Article(id=1241786732769776618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0118, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699459200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-09, revisedDate=1710518400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773994628373, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773994628373, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773994628373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994628373, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241786727631754095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773994627149, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996954801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796490583146988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796490583146989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=177, endPage=186, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241786732987880436, articleId=1241786732769776618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Multi-scale earthquake damage evolution method study on ancient timber structures, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reveal the damage mechanism of ancient timber structures and to make a reasonable evaluation of the damage degree under earthquakes, this paper proposes a multi-scale seismic damage evolution analysis method for the ancient timber structure. Based on the generalized force-deformation relationship and performance-based seismic design, the generalized damage index is established through test data fitting analysis, thus multi-scale consistency damage indices are proposed. According to the multiple point constraint method (MPC), a multiple-scale model is developed for ancient timber structures, which can reveal macro mechanical properties and local failure details. The proposed damage evolution analysis method is validated by a cyclic loading test of mortise-tenon joint and a shaking table test of the multi-story timber framework, and the evolution process and results are also shown. The proposed multi-scale analysis method provides evaluation results of seismic appraisal for existing ancient timber structures, including assessments at the local material, component to overall structural levels. Furthermore, it elucidates the evolutionary relationships between each level of the whole structure, providing a scientific basis for reinforcement and repair work.

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为了掌握地震作用下古建木结构由细观材料到宏观结构的损伤机理和破坏状态,并对其损伤程度做出全面而合理的评价,提出了古建木结构跨尺度损伤演化分析方法,包括多尺度数值模型和多尺度一致性损伤模型。多尺度数值模型采用多点约束法来协调跨尺度界面变形,能同时描述局部损伤细节和整体力学行为;损伤模型以广义力-广义位移和抗震性能水准理论为基础,通过试验拟合分析来统一各层次损伤。以榫卯节点拟静力试验和多层古建木框架振动台试验为分析对象,详细阐述了跨尺度损伤演化分析方法的过程和结果。通过所提出的多尺度分析方法,可以为既有古建木结构抗震鉴定给出从局部材料、构件到整体结构的各层级评估结果,并揭示其之间的演化规律,为后期加固修复提供科学依据。

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姜绍飞(1969—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构健康监测/检测和结构防灾减灾研究。E-mail:
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吴铭昊(1988—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事古建木结构监测/检测和抗震性能研究。E-mail:

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吴铭昊(1988—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事古建木结构监测/检测和抗震性能研究。E-mail:

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吴铭昊(1988—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事古建木结构监测/检测和抗震性能研究。E-mail:

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Experimental reserach on mechanical propertiy of tenon-mortise joint of ancient timber buildings[D]. Fuzhou: Fuzhou University, 2014. 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Experimental study and theoretical analysis on the strengthening for Chinese ancient timber buildings[D]. Xi’an: Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, 2007. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Experimental study and theoretical analysis on the strengthening for Chinese ancient timber buildings, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802951346426142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786732769776618, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=31, authorNames=刘俊杰, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘俊杰. CFRP加固木梁承载性能的理论与试验研究[D]. 西安:西安建筑科技大学,2011., articleTitle=CFRP加固木梁承载性能的理论与试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802951468060969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786732769776618, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=32, authorNames=LIU Junjie, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Junjie. Experimental and theoretical study on bearing behavior for timber beams strengthened with CFRP[D]. Xi’an: Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, 2011. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Experimental and theoretical study on bearing behavior for timber beams strengthened with CFRP, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802952545997110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786732769776618, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=33, authorNames=陈立涛, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈立涛. 残损木梁力学性能退化的研究[D]. 