Article(id=1241791681247379695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791680479822062, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0205, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718985600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-22, revisedDate=1726675200000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773995808183, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1745424000000, pubDateStr=2025-04-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773995808183, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773995808183, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773995808183, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241791680479822062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='237', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773995807999, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996976041, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796579670163949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791680479822062, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796579670163950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791680479822062, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241791682895741171, articleId=1241791681247379695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Research progress in the site seismic response based on geotechnical vertical array, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Previous seismic damage investigations have shown that the seismic damage of engineering structures is closely related to the site seismic response. Therefore, studying the site seismic response has significant theoretical and practical value for the earthquake fortification of engineering structures. The geotechnical vertical array is an important platform for conducting site seismic response studies. As one of the main methods of obtaining strong ground motion records of the surface and underlying strata, it provides data support for the study of site seismic response. Based on the distribution of most of the existing geotechnical vertical arrays in the world, this paper introduces the basic information of the Garner Valley downhole array and the Treasure Island geotechnical array in the United States, the Port Island downhole array in Japan and the seismic monitoring array of site and structure of the China Institute of Disaster Prevention in detail from four aspects: geographical location, soil layer lithology, instrument layout, and velocity structure. Combined with a large number of relevant literatures, this paper summarizes the research progress on soil nonlinear dynamic characteristics, site amplification effect, and seismic response analysis methods of soil layers utilizing geotechnical vertical array. It looks forward to the problems that urgently need to be improved in the follow-up research, which has a certain reference value for the in-depth study of the dynamic response mechanism of soil at different depths and the site seismic response with deep soil layers.

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历次震害调查表明,工程结构的震害与场地地震反应密切相关,因此,研究场地地震反应对于工程结构的抗震设防具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。岩土竖向台阵是开展场地地震反应研究的重要平台,作为获取地表及下伏地层地震动记录的主要方法之一,为场地地震反应的研究提供了数据支撑。文中基于世界上现有多数岩土竖向台阵的分布情况,从地理位置、土层岩性、仪器布设和速度结构四方面详细介绍了美国加纳谷井下台阵、金银岛岩土台阵、日本港湾人工岛井下台阵以及中国防灾科技学院场地与结构地震观测台阵的基本信息。结合大量相关文献,总结归纳了依托岩土竖向台阵开展土体非线性动力特性、场地放大效应以及土层地震反应分析方法等研究的若干进展,展望了后续研究亟需改善的问题,对深入开展不同深度土体动力响应机理和深厚土层场地地震反应研究具有一定的参考价值。

