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The main task of the building structure array is to record the failure process of civil engineering structures in detail, and to provide structural response information for many related studies such as seismic design, seismic damage assessment, and earthquake safety alarm. However, due to the constraints of economic cost, field testing technology and data processing level, it is unrealistic to deploy sensor monitoring equipment on all floors of the entire structure, so how to obtain the most complete structural information with the least number of sensors is the purpose of optimizing the layout of structural array sensors. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of the effective independent method and the modal kinetic energy method, a unit stiffness energy-driving point retention method was proposed, considering the advantages and disadvantages of the effective independent method and the modal kinetic energy method. In this method, the unit stiffness modal energy is used as the information matrix, and the principle of effective independence method is used to screen the measurement points, so as to ensure that the high-energy measurement points maintain linear independence to the greatest extent. Finally, taking a steel frame as an example, the proposed method, the effective independence method, the modal kinetic energy method and the unit stiffness method are used to lay the sensors on the model respectively, and the modal assurance criterion and the Fisher information matrix criterion are used to evaluate the layout results of the four methods. The results show that, compared with the other three methods, the proposed method has the least number of sensors when the mode vectors are linearly independent, and the proposed method can obtain the most modal information with the same number of sensors.
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建筑结构台阵是目前了解和掌握工程结构在强地震作用下反应的最直接手段之一,其主要任务是详细记录土木工程结构破坏的过程,为抗震设计、震害评估和地震安全报警等多项相关研究提供结构反应信息。然而,受经济成本、现场测试技术和数据处理水平等多方面因素的制约,在整个结构的所有楼层上布设传感器监测设备是不现实的,因此如何用最少的传感器来获得尽可能完备的结构信息是结构台阵传感器优化布设的目的。针对有效独立法易丢失能量较大测点和模态动能法测点过于集中在能量较大位置从而导致结构重要模态信息丢失的不足,综合考虑有效独立法和模态动能法的优缺点,提出一种传感器优化布设的单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法。该方法以单位刚度模态能量作为信息矩阵,运用有效独立法的原理进行测点筛选,以保证高能量测点最大程度保持线性独立。最后,以一个钢框架作为算例,分别采用本文方法、有效独立法、模态动能法和单位刚度法在算例模型上布设传感器,利用模态保证准则和Fisher信息矩阵准则对4种方法的布设结果进行评判。结果表明:相比较其他3种方法,当测量振型向量线性独立时,文中方法传感器数目最少;且在相同的传感器数目情况下,文中方法可以获得最多的模态信息。
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1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
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Frame model plan and 3D finite element model, figureFileSmall=LPggVB0ZLSmuozOEpQ59YQ==, figureFileBig=pXAJ9eMelOXEhjE3Gf3/lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802950838911003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
框架模型平面图及三维有限元模型, figureFileSmall=LPggVB0ZLSmuozOEpQ59YQ==, figureFileBig=pXAJ9eMelOXEhjE3Gf3/lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802951010877489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Curve of the change rate of the 2-norm, figureFileSmall=W60Rmd02NYi0kc9aFrqwQw==, figureFileBig=awA6dJ3PUhP+gXcTRkQHGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802951237369927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
2-范数变化率曲线, figureFileSmall=W60Rmd02NYi0kc9aFrqwQw==, figureFileBig=awA6dJ3PUhP+gXcTRkQHGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802951363199059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
The maximum non-diagonal variation of MAC of each method in each order mode, figureFileSmall=2+vnNBhyl05XZBiQQblV8g==, figureFileBig=3EFXs2c515VxnZRI4dc6dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802951484833887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
各阶模态下各方法MAC最大非对角元变化, figureFileSmall=2+vnNBhyl05XZBiQQblV8g==, figureFileBig=3EFXs2c515VxnZRI4dc6dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802952596324462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