西安:西安建筑科技大学,2017., articleTitle=残损木梁力学性能退化的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802952671826243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786732769776618, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=34, authorNames=CHEN Litao, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Litao. Research on mechanical property degradation of damaged wooden beam[D]. Xi’an: Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, 2017. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on mechanical property degradation of damaged wooden beam, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802952797655376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786732769776618, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB/T 50165—2020古建筑木结构维护与加固技术标准[S]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社,2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802952990593376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786732769776618, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB/T 50165—2020 Technical standard for maintenance and strengthening of historic timber building[S]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2020. 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articleId=1241786732769776618, language=CN, label=图13, caption=顶层材料-截面-构件尺度损伤演化分析, figureFileSmall=gZ3zGjRF3q4kEpcq/Fh7Pw==, figureFileBig=yrL1gaH3vTw3JWX7Yi8eUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802944669094669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786732769776618, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Damage evolution analysis for component-story-structure scale, figureFileSmall=fdnq58isEFB3fh5FTZK3mQ==, figureFileBig=GNz9SAjDfWe8VBADMHhtSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802944803312406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786732769776618, language=CN, label=图14, caption=构件-楼层-结构尺度损伤演化分析, figureFileSmall=fdnq58isEFB3fh5FTZK3mQ==, figureFileBig=GNz9SAjDfWe8VBADMHhtSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802944945918762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786732769776618, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Normalization parameters of timber damage

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木材顺纹压缩方向横纹压缩方向
杉木0.55310.6342
落叶松0.60670.7046
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木材损伤归一化参数

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木材顺纹压缩方向横纹压缩方向
杉木0.55310.6342
落叶松0.60670.7046
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古建木结构跨尺度地震损伤演化分析方法研究
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吴铭昊 1 , 王永建 1 , 姜绍飞 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025,45(1): 177-186
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地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025, 45(1): 177-186
古建木结构跨尺度地震损伤演化分析方法研究
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吴铭昊1 , 王永建1, 姜绍飞2
作者信息
  • 1.福建理工大学 土木工程学院,福建 福州 350108
  • 2.福州大学 土木工程学院,福建 福州 350118
  • 吴铭昊(1988—),男,讲师,博士,主要从事古建木结构监测/检测和抗震性能研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

姜绍飞(1969—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构健康监测/检测和结构防灾减灾研究。E-mail:
Multi-scale earthquake damage evolution method study on ancient timber structures
Minghao WU1 , Yongjian WANG1, Shaofei JIANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Civil Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350108, China
  • 2.College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350118, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0118
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为了掌握地震作用下古建木结构由细观材料到宏观结构的损伤机理和破坏状态,并对其损伤程度做出全面而合理的评价,提出了古建木结构跨尺度损伤演化分析方法,包括多尺度数值模型和多尺度一致性损伤模型。多尺度数值模型采用多点约束法来协调跨尺度界面变形,能同时描述局部损伤细节和整体力学行为;损伤模型以广义力-广义位移和抗震性能水准理论为基础,通过试验拟合分析来统一各层次损伤。以榫卯节点拟静力试验和多层古建木框架振动台试验为分析对象,详细阐述了跨尺度损伤演化分析方法的过程和结果。通过所提出的多尺度分析方法,可以为既有古建木结构抗震鉴定给出从局部材料、构件到整体结构的各层级评估结果,并揭示其之间的演化规律,为后期加固修复提供科学依据。

古建筑木结构  /  跨尺度损伤演化分析  /  地震损伤模型  /  有限元仿真分析

In order to reveal the damage mechanism of ancient timber structures and to make a reasonable evaluation of the damage degree under earthquakes, this paper proposes a multi-scale seismic damage evolution analysis method for the ancient timber structure. Based on the generalized force-deformation relationship and performance-based seismic design, the generalized damage index is established through test data fitting analysis, thus multi-scale consistency damage indices are proposed. According to the multiple point constraint method (MPC), a multiple-scale model is developed for ancient timber structures, which can reveal macro mechanical properties and local failure details. The proposed damage evolution analysis method is validated by a cyclic loading test of mortise-tenon joint and a shaking table test of the multi-story timber framework, and the evolution process and results are also shown. The proposed multi-scale analysis method provides evaluation results of seismic appraisal for existing ancient timber structures, including assessments at the local material, component to overall structural levels. Furthermore, it elucidates the evolutionary relationships between each level of the whole structure, providing a scientific basis for reinforcement and repair work.