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李孝波(1985—),男,教授,博士,主要从事场地地震反应和地震地质灾害研究。E-mail:
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王怀强(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事场地地震反应研究。E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Comparison of one-dimensional seismic response analysis programs for soil layer based on ground-motion records, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802928680407677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681247379695, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=43, issue=4, pageStart=603, pageEnd=612, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=101, authorNames=孙锐, 袁晓铭, journalName=岩土工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙锐,袁晓铭. 全局等效线性化土层地震反应分析方法[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2021, 43(4): 603-612., articleTitle=全局等效线性化土层地震反应分析方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802928806236814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681247379695, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=43, issue=4, pageStart=603, pageEnd=612, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=102, authorNames=SUN Rui, YUAN Xiaoming, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Rui, YUAN Xiaoming. Holistic equivalent linearization approach for seismic response analysis of soil layers[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2021, 43(4): 603-612. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Holistic equivalent linearization approach for seismic response analysis of soil layers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802928915288732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681247379695, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=312, pageEnd=317, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=103, authorNames=刘冰冰, 乔云龙, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘冰冰,乔云龙. 一维时域非线性土层场地地震反应的研究现状[C]∥2019第四届土木工程国际会议论文集. 哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2019:312-317., articleTitle=一维时域非线性土层场地地震反应的研究现状, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802929049506471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681247379695, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=312, pageEnd=317, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=104, authorNames=LIU Bingbing, QIAO Yunlong, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Bingbing, QIAO Yunlong. Research status of 1-D nonlinear soil layers seismic response in time domain[C]∥2019 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering. Harbin: Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, 2019: 312-317. 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Basic information of geotechnical vertical arrays[14,18,22-24]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家台阵名称简称地理位置强震仪仪器埋设深度/m
经度纬度类型数量/个
美国博雷戈谷(Borrego Valley)BVDA116°22′W33°19′N加速度计50、9、19、139、238
埃尔森特罗(El Centro Meloland)115°26′W32°46′N加速度计40、30、100、195
尤里卡(Eureka)EGDA124°09′W40°49′N加速度计50、19、33、56、136
加纳谷(Garner Valley)GVDA116°40′W33°40′N加速度计70、6、15、22、50、150、501
霍利斯特(Hollister)HEO121°36′W36°45′N加速度计60、10、20、50、110、192
拉西内加(La Cienega)LCGA118°22′W34°02′N加速度计40、18、100、252
金银岛(Treasure Island)TIGA122°22′W37°49′N加速度计70、7、16、31、44、104、122
文森特托马斯(Vincent Thomas)VTGA118°16′W33°44′N加速度计40、18、46、91
海沃德大桥(Hayward Bridge East)122°05′W37°41′N加速度计40、9、30、91
德莱尼公园(Delaney Park)DPK149°58′W61°12′N加速度计70、4、10、18、30、45、61
