Article(id=1241786731779920830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0114, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699286400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-07, revisedDate=1705161600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773994628138, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773994628138, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773994628138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994628138, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241786727631754095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773994627149, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996954801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796490583146988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796490583146989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=132, endPage=142, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241786731993830344, articleId=1241786731779920830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Analysis of dynamic response and stability of the drainage building intake slope at Lawa Hydropower Station under seismic action, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The slopes of hydropower projects in southwest China are high and steep and located in high seismic intensity regions. Consequently, there is a risk of earthquake-induced slope instability. Taking the drainage building intake slope of Lawa Hydropower Station at Jinsha River as an example, the dynamic finite element method is used to simulate the slope under rare strong seismic conditions. Based on this, an analysis of the slope dynamic response is conducted. Then, the post-earthquake slope deformation, stress and plastic zone distribution are studied. Finally, the dynamic stability of the slope below the spillway structure is evaluated using the dynamic strength reduction method, which reveals its potential instability mechanism. The results indicate that the acceleration response of the slope shows an elevation amplification effect, a surface amplification effect and a structural surface amplification effect. The slope undergoes the maximum permanent deformation of 10.2 mm after the earthquake, creating new local tensile stress zones and plastic zones. In rare seismic conditions, the safety factor of the potential sliding mass on the slope is 1.80, and its potential failure mechanism is deformation failure with fault JF1 as the rear boundary surface and rock mass at the slope toe shear damaged. This study can provide reference for the dynamic response and stability analysis of complex high and steep rock slopes with favorable-dipping faults under seismic action.

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我国西南地区水电工程边坡高陡且位于高地震烈度区域,存在地震诱发边坡失稳风险。以金沙江拉哇水电站泄水建筑物进水口边坡工程为依托,基于动力有限元方法对边坡罕遇强度地震工况进行模拟,在此基础上分析了边坡动力响应规律,研究了震后边坡变形、应力及塑性区分布情况,最后采用动力强度折减法评价了泄水建筑物以下边坡的动力稳定性,并揭示了其潜在失稳机制。结果表明:地震作用下边坡加速度响应呈现出高程放大效应、坡表放大效应和结构面放大效应等规律,边坡震后产生最大10.2 mm的永久变形,并新增局部拉应力区及塑性区,罕遇地震工况下边坡潜在滑体的安全系数为1.80,其潜在失稳机制是以断层JF1为后缘面剪切坡脚岩体发生变形破坏。研究可为含顺倾断层的复杂高陡岩质边坡在地震作用下的动力响应及稳定性分析提供参考。

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位伟(1985—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事边坡工程滑坡灾害防治研究。E-mail:
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邓旭(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事边坡工程动力稳定性研究。E-mail:

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邓旭(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事边坡工程动力稳定性研究。E-mail:

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journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786731779920830, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Numerical model of the drainage building intake slope, figureFileSmall=XO4En+LpRoGQOmGygsjvBQ==, figureFileBig=OI2X5viwGRlvIV+an7OHDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802955196793219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786731779920830, language=CN, label=图2, caption=泄水建筑物进水口边坡数值模型, figureFileSmall=XO4En+LpRoGQOmGygsjvBQ==, figureFileBig=OI2X5viwGRlvIV+an7OHDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802955347788175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786731779920830, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Acceleration time history and Fourier spectrum of the original seismic wave, figureFileSmall=FJT0Nm8IJBeDEv3JibWDBQ==, figureFileBig=XOUxmDoYJ2woNlbCn+pAgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802955507171740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786731779920830, 