ancient timber structure  /  multi-scale damage evolution analysis  /  seismic damage model  /  finite element simulation analysis
吴铭昊, 王永建, 姜绍飞. 古建木结构跨尺度地震损伤演化分析方法研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (1) : 177 -186 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0118
Minghao WU, Yongjian WANG, Shaofei JIANG. Multi-scale earthquake damage evolution method study on ancient timber structures[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (1) : 177 -186 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0118
古建木结构在历次地震作用下都存在着不同程度的损伤,当损伤累积到一定程度则会导致结构倾覆坍塌。采用合理的损伤演化分析方法,来把握地震作用下古建木结构损伤演化过程和机理,评估其损伤程度具有重要意义。
损伤机理试验与数值模拟是探究损伤演化机理的重要手段。模型试验可以直观反映整体木构架[1]和局部耗能构件如斗拱[2]、榫卯节点[3]的损伤破坏过程和状态,但由于试验条件限制,难以全面把握关键位置的损伤行为。数值模拟作为补充分析方法,常被用于追踪结构关键区域的损伤演变过程。吴铭昊等[4]提出了多尺度古建木结构数值模拟方法,在有效节约计算资源的前提下兼顾宏观力学行为和局部破坏特征。
损伤模型是反映结构损伤演化机理的核心,亦是量化损伤程度的数学表达式。结构层面,基于能量耗散准则的损伤模型是评估局部耗能构件损伤的主要方法,可以较好地把握地震作用下榫卯节点、柱架和斗拱铺作层的破坏状态和损伤程度[35]。李铁英等[2]以能量、位移为指标建立了木塔双参数地震损伤模型,综合考虑了局部耗能和整体结构侧移2个因素的影响,相对于位移或能量单参数评估更加全面。董金爽等[6]提出了考虑榫头松动和抵抗破坏潜能的榫卯节点双参数地震损伤模型,使得损伤评估能够考虑已有残损对损伤分析的影响。材料层面,目前研究主要采用声发射、红外光谱和应力波等无损检测方法来建立材料损伤识别模型[7],来跟踪评价老化、开裂和损现象的发展。
总体来看,数值模拟能掌握各层次损伤信息,为后续演化分析提供数据基础。但现有古建木结构损伤模型多聚焦于材料或结构、构件单一层次,没有考虑各层次损伤之间的联系。结构失效是一个跨尺度损伤演化的过程[8],即始于材料层次微小裂缝并过渡到构件层次,最后发展到楼层乃至整体结构的倒塌失效,把握各层次的损伤发展过程,揭示其内部跨尺度损伤演化机理及其之间的关系十分重要。显然上述研究很难从全过程的角度来把握、评估结构破坏失效。近年来学者们采用多尺度损伤演化分析方法,对钢结构、混凝土框架从细观缺陷到宏观结构失效的跨尺度损伤演化机理开展了相关研究[9-10],但古建木结构特殊的工法和构造,其抗震受力体系与现代结构差别较大,损伤机理和演化过程还一直是待解决的难点,且目前涉及到古建木结构跨尺度损伤机理分析和评估的研究更是鲜有报道。
