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In order to explore the specific causes of fastener bolt looseness and elastic strip loosening on the already built and operational rail transit lines, and to prevent similar problems from recurring on newly-built rail transit lines, this study combines with the actual situation of two rail transit elevated bridges in a certain city. Taking the failure analysis of U-beam fasteners as the breakthrough point, it explores the causes of fastener failure of ballastless track through field tests and vehicle-bridge coupling vibration simulation methods. Then, focusing on the vibration characteristics of the ladder sleeper structure and the comparison of vibration reduction and isolation effects between damper fasteners and the ladder sleeper structure, and applying the principles and methods of dynamic flexibility and energy flow, it analyzes the mechanism of factors affecting the vibration frequency of the track structure through a series of diagrams, and interprets the vibration mechanism of the track structure. The vibration effects are analyzed based on the measured and simulated data. The contribution of wheel wear to vibration is analyzed by measuring the vibration acceleration caused by vehicles in different operating years. Based on the field test, finite element simulation and vehicle-bridge coupling vibration calculation, the contribution of main girder section to vibration is analyzed. The contribution of track structure to vibration is analyzed by measuring the vibration acceleration of fasteners in different intervals; Based on the vibration field test of rail-crossing bridge, the mechanism analysis of the factors affecting the vibration frequency of rail structure is carried out with the vehicle-bridge-rail coupling vibration analysis program, and the vibration variation law is explored when the stiffness of fasteners and the stiffness of under-pillow damping pads are changed. The research results show that wheel wear, bending-torsion coupling effect of beam and vibration isolation of ladder sleeper are important potential factors that constitute fastener diseases of rail transit lines. The vibration reduction and isolation effect of ladder sleeper track structure is good, and the vibration of rail and ladder sleeper is significantly affected by the stiffness of fastener, while the vibration of bridge is significantly affected by the stiffness of damping pad. Proper reduction of fastener stiffness can significantly reduce the vibration of ladder sleeper. The research results can provide a reliable basis for improving the vibration research of rail transit bridge fastener system and provide design reference for related projects.

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为探究已建成运营的轨交线路上扣件螺栓松动、弹条松脱等失效病害的具体成因,并预防类似问题在新建轨交线路上重现,结合某市2条轨交高架段桥梁的实际情况,以U型梁扣件失效情况分析为切入点,通过现场实测试验与车桥耦合振动模拟方法,探究无砟轨道扣件失效病害的成因,进而以梯枕结构振动特性和减振器扣件与梯枕结构减隔振效果比较为着力点,运用动柔度和能量流的原理与方法,以系列图解的方式对影响轨道结构振动频率的因素进行机理分析,诠释轨道结构振动机理。基于实测和仿真数据采集分析振动效应:通过实测不同运营年限车辆作用产生的振动加速度,分析车轮磨耗对振动的贡献量;结合现场试验、有限元模拟及车桥耦合振动计算,分析主梁截面形式对振动的贡献量;通过实测不同区间的扣件振动加速度,分析轨道结构形式对振动的贡献量;基于轨交桥梁振动现场测试,利用车辆-桥梁-轨道耦合振动分析程序对影响轨道结构振动频率的因素进行机理分析,探究改变扣件刚度和枕下减振垫刚度时的振动变化规律。研究结果表明:车轮磨耗、梁的弯扭耦合效应、梯枕的隔振作用,是构成轨交线路扣件病害的重要潜在因素;梯枕轨道结构减隔振效果良好,钢轨及梯枕振动大小受扣件刚度影响显著,而桥梁振动大小受减振垫刚度影响显著;适当降低扣件刚度可显著减弱梯枕振动。研究结果可为改善轨交桥梁扣件系统的振动研究提供可靠依据,为相关工程提供设计参考。

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吕凡任(1970—),男,教授,博士,主要从事实验力学及工程应用研究。E-mail:
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吴龙生(1965—),男,副教授,硕士,主要从事实验力学及工程应用研究。E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Vibration characteristics analysis of steel spring floating slab tracks under vehicle loads, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802972540240048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071308599615, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=178, pageEnd=183, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=70, authorNames=王志强, 靳海葆, 杨巧云, journalName=噪声与振动控制, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王志强,靳海葆,杨巧云,.高性能道床系统减振降噪效果数值计算分析[J].噪声与振动控制, 2023, 43(6): 178-183., articleTitle=高性能道床系统减振降噪效果数值计算分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802972611543216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071308599615, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=178, pageEnd=183, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=71, authorNames=WANG Zhiqiang, JIN Haibao, YANG Qiaoyun, journalName=Noise and Vibration Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Zhiqiang, JIN Haibao, YANG Qiaoyun, et al. 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figureFileBig=uXze9/MSNaqwasOJ++8caA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802965347009515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071308599615, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

WJ-2 fastener parameters

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弹程/mm初始扣压力/kN弹条刚度/(kN/mm)胶垫刚度常值/(kN/mm)纵向阻力常值/(kN/mm)
11.58.00.35404.0
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WJ-2扣件参数

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弹程/mm初始扣压力/kN弹条刚度/(kN/mm)胶垫刚度常值/(kN/mm)纵向阻力常值/(kN/mm)
11.58.00.35404.0
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Details of actually measured bridge spans

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桥跨编号所属线路跨度/m轨道结构钢轨/(kg/m)扣件
A-1A线(新建)30梯形轨枕60WJ-2型
A-2A线(新建)30弹性支承块
B-1B线(既有)25弹性支承块
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实测所涉桥跨详细情况

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桥跨编号所属线路跨度/m轨道结构钢轨/(kg/m)扣件
A-1A线(新建)30梯形轨枕60WJ-2型
A-2A线(新建)30弹性支承块
B-1B线(既有)25弹性支承块
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Peak value of vertical acceleration (B-Acc-2 measuring point) at the top of track bearing platform in B-1 span under the action of actual operating trains