日本港岛(Port Island)PIDA135°12′E34°40′N加速度计40、16、32、83
千叶(Chiba)CHBA140°06′E35°37′N加速度计51、5、10、20、40
六甲岛(Rokko Island)RIDA135°15′E34°40′N加速度计40、35、98、154
钏路(Kushiro)KPA144°22′E42°59′N加速度计20、77
修善寺(Shuzenji)138°54′E34°58′N加速度计30、36、100
立山町(Tateyama)139°47′E34°57′N加速度计40、10、38、100
东松山(Higashimatsuyama)139°23′E36°03′N加速度计30、58、120
藤泽(Fujisawa)141°21′E38°51′N加速度计21、30
中国罗东(Luotung)LLSST121°45′E24°39′N加速度计50、6、11、17、47
花莲(Hualien)HLSST121°37′E24°01′N加速度计50、5、15、26、52
五股(Wuku)WK121°26′E25°04′N加速度计60、30、60、90、141、350
大汉(Dahan)DH121°35′E24°02′N加速度计40、50、100、200
民权(Minquan Park)MP121°33′E25°03′N加速度计40、26、46、100
永和(Yeong Ho)YH121°29′E25°00′N加速度计30、50、198
百龄(Bailin)BL121°30′E25°05′N加速度计40、27、70、230
防灾科技学院(IDP)SMASS116°47′E39°57′N加速度计60、30、65、101、151、236
唐山响嘡(Xiangtang)118°09′E39°34′N加速度计40、16、32、47
其他欧洲地震试验(EuroSeisTest)23°17′E40°39′N加速度计60、18、40、73、136、196
阿塔科伊(Atakoy)ATK28°50′E40°59′N加速度计50、25、50、70、140
法提赫(Fatih)FTH28°57′E41°01′N加速度计40、23、60、136
宰延布尔努(Zeytinburnu)ZYT28°58′E40°59′N加速度计40、30、57、288
), ArticleFig(id=1241802908178649181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681247379695, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

部分岩土竖向台阵的基本信息[141822-24]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家台阵名称简称地理位置强震仪仪器埋设深度/m
经度纬度类型数量/个
美国博雷戈谷(Borrego Valley)BVDA116°22′W33°19′N加速度计50、9、19、139、238
埃尔森特罗(El Centro Meloland)115°26′W32°46′N加速度计40、30、100、195
尤里卡(Eureka)EGDA124°09′W40°49′N加速度计50、19、33、56、136
加纳谷(Garner Valley)GVDA116°40′W33°40′N加速度计70、6、15、22、50、150、501
霍利斯特(Hollister)HEO121°36′W36°45′N加速度计60、10、20、50、110、192
拉西内加(La Cienega)LCGA118°22′W34°02′N加速度计40、18、100、252
金银岛(Treasure Island)TIGA122°22′W37°49′N加速度计70、7、16、31、44、104、122
文森特托马斯(Vincent Thomas)VTGA118°16′W33°44′N加速度计40、18、46、91
海沃德大桥(Hayward Bridge East)122°05′W37°41′N加速度计40、9、30、91
德莱尼公园(Delaney Park)DPK149°58′W61°12′N加速度计70、4、10、18、30、45、61
日本港岛(Port Island)PIDA135°12′E34°40′N加速度计40、16、32、83
千叶(Chiba)CHBA140°06′E35°37′N加速度计51、5、10、20、40
六甲岛(Rokko Island)RIDA135°15′E34°40′N加速度计40、35、98、154
钏路(Kushiro)KPA144°22′E42°59′N加速度计20、77
修善寺(Shuzenji)138°54′E34°58′N加速度计30、36、100
立山町(Tateyama)139°47′E34°57′N加速度计40、10、38、100
东松山(Higashimatsuyama)139°23′E36°03′N加速度计30、58、120
藤泽(Fujisawa)141°21′E38°51′N加速度计21、30
中国罗东(Luotung)LLSST121°45′E24°39′N加速度计50、6、11、17、47
花莲(Hualien)HLSST121°37′E24°01′N加速度计50、5、15、26、52
五股(Wuku)WK121°26′E25°04′N加速度计60、30、60、90、141、350
大汉(Dahan)DH121°35′E24°02′N加速度计40、50、100、200
民权(Minquan Park)MP121°33′E25°03′N加速度计40、26、46、100
永和(Yeong Ho)YH121°29′E25°00′N加速度计30、50、198
百龄(Bailin)BL121°30′E25°05′N加速度计40、27、70、230
防灾科技学院(IDP)SMASS116°47′E39°57′N加速度计60、30、65、101、151、236
唐山响嘡(Xiangtang)118°09′E39°34′N加速度计40、16、32、47
其他欧洲地震试验(EuroSeisTest)23°17′E40°39′N加速度计60、18、40、73、136、196
阿塔科伊(Atakoy)ATK28°50′E40°59′N加速度计50、25、50、70、140
法提赫(Fatih)FTH28°57′E41°01′N加速度计40、23、60、136
宰延布尔努(Zeytinburnu)ZYT28°58′E40°59′N加速度计40、30、57、288
), ArticleFig(id=1241802908325449836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681247379695, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Peak acceleration records of measurement points at different depth obtained by PIDA[42]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度/m峰值加速度/(cm/s2
NSEWUD
0340.6284.2555.6
16564.7543.5786.6
32543.4461.4200.0
83678.6302.6186.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241802908476444801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681247379695, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PIDA获取不同深度测点的峰值加速度记录[42]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度/m峰值加速度/(cm/s2