本文提出一种古建木结构跨尺度地震损伤演化分析方法,基于多点约束法建立多尺度损伤数值模型,协调传递各尺度不同层次的损伤信息。以广义力-广义位移原理结合抗震性能水准理论来统一各层次损伤和性能评估体系,进而把握古建木结构在地震作用下的跨尺度损伤演化过程和机理,评估损伤程度。
数值模型用于掌握结构各层次损伤信息,是跨尺度损伤演化分析的基础。通常细观尺度关注局部损伤细节,宏观尺度则侧重整体结构构件位移变形,前者需要精细化数值模型和准确的非线性损伤本构关系来实现,后者只需梁杆系单元模型即可胜任。将不同尺度模型间通过变形协调方程建立约束对,建立多尺度损伤数值模型来进行跨尺度损伤演化分析,如图1所示。
在建立古建木结构跨尺度损伤演化分析数值模型时,考虑到节点为损伤集中区域,且榫头与卯口的摩擦滑移属于高度非线性行为,对其采用精细化实体单元建模,对于无损或损伤较小的构件可采用梁杆等单元来建立。采用多点约束法(multiple point constraint method,MPC)对实体和梁单元交界处生成约束,即以节点的自由度为标准值,指定界面上其余各节点的自由度和其满足特定关系为
式中:ui为从自由度;uj为主自由度;Cj为权系数;C0为常数项;ij分别为从、主节点某自由度下标。以上所述古建木结构多尺度建模方法有效性验证过程见文献[4]。
数值分析获取的各层次损伤信息如局部材料应变和整体结构位移等不具有可比性,这就需要研究能统一各层次损伤的多尺度一致性损伤模型。完成这一目标需解决以下2个问题:①损伤模型在各层次上有统一的力学概念,使其具有可比性;②建立一致性损伤性能水准,使各层次损伤评估处于同一性能水准体系内。
无论是局部材料应力-应变关系,还是整体结构荷载-位移曲线,都可以用广义力-广义位移(F-S)来表示。基于广义力-广义位移建立广义损伤指标,同引入抗震性能水准划分对广义损伤指标进行归一化处理,来建立一致性损伤性能水准评估体系。由此建立的多尺度一致性损伤模型,既能反映不同层次上的损伤力学特征,又能反映各层次损伤之间的联系。
图2为广义力-广义位移曲线,G点为弹性极限点,直线OC和曲线OGB分别为无损和有损状态下的广义力-广义位移曲线。ssesu为广义变形、广义弹性极限变形、广义极限变形;FFeFu为对应ssesu的广义承载力、广义弹性极限承载力、广义极限承载力;F′、Fu为对应ssu的弹性阶段广义承载力、广义极限承载力;KO为广义初始刚度,KKeq分别为对应s的广义损伤刚度、广义等效损伤刚度。
图2可知:
定义延性位移损伤量D′如式(3)所示:
AB/CD反映了由于塑性变形、刚度衰减引起的承载力损失程度,其表达式为
式(4)即为广义损伤指标。
不同层次的损伤评估结果需处于同一性能水准体系下,因此在式(4)基础上引入抗震性能水准划分体系,将古建木结构的损伤划分为Ⅰ(基本完好)、Ⅱ(轻微破坏)、Ⅲ(中等破坏)、Ⅳ(严重破坏)和Ⅴ(倒塌/破坏完全)5个等级[11],损伤指标定为0(无损)~1.0(完全破坏),各损伤水准划分区间的临界值分别为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8。为使式(4)计算出的广义损伤指标和性能水准划分一一对应起来,将式(4)进行归一化处理:
式中:D为多尺度一致性损伤模型的表达式,其取值范围为0~1.0;参数α为损伤指数,由式(3)计算得到D′并代入到式(5)中反算得出。
式(5)建立了多尺度一致性损伤模型,其关键在于确定损伤指数α,其可以由材料至结构各层次的试验数据拟合得到。
