Article(id=1241786729288499440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0101, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736956800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-16, revisedDate=1737475200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773994627543, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773994627543, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773994627543, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994627543, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241786727631754095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773994627149, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996954801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796490583146988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796490583146989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241786729540157683, articleId=1241786729288499440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Rapid generation and sharing of kilometer-grid strong motion time histories: A case study of the MS6.8 Dingri, Xizang earthquake on January 7, 2025, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the current inability of the strong-motion observation network to provide seismic input records covering all areas of the epicenter vicinity, a technical framework for the rapid generation of kilometer-grid strong motion time histories has been established. Taking the MS6.8 earthquake in Dingri, Xizang on January 7, 2025, as an example, the detailed processes of each technical procedure are described, and work on the inversion of the source rupture process, estimation of regional site conditions, and simulation of strong motion time histories has been carried out. The following results are obtained. The earthquake released a seismic moment of 4.7×1019 N•m, corresponding to a moment magnitude of 7.05. The fault slip is predominantly normal with a small amount of left-lateral strike-slip component, and the maximum slip displacement exceeded 3 meters. The rupture lasted for more than 20 seconds, mainly propagating in the northward direction, which may cause potential directivity effects. A VS30 distribution map and engineering site classification map with a resolution of 30 arcseconds are provided, and the sites in the vicinity of epicenter area are mainly classified as ClassⅠand ClassⅡ, with VS30 values ranging from 260 m/s to 510 m/s in the majority of the southeast area. Simulated three-component acceleration time histories for 14 996 virtual observation points in the near-field area (27°30′N~30°00′N、86°18′E~88°36′E) are provided, and the accuracy of the simulation results is verified by actual observation records. The maximum horizontal peak ground acceleration(PGA) can reach 1.0 g, and the 0.4 g and 0.2 g isolines approximately coincide with the IX and Ⅷ isoseismals, while the 0.10 g and 0.05 g isolines enclose areas slightly smaller than the Ⅶ and Ⅵ isoseismal zones. This research work and its results can provide reasonable seismic input for the damage identification, disaster evaluation, and resilience assessment of various disaster-bearing bodies in the epicentral area.

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针对当前强震动观测网络尚不能给出覆盖震中近场所有区域的地震动输入记录,建立了公里网格的强震动时程快速产出工作的技术框架。以2025年1月7日西藏定日MS6.8地震为例,阐述了各技术环节的详细过程,开展了震源破裂过程反演、区域宏观场地条件估计和强震动时程模拟等工作。结果表明:①此次地震释放地震矩达4.7×1019 N•m,对应矩震级为7.05;断层滑动以正断层为主并带有少量的左旋走滑分量,最大滑动位移超过了3 m;破裂持续了20多秒,以向北方向破裂传播为主,可能会引起潜在的破裂方向性效应;②给出了30 弧秒分辨率的VS30分布图和工程场地分类图,震中附近区域场地以Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类为主,东南方向较大区域的VS30介于260~510 m/s;③给出了近场区域(27°30′N~30°00′N、86°18′E~88°36′E)内14996个虚拟观测点的模拟三分量加速度时程,并由实际观测记录验证了模拟结果的准确性;最大水平向峰值地面加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)可达1.0 g,0.4、0.2 g等值线近似与Ⅸ、Ⅷ度等震线重合,0.10、0.05 g等值线围合区域略小于Ⅶ、Ⅵ度区范围。研究工作和成果可以为震中区域各类承灾体的损伤判别、灾害评估和韧性评估等工作提供合理的地震动输入。

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温瑞智(1968—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事工程地震与强震动观测等方面研究。E-mail:
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任叶飞(1983—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事工程地震相关研究。E-mail:

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任叶飞(1983—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事工程地震相关研究。E-mail:

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任叶飞(1983—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事工程地震相关研究。E-mail:

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journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786729288499440, language=CN, label=图6, caption=模拟给出的仪器地震烈度、水平向PGA和水平向PGV空间分布, figureFileSmall=TKhgZzHvo2olm4P0l2AdeQ==, figureFileBig=R1CYglJLv1wJ1DSkbjHvBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802961060434905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786729288499440, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Input parameters for stochastic finite-fault simulation of the Dingri MS6.8 earthquake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称参数值参数名称参数值