NSEWUD
0340.6284.2555.6
16564.7543.5786.6
32543.4461.4200.0
83678.6302.6186.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241802908673577113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681247379695, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Six seismic events obtained based on SMASS array

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号地震名称发震日期震级MS震中位置震源深度/km震中距/km
1丰南地震2019-12-054.539°18′N,118°02′E10118
2古冶地震2020-07-125.139°46′N,118°26′E10142
3滦州地震2021-04-164.339°45′N,118°42′E9165
4丰南地震2022-02-243.039°21′N,117°55′E15117
5平原地震2023-08-065.537°09′N,116°20′E10314
6顺义地震2023-09-012.740°08′N,116°28′E1733
), ArticleFig(id=1241802908811989156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681247379695, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于SMASS台阵获取的6次地震事件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号地震名称发震日期震级MS震中位置震源深度/km震中距/km
1丰南地震2019-12-054.539°18′N,118°02′E10118
2古冶地震2020-07-125.139°46′N,118°26′E10142
3滦州地震2021-04-164.339°45′N,118°42′E9165
4丰南地震2022-02-243.039°21′N,117°55′E15117
5平原地震2023-08-065.537°09′N,116°20′E10314
6顺义地震2023-09-012.740°08′N,116°28′E1733
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基于岩土竖向台阵开展场地地震反应研究的若干进展
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王怀强 1 , 李孝波 1, 2 , 王天虎 1 , 席书衡 1 , 宣雨童 1
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(2): 50-63
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(2): 50-63
基于岩土竖向台阵开展场地地震反应研究的若干进展
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王怀强1 , 李孝波1, 2 , 王天虎1, 席书衡1, 宣雨童1
作者信息
  • 1.防灾科技学院 防灾减灾工程学院,河北 三河 065201
  • 2.河北省地震灾害防御与风险评价重点实验室,河北 三河 065201
  • 王怀强(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事场地地震反应研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李孝波(1985—),男,教授,博士,主要从事场地地震反应和地震地质灾害研究。E-mail:
Research progress in the site seismic response based on geotechnical vertical array
Huaiqiang WANG1 , Xiaobo LI1, 2 , Tianhu WANG1, Shuheng XI1, Yutong XUAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China
  • 2.Hebei Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Prevention and Risk Assessment, Sanhe 065201, China
出版时间: 2025-04-24 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0205
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历次震害调查表明,工程结构的震害与场地地震反应密切相关,因此,研究场地地震反应对于工程结构的抗震设防具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。岩土竖向台阵是开展场地地震反应研究的重要平台,作为获取地表及下伏地层地震动记录的主要方法之一,为场地地震反应的研究提供了数据支撑。文中基于世界上现有多数岩土竖向台阵的分布情况,从地理位置、土层岩性、仪器布设和速度结构四方面详细介绍了美国加纳谷井下台阵、金银岛岩土台阵、日本港湾人工岛井下台阵以及中国防灾科技学院场地与结构地震观测台阵的基本信息。结合大量相关文献,总结归纳了依托岩土竖向台阵开展土体非线性动力特性、场地放大效应以及土层地震反应分析方法等研究的若干进展,展望了后续研究亟需改善的问题,对深入开展不同深度土体动力响应机理和深厚土层场地地震反应研究具有一定的参考价值。

岩土竖向台阵  /  场地  /  地震反应  /  研究进展

Previous seismic damage investigations have shown that the seismic damage of engineering structures is closely related to the site seismic response. Therefore, studying the site seismic response has significant theoretical and practical value for the earthquake fortification of engineering structures. The geotechnical vertical array is an important platform for conducting site seismic response studies. As one of the main methods of obtaining strong ground motion records of the surface and underlying strata, it provides data support for the study of site seismic response. Based on the distribution of most of the existing geotechnical vertical arrays in the world, this paper introduces the basic information of the Garner Valley downhole array and the Treasure