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figureFileSmall=av5Mf8VxWFopNHqr7SsCeQ==, figureFileBig=jyjrOI02izde7pnK/VOdaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802958241858161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786731779920830, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同折减系数边坡塑性区演化, figureFileSmall=av5Mf8VxWFopNHqr7SsCeQ==, figureFileBig=jyjrOI02izde7pnK/VOdaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802958376075906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786731779920830, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Values of physical and mechanical parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型密度/(g/cm3摩擦系数黏聚力/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比抗拉强度/MPa
断层JF12.600.460.120.750.380.8
泄水建筑物2.451.121.009.00.242.5
强卸荷强风化层(Ⅴ)2.250.470.251.50.341.3
强卸荷弱风化层(Ⅳ2)2.700.630.452.50.342.0
弱卸荷弱风化层(Ⅳ1)2.800.790.606.00.283.0
非卸荷弱风化层(Ⅲ2)2.900.840.706.50.264.0
非卸荷微风化层(Ⅲ1)3.001.000.909.00.244.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241802958531265167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786731779920830, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

物理力学参数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型密度/(g/cm3摩擦系数黏聚力/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比抗拉强度/MPa
断层JF12.600.460.120.750.380.8
泄水建筑物2.451.121.009.00.242.5
强卸荷强风化层(Ⅴ)2.250.470.251.50.341.3
强卸荷弱风化层(Ⅳ2)2.700.630.452.50.342.0
弱卸荷弱风化层(Ⅳ1)2.800.790.606.00.283.0
非卸荷弱风化层(Ⅲ2)2.900.840.706.50.264.0
非卸荷微风化层(Ⅲ1)3.001.000.909.00.244.5
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拉哇水电站泄水建筑物进水口边坡地震动力响应及稳定性分析
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邓旭 1 , 刘东 2 , 王庆祥 2 , 位伟 1 , 姜清辉 1
地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025,45(1): 132-142
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地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025, 45(1): 132-142
拉哇水电站泄水建筑物进水口边坡地震动力响应及稳定性分析
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邓旭1 , 刘东2, 王庆祥2, 位伟1 , 姜清辉1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉大学 土木建筑工程学院,湖北 武汉 430072
  • 2.中国电建集团 中南勘测设计研究院有限公司,湖南 长沙 410014
  • 邓旭(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事边坡工程动力稳定性研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

位伟(1985—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事边坡工程滑坡灾害防治研究。E-mail:
Analysis of dynamic response and stability of the drainage building intake slope at Lawa Hydropower Station under seismic action
Xu DENG1 , Dong LIU2, Qingxiang WANG2, Wei WEI1 , Qinghui JIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 2.Zhongnan Engineering Corporation Limited, Power China, Changsha 410014, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0114
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我国西南地区水电工程边坡高陡且位于高地震烈度区域,存在地震诱发边坡失稳风险。以金沙江拉哇水电站泄水建筑物进水口边坡工程为依托,基于动力有限元方法对边坡罕遇强度地震工况进行模拟,在此基础上分析了边坡动力响应规律,研究了震后边坡变形、应力及塑性区分布情况,最后采用动力强度折减法评价了泄水建筑物以下边坡的动力稳定性,并揭示了其潜在失稳机制。结果表明:地震作用下边坡加速度响应呈现出高程放大效应、坡表放大效应和结构面放大效应等规律,边坡震后产生最大10.2 mm的永久变形,并新增局部拉应力区及塑性区,罕遇地震工况下边坡潜在滑体的安全系数为1.80,其潜在失稳机制是以断层JF1为后缘面剪切坡脚岩体发生变形破坏。研究可为含顺倾断层的复杂高陡岩质边坡在地震作用下的动力响应及稳定性分析提供参考。

高陡岩质边坡  /  地震作用  /  动力响应  /  震后应力变形  /  动力稳定性

The slopes of hydropower projects in southwest China are high and steep and located in high seismic intensity regions. Consequently, there is a risk of earthquake-induced slope instability. Taking the drainage building intake slope of Lawa Hydropower Station at Jinsha River as an example, the dynamic finite element method is used to simulate the slope under rare strong seismic conditions. Based on this, an analysis of the slope dynamic response is conducted. Then, the post-earthquake slope deformation, stress and plastic zone distribution are studied. Finally, the dynamic stability of the slope below the spillway structure is evaluated using the dynamic strength reduction method, which reveals its potential instability mechanism. The results indicate that the acceleration response of the slope shows an elevation amplification effect, a surface amplification effect and a structural surface amplification effect. The slope undergoes the maximum permanent deformation of 10.2 mm after the earthquake, creating new local tensile stress zones and plastic zones. In rare seismic conditions, the safety factor of the potential sliding mass on the slope is 1.80, and its potential failure mechanism is deformation failure with fault JF1 as the rear boundary surface and rock mass at the slope toe shear damaged. This study can provide reference for the dynamic response and stability analysis of complex high and steep rock slopes with favorable-dipping faults under seismic action.