矩震级MW7.05几何扩散模型
震源破裂模型联合反演模型(见图3
应力降Δσ/MPa2.749路径持时活动地壳区路径持时模型[38]
P波和S波波速/(km/s)6.00、3.52S波品质因子QSQS =max(60,180 f0.45[36-37]
介质密度ρ/(g/cm32.72高频衰减参数κ/sκ =κ0+kRκ0 =0.005-0.03 s,k =0.00008[40]
动破裂面比例50%地壳放大模型VS30 =760 m/s基岩场地的放大效应[39]
), ArticleFig(id=1241802961161098205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786729288499440, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

定日MS6.8地震随机有限断层模拟输入参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称参数值参数名称参数值
矩震级MW7.05几何扩散模型
震源破裂模型联合反演模型(见图3
应力降Δσ/MPa2.749路径持时活动地壳区路径持时模型[38]
P波和S波波速/(km/s)6.00、3.52S波品质因子QSQS =max(60,180 f0.45[36-37]
介质密度ρ/(g/cm32.72高频衰减参数κ/sκ =κ0+kRκ0 =0.005-0.03 s,k =0.00008[40]
动破裂面比例50%地壳放大模型VS30 =760 m/s基岩场地的放大效应[39]
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公里网格的强震动时程快速产出与共享———以2025年1月7日西藏定日MS6.8地震为例
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任叶飞 1, 2 , 王宏伟 1, 2 , 刁红旗 1, 2 , 刘也 1, 2 , 强生银 1, 2 , 周宝峰 1, 2 , 温瑞智 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 专题:2025年1月7日西藏定日6.8级地震 2025,45(1): 1-11
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地震工程与工程振动 | 专题:2025年1月7日西藏定日6.8级地震 2025, 45(1): 1-11
公里网格的强震动时程快速产出与共享———以2025年1月7日西藏定日MS6.8地震为例
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任叶飞1, 2 , 王宏伟1, 2, 刁红旗1, 2, 刘也1, 2, 强生银1, 2, 周宝峰1, 2, 温瑞智1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 任叶飞(1983—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事工程地震相关研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

温瑞智(1968—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事工程地震与强震动观测等方面研究。E-mail:
Rapid generation and sharing of kilometer-grid strong motion time histories: A case study of the MS6.8 Dingri, Xizang earthquake on January 7, 2025
Yefei REN1, 2 , Hongwei WANG1, 2, Hongqi DIAO1, 2, Ye LIU1, 2, Shengyin QIANG1, 2, Baofeng ZHOU1, 2, Ruizhi WEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0101
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针对当前强震动观测网络尚不能给出覆盖震中近场所有区域的地震动输入记录,建立了公里网格的强震动时程快速产出工作的技术框架。以2025年1月7日西藏定日MS6.8地震为例,阐述了各技术环节的详细过程,开展了震源破裂过程反演、区域宏观场地条件估计和强震动时程模拟等工作。结果表明:①此次地震释放地震矩达4.7×1019 N•m,对应矩震级为7.05;断层滑动以正断层为主并带有少量的左旋走滑分量,最大滑动位移超过了3 m;破裂持续了20多秒,以向北方向破裂传播为主,可能会引起潜在的破裂方向性效应;②给出了30 弧秒分辨率的VS30分布图和工程场地分类图,震中附近区域场地以Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类为主,东南方向较大区域的VS30介于260~510 m/s;③给出了近场区域(27°30′N~30°00′N、86°18′E~88°36′E)内14996个虚拟观测点的模拟三分量加速度时程,并由实际观测记录验证了模拟结果的准确性;最大水平向峰值地面加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)可达1.0 g,0.4、0.2 g等值线近似与Ⅸ、Ⅷ度等震线重合,0.10、0.05 g等值线围合区域略小于Ⅶ、Ⅵ度区范围。研究工作和成果可以为震中区域各类承灾体的损伤判别、灾害评估和韧性评估等工作提供合理的地震动输入。

强震动时程  /  定日地震  /  震源破裂过程  /  随机有限断层模拟  /  区域场地条件

In response to the current inability of the strong-motion observation network to provide seismic input records covering all areas of the epicenter vicinity, a technical framework for the rapid generation of kilometer-grid strong motion time histories has been established. Taking the MS6.8 earthquake in Dingri, Xizang on January 7, 2025, as an example, the detailed processes of each technical procedure are described, and work on the inversion of the source rupture process, estimation of regional site conditions, and simulation of strong motion time histories has been carried out. The following results are obtained. The earthquake released a seismic moment of 4.7×1019 N•m, corresponding to a moment magnitude of 7.05. The fault slip is predominantly normal with a small amount of left-lateral strike-slip component, and the maximum slip displacement exceeded 3 meters. The rupture lasted for more than 20 seconds, mainly propagating in the northward direction, which may cause potential directivity effects. A VS30 distribution map and engineering site classification map with a resolution of 30 arcseconds are provided, and the sites in the vicinity of epicenter area are mainly classified as ClassⅠand ClassⅡ, with VS30 values ranging from 260 m/s to 510 m/s in the majority of the southeast area. Simulated three-component acceleration time histories for 14 996 virtual observation points in the near-field area (27°30′N~30°00′N、86°18′E~88°36′E) are provided, and the accuracy of the simulation results is verified by actual observation records. The maximum horizontal peak ground acceleration(PGA) can reach 1.0 g, and the 0.4 g and 0.2 g isolines approximately coincide with the IX and Ⅷ isoseismals, while the 0.10 g and 0.05 g isolines enclose areas slightly smaller than the Ⅶ and Ⅵ isoseismal zones. This research work and its results can provide reasonable seismic input for the damage identification, disaster evaluation, and resilience assessment of various disaster-bearing bodies in the epicentral area.