地震来临时木结构关键部位如榫卯节点木材以顺纹受拉撕裂及横纹、顺纹方向的压缩变形为主。本文主要讨论以上3种破坏模式。木材典型应力-应变关系见图3,在顺纹受压存在短暂塑性流动、应变软化段,而横纹则有明显的线性弱强化平台段以及密实硬化段[12]。地震作用下木材处于反复拉压状态,相关研究[13]表明循环加载对木材横纹受压密实强化段应力有轻微提高,故对性能水准划分的影响不大。
木材顺纹受拉表现为脆性破坏,具体来说其应力-应变关系曲线近似于一直线,在达到比例极限点后随即破坏。因此拉向的损伤指标D分以下2种情况,即木材在到达比例极限前D=0和达到比例极限后D=1.0。
木材顺纹受压经历以下3个阶段[14]:①比例极限点A为损伤起始位置,对应纵向木纤维发生轻微压缩变形;②非线性过渡段至峰值点B,对应纵向木纤维管束出现褶皱微弯;③塑性流动段至应变软化点C点,对应纵向木纤维管束褶皱严重屈曲失稳。考虑到木材在应变软化点时较多纤维管已屈服失稳严重且试件随即破坏,定义应变软化点C和峰值点B为第4、第3性能水准点,定义非线性过渡段屈服点E为第二性能水准点。
木材横纹受压性能水准划分如下[15]:①比例极限点a为损伤起始位置,对应木材早材形成区域少量导管细胞发生轻微变形;②非线性过渡段至屈服点b(弱线性强化段起点,也是曲线前期应力峰值点),对应导管细胞空隙消失,木射线组织发生褶皱屈曲;③线性弱强化段中点c点,对应早材导管细胞压溃,多数木射线组织进入屈曲;④d点为木材密实化起始点,对应晚材导管细胞压溃,木材开始密实硬化;⑤e点为压密点,导管细胞几乎压溃消失,木射线屈曲严重,细胞壁相互贴紧,木材已近密实化。
材料层次下的广义荷载-广义位移曲线以截面的应力-应变曲线来表示。则截面层次损伤指标Dm
式中:εe为弹性极限应变,以压区边缘纤维达到弹性极限为标志;εu为极限应变,以拉区边缘纤维达到极限值为标志。对木材横纹、顺纹方向进行归一化参数拟合[16-17],选取我国南、北方典型古建筑用材的松木、杉木为拟合对象。归一化参数αme拟合结果见表1图4给出了其中松木横纹受压的拟合结果。
古建木结构以榫卯摩擦、柱脚滑移和斗拱挤压摩擦作为主要耗能方式,梁、柱依靠自身截面变形进行耗能的比重较小,较少参与抵抗水平向地震,因此构件截面尺度的损伤分析以弯曲变形为主。截面尺度下的广义力-广义位移曲线以截面的弯矩-曲率曲线来表示。则截面尺度下的损伤指标Dse
式中:φe为弹性极限曲率;φu为极限曲率,分别以压区达到弹性比例极限点及拉区边缘纤维达到极限值为标志;αse为截面层次归一化参数。
木材顺纹抗压屈服强度低于拉伸极限强度首先进入屈服,底部受拉区处于弹性阶段,之后应力持续增加,最终拉区纤维达到弹性极限后随即撕裂。截面尺度性能水准划分以顺纹受压弹性比例极限点作为损伤起始点,以压区应变屈服为第一性能水准点。在此后截面失效模式为压区应力不再显著增加,压区塑性面积逐渐增加,中性轴下移,直到拉区应变达到其弹性极限后构件断裂失效,这一过程为塑性发展阶段,故可以将其等分作为第二至第五性能水准点。对木截面弯矩-曲率损伤归一化参数进行拟合[18-20],拟合结果见图5。可知古建木结构截面层次归一化参数αse=0.3612。
古建木结构梁柱构件承载力十分富余,榫卯节点区域是抗震耗能的关键部位,在地震作用下往往成为损伤集中区域。故构件尺度下的广义力-广义位移曲线以榫卯节点在地震反复作用下的弯矩-转角滞回骨架曲线来表示。则构件(榫卯节点)下损伤指标Dme如式(8)所示:
式中:θje为节点屈服转角;θju为节点极限转角;αme为构件层次归一化参数。