high and steep rock slope  /  earthquake action  /  dynamic response  /  post-seismic stress deformation  /  dynamic stability
邓旭, 刘东, 王庆祥, 位伟, 姜清辉. 拉哇水电站泄水建筑物进水口边坡地震动力响应及稳定性分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (1) : 132 -142 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0114
Xu DENG, Dong LIU, Qingxiang WANG, Wei WEI, Qinghui JIANG. Analysis of dynamic response and stability of the drainage building intake slope at Lawa Hydropower Station under seismic action[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (1) : 132 -142 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0114
我国西南地区山高谷深、水资源丰富,是目前大型水电工程的主要建设区域。该地区水电站两岸边坡地形陡峭,地质条件复杂,且临近地中海-喜马拉雅山地震带,历史上各级震害频发。地震是诱发边坡失稳的主要原因之一[1-2],汶川8.0级地震所触发的滑坡、崩塌和碎屑流等总数达3~5 万处,造成极大的经济损失和人员伤亡[3]。因此,地震作用下高陡边坡的动力响应和稳定性研究具有重要的工程意义。
目前,国内外针对高陡岩质边坡的地震动力分析方法主要可分为试验方法和计算分析评价方法。由于试验方法耗时较长且成本高昂[4-5],拟静力法、刚性滑块法和数值模拟法等计算分析评价方法使用更为广泛。拟静力法将地震作用简单考虑为恒定力,并用极限平衡法求解安全系数,其概念明晰计算简单,但缺点是假定过多、不能考虑地震作用的时频影响[6]。刚性滑块法核心思想是以震后永久位移代替安全系数作为边坡稳定性评价指标[7],其局限性在于将滑体假定为刚体,缺乏稳定性评判标准[8-9]。而数值模拟是复杂边坡动力分析的强力手段,能够使用非线性边界模拟岩土工程半无限域[9-10],全面考虑了地震波的幅值、频率和持时三要素对边坡动力响应的影响[11],不仅可以得到地震全过程的动力响应,还可以通过时程分析法或强度折减法求得动力安全系数。
由于上述诸多优点,国内外学者广泛使用数值模拟方法对边坡的动力响应和动力稳定性进行了研究。祁生文等[12]基于有限差分法,以连续均质边坡为对象,研究了不同高度和坡度边坡在地震作用下坡表加速度、速度和位移响应的放大规律。LI等[13]基于有限元方法,以均质连续边坡为对象,研究了边坡坡形、地层材料和地震参数等因素对动力放大效应的影响。ANTWI BUAH等[14]针对均质连续边坡,研究了脉冲地震对边坡动力放大效应及震后位移的影响。由于软弱结构面对岩质边坡动力响应及稳定性的影响常常是不可忽视的,部分学者也针对非连续边坡开展了研究。胡训健等[15]基于离散元软件PFC,针对含有水平断续节理的层状岩质边坡分析了其岩桥长度和节理间距对边坡动力响应和破坏模式的影响。KEFAYATI等[16]基于随机离散裂缝网络(stochastic discrete fracture network,DFN)-离散元法(distinct element method,DEM)对包含随机裂隙组的碎裂岩质边坡进行了动力稳定性研究及块体支护方案分析。