strong ground motion time history  /  Dingri earthquake  /  source rupture process  /  stochastic finite-fault simulation  /  regional site condition
任叶飞, 王宏伟, 刁红旗, 刘也, 强生银, 周宝峰, 温瑞智. 公里网格的强震动时程快速产出与共享———以2025年1月7日西藏定日MS6.8地震为例. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (1) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0101
Yefei REN, Hongwei WANG, Hongqi DIAO, Ye LIU, Shengyin QIANG, Baofeng ZHOU, Ruizhi WEN. Rapid generation and sharing of kilometer-grid strong motion time histories: A case study of the MS6.8 Dingri, Xizang earthquake on January 7, 2025[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (1) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0101
地震造成的破坏和社会影响与地震动的强弱及其时空分布密切相关,震后快速给出地震动场可有效支撑应急救援、烈度评定等工作。强震动时程快速产出不仅可以形成地震动场,也能为震区各类工程结构的动力反应分析提供合理的地震动输入。由于当前强震动观测网络空间分布的不均匀性以及密集程度的不足,尚不能完全依赖观测记录为震区不同场址的工程结构提供地震动输入,因此有必要研发公里网格级空间分布的强震动时程快速产出技术并及时共享,在有效支撑应急救援工作的同时,还可以实现为各类承灾体提供区域全覆盖的地震动输入,满足工程结构损伤判别、地震灾害损失评估和地震灾害情景构建等应用需求。
美国地质调查局(United States Geological Survey,USGS)的WALD等[1]提出震后快速生成地震动场方法,建立了ShakeMap系统,可以在震后数分钟内给出震区烈度分布图、峰值地面加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)分布图等图件;在场地校正、地震动空间插值、地震动参数与地震烈度经验相关模型等方面逐步进行了完善[2-4]。我国在这方面也开展了相应研究,例如,陈鲲等[5-6]将我国地震动衰减关系给出的预测值与实际观测值相融合并考虑场地效应校正建立了震动图系统,每次地震后都能迅速产出应急图件;CHEN等[7-8]通过反向投影方法对震源能量辐射进行快速反演再利用地震动预测方程对PGA和峰值地面速度(peak ground velocity,PGV)进行快速预测,可在震后30 min内给出烈度分布图。这些工作尽管能很快预测地震动参数的空间分布,但并没有给出强震动时程,无法满足工程输入需求。
随着计算机性能的大幅提升,一些研究利用地震动模拟技术快速产出强震动场及工程输入时程。例如,王海云[9]发展了随机有限断层模拟方法并以2010年玉树地震为例对加速度场进行了成功预测,不过其采用经验方法构建了断层破裂模型。李宗超等[10-11]建立了小震格林函数库并发展了经验格林函数方法,已对我国多个历史大震的地震动进行了重构,但由于方法的局限性,无法形成覆盖全区域的强震动时程,近地表场地非线性效应考虑不足。王宏伟等[12-14]发展了三维有限断层模拟方法以及震源运动学破裂随机模型,并在鲁甸、玛多和漾濞等多个地震中开展了示例验证;尽管能快速产出强震动时程,但由于震源模型通过随机生成增加了模拟结果的不确定性。尽管这些研究在地震动模拟方法、震源模型构建和强震动时程产出效率等方面取得了较大进展,但针对需求层面的公里级网格高密度空间分布、小时级计算高效率,以及物理层面的震源-路径-场地效应全过程考虑,尚没有建立系统的技术框架,仍需开展各项技术集成研究。