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测次(旧批次列车,6节车)列车速度/(km/h)加速度峰值/(m/s2测次(新批次列车,7节车)列车速度/(km/h)加速度峰值/(m/s2
169.801.55172.321.98
272.126.53269.721.68
373.7611.07370.041.72
465.075.84468.573.97
572.8710.94568.141.94
666.687.32668.682.03
764.942.61769.901.91
875.816.81865.672.45
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实际运营列车作用下B-1跨跨中承轨台顶竖向加速度(B-Acc-2测点)峰值

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测次(旧批次列车,6节车)列车速度/(km/h)加速度峰值/(m/s2测次(新批次列车,7节车)列车速度/(km/h)加速度峰值/(m/s2
169.801.55172.321.98
272.126.53269.721.68
373.7611.07370.041.72
465.075.84468.573.97
572.8710.94568.141.94
666.687.32668.682.03
764.942.61769.901.91
875.816.81865.672.45
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Peak value of vertical acceleration at the top of rail bearing platform of test vehicles

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列车速度/(km/h)304050607080
加速度峰值/(m/s23.553.635.535.868.397.64
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测试用车承轨台顶竖向加速度峰值

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列车速度/(km/h)304050607080
加速度峰值/(m/s23.553.635.535.868.397.64
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Natural vibration frequency of U-beam across B line

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振型1阶横向1阶竖向
余振法识别/Hz2.254.25
模态计算/Hz2.294.64
), ArticleFig(id=1241802966110371843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071308599615, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

B线跨U型梁自振频率

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振型1阶横向1阶竖向
余振法识别/Hz2.254.25
模态计算/Hz2.294.64
), ArticleFig(id=1241802966190063621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071308599615, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of vibration between U-shaped beam and box girder

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1阶竖向自振频率/Hz竖向振动大小振动差异的频谱分布
4.25(U型梁)U型梁大于箱梁64 Hz以上(跨中)
4.30(箱梁)且梁端差异更显著32 Hz以上(梁端)
), ArticleFig(id=1241802966299115526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794071308599615, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

U型梁与箱梁振动比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1阶竖向自振频率/Hz竖向振动大小振动差异的频谱分布
4.25(U型梁)U型梁大于箱梁64 Hz以上(跨中)
4.30(箱梁)且梁端差异更显著32 Hz以上(梁端)
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轨道交通高架段扣件失效病害机理研究
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吴龙生 1 , 吕凡任 1 , 王灵珠 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025,45(5): 164-180
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地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025, 45(5): 164-180
轨道交通高架段扣件失效病害机理研究
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吴龙生1 , 吕凡任1 , 王灵珠2
作者信息
  • 1.扬州职业技术大学土木工程学院,江苏扬州225009
  • 2.扬州职业技术大学艺术学院,江苏扬州225009
  • 吴龙生(1965—),男,副教授,硕士,主要从事实验力学及工程应用研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

吕凡任(1970—),男,教授,博士,主要从事实验力学及工程应用研究。E-mail:
Research on failure mechanism of fasteners in elevated section of rail transit
Longsheng WU1 , Fanren LV1 , Lingzhu WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Civil Engineering College, Yangzhou Polytechnic University, Yangzhou 225009, China
  • 2.Art College, Yangzhou Polytechnic University, Yangzhou 225009, China
出版时间: 2025-10-22 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0516
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为探究已建成运营的轨交线路上扣件螺栓松动、弹条松脱等失效病害的具体成因,并预防类似问题在新建轨交线路上重现,结合某市2条轨交高架段桥梁的实际情况,以U型梁扣件失效情况分析为切入点,通过现场实测试验与车桥耦合振动模拟方法,探究无砟轨道扣件失效病害的成因,进而以梯枕结构振动特性和减振器扣件与梯枕结构减隔振效果比较为着力点,运用动柔度和能量流的原理与方法,以系列图解的方式对影响轨道结构振动频率的因素进行机理分析,诠释轨道结构振动机理。基于实测和仿真数据采集分析振动效应:通过实测不同运营年限车辆作用产生的振动加速度,分析车轮磨耗对振动的贡献量;结合现场试验、有限元模拟及车桥耦合振动计算,分析主梁截面形式对振动的贡献量;通过实测不同区间的扣件振动加速度,分析轨道结构形式对振动的贡献量;基于轨交桥梁振动现场测试,利用车辆-桥梁-轨道耦合振动分析程序对影响轨道结构振动频率的因素进行机理分析,探究改变扣件刚度和枕下减振垫刚度时的振动变化规律。研究结果表明:车轮磨耗、梁的弯扭耦合效应、梯枕的隔振作用,是构成轨交线路扣件病害的重要潜在因素;梯枕轨道结构减隔振效果良好,钢轨及梯枕振动大小受扣件刚度影响显著,而桥梁振动大小受减振垫刚度影响显著;适当降低扣件刚度可显著减弱梯枕振动。研究结果可为改善轨交桥梁扣件系统的振动研究提供可靠依据,为相关工程提供设计参考。