SONG等[17]以含潜在滑面的均质土坡为对象,研究了由边坡地形、滑体形状、地震运动等因素耦合影响的动力反应放大效应。此外,由于实际工程中地层通常包含了多种岩类,部分学者也围绕非均质性开展了相关研究。郑颖人等[18]基于动力强度折减法,针对由风化层和基岩构成的岩质边坡,分析了其在地震作用下的破裂面位置、破坏机理及动力安全系数。毕仲辉等[19]针对成层地基推导了考虑不同地层间透射与反射的荷载等效公式,构建了一种新的成层地基地震动输入方法。HE等[20]基于有限差分软件FLAC研究了含基覆松散沉积物边坡的地震加速度响应,得出了基覆松散土壤的几何形状和力学性质对坡表加速度放大效应影响显著。
以上研究主要针对边坡坡形规则、地质条件简单的概念模型,其对岩体非均质非连续特性的考虑较为简单,通常对结构面或岩层条件进行简化处理。由于实际边坡工程受风化、卸荷、断层、地下水、开挖、支护和建筑荷载等多种因素影响,地震波在非均质非连续固体中的传递规律又是极其复杂难以预测的[21],对边坡条件的过度简化可能造成动力模拟结果与工程实际情况差异过大。复杂边坡工程在地震作用下的动力响应和动力稳定性问题仍有待进一步研究。
拉哇水电站位于四川省甘孜州的金沙江上游,其右岸边坡开挖坡度陡峭,地质条件复杂,边坡上修建有泄水进口建筑物,建筑物地基下方发育有一条顺倾断层JF1,对边坡和地基稳定性产生了极大的不利影响,该部位在施工期还曾发生过局部失稳问题。我国西南地区水电开发基地处于青藏高原东南缘,构造运动强烈、地质条件复杂、地震烈度高,各大型水电站建设过程中均面临着高陡岩石边坡的动力稳定性问题。本文以拉哇水电站泄水建筑物进水口边坡为研究对象,采用动力有限元方法分析边坡强震作用下的动力响应规律,并根据震后变形、应力和塑性区分析地震对泄水建筑物以下边坡的影响,最后基于强度折减法评价了边坡的动力稳定性,并对其潜在失稳机制进行探讨。研究可为含顺倾断层的复杂高陡岩质边坡在地震作用下的动力响应及稳定性分析提供参考。
拉哇水电站坝址位于金沙江上游川藏河段,左岸属四川省甘孜藏族自治州巴塘县拉哇乡,右岸属西藏自治区昌都市芒康县竹巴笼乡。拉哇水电站是金沙江上游13级水电开发方案中的第8级,为一等大(1)型工程,装机容量2000 MW,对我国电力资源供应以及能源结构调整具有重要意义。
拉哇水电站泄水建筑物修建于右岸边坡,作为水电工程不可或缺的主要建筑物之一,其对水电站的正常运维和安全保障具有重要作用。拉哇水电站泄水建筑物进水口边坡地质条件复杂。受卸荷作用和风化作用等因素影响边坡岩体质量参差不齐,从上到下依次出露强卸荷强风化层、强卸荷弱风化层、弱卸荷弱风化层、非卸荷弱风化层和非卸荷微风化层。边坡开挖坡度较陡,溢洪道地基2070 m高程以上开挖坡度约80°~90°,泄水建筑物背靠垂直开挖坡表建造。泄水建筑物正下方发育有顺倾断层JF1,倾角为57.8°,其走向与坡面相近,容易剪切坡脚岩体形成单面滑动模式。受开挖卸荷和软弱断层等影响,泄水建筑物以下边坡在施工期曾出现开挖坡表局部失稳问题,失稳水平宽度约15 m,垂直高差约40 m,该范围岩体大致沿软弱断层JF1滑落垮塌,如图1所示。
拉哇水电站地处四川省和西藏自治区交界处,临近世界三大地震带之一的地中海-喜马拉雅山地震带,历史上各级地震频发。根据1990年国家地震局和建设部联合颁布的《中国地震烈度区划图》[22],查得拉哇水电站地区基本烈度为8度,对于II类场地基本地震动峰值加速度为0.2 g,罕遇地震动峰值加速度为0.38 g,地震动加速度反应谱特征周期为0.4 s。