Island geotechnical array in the United States, the Port Island downhole array in Japan and the seismic monitoring array of site and structure of the China Institute of Disaster Prevention in detail from four aspects: geographical location, soil layer lithology, instrument layout, and velocity structure. Combined with a large number of relevant literatures, this paper summarizes the research progress on soil nonlinear dynamic characteristics, site amplification effect, and seismic response analysis methods of soil layers utilizing geotechnical vertical array. It looks forward to the problems that urgently need to be improved in the follow-up research, which has a certain reference value for the in-depth study of the dynamic response mechanism of soil at different depths and the site seismic response with deep soil layers.

geotechnical vertical array  /  site  /  seismic response  /  research progress
王怀强, 李孝波, 王天虎, 席书衡, 宣雨童. 基于岩土竖向台阵开展场地地震反应研究的若干进展. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (2) : 50 -63 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0205
Huaiqiang WANG, Xiaobo LI, Tianhu WANG, Shuheng XI, Yutong XUAN. Research progress in the site seismic response based on geotechnical vertical array[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (2) : 50 -63 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0205
岩土竖向台阵是由垂直分布在地表和地下不同深度处的强震仪组成的观测系统。作为获取地震动记录的重要观测平台,其在美国、日本以及中国等多个国家和地区都得到了较为广泛的应用[1]。例如,美国加州的加纳谷井下台阵[2]、日本的港湾人工岛井下台阵[3]和中国的防灾科技学院场地与结构地震观测台阵[4]、唐山响嘡三维场地影响观测台阵[5]。基于岩土竖向台阵获取的地震动观测资料,能直接体现地震作用过程中场地观测点的动力反应,为震后剖析地震作用过程提供了最直接的证据,对研究场地放大效应、地层波速结构反演以及场地地震反应方法修正具有重要作用[6]
现阶段,众多学者基于岩土竖向台阵获取的实际地震动记录,用于揭示场地地震反应机制[7]、评估土体动力特性[8]、分析复杂场地非线性地震反应以及改进现有试验方法[9]等。例如,陈学良[6]使用大量高质量强震观测记录及钻井台阵观测资料对比分析了常用的土体动力一维非线性本构关系,着重研究了土体动力特性和复杂场地非线性地震反应分析;KOKUSHO等[10]根据日本KiK-net台网在3次大地震期间获得的地震动记录,对比分析了不同地点、不同地震的地表与基岩地震动记录,研究了覆盖土层厚度对地震动放大效应的影响,为进一步修正日本现行的抗震设计规范提供依据;YEE等[11]基于竖向地震观测台阵研究了深部地层中弹性与非线性反应,探究场地地震反应,提升地区的抗震设防能力;THEODOULIDIS等[12]讨论了岩土竖向台阵的重要用途,表明基于岩土竖向台阵获取的竖向地震动记录为现场和实验室测试方法的校准提供了坚实的数据支持,并为经验预测技术和计算建模方法的改进提供了指导;ZHAN等[13]利用地震期间已液化场地的井下地震动记录分析了可液化地点的非线性地震响应,发现液化地点的非线性地震响应特征与地震强度的关联性较强,为进一步开展液化场地的地震反应研究提供重要参考;AFSHARI等[14]基于加利福尼亚的竖向地震动记录,验证了一维等效线性化场地地震模拟方法的有效性,为一维场地地震反应分析的准确性评估提供了参考。随着研究的不断深入,基于岩土竖向台阵开展场地地震反应研究的案例日益增多,体现了岩土竖向台阵在地震工程界中的重要价值,研究成果对地震工程学、地震灾害预测和工程抗震设防也具有重要意义。
鉴于岩土竖向台阵在地震工程领域的重要性,本文结合现有研究成果,介绍了美国、日本、中国以及其他地区岩土竖向台阵的分布情况,归纳了典型岩土竖向台阵的基本信息,总结了基于岩土竖向台阵开展场地地震反应的研究进展,展望了今后研究工作中亟需解决的问题,可对进一步开展场地地震反应的研究提供参考。
场地地震反应的研究进展主要取决于岩土竖向台阵建设的发展[15]。在过去几十年中,全球各地区地震频发国家均建设了一定数量的岩土竖向台阵。这些台阵主要分布在地震活跃区域和科学研究需求较高的地区,便于获取地表及不同埋深测点的地震动记录,以研究地震工程的相关问题。目前,在全球范围内,岩土竖向台阵主要分布在美国、日本、中国以及欧洲等地震活跃的国家和地区。
美国的岩土竖向台阵主要集中在加利福尼亚州南部,该地区被圣安德烈斯断层贯穿,地震活动频繁,为获取实际的地震动记录创造了有利条件。截至目前,美国已建成的岩土竖向台阵不少于50个[1416]。日本是世界上竖向台阵最多的国家,除在地表和地下布设多个强震仪的岩土台阵之外,由650个竖向台阵组成的KiK-net强震动观测台网则广泛分布在全国各地,每个台阵在地表和地下都分别布设了1台强震仪[15]。中国于早期先后建成了罗东大型地震试验场(Luotung large-scale seismic test,LLSST)和花莲大型地震试验场(Hualien large-scale seismic test,HLSST)2个台阵。之后,为深入了解我国台北盆地沉积层对地震波传播的影响,又在台北盆地建设了大批岩土竖向台阵,每个台阵都由一个位于地表和多个位于地下的强震仪组成[17-18]。此外,中国还相继建成了唐山响嘡三维场地影响观测台阵和防灾科技学院场地与结构地震观测台阵。其中,唐山响嘡三维场地影响观测台阵位于河北省唐山市,由中国地震局工程力学研究所在唐山余震区响嘡镇建成[5];防灾科技学院场地与结构地震观测台阵位于河北省三河市,由防灾科技学院在其北校区内建成,主要包含结构竖向台阵和岩土竖向台阵两部分[4]。欧洲地区的地震多发国家,如土耳其、挪威和希腊等国也均在关键区域建设了岩土竖向台阵[19-21],用于开展场地地震反应等相关地震工程问题研究。表1中列出了全球各地区部分岩土竖向台阵的基本信息,它们均在土层的不同深度埋置了加速度计,并获得了较为丰富的地震动记录。
典型的岩土竖向台阵作为获取地震动记录的重要观测平台,其在全球范围内具有广泛的代表性和认可度,自建成以来经过长时间的地震观测和数据积累,为研究者提供丰富可靠的地震动记录,为深入探究场地地震反应提供坚实的数据基础。