城轨高架桥  /  局部振动效应  /  扣件  /  失效机理  /  车桥耦合振动  /  动柔度

In order to explore the specific causes of fastener bolt looseness and elastic strip loosening on the already built and operational rail transit lines, and to prevent similar problems from recurring on newly-built rail transit lines, this study combines with the actual situation of two rail transit elevated bridges in a certain city. Taking the failure analysis of U-beam fasteners as the breakthrough point, it explores the causes of fastener failure of ballastless track through field tests and vehicle-bridge coupling vibration simulation methods. Then, focusing on the vibration characteristics of the ladder sleeper structure and the comparison of vibration reduction and isolation effects between damper fasteners and the ladder sleeper structure, and applying the principles and methods of dynamic flexibility and energy flow, it analyzes the mechanism of factors affecting the vibration frequency of the track structure through a series of diagrams, and interprets the vibration mechanism of the track structure. The vibration effects are analyzed based on the measured and simulated data. The contribution of wheel wear to vibration is analyzed by measuring the vibration acceleration caused by vehicles in different operating years. Based on the field test, finite element simulation and vehicle-bridge coupling vibration calculation, the contribution of main girder section to vibration is analyzed. The contribution of track structure to vibration is analyzed by measuring the vibration acceleration of fasteners in different intervals; Based on the vibration field test of rail-crossing bridge, the mechanism analysis of the factors affecting the vibration frequency of rail structure is carried out with the vehicle-bridge-rail coupling vibration analysis program, and the vibration variation law is explored when the stiffness of fasteners and the stiffness of under-pillow damping pads are changed. The research results show that wheel wear, bending-torsion coupling effect of beam and vibration isolation of ladder sleeper are important potential factors that constitute fastener diseases of rail transit lines. The vibration reduction and isolation effect of ladder sleeper track structure is good, and the vibration of rail and ladder sleeper is significantly affected by the stiffness of fastener, while the vibration of bridge is significantly affected by the stiffness of damping pad. Proper reduction of fastener stiffness can significantly reduce the vibration of ladder sleeper. The research results can provide a reliable basis for improving the vibration research of rail transit bridge fastener system and provide design reference for related projects.