GB/T 50165—2020《古建筑木结构维护与加固技术标准》[21]以榫头拔出卯口的长度不超过25%榫头长作为榫卯节点的残损的界定,文献[6]以脱榫量来均匀划分五水准性能损伤。本文取脱榫量6%、12%、18%、25%界定为五水准性能临界值。对于一些榫头在卯口内较长,破坏时脱榫量不大的节点形式如通榫节点,则取其滞回骨架曲线弹性极限点定义为损伤起点,峰值点后承载力下降且刚度趋近于零或负值,节点已接近严重破坏,定义其为第四性能水准起点。弹性极限点至峰值点为塑性发展阶段,此时榫头和卯口内挤压塑性变形和脱榫量逐渐增,节点刚度不断降低,因此可以将其按等分定义为第一至第三性能水准点。
以文献[17-18]中低周反复作用下的直榫节点弯矩-转角的滞回骨架曲线对节点的归一化参数进行拟合,取试验中6%~12%的各级脱榫量来划分滞回骨架曲线上的性能水准点,并对应0.2~0.8各级损伤值D′来反算归一化参数,最终拟合结果见图6,可知古建木结构构件层次归一化参数αme=0.5680。
古建木结构在楼层层次下的广义力-广义位移曲线以层间剪力-层间位移角曲线来表示。楼层尺度的损伤指标Dfl如式(9)所示:
式中:θfe为弹性极限位移角;θfu为极限位移角;αfl为楼层尺度归一化参数。
楼层尺度下古建木结构的Ⅰ~Ⅳ级各损伤水准临界值取为1/442、1/148、1/48、1/16[2]。以文献[2]木塔在低周反复作用下层间位移角-层间剪力滞回骨架曲线和文献[1]中箭楼框架模型在地震波作用(El Centro波、Taft波和兰州波)下1~3层的最大层间位移角-最大层间剪力骨架曲线来对楼层尺度下的归一化参数进行拟合,取试验中各级层间位移角来划分层间剪力-层间位移曲线Ⅰ~Ⅳ级的性能水准点,并对应0.2~0.8各级损伤值D′来反算归一化参数,最终拟合结果见图7,可知古建木结构楼层层次归一化参数αfl=0.2542。
古建木结构在结构层次的广义力-广义位移曲线以顶部位移角-基底剪力来表示。结构尺度的损伤指标Dst如式(10)所示:
式中:θst,eθst,u分别为弹性极限顶点位移角和极限顶点位移角;αst为结构层次归一化参数。
目前对古建木结构在各临界状态下顶点位移角的研究较少,本文参考文献[1]中多层古建木框架整体破坏性系数、性能水准划分和顶部位移角的分析,取顶点位移角为1/138、1/70、1/49作为Ⅰ~Ⅲ损伤水准的临界点,对地震反复作用下模型基底剪力-位移角骨架曲线进行性能水准划分,对应0.2~0.6各级损伤值D′来反算结构层次归一化参数,最终拟合结果见图8,可知古建木结构结构层次损伤归一化参数αst=0.4308。
应注意上述拟合结果依赖于试验对象的类型,如材料限于杉木、松木,构件限于发生拔榫破坏的直榫节点,结构限于多层木框架体系。对涉及穿斗式木构架和插销型节点等损伤分析,限于缺乏相关试验数据,还需后续开展进一步研究。
以某榫卯节点拟静力和某多层古建木框架震动台试验为分析对象,详细阐述古建木结构跨尺度损伤演化分析的过程和结果。
以文献[16]中直榫节点拟静力试验作为分析对象建立多尺度数值分析模型,并提取材料、截面和构件层次(节点)的损伤信息并计算损伤数值大小,进而开展从局部材料到宏观构件(节点)的损伤演化分析。木材性能和构件尺寸见文献[16]和图9。多尺度数值模型准确性验证见文献[4]。损伤演化分析所选取的破坏截面和材料点位置见图9,分析截面选取榫颈A-A截面和卯口底面B-B截面,材料点取榫颈截面上表面端节点A和卯口底面上的前后端点BC
试验破坏过程可分为3个阶段:①作动位移达到约20 mm前结构基本处于弹性阶段,试验现象以榫头卯口挤压摩擦为主;②作动器位移达到约60 mm时,卯口处木材竖纹受压变形严重,榫头逐渐从卯口中脱出;③作动器位移达到约110~120 mm时,结构达到极限承载力,滞回曲线下降,榫头脱出成为主要试验破坏现象,卯口扩大化。试验结束榫头脱出约43.5 mm。试验典型破坏模式见图10