本节介绍了加纳谷井下台阵、金银岛岩土台阵、港湾人工岛井下台阵和场地与结构地震观测台阵的基本信息。其中,加纳谷井下台阵距断层较近,中小规模地震频发,获得了丰富的地震动记录,为土层地震反应分析的理论、方法和模型的合理性研究提供了全面的验证依据[25]。金银岛岩土台阵位于地质条件复杂的人工岛屿上,自建设以来记录了多次地震事件,为研究土层场地的放大作用提供了宝贵的数据支撑[26]。港湾人工岛井下台阵所处区域在地震作用下易发生液化,因此该台阵记录的地震动数据为验证和改进用于预测土壤液化的理论和计算模型提供了宝贵信息[27]。基于场地与结构地震观测台阵获取的记录开展深厚覆盖层场地地震效应特征研究,对地下和特殊场地上建筑的抗震设防具有重要意义。
加纳谷井下台阵(Garner Valley downhole array,GVDA)是位于美国南加州地震活跃地区的场地地面运动研究台阵(33°40′N,116°40′W),它坐落在南加州赫米特以东23 km,棕榈泉西南20 km的一个狭窄山谷中,距圣哈辛托断层以东约7 km、圣安德烈斯断层以西约35 km[28]。由于该地区受断层活动影响明显,导致地震频发,使得GVDA获得了大量不同深度的地震动记录,为研究场地地震反应提供了重要的依据[28]。例如,在1989年12月2日的洛马普里塔地震中,距离震中仅8.2 km的GVDA获得了不同深度的地震动记录。分析所获取的地震动记录,发现地震动水平与垂直分量在地表的峰值加速度均达到最大,为土层场地的地震动放大效应研究提供参考[29]
GVDA场地于1989年7月开始进行仪器观测,至今已经积累了长达35 a的观测数据[30]。该台阵主要由沿山谷线性排列、跨度约250 m的5个地表加速度计(07、00、08、09和10)以及从地表以下6~501 m布设的6个井下加速度计组成[25]。此外,还在该场地不同深度处布设了压力传感器,GVDA场地加速度计、压力传感器的立面布设示意图如图1所示。其中,6个井下加速度计分别位于地下6、15、22、50、150、501 m处[25]。如图2所示,编号为07的传感器位于主站的西北部61 m,编号为00的传感器位于主站内,编号为08、09和10的3个传感器以61 m为间隔线性延伸至主站的东南部[30]
GVDA场地下方的近地表地层主要由风化花岗岩下伏的湖床冲积物组成。该场地土层自上而下依次是:①地表至18 ~ 25 m深度范围内由湖床沉积层组成,土壤类型为粉砂、砂土、含黏土砂和粉质土砾;②在18~25 m深度范围内,由冲积层逐渐过渡为风化花岗岩;③在25~88 m深度范围内,主要为砾砂组成的风化花岗岩;④在88 m深处与南加州半岛山脉的花岗闪长岩基岩相接触[25]。GVDA站点的地下水位根据季节和降雨总量变化而变化,在多雨年份,冬季和春季时的地下水位位于地表或略低于地表;夏季、秋季和少雨年份,地下水位下降到地表以下1~3 m[25]
为了较准确地给出GVDA场地的速度剖面,美国地质调查局在该场地进行了大量侵入性和非侵入性现场测试工作,得出GVDA场地的速度剖面如图3所示[31-32]。此外,为了获取详细的剪切波速度剖面数据、构建伪三维剪切波速度模型,部分学者在GVDA场地开展了波速结构的研究工作[33]。如STELLER[34]进行的PS悬浮测井试验和GIBBS[32]进行的井下试验,2种试验的测试深度均达到基岩区域,有助于更准确地模拟地震波在地下介质中的传播和响应,为地震场地响应分析提供重要依据,且2个试验的测试位置在图2中分别用五边形、三角形表示。
金银岛是一座使用水力充填技术建造的人工岛屿,该岛被建在耶尔巴布纳岛西北部的天然沙嘴上,通过一条道路与耶尔巴布纳岛相连[35]。金银岛距海沃德断层12.8 km,且与圣安德烈斯断层半岛部分距离最近的点相隔29 km,为观测潜在的强地震动创造了有利条件[36]。由于金银岛的水力填充层是以天然砂和海湾泥浆为材料填筑而成的,填充后的土层相对松散,在地震作用下容易发生液化。因此,为了研究金银岛软土场地沉积物对地震动的响应以及液化砂砾沉积物中各项特性指标的变化,加利福尼亚强震观测计划于1992年在加利福尼亚州旧金山湾的金银岛海军基地附近与消防局相邻的区域(37°49′N,122°22′W)布设了金银岛岩土台阵(Treasure Island geotechnical array,TIGA)[36]。并在TIGA地表至基岩范围内安装了加速度计,分别位于地表和地下7、16、31、44、104、122 m处[37]
TIGA场地土层自上而下是:淤泥质软土-砂层(松散的水力填充物,厚度约13 m)、全新世旧金山湾泥(16 m)、粉砂层(12 m)、更新世湾泥黏土(35 m)、砂质层(5 m)、更新世湾泥黏土(10 m),此处基岩由页岩、砂岩和粉砂岩互层组成,地下水位埋深约4 m[8],TIGA场地的土层剖面与仪器布设位置如图4所示。迄今为止,加利福尼亚强震观测计划对TIGA进行了大量的地球物理与土工原位测试,得到的数据为进一步研究和分析提供了基础[37]图4中的黑线是GIBBS等[38]实测的剪切波速剖面,红线是使用GIBBS等[38]实测的剪切波速数据计算所得的2个强震仪间的平均剪切波速。
港湾人工岛位于日本兵库县神户市西南部的大阪湾,是一个人工填海岛屿。该岛北侧通过神户大桥、神户港港岛隧道与本州陆地上的神户市中心连接,南侧通过神户天空桥与神户机场人工岛连接。1991年8月神户市开发局在港湾人工岛的西北部(34°40′N,135°12′E)建设了港湾人工岛井下台阵(Port Island downhole array,PIDA)[39]。建设该台阵的目的是研究易液化地基土的抗震性能、观察当地土壤条件对地震动的潜在影响,并且PIDA站点所获取的地震动记录为校准模型提供了宝贵的信息,以真实地反映液化场地的土壤行为[27]。据神户开发局资料,1995年1月17日在日本西南部神户—大阪地区发生里氏7.2级地震,震中位于神户市南部的淡路岛上,震源深度14 km,地震震中距PIDA约19 km[40]。在本次地震作用下,PIDA所在区域的浅层土体发生了液化,造成了严重的不均匀沉降和侧向扩展,结合PIDA站点在地震期间获取不同深度的峰值加速度(表2)和液化现象,发现液化场地的减震作用明显[41-42]
PIDA的土层主要由以下几部分组成:①19 m厚的复垦层土壤,该层由分解风化的花岗岩填充物组成,包括40%的砂石、55%的砾石和5%的细粒含量;②8 m厚的冲积黏土层;③6 m厚的冲积砂土层;④17 m厚的洪积砾石和砂石层;⑤11 m厚的砂土层;⑥18 m厚的硬黏土层;⑦从79 m深处开始,为砂砾层,地下水位埋深约4 m[43]。PIDA的观测仪器由4个井下加速度计组成,分别位于地表和地下16、32、83 m处,且所有的加速度计连接到一个共同的触发器上,以保证不同埋深测点所获取的地震动记录是同步的,从而能够直接监测地震波到达地表时的动态地面响应[43]。PIDA的波速信息、土层剖面和仪器布设位置如图5所示。
防灾科技学院场地与结构地震观测台阵(seismic monitoring array of site and structure,SMASS)是我国近年来建设的竖向台阵。该台阵位于防灾科技学院北校区长庚楼(39°57′N,116°47′E),由结构竖向台阵和岩土竖向台阵两部分组成,其中结构竖向台阵用以分析地震作用下结构的反应特征,而岩土竖向台阵用于研究地震波在深厚土层中的传播机制和土层对地震动的放大效应。SMASS台阵隶属河北省地震灾害防御与风险评价重点实验室,由防灾科技学院自主设计建造,于2017年11月开始建设,2018年11月完成仪器安装调试工作并正式运行。自SMASS台阵运行至今,共获取6次不同地震事件的地震动记录,这些记录质量较好,对台阵工作效能的检测和观测场地地震动响应特征的研究具有重要价值,如表3所示。同时,SMASS台阵所用的仪器设备处于国际领先水平,观测环境在国内外同类台阵中也有非常鲜明的特色,能够为场地地震反应、土结相互作用以及强震地面运动预测等科学问题的研究提供重要的试验平台。