urban rail viaduct  /  local vibration effect  /  fasteners  /  failure mechanism  /  vehicle-bridge coupled vibration  /  dynamic flexibility
吴龙生, 吕凡任, 王灵珠. 轨道交通高架段扣件失效病害机理研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (5) : 164 -180 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0516
Longsheng WU, Fanren LV, Lingzhu WANG. Research on failure mechanism of fasteners in elevated section of rail transit[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (5) : 164 -180 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0516
U型简支梁+无砟轨道是城市轨道交通高架线的常用结构形式,具有建筑高度小、行车安全、外形美观、断面空间利用率高、施工便利和降噪等优点,在国内外城市轨道交通中得到了越来越广泛的应用。然而,在实际运营过程中,轨道交通U型梁也暴露出一些问题。例如,某市有2条轨道交通线路(以下简称A线、B线)的高架区间均采用了这一结构形式。其中,已运营数年的B线上出现了扣件弹条松脱、螺栓松动失效病害。这些病害缩短了检修周期,增加了维护成本,更对列车安全运营构成隐患。经过实测和理论分析,发现B线中多种不良因素,主要有两方面:一是轨道结构与车辆转向架系统动力参数不匹配。在一定行车速度条件下,车轮轮对的垂向振动激起钢轨相应频率的振动,形成轮轨共振,致使轮轨接触方式不良,接触应力超过钢轨表面屈服极限,导致钢轨波磨现象。二是钢轨异常波磨的产生和发展与扣件的结构形式有较大关联,减振扣件不能提供足够的阻尼控制轮轨在较高频率范围内的接触共振,加剧了钢轨异常波磨的发展。现场踏勘与实测结果还显示, B线跨U型梁梁端扣件最大上拔力接近初始扣压力。长期反复作用且数值较大的梁端扣件上拔力,是引起扣件螺栓松动和弹条掉落的重要原因(静力特性)。除此之外,还需要进行动力学特性分析。
通过实地观测和文献检索汇总之后发现采用无砟轨道结构时梁端变位对梁端扣件受力影响较大,扣件弹条因振动剧烈而折断的现象时有发生,故需关注“城市轨道交通高架桥U型梁扣件松动失效病害与其局部振动相关性”问题,从桥梁结构振动致使轨道结构扣件松动方面探究其原因,采用现场实测与车桥耦合振动数值分析的方法,分析车轮磨损程度、主梁截面形式和轨道结构形式等对振动程度的影响,诠释轨道结构振动机理,以期为城轨高架段桥梁设计提供参考。
诸多研究表明,扣件的病害与其局部振动高度相关。陈金明等[1]基于试验标定的参数建立了弹条的有限元模型,分析了弹条的动力特性,发现弹条在正常约束状态下共振频率范围扩大,极易在轮轨作用下发生共振;且轮轨的微小缺陷对弹条共振有明显的放大作用,易导致其使用寿命降低。于洋[2]构建了精细化WJ-7扣件系统三维有限元模型、高速车辆轨道刚柔耦合系统动力学仿真模型和轮轨复合伤损激励模型,采用多体动力学理论和有限元联合仿真技术进行计算,发现复合伤损作用会引发弹条的共振效应、加大弹条振动幅度。闫子权等[3]、吴浩等[4]、杨新文等[5]、朱胜阳等[6]结合试验与仿真分析,得出了相似结论:轮轨磨耗会加剧弹条的共振,从而加剧其疲劳损伤等病害。上述研究均认同扣件局部振动对其寿命的影响,但重点关注于轮轨磨耗引起的振动,而未进一步探究主梁截面形式、轨道结构形式等对振动程度的影响。为探究B线上扣件病害的具体成因,并预防类似问题在新建的A线上重现,本研究开展了现场实测试验及数值仿真计算分析,在此基础上,使用车辆-桥梁-轨道耦合振动分析程序进行数值模拟,并运用动柔度和能量流的原理与方法,对影响轨道结构振动频率的因素进行机理分析,探讨改变扣件刚度和枕下减振垫刚度时的振动变化规律。以期为城市轨道交通新建工程主梁截面形式、轨道结构与扣件选型及技术经济分析提供参考。
本次实测涉及A、B线上共计3跨无砟轨道U型简支梁,各被测桥跨均采用WJ-2型扣件,扣件参数及试验所涉桥跨详细情况分别见表1表2。A线测试现场桥下场景与桥上场景见图1(a)、(b);WJ-2扣件结构示意图见图1(c)[6-7];不同工作状态下的刚度曲线[7-8]图1(d),图中:横坐标δ为扣件位移、纵坐标F为扣件节点外力、F0为单侧弹条初始扣压力、kc为单侧弹条刚度、kp为胶垫刚度。另外, B线上共有新、旧两批次B型列车参与运营,前者为7节编组,后者为6节编组。两者动力学设计参数相同。
A线的两跨U型梁上的测点布置见图2(a)、(b), A-1跨在跨中钢轨底部、梯枕顶和L型支座上各布置一个竖向加速度测点;A-2跨在跨中钢轨底部和承轨台顶各布置一个竖向加速度测点。试验列车为3节编组A型地铁车辆,轴重16 t,试验速度分别为40、60、80、100、120 km/h。
B线的测点布置见图2(c), B-1跨在跨中外侧顶板、跨中及梁端承轨台顶、跨中及梁端钢轨底部各布置一个压电式竖向加速度传感器,编号依次为B-Acc-1~B-Acc-5。
试验列车为旧批次的6节编组B型车,试验速度分别为30、40、50、60、70、80 km/h,还测试了实际运营中若干列次新、旧批列车行经被测桥跨时,上述测点的振动数据。前述加速度测点均采用YD-103型加速度计,数据均由DH5920型采集仪采集,采样频率为10 kHz。