将截面A-A,截面B-B,材料点ABC以及构件尺度(榫卯节点)的损伤演化曲线绘制于图11。由图可知,损伤上升段开始于15~22 mm位移,这与试验破坏过程阶段①弹性极限点位置相符;材料、截面损伤在位移达到60~80 mm时逐渐稳定,构件尺度损伤继续快速增长,这与试验破坏过程阶段②卯口挤压扩大化,榫头拔出的现象相符;位移达到100 mm后构件层次损伤仍不断上升,材料、截面损伤增加平缓,与试验破坏过程阶段③榫头从卯口拔出成为主要试验破坏现象相符。观察各层次损伤程度,构件损伤值为0.807(严重破坏Ⅳ),与图10(a)(脱榫量43.5 mm,占榫头长度的24.1%,严重破坏)对应的残损等级相符。榫头截面A-A及其A材料点损伤指标达到0.329、0.383(轻微破坏Ⅱ),观察图10(b)~(c),发现榫颈处轻微径向凹陷,而木材横纹破坏时体积压缩率一般大于50%,可见损伤计算结果与试验现象相符。卯口截面B-B和B点材料在顺纹方向损伤等级为0.851、0.931(完全损伤Ⅴ),这与图10(d)中卯口扩大化的试验现象相符。结合各层次损伤发生顺序,可以看出构件尺度(节点)损是在AB点卯口处材料损伤急剧上升后而开始逐渐上升的,说明构件破坏过程起因是卯口材料、截面顺纹方向压缩严重,导致卯口扩大化,榫头松动被不断拉出造成节点承载能力下降而最终失效,这与试验现象相符。总体来看,损伤演化曲线可以较好地反映拟静力下榫卯节点失效过程和破坏机制,评估损伤程度。
以文献[1]中1∶6西安箭楼多层木框架缩尺模型振动台试验为分析对象,建立多尺度数值模型,见图12,提取材料、截面、构件(节点)、楼层和结构各层次损伤信息计算损伤程度,进行跨尺度损伤演化分析。模型材料性能和构件尺寸和模型见图12和文献[1]。以El Centro 800 cm/s2进行动力时程分析,模型阻尼比取0.05,节点摩擦系数经取为0.4[1],柱底部采用弹簧单元约束来模拟结构和柱基础间摩擦滑移特性,弹簧单元刚度取值取为52 kN/m[4]
文献[1]主要试验破坏过程如下:①木构件各梁、柱构件均未见明显损伤变形;②榫卯节点,榫头卯口挤压变形,顶部榫头拔出量约1/3,榫头颈部挤压呈现弧形凸起变形,卯口截面扩大化并出现竖向裂缝;③整体构架,1~4层位移角为1/44、1/15、1/33、1/18,顶部位移角约为1/30,结构1~2层相对侧移量较大,整体结构在1000 cm/s2输入后仍未倒塌。
选取图12中各层中部节点J1、J2、J3、J4作为构件尺度的损伤,选取J4节点对应的榫头、卯口截面SS4、SM4代表截面层次损伤,选取J4节点对应的榫头、卯口截面边缘纤维点MS4、MM4代表材料层次的损伤。L1~L4和GD为1~4层楼层及整体结构的损伤。
将顶部楼层的材料-截面-构件层次地震损伤演化曲线绘于图13。观察各层次损伤程度,卯口材料、截面MM4和SM4指标达到0.7847、0.6741,(严重破坏Ⅳ),与卯口变形严重出现竖向劈裂的试验现象相符;榫头横纹方向MS4损伤为0.3990(轻微破坏Ⅱ),与榫头轻微挤压凸起的试验现象相符;节点J4的损伤达到0.7725,接近完全破坏程度Ⅴ,与节点脱榫量达到1/3(已超过25%脱榫量限值)节点破坏严重的试验现象较为相符。观察各层次损伤发生顺序,MS、MM材料和SS、SM截面损伤首先上升,之后构件(节点)损伤开始逐渐上升,在地震波输入15 s后材料、截面损伤已不再显著上升,但节点损伤仍继续增加,这说明结构损伤起源于榫头和卯口处的挤压变形,随着卯口损伤严重造成截面扩大后,榫头继续不断脱出从而使损伤构件(节点)损伤继续快速上升,这与试验观察现象相符。