为分析拉哇水电站泄水建筑物边坡在地震作用下的响应规律和动力稳定性,选取典型剖面溢0~31 m建立数值模型,剖面位置、数值模型、动力边界及测点布置如图2所示。模型取顺坡向为X轴,向坡外为正;取横坡向为Y轴,朝里为正;取竖直向为Z轴,向上为正。为了减小边界效应带来的计算误差,将模型左右和底部分别扩展约2倍坡高,扩展后模型长1 600 m(X向)、厚4 m(Y向)、高900 m(Z向),共剖分单元42319个,节点85821个,最大单元尺寸为6 m,小于输入波最高频率对应波长的1/10,满足地震波精确传播条件[23]。计算模型对地形地貌、卸荷界限、风化界限、主要断层和泄水建筑物等主要工程条件进行了模拟,其中断层JF1宽度为1 m,倾角为57.8°。为了更好地模拟岩土工程半无限的特性,在模型左右两侧设置自由场边界,底部设置黏滞边界,以应力时程的形式由模型底部垂直入射地震波。为监测边坡的地震响应,在边坡坡表和泄水建筑物上布置10个监测点,其中测点1~4布置于泄水建筑物以下坡表不同岩层处,测点5~6布置于泄水建筑物中部和顶部,测点7~10布置于泄水建筑物以上坡表不同岩层处。
模型经过边坡开挖和泄水建筑物浇筑后完成静力计算,在静力平衡的基础上进行地震动力响应计算,岩体和泄水建筑物均采用Mohr-Coulomb本构。对于静力计算,需要使用静弹性模量和静泊松比;对于动力计算,需要使用动弹性模量和动泊松比。动泊松比一般认为小于静泊松比,动弹性模量一般认为大于静弹性模量,但两者之间具体关系尚未有明确定论,一些学者经过大量试验证明两者相差较小,可以用静弹性模量和静泊松比代替动弹性模具和动泊松比[24]
根据工程勘察和试验,边坡岩体和泄水建筑物的物理力学参数取值如表1所示。
动力分析时的阻尼形式采用局部阻尼。岩土材料的临界阻尼比一般为2%~5%[18],局部阻尼系数βL计算公式为
式中,ξ为临界阻尼比,本文设置为5%。
自然界中剪切波引起的结构震害远大于压缩波[25],黄润秋等[26]通过大型振动台试验得出水平地震导致的斜坡加速度响应峰值(peak ground acceleration,PGA)放大系数是垂直地震的2~3倍,因此本文重点考虑剪切波对边坡的影响。
正确选择输入激励是边坡地震工况数值模拟的重要步骤。参考GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[27]的相关规定,所选地震记录的最大幅值需与待模拟工况相对应,持续时间应选入地震最强烈时段,频谱特性由弹性单自由度体系反应谱表征,要求所选地震记录的地震反应谱与规范反应谱相匹配。待模拟工况的地震加速度可由地区抗震设防烈度确定,规范反应谱可由建筑场地类别和设计地震分组确定,因此上述规定反映了选波时应充分考虑场地特点。但鉴于反应谱是基于弹性单自由度体系得出的,而边坡工程属于半无限域连续介质问题,且其塑性特性不可忽略,显然二者有较大差异,因此本文选波时也对边坡工程自身特点进行了考虑。HE等[28]在四川省泸定县冷竹关边坡布设了密集地震仪,监测数据表明,地震动在该边坡的主要放大频带在1.5~2.5 Hz。范刚[29]以含顺倾软弱夹层的层状岩质边坡为研究对象,开展以白噪声作为激励的振动台试验,坡面测点的传递函数表明,响应相比激励放大倍数较大的频率成分在2.0~4.0 Hz。上述研究表明,边坡工程对频率成分为1.5~4.0 Hz的激励可能更为敏感,选波时应使地震的卓越频带包含这一范围。综合考虑场地特点和工程特点,选取1940年美国加州7.1级地震中记录得到的El Centro波,截取其能量最高的前20 s,模拟拉哇水电站泄水建筑物边坡罕遇地震工况。