采用ANSYS软件,基于B-1跨参数建立3D实体有限元模型,轴测图和结构截面图见图3(a)。其中U型梁、墩帽采用实体单元模拟(solid95);桥墩、钢轨采用梁单元模拟(beam4、beam188);扣件的竖向约束采用分段线性弹簧单元模拟(combin39,刚度参数参照图1(c)设置),纵向刚度采用线性弹簧单元模拟(combin14);支座竖向支承采用线性弹簧单元模拟(combin14,刚度取700 kN/mm),纵向与横向限位采用梁、墩节点耦合方式模拟;墩底施以固定约束[9-10]
A线采用支承块承轨台轨道结构的两跨U型梁模型见图3(b)。建模方法及参数与以上模型相同。模型轴测视图与A线支承块承轨台U型梁模型相似,模型典型断面见图3(c)。建模方法与A线支承块承轨台U型梁模型相同,梯枕下每个减振垫用横向分布的2个combin14单元模拟,其纵向和横向的支承也用combin14单元模拟,连接方钢管采用beam188单元模拟。
U型梁为开口截面,弯扭振动及局部振动响应大,两侧腹板横向张合振动明显。除了U型梁,双线行车的单箱单室箱梁在国内轨道交通高架线上也广泛运用[10]。为探究这2种截面形式对扣件局部振动的影响,基于车桥耦合振动方法,对相同工况下U型梁与箱梁上轨道结构振动进行仿真与对比分析。为了对比U型梁与箱型梁在梁端扣件受力方面的差别,建立3D箱梁实体模型。采用ANSYS软件,基于图4(a)所示截面构建箱梁实体有限元模型,见图4(b)、(c)。箱梁模型跨度30 000 mm,梁端加厚段4 970 mm,两端各设1000 mm厚的横隔板,其余细节及参数均与前述U型梁模型一致,所采用的箱梁截面参数均处于国内轨道交通高架桥常用范围内[5,11]
本节以进行实测的2线3跨为依据分别建立了ANSYS三维实体有限元模型,并建立了箱梁实体模型与U型梁进行对比,其中B线U型梁实体模型用来与实测结果对比,并且与箱梁实体模型结果对比;A线的2个U型梁实体模型用来对比支承块承轨台轨道结构与梯形轨枕轨道结构的影响差别。U型梁属于空间梁、板组合结构,与箱梁相比, U型梁抗扭性能差、剪力滞后效应明显[10-11]
我国与高速铁路、城际铁路、地铁等项目紧密关联的工程设计及施工验收系列规范,关于轨道结构的振动评价标准,借鉴了欧盟规范EN1990-Eurocode-prAnnexA2中的相关内容[2,11-15],进而在建设和运营实践中因地制宜,致力于研发立足国情、博采众长、因势利导、精准施策、安全高效、经济合理的系列工法。取轨道沿线道床板最大的竖向振动加速度作为评价量[12-15]。实测结果表明,道床板振动能量主要集中在30~80 Hz之间,此频段的振动会对道床板及桥梁附属结构产生重要影响[5,13-15]。实测、计算最大加速度及其对应频率借鉴德国DIN4150系列标准推荐的方法取值[14-15]
1/3倍频程加速度级可方便地在频域范围内比较振动的大小及分析振动的传递特性[8,14-15]。根据现行规范GB 10071—88《城市区域环境振动测量方法》[15],振动加速度级(vibration acceleration level, VAL)以分贝(dB)为单位,如式(1)所示:
式中:α为振动加速度有效值(m/s2),α0为基准加速度,α0=10-6m/s2
把频率范围分为几个频带,频带的划分采用恒定带宽比,即保持频带的上、下限之比为一常数。若使每一频带的上限频率与下限频率之比为21/3且上限频率与中心频率比值为21/16,则称这种频带程划分为1/3倍频程[16]
有缺陷的车轮在轨道上滚动时会产生强烈的轮轨冲击力,对车辆和轨道及附属结构产生很大的振动影响。本小节基于支承块承轨台轨道结构振动实测,作不同车辆引起振动差别的原因分析。
钢轨及承轨台顶的振动会对扣件系统产生直接影响。实际运营的一趟7节编组列车以68.1 km/h的速度通过时A2和A4测点的时程曲线及频谱图见图5图6,其中A2测点数据带通滤波范围为1~100 Hz, A4测点为1~1000 Hz。车轴经过测点时承轨台顶竖向加速度最大,幅值约为1.5 m/s2,振动能量主要分布在30~80 Hz之间,在36、43.6、61、76 Hz附近较大,其中61、76 Hz是由单个车轮和弹性支承的钢轨组成的系统的固有频率,可用式(2)计算与验证[10-11,17]
式中:fd为车轮及弹性支承钢轨组成系统的固有频率,即轮轨力的固有频率;EI为钢轨竖向抗弯刚度,取值为6.76×106N•m2S为钢轨单位长度竖向支承刚度,测试桥梁为1.02×108N/m;KH为车轮与钢轨接触刚度,取1.4×109N/m;mw为单轮质量修正系数,机车取值95,拖车取值57.5代入数据可分别算得:机车fd=59.39 Hz;拖车fd=76.40 Hz。
钢轨竖向振动加速度幅值超100 m/s2,振动能量在频域分布宽广,在470 Hz附近较为集中。470 Hz附近频率与扣件系统振动有较大相关性。
B线跨测试结果还发现,6节编组列车产生的振动加速度响应明显大于7节编组列车。车速65 km/h时6节编组列车产生的承轨台顶竖向加速度时程曲线,首尾两节车产生的振动明显大于中间四节,见图7
新、旧批次列车作用下, B-Acc-2测点加速度1/3倍频程加速度级的分布图见图8。由图可知,在32 Hz以上频段中,旧批次列车产生的振动响应明显比新批次列车的大,最大相差约15 dB。
实际运营中,新、旧批次行经B-1跨跨中时,跨中承轨台顶测点(B-Acc-2)的加速度峰值见表3。各趟列车均以70 km/h左右速度经过,旧批次列车作用下的加速度均值达7.3 m/s2,为新批次列车的3倍以上。
各测试工况下承轨台顶竖向加速度峰值的部分统计结果见表4,带通滤波范围为0~100 Hz,峰值加速度随车速增加而增大,且大小与实际运营6节编组列车接近。
根据运营部门提供的车辆参数,6节编组列车和7节编组列车的质量、刚度和阻尼等振动参数相同,由此可知6节编组列车车轮的严重磨耗是引起强烈振动的主要原因之一,且试验用车是较旧的6节编组车,说明其车轮磨耗较严重。
在试验进行的较短时间内,可认为轨道不平顺、桥梁与轨道结构的动力学参数等其他条件不发生变化,且新、旧批次车辆的设计动力学参数一致[17]。显然,车轮磨耗程度的差异是造成振动响应较大差异的重要因素。车轮磨耗的成因较为复杂,其损伤度会随运营时间的增加而扩大,进而加剧轨道结构的振动,诱发扣件螺栓松动[17-18]