MAC maximum non-diagonal criterion, figureFileSmall=sfhm5pMiBIgbrpmksWHuiQ==, figureFileBig=kysdvL2ILSGmRozws+U7ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802952709570687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
MAC最大非对角元准则, figureFileSmall=sfhm5pMiBIgbrpmksWHuiQ==, figureFileBig=kysdvL2ILSGmRozws+U7ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802952835399819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
MAC mean criterion, figureFileSmall=JRYZHrHOo073I3+zqKE2QA==, figureFileBig=gphtNCxU2o/o87Nym3+IMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802953028337821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
MAC均值准则, figureFileSmall=JRYZHrHOo073I3+zqKE2QA==, figureFileBig=gphtNCxU2o/o87Nym3+IMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802953175138476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Information matrix trace criterion, figureFileSmall=j3glG0X79l46Zk/ljxbGxQ==, figureFileBig=RwZJJu/sBeDLgNO2+RyD2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802953300967604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
信息矩阵迹准则, figureFileSmall=j3glG0X79l46Zk/ljxbGxQ==, figureFileBig=RwZJJu/sBeDLgNO2+RyD2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802953447768262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
Information matrix 2-norm criterion, figureFileSmall=0oYyyCZ7SLoV6GpbJYd52A==, figureFileBig=3ZRAVUaJ6Nl2dzspIk9R2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802953573597395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
信息矩阵2-范数准则, figureFileSmall=0oYyyCZ7SLoV6GpbJYd52A==, figureFileBig=3ZRAVUaJ6Nl2dzspIk9R2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802953699426528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
The minimum number of sensors required for the four layout methods
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 布设方法 | 有效独立法(EI) | 模态动能法(MKE) | 单位刚度法(MUE) | 单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR) |
|---|
| 传感器最少数目/个 | 18 | 18 | 14 | 14 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241802953842032880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
4种布设方法所需的最少传感器数目
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 布设方法 | 有效独立法(EI) | 模态动能法(MKE) | 单位刚度法(MUE) | 单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR) |
|---|
| 传感器最少数目/个 | 18 | 18 | 14 | 14 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241802953951084795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Location of the measurement points at the minimum number of sensors required for each method
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 布设方法 | 测点位置 |
|---|
| 有效独立法(EI) | 2y、4x、5x、8y、9y、12xy、13x、14y、15y、18xy、22y、24y、28y、29x、30xy |
| 模态动能法(MKE) | 3z、5x、7xz、9xz、10y、12z、13y、17xyz、19xyz、25x、29z |
| 单位刚度法(MUE) | 3y、5z、9y、12yz、13xy、17y、19xy、22y、25y、27x、30z |
| 单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR) | 5x、9xy、10xyz、12z、13z、17y、19y、22y、23x、25y、30z |
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954081108232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
各方法在所需最少的传感器数目下测点的位置
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 布设方法 | 测点位置 |
|---|
| 有效独立法(EI) | 2y、4x、5x、8y、9y、12xy、13x、14y、15y、18xy、22y、24y、28y、29x、30xy |
| 模态动能法(MKE) | 3z、5x、7xz、9xz、10y、12z、13y、17xyz、19xyz、25x、29z |
| 单位刚度法(MUE) | 3y、5z、9y、12yz、13xy、17y、19xy、22y、25y、27x、30z |
| 单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR) | 5x、9xy、10xyz、12z、13z、17y、19y、22y、23x、25y、30z |
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954198548757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparison of the effects of the four layout methods
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 比较准则 | 布设方法 |
|---|
| 有效独立法(EI) | 模态动能法(MKE) | 单位刚度法(MUE) | 单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR) |
|---|
| 传感器数目 | 18 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 18 | 14 |
| MAC最大非对角元 | 0.139 | 0.800 | 0.085 | 0.738 | 0.156 | 0.230 | 0.156 | 0.230 |
| 迹 | 0.398 | 0.290 | 0.393 | 0.304 | 0.389 | 0.282 | 0.444 | 0.349 |
| 2范数 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.375 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954324377891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