本文拟通过集成震源破裂过程反演、随机有限断层地震动模拟、区域宏观场地条件估计和场地效应模型调整等多项技术,建立面向公里网格的强震动时程快速产出技术框架,并以2025年1月7日西藏定日MS6.8地震为例,阐述各技术环节的详细过程和计算结果,将模拟结果与观测记录进行比较讨论,验证技术框架的合理性和可行性,最终给出此次地震近场区域公里网格内供工程输入选用的强震动时程数据集并开放共享,可为后续其他研究工作提供必要的数据支撑。
地表地震动由震源破裂产生、经地壳介质传播和浅层场地反应共同作用形成,这些影响在强震动时程的快速产出过程中都需要被科学考虑。基于此,设计了图1所示的技术框架,过程是:第1步,利用远场测震记录和近场强震动记录联合反演得到地震的断层破裂面模型;第2步,由第1步得到的断层破裂面模型结合已有的震源参数(例如,应力降)理论模型、路径衰减模型和地壳放大模型通过随机有限断层模拟技术得到近场区域内公里网格的基岩强震动加速度时程;第3步,利用区域内的宏观场地条件分布图,通过经验场地效应调整模型对基岩地震动进行校正得到覆盖近场全域的公里级分辨率加速度时程。
2025年1月7日西藏定日MS6.8地震发生于青藏高原中南部,见图2。根据中国地震台网中心、USGS等单位给出的震源机制解,此次地震为正断层型,表现为青藏高原南北向挤压和东西向拉伸条件下的地壳变形。青藏高原南部地区同时受到南北向挤压和东西向拉张应力作用,高原内部发育有近南北向和近东西向的2种典型断裂[15-16]。在这种强烈地壳形变作用下,拉萨地块及周缘断裂带活动尤为强烈。自1950年以来,拉萨地块共发生MS6.0以上地震21次,其中最大为2017年西藏米林MS6.9地震,距离最近是1993年西藏昂仁MS6.4地震。
此次地震位于青藏高原拉萨地块内部,区域内发育了亚东-谷露裂谷、尼玛-定日裂谷、申扎-定结裂谷等7条近南北向裂谷带,其控制断裂以正断层为主,断层倾角为60°~70°,裂谷宽度10~20 km[17-18]。此次地震发生在申扎-定结地堑盆地带的西侧边界附近,距离最近的断层为登么错断裂,该断裂在2015年尼泊尔地震之后表现活跃,初步研究结果表明此次地震发震断裂为登么错断裂北段(https://eq-igl.ac.cn/zhxw/info/2025/38560.html)。根据中国地震台网速报地震目录,截至2025年1月14日,共发生M3.0及以上余震52次,其中M3.0~3.9地震45次,M4.0~4.9地震6次,M5.0~5.9地震1次,余震序列呈近南北向分布,震源深度集中在10 km。
本文选取了8个近场强震台站和32个远场测震台站的观测数据,台站分布如图3(a)、(b)所示。选取的强震台站数量有限,且多数距离发震断层较远,方位角覆盖有限;而选取的远场测震台站震中距范围是30°~90°,以忽略地幔三重性以及核-幔边界复杂性对地震波传播的影响,方位角范围是0°~360°,覆盖范围较好。对强震动记录进行基线校正后积分成速度波形,进行带宽滤波(0.05~0.50 Hz),并以0.5 s时间间隔进行重采样;截取了P波到达之前5 s与P波到达之后75 s总共80 s的时间窗口。将远场测震记录的速度波形积分成位移波形并去除仪器响应,进行带宽滤波(0.01~0.50 Hz),并以0.5 s时间间隔进行重采样,截取了P波到达之前10 s与P波到达之后60 s总共70 s的时间窗口。
参考USGS快速给出的震源机制解(节面1:走向349°,倾角42°,滑动角-103°;节面2:走向187°,倾角49°,滑动角-78°)构建断层模型;可以判断此次地震是正断层机制,2个节面的走向都是近似南北走向。中国地震局在震后及时开展了余震重定位、地表破裂轨迹线的确定以及遥感观测数据的分析,震后余震分布显示断层面向西部倾斜,地表破裂轨迹为近似南北但北部稍偏东,遥感观测数据显示断层西侧为地壳永久变形的沉降区域。根据以上这些信息判定,实际断层破裂面的走向应该是接近180°而不是360°。因此,本文构建断层模型选用的是USGS的矩张量解的节面2,矩形断层沿走向方向的长度设置为100 km,沿倾向方向的宽度设置为35 km,断层的地表投影位置如图3(c)所示,起始破裂位置(震源)的经纬度采用USGS的定位结果:28°38′20.4″N,87°21′39.6″E,震源深度为10 km。