SMASS台阵的结构竖向台阵位于长庚楼西侧,在长庚楼1~5层的混凝土地面或顶板横梁处共布设了6个三分量加速度计,以有利于结构地震响应的真实获取,如图6(a)所示。如图6(b)所示,岩土竖向台阵位于长庚楼中心的空地处;各点位的平面布置如图6(c)所示。岩土竖向台阵主要包含5个井下观测点(S02~S06)、1个地面观测点(S01)、2个井下孔隙水压力观测点(P01、P02)、1个震源激发孔(E01)和1个数据采集中心观测室。除S01外,S02~S06分布在以E01为圆心、半径为8 m的圆周上。S01位于E01正东向的数据采集中心观测室内;P01、P02位于E01的北侧,与S02、S03呈东西向展布。为了研究土层波速结构特征与土层地震效应,在S01~S06中安装了力平衡式加速度计,分别布设在地表和地下30、65、101、151、236 m处;此外,还在P01、P02地下30 m深度处安装了渗压计以记录地震期间饱和土层孔压的变化情况。
为了准确了解SMASS台阵场地的地质情况和240 m深度范围内地层的波速分布情况,在台阵建设期间,对该场地的最深钻孔开展了全程连续钻芯取样编录工作以及波速测试工作。通过钻芯取样样本,按照GB 50021—2001《岩土工程勘察规范》(2009年版)[44]中的要求详细描述了地层岩性相关信息。在编录过程中,根据岩芯的颜色、矿物组成、颗粒级配、颗粒形状、细粒含量、湿度、密实程度、状态以及包含物等指标,对其进行详细的分层、定名和岩性描述。最后依据岩土层名称和岩性将SMASS台阵场地地层大致分为38层。SMASS台阵的波速分布情况是根据GB 50021—2001《岩土工程勘察规范》(2009年版)[44]中波速的测试方法所得,P波波速(vp)测试采用跨孔地震层析成像技术(computer tomography,CT)与地震垂直剖面测井技术(vertical seismic profile,VSP),S波波速(vs)测试采用单孔法,经过走时读取、单元划分、射线追踪和波速反演等处理,得到P波和S波波速分布剖面[4]图7给出了SMASS台阵场地土层的波速结构,并标注出了各强震仪的埋置深度和所处地层的岩性。
土体非线性动力特性研究主要以试验为主,但在室内实验室中土体承受的加载路径与实际地震情况明显不同,边界条件、排水条件等因素也难以真实模拟[45]。因此,有必要使用现场观测的地震动记录对非线性土动力参数进行分析评价。岩土竖向台阵作为获取地震动记录的重要工具,可有效反映土体非线性动力特性[6]。随着岩土竖向台阵数量的增加,获得的地震动记录也逐渐增多,为土体非线性动力特性研究提供了丰富的基础数据,对深入了解场地土体非线性动力特性具有重要意义[45]
鉴于此,诸多学者基于岩土竖向台阵获取不同深度测点的地震动记录,识别土体在不同强度地震作用下的非线性行为,如刚度退化、阻尼变化等进行了深入研究。例如,KAMIYAMA等[46]利用PIDA在神户地震期间获取的地震动记录,对主震和余震进行分析比较,采用谱比法和互相关法分析土体刚度和阻尼的变化情况,发现在主震期间土体刚度显著降低、阻尼明显增大,土体表现为非线性特征,而在余震期间土体性质的变化较为平稳,非线性特征较弱;GLASER等[47]利用罗东试验场获取的一系列地震事件的地震动记录分析了不同强度地震下土体的动态响应,发现峰值加速度较大的情况下,土体的剪切刚度显著降低出现非线性软化现象,阻尼比随着峰值加速度的增加而增大,这与土体的非线性行为密切相关;王苏阳[48]以竖向台阵记录的地震动数据为基础,研究了非线性场地反应的程度随峰值地面加速度的变化规律,发现只有当峰值地面加速度高于非线性场地反应阈值时,场地剪切模量的下降幅度才随着峰值地面加速度的增加而增加;苗雨等[49]基于日本KiK-net台网中TCGH16岩土竖向台阵得到的地震动记录,提取了等效剪切模量比-应变曲线,建立了土动力学参数与地震动峰值加速度之间的关系,发现场地等效剪切模量的下降幅度随地震动强度的增加而增加。
在利用台阵记录进行土体动力参数反演分析、验证和改进土体非线性动力模型方面也取得了众多研究成果。例如,ELGAMAL等[50]利用罗东竖向台阵中不同埋深测点的地震动记录反演分析了场地的运动时程,求解了土体的剪应力-应变历程,得到了土的动剪切模量、阻尼与剪应变的对应关系;KOKUSHO等[22]通过不同竖向台阵获取的地震动记录反演分析了表层土体的剪切模量和阻尼比的变化情况,发现两者均表现出明显的应变依赖性,并得到了剪切模量和阻尼比的应变依赖性变化曲线,为不同场地类型的场地响应评估提供了参考依据;IKEMOTO等[51]利用井下台阵记录,结合遗传算法提出了一种推测阻尼比和剪切波速等土层动力参数的反演方法,并将其应用到土模型中时,发现该反演方法得到的结果与实际结果相接近;王宁等[9]以美国La Cienega台阵获取的地震动记录为基础,利用互相关函数分析了不同地震强度作用下场地土层的平均剪切波速,结果表明,平均剪切波速能够反映该场地的动力特性,且数值模拟计算结果与台阵地震动记录基本吻合,为数值模型参数选取提供依据;TAO等[52]指出实验室测试无法捕捉到现场存在的波散射效应,导致实验室测试得到的小应变阻尼比往往会高估现场场地响应,因此基于岩土竖向台阵的地震动记录,提出了小应变阻尼比乘数的概念,用于调整实验室所测的小应变阻尼比值,以匹配现场的真实响应;姜伟平[8]利用岩土竖向台阵的地震动记录和改进的解卷积地震干涉测量法,根据获取的原位压缩波速和剪切波速评估了原位泊松比和剪切模量等土动力参数,发现计算出的波速结果与实测值相近,计算的原位土动力参数反映了实际地震荷载下原位应力、围压和孔隙水压力等状态下的土动力特性,为后续非线性土动力特性研究提供了稳定可靠的方法。
综上所述,台阵记录对土体非线性动力特性研究具有重要意义,通过台阵获取不同深度测点、不同地震强度下的地震动记录,为评估土体的非线性行为提供了宝贵的数据支持。然而,由于室内试验存在局限,实际观测记录质量参差不齐,单一方法研究所得结果不够综合全面。因此,未来研究可以进一步结合现场观测记录和室内实验结果,为深入探究土体的非线性动力特性及其机理提供更可靠的数据支撑和技术支持。
历次震害调查表明,场地土层在地震作用下一般会呈现非线性放大特征,因场地条件以及地形效应导致的地表地震动放大已成为地震工程界普遍认可的事实[53]。岩土竖向台阵作为一种能够获取地震动记录的重要工具,对地震工程学家和科研人员基于实测地震动记录研究地震动放大效应具有重要帮助。
地震灾害分布与场地条件对地震波的传播有密切的关系,不同的场地对地震动有不同的放大或缩小作用[54]。目前部分研究者利用台阵记录评估场地的放大效应,精准分析地震动在水平和垂直方向上的放大作用。例如,王海云[26]基于岩土竖向台阵获取的地震动记录,研究了土层场地放大作用随深度的变化规律,探究了场地放大作用的机制,得出土层场地的放大作用随深度是按照不同振型的特征而有规律的变化,发现若按照不同振型的自振频率分析场地放大作用的特征,可以从本质上揭示场地的固有特性;THEODOULIDIS等[12]利用竖向台阵不同埋深测点的地震动记录,研究了加速度时程随深度的变化情况,发现距离地表越近覆盖土层对地震动的放大作用越显著;KUO等[17]利用井下台阵评估场地的放大效应和峰值地面加速度,通过分析比较地表和井下记录的峰值地面加速度,发现随着峰值地面加速度的增加,场地放大效应呈现非线性减少的趋势;李龙[55]利用KiK-net台网中竖向台阵获取的地震动数据,研究了不同地震动参数放大系数随地震动强度的变化规律,发现不同地震动参数放大系数随峰值地面加速度的增加满足先增大后减小的趋势;卢滔等[56]以11次地震事件获得的地表、井下基岩记录为基础,研究了唐山响嘡三维场地影响观测台阵场地在不同地震作用下场地放大作用的方向相关性,结果表明,使用多向谱比上包络曲线法分析场地的放大作用可有效避免其他方法引起的误估,并且可有效分析实际场地频率-方向相关的放大作用;王康[57]利用KiK-net台阵记录研究了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三类场地在不同强度的地震作用下场地放大系数fPGA和场地放大系数fEPA的变化关系,发现二者均在Ⅱ类场地最大,Ⅰ类场地最小。