考虑到输入波频率过高将会直接制约网格尺寸以至降低计算效率,且高频部分对边坡动力响应和动力稳定性不产生显著影响,因此滤除地震动中频率高于15 Hz的部分。对地震加速度时程进行基线校正使得其积分后终末速度和终末位移归零。原始地震动与经过高频滤波和基线校正后最终输入地震动的加速度时程曲线和傅里叶谱分别见图3图4,输入加速度在2.14 s时达到峰值0.34 g,卓越频率为1.15 Hz,地震动持续时间20 s,动力计算持续到震后10 s。
地震作用下,边坡的动力响应包括加速度、速度、位移、动应力和动应变等,其中加速度响应与惯性力息息相关,对边坡稳定起着控制性作用[25]。记录各测点地震发生30 s内水平向加速度时程,由于各点响应规律较为一致,仅在幅值上有差异,为避免冗余,只展示建筑物以下边坡、泄水建筑物、建筑物以上边坡3个部位内加速度响应最剧烈的测点,分别为测点4、6、10,其水平向加速度时程如图5所示。由图可知,测点加速度时程与地震动波形较为相似,0~7 s属于强震阶段,边坡振动最为剧烈,各测点均在此阶段达到加速度峰值,泄水建筑物以下的测点4、泄水建筑物顶部测点6和坡顶测点10的加速度响应较为明显,其中PGA最大为测点10达到1.30 g;7~21 s属于余震阶段,测点加速度响应普遍在0.8 g以内,其中高高程部位测点响应比低高程部位明显,地震响应有衰减趋势;21~30 s属于收敛阶段,由于动力人工边界的能量吸收作用以及岩土自身阻尼和塑性形变带来的能量耗散,地震结束后边坡各部位加速度响应快速衰减,并最终达到静止。
在边坡内布置密集点位,获取每个点位动力过程中的加速度峰值,通过线性插值绘制边坡动力过程峰值加速度云图如图6(a)所示。由图可知,地震作用下加速度响应较大的部位主要有:边坡顶部、泄水建筑物顶部和开挖平台前缘;边坡内部峰值加速度大多为0.3~0.4 g,与地震动加速度峰值相近,而边坡坡表普遍在0.5 g以上,说明地震作用下边坡的加速度响应存在坡表放大效应;由泄水建筑物下部和上部两处局部边坡可以看出,当高程由低到高,坡表峰值加速度从0.5 g逐渐增至1.1 g,表明地震作用下边坡的加速度响应存在高程放大效应;泄水建筑物顶部由于位于局部凸起部位,刚度和质量较小,易出现共振现象,因而动力响应较为剧烈,即所谓的鞭梢效应[30]
为了对比坡表各测点加速度响应峰值与输入地震动加速度的放大关系,定义某点PGA放大系数为该点峰值加速度与地震动峰值加速度之比。定义测点i的相对高程为测点i至测点1的垂直距离hi与测点10至测点1的垂直距离h10之比。绘制各测点PGA放大系数与相对高程关系如图6(b)所示。可见各测点加速度响应峰值相对于输入地震动都有所放大,受边坡地形和地质条件影响,PGA放大系数在1.3~3.8之间不等。随着高程增加,测点1~6的PGA放大系数总体逐渐增大,在建筑物顶部测点6达到3.2,而测点7放大系数骤然减小,随后再逐渐增大并在坡顶测点10达到最大值3.8。测点1~6和7~10的增长段与前述高程放大效应是相吻合的,而造成测点7相较于测点6不增反减这一特殊现象的原因主要有2个:
1)地形条件的影响。测点6位于泄水建筑物顶部,属于局部凸起部位,而测点7位于边坡坡面,在鞭梢效应的影响下[30],测点6的动力响应将比测点7更剧烈。
2)地质条件的影响。弹性波散射理论表明了地震动在非均质处将会发生复杂反射、折射和散射[31],导致不同频段波峰叠加和地震能量的重分配[32],这一现象在边坡工程中一个重要表现为结构面放大效应。XIONG等[33]基于Hilbert-Huang变换分析得出,地震动向上传播通过软弱夹层后,Hilbert能量显著增大,而对于均质连续边坡不存在该现象。文中地震波传递到测点6经过了软弱断层JF1、风化和卸荷层面等多处非均质部位,在结构面放大效应的影响下,其动力响应大于测点7。