强震台站的格林函数采用扩展的反射方法计算[19],每个台站所在位置的一维水平成层速度结构从三维速度结构模型[20]中提取。此速度结构模型是中国大陆地壳和上地幔的P波和S波联合速度结构模型,由体波到时和面波频散曲线数据联合反演得到,空间分辨率水平方向为0.5°,竖向在地壳内从5~20 km不等,不包含近地表的地震基岩以上特别是工程基岩的岩石层以及上覆土层的信息。远场台站格林函数的计算采用地震射线方法[21],震源区的一维速度结构从Crust1.0模型[22]中提取。
本文使用强震动观测的三分量数据和远场测震P波竖向数据进行震源联合反演,采用的反演方法为多窗口非负最小二乘法,获得平滑约束下震源滑动位移的时空分布[23-25],平滑约束的权重由最小化Akaike贝叶斯信息标准[26]获得。为了使得每条地震波形数据在震源反演中具备等权重,每条波形的重采样数据在反演之前进行了归一化处理。
将矩形断层模型划分成等面积的子断层,尺寸统一为5 km×5 km,每个子断层的滑动相当于在子断层中心位置的点源滑动;每个子断层可以允许在破裂到达后的多个窗口进行滑动,每个滑动窗口的上升时间设为1.5 s,窗口个数设为8,滑动方向限制在震源机制解提供的初始滑动角-78°±45°内,即不允许出现与初始滑动角方向相反的滑动。通过尝试最小化波形残差,破裂在断层面上的传播速度设置为3.2 km/s。
图3(c)和(d)给出的震源滑动分布表明:定日地震的断层滑动以正断层滑动为主并带有少量的左旋走滑分量,破裂从震源开始同时向南和向北双向传播,但主要以向北破裂传播为主,最大的滑动位移超过了3 m,主要的滑动发生在震源及震源北部区域,这样会导致向北或北部稍偏东方向的破裂方向性效应,与震后发布的地震烈度图相一致。图3(e)给出的震源时间函数表明地震破裂持续了20多秒,释放的地震矩为4.7×1019 N•m,对应的矩震级为7.05。图3(f)和(g)分别展示了强震动速度波形拟合和远震P波位移波形拟合结果,表明反演结果较为可靠。
将本研究的结果与张勇等[27]以及王卫民[28]的反演结果进行对比并发现,三者给出的破裂特征十分接近,最大的滑动位移都接近3 m,主要破裂位置位于震源北部;但也存在一些差异,例如,张勇等[27]基于强震动数据反演的结果最大滑动位移接近2 m,比远震反演结果小,王卫民[28]基于远震数据得到的结果在断层一定深度处有接近3 m的滑动位移,而本研究的联合反演结果以及张勇等[27]用远震和强震动分别反演的结果都显示最大滑动位移位于断层浅处接近地表的地方。
王宏伟等[12]发展了模拟三维地震动的随机有限断层方法,该方法已成功应用于我国2020年新疆伽师MS6.4地震[29]、2021年云南漾濞MS6.4地震[14]、2021年青海玛多MS7.4地震[13],以及2023年土耳其MW7.8和MW7.6双震[30]的地震动场模拟。本文采用该方法模拟此次地震的近场区域强震动时程。
震源破裂模型采用了本文基于远震P波和近场强震动记录联合反演的结果,见图3。根据SOMERVILLE等[31]提出的原则对破裂面进行裁剪后,破裂面的长度和宽度分别为100、20 km,根据DENOLLE等[32]提出的均匀空间椭圆破裂面的地震应力降表达式(Δσ = CabνM0/(πab2),ab分别为椭圆长轴和短轴半径),地震应力降为2.749 MPa,接近于全球正断层大地震的应力降中位值,例如:4.03 MPa[33]、3~4 MPa[34]。几何扩散模型采用ATKINSON等[35]提出的3段线性模型,3个线性段的距离分段点与地壳厚度相关,根据Crust1.0模型,地壳厚度为68 km,距离分段点为102、170 km,3个线性段的几何扩散分别为R-1R0R-0.5。S波品质因子QS=max(60,180 f0.45[36-37]。S波路径持时模型采用活动地壳区模型[38]。地壳放大模型采用VS30 =760 m/s基岩场地的经验放大系数[39]。地震动高频衰减参数κ采用与距离相关的线性模型(κ=κ0+kR)表示,κ0在0.005~0.030范围内,斜率k=0.00008[40]。各模型参数详见表1