为分析比较U型梁与箱型梁轨道结构振动的特点,运用有限元方法分别建立车辆和桥梁模型,基于模态叠加法分别形成车辆子系统和桥梁/轨道子系统的运动微分方程,通过精细的轮轨三维滚动非密贴接触模型将2个子系统进行联系。由此可以计算得到车辆和桥梁各位置处的振动响应。在基于模态叠加法的车辆-桥梁/轨道耦合振动精细化分析软件VBC环境下运行[18],建立车辆-桥梁耦合振动模型,计算列车驶过桥梁产生的振动响应。建立B型车辆的三维有限元模型,其模态坐标下的运动微分方程为
式中:ων为车辆参与运算的模态对应的特征值矩阵;Φν为车辆对质量矩阵归一化的特征向量矩阵;fν为车辆承受的外力及非线性内力向量;qν为车辆模型在模态坐标下的位移向量;ξν为车辆模型的模态阻尼矩阵。
根据前述桥梁与轨道结构的有限元模型,其模态坐标下的运动微分方程为
式中各变量含义与车辆运动方程类似,下标b表示桥梁。
车辆与桥梁的运动方程通过车轮与桥面之间的接触相耦合:根据VBC软件内置的精细轮轨三维滚动非密贴接触模型及轨道不平顺,结合车辆运行工况,可得到fνfb之间的关系,由此可将式(3)与式(4)联立,其中轨道不平顺样本采用ISO3095标准规定的短波不平顺限值谱,以三角级数法生成[9-11,18]。采用Runge-Kutta数值积分方法求解该方程组,即可得到桥梁结构的振动位移、速度和加速度响应时程[18-19]
在已建B线支承块承轨台轨道结构U型梁实体模型和箱型梁实体模型的基础上,使用VBC软件进行动力计算和对比。利用余振法分别对B线跨U型梁跨中顶板的实测横向和竖向位移数据进行分析[19-20],识别出U型梁的1阶横向和1阶竖向自振频率见表5。将U型梁实体模型中混凝土的弹性模量修改为4×1010N/m2后计算的1阶横向和竖向自振频率与识别频率较吻合。由此认为模型基本与实际情况匹配。
桥梁模型各阶振动模态的结构阻尼比取0.02,钢轨各阶振动模态的结构阻尼比0.005,扣件竖向刚度考虑动静刚度比1.5后为6.1×107N/m,黏滞阻尼取8×104N•s/m[10,19-20]。桥梁模态考虑到210 Hz,只计算钢轨竖向振动模态,考虑到225 Hz。
车速为70 km/h时, U型梁跨中顶板竖向加速度的实测与仿真结果,仿真结果大于新批次列车作用下的实测结果,但小于旧批次列车作用下的实测结果,见图9。定性分析可认为仿真计算的结果基本满足分析要求。
U型梁与箱梁的1/3倍频程竖向振动加速度级仿真结果见图10。由图可知, U型梁的竖向加速度级大于箱梁,跨中承轨台处的差异主要体现在64 Hz以上,梁端承轨台处的差异主要体现在32 Hz以上,且梁端的差异比跨中更明显。可见截面形式对轨道结构的局部振动(尤其是高频振动)剧烈程度有明显的影响。因U型梁底板相较于箱梁更易产生局部振动,进而带动轨道结构产生更显著的局部振动,导致扣件出现螺栓松动、弹条掉落等病害;又因箱梁可在梁端等位置布置横隔板以约束截面形变,故此差异在梁端处更明显[20]。新建的A线亦采用了U型梁的截面形式,其扣件的工作状况与B线相近,同样受主梁底板局部振动影响。故运营维护工作中,应强化在役扣件工况的检查力度。
箱梁梁端有实体横隔板,对于控制梁端振动效果显著,且U型梁为开口截面,弯扭耦合效应明显,所以箱梁振动小于U型梁,且梁端更为明显[20-21]。振动比较汇总见表6
由此可知, U型梁梁端底板振动较大是导致梁端扣件螺栓松动和弹条掉落的重要原因之一,后续可就此展开进一步深入研究(包括但不限于优化底板的减隔振实施方案),以不断优化设计,弥补U型梁的“美中不足”,扬长避短。
梯形轨枕由预应力混凝土纵梁和钢管连接件构成,状如梯子。2根预应力混凝土纵梁起到了在钢轨之外的第2纵梁的作用,钢轨和预应力混凝土纵梁共同承载列车荷重,起到了轨道刚性较大的“复合轨道”的作用,提高了轨道的分散动载荷性能。轨道纵向和横向的水平力分别通过纵梁侧面突出部分的缓冲垫及与纵梁平行的侧面缓冲垫来平衡,轨道的竖向力则是通过轨枕底部的垂直减振垫传递到L型台座上,然后再传递到桥梁上[21]。采用梯形轨枕轨道结构相当于减小了梁端悬臂刚度,缓解了因梁端转角引起的梁端钢轨的局部隆起,明显对梁端扣件系统的静态受力有利,除此之外,尚需进行动力学特性分析。
车速为80 km/h时, A-1跨(梯形轨枕)上L型支座(A-Acc-1)、梯形轨枕测点(A-Acc-3)的竖向加速度实测结果见图11图12。车速为80 km/h时, A-3跨(支承块)上承轨台测点(A-Acc-5)的竖向加速度实测结果见图13。由图可知, L型支座点最大振动加速度约为1 m/s2,振动能量集中于25~55 Hz及80 Hz附近;梯枕上点最大振动加速度约为5.5 m/s2,在25 Hz以上频段谱线较密,能量分布范围较广;承轨台上点最大振动加速度约为6 m/s2,振动能量集中在45~85 Hz之间,且谱线比梯枕点稀疏,在52、71 Hz等处振动明显。
车速为80 km/h时, A-1跨与A-2跨的钢轨、轨道结构、主梁的1/3倍频程振动加速度级比较图,见图14。考虑到支承块式轨道结构与主梁的整体性[21-22], A-2跨的轨道结构与主梁的振动均以承轨台测点(A-Acc-5)的振动表征;考虑到梯形轨枕轨道结构的分离性, A-1跨轨道结构的振动以梯形轨枕测点(A-Acc-3)表征, A-1跨主梁的振动以L型支座测点(A-Acc-1)表征。由图可知, A-1跨的钢轨在32 Hz以下的振动强于A-2跨,但在32 Hz以上弱于A-2跨;A-1跨轨道结构在16 Hz以下及50~80 Hz范围内的振动弱于A-2跨,在16~50 Hz范围内的振动与A-2跨相当,而在80 Hz以上的振动强于A-2跨;A-1跨主梁的振动在所有被测频率范围中均弱于A-2跨[22]
