤其是当墩高超过20 m以后,设置挡块基本都能产生有利的影响。同样,挡块强度过大或过小均不能实现最优抗震效果。对于10~30 m的5个墩高,设置挡块对系统严重损伤概率产生的最大降幅分别为6.9%、7.8%、12.1%、16.3、16.3%,对应的挡块强度分别为20%、20%、15%、20%、15%,即当挡块强度取值为15%~20%的主梁恒载反力时,支座滑动隔震和桥墩塑性耗能可实现最好的平衡,支座-挡块-桥墩系统在地震中出现严重损伤的概率最低。值得一提的是,若以系统完全破坏状态为依据,也能得到大体接近的挡块合理取值范围。当然,限于本文的研究范围,在准隔震理念框架下挡块的合理取值仍有待更大范围的参数分析论证。
本文首先结合中小跨径梁桥的典型震害特征,阐明了准隔震理念的基本内涵,明确了支座、挡块和桥墩的抗震定位,然后构建了“支座-挡块-桥墩”体系的分析模型,采用基于Copula函数的地震易损性分析方法,研究三者在地震中损伤状态的耦合规律,提出了满足准隔震理念的挡块合理设计强度。主要研究结论如下:
1)在准隔震理念下,支座、挡块和桥墩都被允许出现损伤,三者在地震中存在显著的耦合作用关系,挡块强度和桥墩高度是影响三者耦合作用的重要因素。合理设计挡块强度,可使支座滑动隔震与桥墩塑性耗能协同发挥作用,降低体系的整体损伤概率。
2)随着挡块强度的增大,支座损伤概率不断降低,其完全破坏概率的最大降幅为27.2%;而桥墩损伤概率则不断上升,其完全破坏概率的最大增幅达61.6%;挡块、支座、桥墩的损伤次序会逐渐转变为桥墩、挡块、支座。另外,墩高越大,支座损伤概率对挡块强度的变化越敏感,而桥墩损伤概率对挡块强度的变化越不敏感。
3)与传统的一阶界限法相比,引入Copula函数来考虑支座、挡块、桥墩在地震中损伤状态的耦合规律,可建立支座-挡块-桥墩系统的确定性易损性曲线,而不是概率区间,从而便于直观量化不同桥梁体系的易损性,从而确定挡块强度的合理取值。
4)合理设计挡块强度,可使支座的滑动隔震和桥墩的塑性耗能被充分调动,并取得良好的平衡。以系统严重损伤状态为依据,对于具有与标准图纸相似结构布置的简支转连续梁桥而言,当挡块强度取值为15%~20%的主梁恒载反力时,系统损伤概率最低,相比无挡块时最大降低16.3%。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51978113; 52378482)
  • 重庆英才计划项目(cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0133)
  • 重庆市研究生科研创新项目(CYS23473)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0207
  • 接收时间:2024-01-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-04-24
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-07
  • 修回日期:2024-03-25
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51978113; 52378482)
重庆英才计划项目(cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0133)
重庆市研究生科研创新项目(CYS23473)
作者信息
    1.重庆交通大学土木工程学院,重庆 400074
    2.重庆交通大学山区桥梁及隧道工程国家重点实验室,重庆 400074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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