有限断层数值模拟给出了基岩场地的强震动时程,考虑浅层地表介质的场地反应影响,需要利用经验模型对结果进行调整;这里采用SS14模型[41],它表示与场地VS30相关的线性和非线性场地放大效应,参考基岩场地定义为VS30 =760 m/s。接下来需要确定计算区域内任一网格点的VS30值。理论上,基于实地钻孔勘探的剪切波速测试是获取场地类别或VS30等场地参数最可靠的方法,然而通常由于经济等条件的限制,难以实现对整片区域的钻孔勘探。有研究发现地形、地貌和地质等宏观表面特征与场地参数(VS30VSE和覆盖层厚度等)之间具有良好的相关性[42-43]。REN等[44]基于1∶50万地质图数据和全国钻孔资料,考虑地层时代、地层成因、岩性描述和钻孔统计特性,建立了地层时代、成因与场地类别的经验关系,给出全国1∶50万基于地质信息的区域场地分类结果。ZHOU等[45-46]利用钻孔剪切波速资料及地形坡度数据,使用基于坡度数据的协同克里金插值方法,得到我国VS30分布结果。张雨婷等[47-49]充分考虑地形特征参数与地形坡度关系的区域依赖性,基于不同区域的钻孔资料和坡度数据,分别建立了我国不同区域的VS30与地形坡度的经验关系,并给出了全国30弧秒分辨率的VS30分布结果。
本文采用张雨婷等[47-49]基于地形坡度信息给出的全国30弧秒分辨率的VS30估计值,该结果已在我国省级地震危险性区划和强震动Flatfile数据库建设中得到了应用[50]图4(a)中给出了此次地震震中周边区域的VS30分布;结合XIE等[51]给出的VS30与中国工程场地类别转换关系,图4(b)给出了此次地震震中周边区域的工程场地分类结果。结果表明:大范围内场地以I类为主,这与西藏地区高海拔山脉地貌特征一致,地表介质以较硬的岩石为主,一定程度上表明图中展示的场地条件估计结果较为合理;震中附件区域场地以Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类为主,存在少量的Ⅲ类场地;震中东南方向较大区域的VS30介于260~510 m/s,地表浅层介质相对较软,局部场地条件可能会对地震动及震害产生一定影响。
根据上述模型模拟了此次地震中距离震中一定范围内(27°30′N~30°00′N、86°38′E~88°36′E)14996个虚拟观测点的三分量(EW、NS、UD)加速度时程,虚拟观测点的间距与至断层破裂面地表投影的最近距离(RJB)有关,当RJB处于(0,5]、(5,100]、(100,+∞)km时,间距分别为0.010°(约1 km)、0.025°(约2.5 km)、0.100°(约10 km)。图5给出了距离断层破裂面较近(Rrup <50 km)的4个台站(XZ.D0007、XZ.DS002、XZ.D0004、XZ.D0001,具体位置见图2)的模拟记录加速度时程和反应谱,图中与观测记录进行了对比。XZ.D0007台站模拟记录加速度时程幅值、5%阻尼比拟加速度反应谱(pseudo-absolute-acceleration spectra,PSA)均低于观测记录,但其他3个台站模拟与观测记录加速度时程、PSA均具有较好的一致性。
利用虚拟观测点三分量强震动加速度时程的模拟结果,根据GB/T 17742—2020《中国地震烈度表》,利用三分量合成PGA和PGV计算了各虚拟观测点的仪器地震烈度,如图6(a)所示,定日县城在Ⅶ~Ⅷ度区,拉孜县城在Ⅶ度区,昂仁县城和定结县城在Ⅵ~Ⅶ度区,仪器地震烈度的长轴方向与震源破裂面走向一致,破裂面凹凸体位置对极震区(Ⅷ、Ⅸ)分布范围有很大的影响,Ⅸ度区位于起始破裂点NNE侧的断层破裂面地表投影范围内,与破裂面凹凸体区域较为一致,震中NNE侧Ⅷ区垂直断层方向的范围明显大于SSW侧;不平滑的等震线以及少量的烈度异常区均体现出了局部场地条件的影响。
图6(b)、(c)分别给出了模拟记录水平向PGA、PGV空间分布,在破裂面凹凸体浅埋深部位的地表投影范围内的水平向PGA可达1.0 g,水平向PGA为0.40、0.20 g的等值线近似与Ⅸ、Ⅷ度等震线重合,但PGA为0.10、0.05 g的等值线围合区域略小于Ⅶ、Ⅵ度区范围,这可能与远场竖向地震动模拟结果偏大有关,为提高模拟精度,本文在虚拟观测点的地震动模拟中考虑了Rrup <50 km内4个台站模拟与观测记录的差异,近场竖向地震动与水平向地震动比值一般会高于远场,基于近场观测记录差异调整可能会造成远场竖向地震动模拟结果偏大。与PGA等值线相比,PGV等值线的不平滑特性更显著,这可能体现了局部场地条件对PGV的影响更明显。