地震结束10 s后边坡位移场趋于稳定,绘制边坡水平向、垂直向和合位移云图如图7(a)~(c)所示。由图可知,震后边坡水平向位移以指向坡外为主,在泄水建筑物顶部和坡顶强卸荷强风化岩体较大,达8.7 mm;竖直向位移以沉降变形为主,在断层JF1上部岩体和泄水建筑物较大,达5.5 mm;合位移在泄水建筑物顶部和坡顶强卸荷强风化岩体较大,达10.2 mm。此外,泄水建筑物以下边坡主要沿着以断层JF1为后缘面,剪切坡脚岩体发生变形,其最大合位移4.3 mm,位于坡脚附近。
泄水建筑物地基不均匀沉降如图7(d)所示,断层JF1右侧地基由于位于潜在滑体上,沉降变形相比左侧地基有突增,震后产生的地基不均匀沉降为3.1 mm。潜在滑体对泄水建筑物地基影响较大,需要工程中着重分析并采取支护措施。
测点合位移与相对高程关系如图7(e)所示,测点1位于稳定基岩上,位移较小为0.6 mm;测点2~6均位于潜在滑体上,其位移随高程逐渐从5.7 mm增至8.6 mm;泄水建筑物以上测点中位于强卸荷强风化岩层的测点10位移最大为7.7 mm。地震作用下位移响应规律和加速度响应规律有相似之处,加速度响应较大的边坡坡顶和泄水建筑物在震后的位移也同样较大。
边坡地震前后第一主应力云图见图8,拉应力区云图见图9。由图8可知,在边坡开挖和泄水建筑物浇筑后,边坡坡脚和泄水建筑物左下角附近岩体存在较大应力集中现象,最大第一主应力为10.8 MPa;而地震后,岩体储存的应变能得以释放,各部位应力均有一定程度降低,应力集中程度减小,最大第一主应力降为8.6 MPa,降低幅度达2.2 MPa。可见,地震后边坡存在明显地应力释放现象,郭啟良等[34]和李天斌等[35]通过地震前后地应力测量也发现类似现象。由拉应力区云图可知,边坡震后新增拉应力区主要集中在泄水建筑物及其附近,最大拉应力值为0.6 MPa。其中,软弱断层JF1及其上部泄水建筑物处的拉应力区范围最大,这是因为滑体在地震作用下有沿断层剪切下滑的趋势,而滑体后缘与稳定区域相连变形小,从而在滑体后缘形成较大范围拉应力区。
边坡地震前后塑性区云图见图10。由图可知,震前边坡塑性区很小,仅在中隔墩下方有小范围压剪塑性区,无拉剪塑性区;但震后边坡塑性区有明显发展,新增塑性区集中在软弱断层JF1上。在地震作用下,潜在滑块正下方的断层JF1中段由于剪应力超过抗剪强度形成压剪塑性区,这造成了潜在滑体与稳定基岩在该处产生较大错动变形,这与前述位移场分析是相符合的。而断层JF1上段靠近泄水建筑物的部位由于拉应力大且抗拉强度低形成拉剪塑性区,而同样拉应力大的断层上部泄水建筑物则由于抗拉强度较大仍处于弹性阶段。总的来说,震后边坡塑性区范围较小且尚未贯通,除软弱断层外的泄水建筑物和岩体均处于弹性状态,边坡整体处于变形稳定阶段。
基于有限元动力强度折减法分析潜在滑体在地震作用下的稳定性。以断层JF1及其上部岩体和泄水建筑物构成的潜在滑体为研究对象,按照不同折减系数对其黏聚力、摩擦系数和抗拉强度进行等比例折减,并分别进行一次地震模拟计算,使边坡达到临界状态的折减系数即为安全系数。郑颖人等[18]提出,当同时满足以下3个条件时可以判断边坡已经发生破坏:①特征点位移发生突变;②震后特征点位移时程曲线不收敛;③边坡出现贯通塑性区。特征测点选为潜在滑体上的测点2~4,定义滑面塑性区占比等于位于滑面上的塑性区长度除以滑面的总长度。
绘制测点位移和滑面塑性区占比随折减系数变化曲线见图11。由图可知,折减系数在1.80左右时,潜在滑体上特征点位移有明显骤增趋势;折减系数为1.78时,滑面塑性区占比已达到100%,即形成贯通塑性区域。折减系数取1.80和1.82时,记录地震作用下特征测点位移时程曲线见图12。可见折减系数为1.80时,地震结束后测点位移收敛至恒定值;而折减系数为1.82时,地震结束后测点位移持续加速增大,表明滑体已完全破坏。