4种布设方法的效果比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 比较准则 | 布设方法 |
|---|
| 有效独立法(EI) | 模态动能法(MKE) | 单位刚度法(MUE) | 单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR) |
|---|
| 传感器数目 | 18 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 18 | 14 |
| MAC最大非对角元 | 0.139 | 0.800 | 0.085 | 0.738 | 0.156 | 0.230 | 0.156 | 0.230 |
| 迹 | 0.398 | 0.290 | 0.393 | 0.304 | 0.389 | 0.282 | 0.444 | 0.349 |
| 2范数 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.375 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954454401329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Comparison of the number of floating-point operations of the four layout methods in the 17th-order mode
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 布设方法 | 浮点运算次数(n=72,m=17) |
|---|
| 有效独立法(EI) | 3nm2+m3+m2+nm=68850 |
| 模态动能法(MKE) | 2n3+2n2=756864 |
| 单位刚度法(MUE) | 3n3+4n2+n=1140552 |
| 单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR) | 3n3+4n2+2n+nm=1141848 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954571841856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
取17阶模态时4种布设方法的浮点运算次数比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 布设方法 | 浮点运算次数(n=72,m=17) |
|---|
| 有效独立法(EI) | 3nm2+m3+m2+nm=68850 |
| 模态动能法(MKE) | 2n3+2n2=756864 |
| 单位刚度法(MUE) | 3n3+4n2+n=1140552 |
| 单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR) | 3n3+4n2+2n+nm=1141848 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954714448206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Comparison of the first-order frequency recognition results of each layout method
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 有限元模型固有频率/Hz | 识别频率/Hz | 误差/% |
|---|
| 有效独立法(EI) | 6.4922 | 6.470 | 0.34 |
| 模态动能法(MKE) | 6.482 | 0.15 |
| 单位刚度法(MUE) | 6.490 | 0.03 |
| 单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR) | 6.490 | 0.03 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954823500121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
各布置方法第1阶频率识别结果对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 有限元模型固有频率/Hz | 识别频率/Hz | 误差/% |
|---|
| 有效独立法(EI) | 6.4922 | 6.470 | 0.34 |
| 模态动能法(MKE) | 6.482 | 0.15 |
| 单位刚度法(MUE) | 6.490 | 0.03 |
| 单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR) | 6.490 | 0.03 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954915774821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Comparison of the second-order frequency recognition results of each layout method
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 有限元模型固有频率/Hz | 识别频率/Hz | 误差/% |
|---|
| 有效独立法(EI) | 6.8695 | 6.8359 | 0.50 |
| 模态动能法(MKE) | 6.8620 | 0.11 |
| 单位刚度法(MUE) | 6.8654 | 0.06 |
| 单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR) | 6.8652 | 0.06 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241802955033215342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
各布置方法第2阶频率识别结果对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 有限元模型固有频率/Hz | 识别频率/Hz | 误差/% |
|---|
| 有效独立法(EI) | 6.8695 | 6.8359 | 0.50 |
| 模态动能法(MKE) | 6.8620 | 0.11 |
| 单位刚度法(MUE) | 6.8654 | 0.06 |
| 单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR) | 6.8652 | 0.06 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241802955167433086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=
Comparison of the third-order frequency recognition results of each layout method
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 有限元模型固有频率/Hz | 识别频率/Hz | 误差/% |
|---|
| 有效独立法(EI) | 7.4801 | 7.5164 | 0.380 |
| 模态动能法(MKE) | 7.4917 | 0.110 |
| 单位刚度法(MUE) | 7.4700 | 0.140 |
| 单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR) | 7.4790 | 0.015 |
), ArticleFig(id=1241802955318428042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
各布置方法第3阶频率识别结果对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 有限元模型固有频率/Hz | 识别频率/Hz | 误差/% |
|---|
| 有效独立法(EI) | 7.4801 | 7.5164 | 0.380 |
| 模态动能法(MKE) | 7.4917 | 0.110 |
| 单位刚度法(MUE) | 7.4700 | 0.140 |
| 单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR) | 7.4790 | 0.015 |
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