本研究产出的震源破裂模型已在http://www.gmm-cn.com/gmm-events/网站上共享,包括各子断层的经纬度、深度(km)、滑动方向和滑动量(m);同时共享了精度为30 弧秒的区域场地类别和VS30数据,提供Tif、NetCDF和ASCII这3种格式。
另外还公开分享了各公里网格点的强震动加速度时程及对应基本信息。基本信息包括网格点的经纬度坐标、VS30(m/s)、破裂距Rrup(km)、Joyner-Boore距RJB(km);加速度时程数据格式为文本格式,第1行为时间间隔(s)、数据点数量、P波开始时间(s)、S波结束时间(s),其后各行为按时间序列排序的加速度时程,每行包括3列数据,分别对应EW、NS、UD分量的加速度(cm/s2)。
面向工程输入对地震动时程的应用需求,建立了公里网格的强震动时程快速产出技术框架,并以2025年1月7日西藏定日MS6.8地震为例,阐述各技术环节的详细过程,展示了各步骤计算结果,针对此次地震得到了如下结论:
1)对此次地震的震源破裂过程进行了反演。结果表明,地震破裂持续了20多秒,释放地震矩为4.7×1019 N•m,对应矩震级为7.05;断层滑动以正断层为主并带有少量的左旋走滑分量,破裂从震源开始同时向南和向北双向传播,但主要以向北方向破裂传播为主,最大滑动位移超过了3 m,主要的滑动发生在震源及震源北部区域,可能会引起潜在的破裂方向性效应。
2)利用数字高程数据评估了研究区域宏观场地条件,给出了30 弧秒分辨率的VS30分布图和工程场地分类图。结果表明,震中附近区域场地以Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类为主,存在少量的Ⅲ类场地;震中东南方向较大区域的VS30介于260~510 m/s之间,局部场地条件可能会对地震动和影响产生一定影响。
3)利用随机有限断层方法模拟给出了近场区域(27°30′N~30°00′N、86°18′E~88°36′E)内14996个虚拟观测点的三分量加速度时程,并由实际观测记录验证了模拟结果的准确性。结果显示,最大水平向PGA可达1.0 g,0.4、0.2 g等值线近似与Ⅸ、Ⅷ度等震线重合,0.10、0.05 g等值线围合区域略小于Ⅶ、Ⅵ度区范围。与PGA等值线相比,PGV等值线的不平滑特性更显著,这可能体现了局部场地条件对PGV的影响更加显著。
需要指出的是,尽管各环节给出的计算结果良好并且可靠,验证了技术框架的可行性,但过程中所采用的震源、路径和场地相关的经验模型还需要进一步开展研究,建立适用于我国不同地区的模型以充分考虑其存在的区域依赖性。
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金杰出青年项目(JQ2023E002)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U2239252; 52478567)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0101
  • 接收时间:2025-01-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-16
  • 修回日期:2025-01-22
基金
黑龙江省自然科学基金杰出青年项目(JQ2023E002)
国家自然科学基金项目(U2239252; 52478567)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080

通讯作者:

温瑞智(1968—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事工程地震与强震动观测等方面研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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