将构件-楼层-结构层次损伤演化曲线绘于图14。观察各层次损伤程度,各节点损伤值为0.72~0.80(严重破坏至完全破坏Ⅳ~Ⅴ),楼层、整体结构的损伤为0.54~0.67(中等破坏至严重破坏Ⅲ~Ⅳ),梁、柱构件损伤较轻微故未列出,可见在节点区域损伤是地震作用下整体木框架损伤的主要因素;2层L2损伤0.67较其余楼层大,这是因为模型2层梁板缺失,跃层柱刚度较小从而形成局部薄弱层。观察各层次损伤发生顺序,楼层损伤首先在L1、L2位置开始上升,且较L3、L4大,可见框架损伤主要集中在1、2层,这与试验中1、2层的层间位移较大的试验现象相符。楼层至结构尺度的损伤处于中等、严重破坏阶段,承载力仍有富余量,这与地震波输入到1000 cm/s2时框架仍未倒塌的试验现象相符。
总体来看,损伤演化曲线可以准确判别地震作用下多层古建木框架各层次损伤之间发生位置、顺序和程度,准确反映材料到整体结构各层次损伤之间的联系和演化机制。
本文提出一种古建木结构跨尺度地震损伤演化分析方法,包括多尺度一致性损伤模型和多尺度仿真建模,分析了从材料到整体结构的损伤发展过程,阐述了跨尺度损伤演化分析方法,得到了如下结论:
1)基于广义力-广义位移和五水准性能划分,通过试验拟合分析建立了地震作用下能反映材料、截面、构件(榫卯节点)、楼层和结构损伤程度的古建木结构多尺度一致性损伤模型,统一各层次损伤并使其具有一致性评价。
2)提出了古建木结构跨尺度地震损伤演化分析方法,包括基于多点约束法的多尺度仿真建模方法和多尺度一致性损伤模型。该方法可以在有效节约计算代价的前提下,揭示细观材料到宏观结构跨尺度损伤演化机理,评估损伤程度。
3)对某榫卯节点拟静力试验和某多层古建木框架振动台试验进行了跨尺度损伤演化分析,反映了材料到整体结构各层次损伤之间的联系和演化机制,且分析结果与试验吻合良好。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52278695)
  • 福建省中青年教育基金项目(JAT220227)
  • 福建理工大学科研启动基金项目(GY-Z220226)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0118
  • 接收时间:2023-11-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-09
  • 修回日期:2024-03-16
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52278695)
福建省中青年教育基金项目(JAT220227)
福建理工大学科研启动基金项目(GY-Z220226)
作者信息
    1.福建理工大学 土木工程学院,福建 福州 350108
    2.福州大学 土木工程学院,福建 福州 350118

通讯作者:

姜绍飞(1969—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构健康监测/检测和结构防灾减灾研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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