各测点实测振动加速度峰值随车速的分布情况见图15(a)。由图可知, A-1跨上梯形轨枕的加速度峰值最大, A-2跨上的承轨台次之,而A-1跨上的L型支座的加速度峰值最小。结合3.4.1节实测结果可知, A线上的梯形轨枕式轨道结构的隔振作用明显,但在降低主梁振动剧烈程度的同时,其自身的局部振动要强于支承块式轨道结构,故可能带来更大的扣件病害风险[22-23]。在新建A线运营养护中, U型简支梁高架区间中梯形轨枕上的扣件值得格外关注。
基于A线上梯形轨枕轨道结构U型梁和支承块承轨台轨道结构U型梁的3D实体模型,以VBC车桥耦合振动分析软件进行计算,可得不同车速下各测点的竖向振动加速度峰值,见图15(b)。计算结果与实测结果在变化规律和数值方面较接近,亦可知车速80 km/h时承轨台点振动较大。
实测及计算结果均表明,梯形轨枕轨道结构具有良好的隔振效果,但梯枕本身的振动要大于支承块承轨台的振动,对和梯枕直接相连的扣件系统的振动情况更为不利。
根据GB 50463—2019《工程隔振设计标准》[24]规定,城市轨道交通系统振动通常是钢轮在钢轨上运行所产生的振动,是由于列车在轨道上移动造成的,影响振动大小和频率的因素很多,根源是轮轨相互作用[24-25]。为进一步探寻轨道结构的振动特性,构建基于力法原理的车-轨-桥系统模型,利用动柔度和功率流的原理直接在频域内进行计算分析[25-26]。用能量流的方法对采用支承块承轨台轨道结构的桥梁进行分析可知,轮轨接触力和轨道结构振动的主要频率由车轮压在弹性支承的钢轨上时系统的自振频率控制,与车速关系不大[27-28]。基于此,建立支承块承轨台轨道结构U型梁单跨桥梁模型。钢轨竖向抗弯刚度、单位长的质量和结构阻尼分别为6.42 MN/m2、60 kg/m和0.02;扣件间距为0.6 m,动刚度和结构阻尼分别为60 kN/mm和0.1。一个车轮分到的车轮和转向架重量为Mw=1788 kg。轮轨接触赫兹弹簧刚度取Kh=1400 kN/mm,轮轨接触点在跨中钢轨上[29]。列车轴距一般大于2.0 m,车速一般小于40 m/s,则由车轴移动引起的激振频率小于20 Hz。考虑到振动波在钢轨和桥梁上的传播速度远大于车速,则桥梁低频振动时可忽略车轴移动的影响[30]。选取计算频率范围为20~200 Hz。
由此计算的轮轨接触力最大值频域图见图16(a),56 Hz时轮轨接触力最大,此时桥梁振动也最大。相应钢轨、车轮和轮轨接触弹簧的动柔度(YrYwYc)虚部见图16(b),56 Hz时3个动柔度虚部之和约为0,可知此时轮轨接触力最大。轮轨接触弹簧刚度、车轮重量较为固定,则钢轨动柔度对最大轮轨接触力对应频率的影响较大。由于钢轨的材料和截面性质很少变化,桥梁的刚度又远大于钢轨,则影响钢轨动柔度的因素主要为扣件刚度[30-31]。易知扣件刚度增大时,钢轨动柔度减小,图16(b)中钢轨动柔度线下移,则出现3个动柔度虚部之和等于0的频率点右移,即振动主要频率增大。
为研究采用梯形轨枕轨道结构时轨道和桥梁的振动特性,建立包含梯枕和减振垫在内的模型,只考虑竖向刚度与阻尼。减振垫间距1.2 m,动刚度和结构阻尼分别为20 kN/mm和0.1。其余参数与支承块承轨台模型相同,轮轨接触点也在跨中钢轨上。
轮轨接触力最大值频域图见图17(a),相应钢轨、车轮和轮轨接触弹簧的动柔度(YrYwYc)虚部图见图17(b),其中钢轨动柔度是考虑整个桥梁轨道系统时的动柔度[31-32]。在29、87、116、156 Hz时轮轨接触力均出现极大值,相应的动柔度之和也出现极小值。与采用支承块承轨台结构时钢轨的动柔度随频率单调递增的规律不同,采用梯枕结构时钢轨的动柔度首先增大到38 Hz时的一个较大值,然后骤降到50 Hz左右的一个较小值,再然后基本上随频率递增,但在146~158 Hz间又出现局部波动,进而引起动柔度虚部之和出现极小值的位置发生移动,导致轮轨接触力在较低和较高频率均出现极大值[32-33]
将钢轨、梯枕和桥梁作为1个总系统时钢轨的动柔度由3个系统的动柔度串联而成,分别为钢轨扣件系统、梯枕减振垫系统及桥梁和下部结构系统。总系统及各子系统的动柔度见图17(c)。梯枕减振垫系统的动柔度呈锯齿形。在50 Hz以下低频部分,总系统动柔度主要由梯枕减振垫系统提供;高频部分的总系统动柔度主要由钢轨扣件系统和梯枕减振垫系统共同提供[33-34]。梯枕减振垫系统是采用梯枕轨道结构的桥梁与采用普通支承块承轨台轨道结构桥梁的差别所在。由图17(c)可知,梯枕减振垫系统的动柔度在43、50、80、125 Hz等频率处出现极值,即接受这些频率的激励时梯枕减振垫系统会发生较大振动,这些频率正好与梯枕减振垫系统的自振频率接近[34]
跨中梯枕点的振动频域图见图18(a)。梯枕在30、85、116、156 Hz处出现振动极值,与出现轮轨接触力极值的频率基本吻合,见图17(a),因而梯枕的主振频率由轮轨接触力控制。跨中桥梁点的振动频域图见图18(b),在28、53、76、102 Hz等频率处出现极值,即接受这些频率的激励时桥梁跨中振动较大,且极值频率不随扣件刚度和减振垫刚度发生移动。由此推测桥梁振动主要与桥梁本身自振特性相关。通过模态计算可得这些频率对应的桥梁振型见图19。桥梁跨中与一个梯枕长度对应的部分正好形成局部弯曲波形,则此振型易被梯枕传来的激振力激发而形成振动极值频率。
梯形轨枕轨道结构具有轨下弹性扣件和枕下减振垫2层弹性系统,梯枕、减振垫与钢轨、扣件构成双弹性叠合梁,一是增大轨道抗弯刚度,扩大轮轨力分布范围,同时改善轮轨动力学性能,有利于主动隔振、降噪;二是减振垫(由纵梁和点支承)参与构成轻型质量弹簧系统,起双重减振作用[34-35]。扣件刚度和减振垫刚度对钢轨、梯枕、桥梁的振动及扣件的振动力影响较大,可利用能量流方法进行参数分析。扣件刚度分别取15、30、45、60、75、90 kN/mm;减振垫刚度分别取10、20、30、40、50、60 kN/mm。轮轨接触点在跨中钢轨上,将扣件刚度和减振垫刚度分别匹配进行计算。