因此,根据动力强度折减法失稳判据①、②和③,得到潜在滑体安全系数为1.80,精度为0.02。
不同折减系数进行动力计算后边坡塑性区发展演化见图13。由图可知,折减系数为1.0时,边坡仅有断层JF1小范围进入塑性;折减系数为1.2时,断层塑性区进一步扩展;折减系数为1.4时,断层塑性区向上延伸至泄水建筑物,向下延伸至坡脚;折减系数为1.6时,断层顶部泄水建筑物由于拉应力较大,小范围进入塑性;折减系数为1.7时,泄水建筑物塑性区进一步扩大,同时坡脚非卸荷弱风化岩体受剪进入塑性;折减系数为1.8时,塑性区扩展形成贯通区域,边坡达到极限状态,滑块位移增大。该块体的潜在失稳机制为滑体下方节理受剪屈服、滑体后缘泄水建筑物拉裂、滑体前缘沿坡脚剪裂、塑性区贯通边坡失稳。
基于动力有限元数值模拟方法,对拉哇水电站泄水建筑物边坡在强震作用下的动力响应规律、震后应力变形和动力稳定性进行了分析,得出如下主要结论:
1)地震作用下边坡依次经历强震阶段、余震阶段和收敛阶段。边坡加速度响应呈现出高程放大效应、坡表放大效应和结构面放大效应等规律,泄水建筑物顶部因质量和刚度突变受到鞭梢效应影响。因此,地震过程峰值加速度较大的部位主要有:边坡顶部、泄水建筑物顶部和开挖平台前缘,其相对于地震的PGA放大系数分别为3.8、3.5、3.1。
2)边坡震后主要产生向坡外变形和沉降变形,最大合位移位于泄水建筑物顶部量值为10.2 mm,JF1上部潜在滑体震后滑动位移较大,并造成泄水建筑物地基出现3.1 mm的不均匀沉降。震后边坡应力得到释放,应力集中程度减小,新增拉应力区主要集中在泄水建筑物及其临近岩体,最大拉应力值为0.6 MPa。震后边坡有明显新增压剪塑性区和拉剪塑性区,主要位于断层JF1的中上段,范围较小且尚未贯通。综合来说,边坡在地震作用后整体仍处于稳定状态。
3)基于动力强度折减法,综合考虑位移出现突变、位移时程曲线发散和塑性区贯通3个失稳判据,得出JF1上部潜在滑体地震作用下的安全系数为1.80。该滑体失稳机制为以断层JF1为后缘面,剪切坡脚岩体发生变形破坏。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42077253)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金项目(2023AFB887)
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0114
  • 接收时间:2023-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-07
  • 修回日期:2024-01-14
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42077253)
湖北省自然科学基金项目(2023AFB887)
作者信息
    1.武汉大学 土木建筑工程学院,湖北 武汉 430072
    2.中国电建集团 中南勘测设计研究院有限公司,湖南 长沙 410014

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位伟(1985—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事边坡工程滑坡灾害防治研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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