地震动放大效应受到多种因素的影响,主要包括地质条件、地下水位、覆盖土层厚度以及地震强度等,国内外学者相继开展了大量研究。周燕国等[58]根据岩土竖向台阵加速度记录,使用经验法分析了深厚覆盖层场地的地震动放大效应,揭示了地震动从基岩向土层传播的显著特征,并对造成放大的可能机制进行了探讨,发现覆盖层厚度、地震动方向性和基岩地震动输入大小对地震动的放大效应具有重要影响;王苏阳[48]利用数百个台阵记录的地震动数据,比较了不同场地类别的放大作用的平均特征,发现场地越软,对低频分量的放大作用越显著;LIU等[59]使用岩土竖向台阵记录,考虑了在不同地质条件、地下水位和运动强度下,地震波在垂直和水平方向上的传播差异,发现水平方向的放大作用比垂直方向的放大作用显著,且对运动强度的依赖性较小,而地下水位的位置对垂直方向的放大作用有很大影响;周楷[4]采用传统谱比法对场地与结构观测台阵获取的地震动记录进行分析,得出不同深度处的土层结构地震动的放大作用不同。
综上所述,由岩土竖向台阵获取的地震动记录是场地地表和地下质点震动的真实刻画,蕴含了丰富的场地特性信息,是研究场地放大效应的最直接手段[60]。使用台阵记录研究场地放大效应的意义在于它能够真实反映不同强度地震作用下波在土体中的传播特性,为研究放大效应提供坚实依据。国内外诸多震害事例表明,场地条件、覆盖层厚度等因素对地震动有不同的放大作用,且与震害破坏程度和地震灾害分布密切相关。因此,在未来的研究工作中,需深入开展多因素耦合作用下的场地放大效应研究,提高研究结果的全面性和准确性,对震害防御具有重要意义。
场地土层地震反应分析是地震安全性评价工作的重要组成部分,它根据基岩地震动考虑局部场地条件的影响后,计算出地表土层的地震动参数,从而为工程结构的抗震设计和可靠性分析提供合理有效的地震动设计参数[61]。随着岩土竖向台阵获取的地震动记录不断增多,为真实场地进行土层地震反应的再现模拟分析提供数据支持,对于完善土层计算模型和计算方法有很大帮助[62]
在土层地震反应分析领域,根据维度不同可将分析方法分为一维、二维、三维,其中二维、三维土层地震反应分析方法更趋向实际,但并不成熟,分析结果存在很大的不确定性,因此在工程界中仍以一维土层地震反应分析为主[4]。目前,一维土层地震反应分析方法主要有3种:传统等效线性化方法、时域非线性方法和频域相关等效线性化方法。由于理论方法不同,部分一维土层地震反应分析程序计算得到的结果存在较大差异,解决该问题最有效的办法是将土层地震反应分析计算得到的地震动与实际地震动记录资料进行对比验证,进而改进相关分析方法提高分析结果的可靠性[4]。基于上述方法,许多学者对此开展了研究。例如,丁海平等[63]探讨了使用单一土层模型替换复杂场地求解土层地震反应传递函数的方法,并使用SMART-1台阵的地震动记录验证了该方法的可行性,发现只要给出合理的阻尼和入射角,就可以近似得到实际土层的传递函数;齐文浩等[64]为了检验不同一维土层地震反应分析程序的计算精度,以唐山响嘡三维场地影响观测台阵获得的基岩强震记录作为输入地震动,使用不同程序分别计算了测井钻孔剖面,并与实际地表的强震记录相比,发现不同一维土层地震反应分析程序虽均满足工程要求但仍有差别;卢滔等[65]通过对比分析唐山响嘡台阵的实际地震动记录与场地土层的数值模拟结果,验证了一种考虑拟合阻尼比、刚度比试验曲线的时域分析方法,明确了该方法的可行性;丁海平等[66]利用日本千叶井下台阵场地的竖向钻孔地震动记录和钻孔剖面资料,采用等效线性化方法模拟了土层地震反应,发现该方法具有相当高的精度,并明确岩土竖向台阵获取的地震动记录是验证现行土层地震反应的分析理论、方法及计算模型的最好手段。为了研究使用竖向钻孔井下地震记录作为输入地震动进行土层地震反应计算时,土层模型的边界应如何选择的问题,任琼洁[62]设计了1个一维土层模型算例,比较了2种一维土层地震反应等效线性化计算程序的结果,发现当直接使用井下台阵记录进行场地地震反应分析时,土层计算模型应选用刚性基底边界,这对于正确使用井下强震记录进行土层地震反应分析具有重要意义;张泽旺等[67]从KiK-net台网中选取了3种场地类型的实际土层资料和地震动记录,采用DEEPSOIL与SOILQUAKE这2个典型的土层地震反应分析程序分别计算不同场地地震动的土层峰值地面加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)放大效应与反应谱,并将计算结果与台阵实测记录进行比较,发现在各类场地中SOILQUAKE的计算结果更好,为后续工程中选取土层地震反应分析程序提供参考依据;孙锐等[68]分析了传统等效线性化方法的局限性,提出了全局等效剪应变的概念和算法,编制了新的等效线性化土层地震反应计算程序,并以KiK-net井下台阵的实测记录为样本,对比检验了该方法和其他现有方法,发现所提出的概念和算法正确合理。
综上所述,土层地震反应分析方法的研究是目前岩土地震工程研究领域的重要内容,土层地震反应分析技术也是当前工程场地地震安全性评价的核心技术之一[69]。在当前众多分析方法和计算程序中,使用某种单一方法研究土层地震反应难以确保分析结果与实际情况相符合。因此,以岩土竖向台阵获取的高质量地震动记录为基础,结合各种分析方法研究土层地震反应显得至关重要。该方法不仅能够验证现行土层地震反应分析方法的适用性与准确性,还能在一定程度上完善土层计算模型和修正计算方法。
岩土竖向台阵的建设与应用对地震学和地震工程学等相关领域的研究具有重要意义。岩土竖向台阵作为获取地震动记录的重要工具,有效促进了科研人员基于岩土竖向台阵开展场地地震反应的研究。本文借助前人的研究资料与成果,介绍了部分地震活跃国家的岩土竖向台阵的分布情况,统计了部分岩土竖向台阵的基本信息;从众多岩土竖向台阵中选取了应用较为广泛、资料比较齐全的台阵进行了地理位置、土层剖面、仪器布设和速度结构等信息的介绍;同时,本文从土体非线性动力特性、地震动放大效应和土层地震反应分析方法三个方面综述基于岩土竖向台阵的场地地震反应的研究现状和发展趋势。这些研究成果对于理解和预测场地在地震作用下的行为具有重要作用。
场地地震反应的研究进展主要取决于岩土竖向台阵建设的发展。随着岩土竖向台阵建设数量的增加以及高质量地震动记录的不断积累,为进一步探究场地地震反应机制、评估原位土动力特性以及分析复杂场地非线性地震反应等方面的研究提供了坚实的数据基础。因此,各个地震多发国家应在地震活跃区域建设岩土竖向台阵,以提高对地震活动的监测、增强地震动数据的代表性、促进地震工程领域的研究、减轻地震灾害风险和加强国际间的合作与数据共享。在过去几十年中,随着地震监测技术的不断发展和有价值地震动记录的逐渐增加,为提高记录信息的准确性和清晰性,应使用更高精度和更稳定的强震仪,以获取更精确的地震动记录。同时,采用先进的数据分析方法,能够更容易处理岩土竖向台阵所获得的复杂地震动记录以研究场地地震反应。
  • 地震科技星火计划攻关项目(XH23066A)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51808118)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0205
  • 接收时间:2024-06-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-04-24
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-22
  • 修回日期:2024-09-19
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地震科技星火计划攻关项目(XH23066A)
国家自然科学基金项目(51808118)
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    1.防灾科技学院 防灾减灾工程学院,河北 三河 065201
    2.河北省地震灾害防御与风险评价重点实验室,河北 三河 065201

通讯作者:

李孝波(1985—),男,教授,博士,主要从事场地地震反应和地震地质灾害研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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