当扣件刚度取60 kN/mm,减振垫刚度取10、30、60 kN/mm时,计算结果见图20。轮轨接触力极值频率随减振垫刚度增大而增大,极值量值在50 Hz以下随减振垫刚度增大而增大,在50 Hz以上随之增大而减小;扣件振动力在200~250 Hz范围内较大,且极值频率不随减振垫刚度变化而变化;梯枕振动极值频率随减振垫刚度增大而增大,但极值量值随之减小;桥梁振动极值频率几乎不随减振垫刚度变化而变化,但极值量值随减振垫刚度增大而增大[35]
当减振垫刚度取20 kN/mm,取扣件刚度15、45、90 kN/mm时,计算结果见图21。轮轨接触力极值频率随扣件刚度增大而增大,极值量值在50 Hz以下对扣件刚度变化不敏感,在50 Hz以上随扣件刚度增大而增大;扣件振动力极值频率随扣件刚度增大而增大,但在150 Hz以下,扣件刚度越低扣件振动力越大;梯枕振动极值频率和极值量值均随扣件刚度增大而增大;桥梁振动极值频率不随扣件刚度变化而变化,极值量值也变化较小。
扣件刚度和减振垫刚度的增大都会增大钢轨-梯枕-桥梁系统中钢轨的支承刚度,减小钢轨的动柔度[35-36]。由图17(b)可知,钢轨动柔度线下降,则使得满足钢轨、车轮和轮轨接触弹簧的动柔度(YrYwYc)虚部之和出现极小值的频率点右移,即轮轨接触力的极值频率增大,相应轨枕振动极值频率增大。桥梁振动极值频率主要由桥梁自振特性控制,随扣件刚度和减振垫刚度变化较小,振动极值会随之变化。减振垫刚度一定,增大扣件刚度时,除了轮轨接触力增大外,由钢轨传入梯枕的振动能量也增大,所以梯枕振动增强。扣件刚度一定,增大减振垫刚度时,由梯枕传入桥梁的振动能量增大,则桥梁振动加强,梯枕振动反而减弱。
列车对桥梁的激励是多频率的,为更好地描述扣件刚度和减振垫刚度对桥梁及轨道的振动影响,取各频率的均方根值(root mean square, RMS)代表振动的强弱。间隔2 Hz取20~200 Hz内共91个频率,将各组计算结果汇总可知:钢轨振动随扣件刚度增大和减振垫刚度减小而增大;梯枕振动随扣件刚度增大和减振垫刚度减小而增大;桥梁振动随扣件刚度增大和减振垫刚度增大而增大,且可进一步得出,钢轨及梯枕振动受扣件刚度影响显著,而桥梁振动受减振垫刚度影响显著。输入梯枕和桥梁功率之和的RMS值,代表了梯枕和桥梁的整体振动情况和整体能量消耗,也可代表产生的总体结构噪声大小,其随扣件刚度增大而增大,但并不随减振垫刚度变化而单调变化,在减振垫刚度约30 kN/mm时达极小值。综合考虑车辆、轨道和桥梁的动力性能后,减振垫刚度可适当增大[36]
轨道减振器扣件主要依靠橡胶的剪切变形提供刚度[36-37],竖向静刚度8~12 kN/mm。在A线部分高架段上进行铺设,利用前述原理和方法将其与梯形轨枕轨道结构在减隔振效果上进行比较。减振器扣件动刚度取15 kN/mm,间距0.6 m;梯枕轨道上WJ-2型小阻力弹条扣件动刚度取60 kN/mm,间距0.6 m,梯枕下减振垫刚度取20 kN/mm,间距1.2 m。桥梁竖向振动加速度比较见图22(a)。2种减隔振措施下,桥梁的振动大小和以频率值为(28,36)、(72,75)、(108,116)区间为典型代表的主要频率总体上基本接近,说明减隔振效果基本相当。
2种减隔振措施对轮轨接触力的影响存在差异,见图22(b)。采用减振器扣件时轮轨接触力的主要频率集中在36 Hz附近。采用梯形轨枕轨道结构时轮轨接触力的主要频率集中于高频116 Hz附近。鉴于有城市采用减振器扣件后出现了较严重的钢轨异常波磨现象,在减隔振要求比较高的区段优先推荐采用梯形轨枕减振轨道结构[37-38]
本文结合某市2条轨道交通线路高架区间的实际情况,通过现场实测试验与车桥耦合振动模拟方法,探究了无砟轨道扣件螺栓松动、弹条脱落病害的成因,进而以采用梯枕结构时轨道和桥梁的振动特性和减振器扣件与梯枕结构减隔振效果比较为切入点,分析了轨道结构振动机理,得出如下结论:
1)除了正常工况下的车轮磨耗带来的冲击作用加剧轨道结构振动、造成扣件失效病害因素之外,值得重点关注的城轨扣件失效病害因素是:同等荷载激励下,由于开口截面带来的弯扭耦合效应及横隔板的缺失, U型梁底板的局部振动会强于箱型梁,尤其在梁端,进而导致梁上扣件发生病害的几率增加;在相同条件下,梯形轨枕的隔振效果优于支承块式轨道结构,但梯形轨枕上的局部振动会更加剧烈,进而导致梁上扣件发生病害的几率增加。
2)钢轨的支承刚度影响轮轨接触力的主要频率及量值;支承块承轨台轨道结构桥梁的承轨台和梯枕结构桥梁的梯枕的振动频率受轮轨接触力的频率控制;梯枕结构的桥梁部分的振动频率受其自振频率控制。
3)梯形轨枕轨道结构减隔振效果良好;钢轨及梯枕振动大小受扣件刚度影响显著,而桥梁振动大小受减振垫刚度影响显著。适当降低扣件刚度可显著减弱梯枕振动,减小对扣件系统的振动影响。
  • 江苏省工程研究中心项目(苏发改高技发[2022]1103-95)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0516
  • 接收时间:2024-09-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-17
  • 修回日期:2024-12-26
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江苏省工程研究中心项目(苏发改高技发[2022]1103-95)
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    1.扬州职业技术大学土木工程学院,江苏扬州225009
    2.扬州职业技术大学艺术学院,江苏扬州225009

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吕凡任(1970—),男,教授,博士,主要从事实验力学及工程应用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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