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Article(id=1241794072281681980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241794070289387562, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0502, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741449600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-09, revisedDate=1749052800000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773996378249, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1761062400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773996378249, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773996378249, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996378249, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241794070289387562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='227', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773996377775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996935444, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796409465307627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241794070289387562, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796409465307628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241794070289387562, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=17, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241794072533340226, articleId=1241794072281681980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Field investigation and disaster mechanism analysis of site liquefaction triggered by the Dingri MS6.8 earthquake, columnId=1241794071132442668, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=Special Section：Topic on Dingri MS6.8 Earthquake in Xizang on January 7, 2025, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Following the MS6.8 Dingri earthquake in Xizang, China, on January 7, 2025, extensive sand liquefaction phenomena were observed in Ⅷ~Ⅸ intensity zones, providing critical field data for studying liquefaction in high-altitude settings. This investigation employed field visits and surveys to explore the macroscopic characteristics, spatial distribution, and disaster-inducing mechanisms of liquefaction. Sand boils were documented in villages, embankments, floodplains, and lakeshore areas. The microscopic morphology and mineral composition of ejected materials were analyzed. Several recommendations for seismic liquefaction disaster prevention and mitigation are proposed. Key findings include the following. Sand boils predominantly occurred in river floodplains, lakeshores, and along roads, exhibiting circular, fissure, and beaded distribution patterns. Circular features measured 10~50 cm in diameter, while fissures spanned 14~30 cm in width and 85~100 m in length, distributing in sporadic or continuous clusters. No significant sand boils were observed in surveyed towns or villages. Two liquefaction sites of comparable size, distance and volume near the G219 national highway Gading line demonstrated contrasting damage levels: one section remained intact, while the other experienced severe subsidence, pavement collapse, and guardrail deformation. the characteristics of two sand boils feature in fissure and circular patterns. To bridge the gaps between liquefaction risk assessment and anti-liquefaction strategies, characterization and analysis of disaster-inducing mechanisms should be an essential research topic for the development of seismic liquefaction disaster prevention and control technology. The information and results of the investigation provide a reference for the understanding of seismic liquefaction mechanisms and informing post-disaster reconstruction and liquefaction disaster prevention.

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2025年1月7日,西藏定日县发生6.8级地震,Ⅷ~Ⅸ烈度区域出现了较大范围的典型场地液化现象,为高海拔场地液化问题提供了重要直接研究资料。通过现场走访与踏勘,探讨了本次地震场地液化现象的宏观特征、分布区域和致灾作用,考察了村镇、路堤、漫滩和湖岸等区域的喷砂冒水情况,分析了喷出物的微观形态与矿物成分,提出了地震液化灾害防治的若干启示。调查结果表明：喷砂冒水主要分布于河谷漫滩、湖岸及公路两侧,呈圆心式、裂缝式和串珠式,圆心式喷砂冒水直径约50~250 cm,裂缝式宽约14~30 cm,长约85~100 m,呈零星或成群连片分布,在调查的乡镇和村庄未发现明显喷砂冒水现象；G219国道嘎定线附近发现面积、距离和体量相当的2处液化场地,造成2段破坏程度截然不同的公路,一段基本完好,另一段严重毁坏,路堤显著沉降,路面完全毁坏,护栏扭曲错位,2处场地的喷砂冒水特征分别呈裂缝式和圆心式；致灾作用表征与分析方法应为目前地震液化灾害防治技术发展的重要课题方向,以弥补液化风险评估和抗液化措施两方面衔接纽带的缺失。调查资料与结果,为场地地震液化现象认识、灾后恢复重建和液化灾害防治工作提供了借鉴。

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王永志（1984—）,男,研究员,博士,主要从事土工离心试验理论与方法、基础抗震与岩土工程防灾研究。E-mail：
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汤兆光（1993—）,男,助理研究员,博士,主要从事精密仪器研发、岩土地震工程研究。E-mail：

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汤兆光（1993—）,男,助理研究员,博士,主要从事精密仪器研发、岩土地震工程研究。E-mail：

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汤兆光（1993—）,男,助理研究员,博士,主要从事精密仪器研发、岩土地震工程研究。E-mail：

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Surface displacement and early warning magnitude of the 2025 Dingri, Xizang MS6.8 earthquake using high-rate GNSS observations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802945268880203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794072281681980, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=50, issue=5, pageStart=1677, pageEnd=1695, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=邵延秀, 王爱生, 刘静, journalName=地球科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邵延秀，王爱生，刘静，等．2025年1月7日西藏定日地震地表破裂特征和野外同震位移测量初步结果[J]．地球科学, 2025, 50(5): 1677-1695., articleTitle=2025年1月7日西藏定日地震地表破裂特征和野外同震位移测量初步结果, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802945390515034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241794072281681980, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=50, issue=5, pageStart=1677, pageEnd=1695, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=SHAO Yanxiu, WANG Aisheng, LIU Jing, journalName=Earth Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHAO Yanxiu, WANG Aisheng, LIU Jing, et al. 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定日6.8级地震场地液化现场调查与致灾作用启示
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汤兆光 1, 2 , 蒋伟 1, 2 , 陈杨 1, 2 , 蔡晓光 3 , 温瑞智 1, 2 , 王永志 1, 2 , 周宝峰 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 专题：2025年1月7日西藏定日6.8级地震 2025,45(5): 9-17
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地震工程与工程振动 | 专题：2025年1月7日西藏定日6.8级地震 2025, 45(5): 9-17
定日6.8级地震场地液化现场调查与致灾作用启示
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汤兆光1, 2 , 蒋伟1, 2, 陈杨1, 2, 蔡晓光3, 温瑞智1, 2, 王永志1, 2 , 周宝峰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨150080
  • 3.中国地震灾害防御中心,北京100029

    • 汤兆光（1993—）,男,助理研究员,博士,主要从事精密仪器研发、岩土地震工程研究。E-mail：

通讯作者:

王永志（1984—）,男,研究员,博士,主要从事土工离心试验理论与方法、基础抗震与岩土工程防灾研究。E-mail：
Field investigation and disaster mechanism analysis of site liquefaction triggered by the Dingri MS6.8 earthquake
Zhaoguang TANG1, 2 , Wei JIANG1, 2, Yang CHEN1, 2, Xiaoguang CAI3, Ruizhi WEN1, 2, Yongzhi WANG1, 2 , Baofeng ZHOU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
  • 3.China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2025-10-22 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0502
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2025年1月7日,西藏定日县发生6.8级地震,Ⅷ~Ⅸ烈度区域出现了较大范围的典型场地液化现象,为高海拔场地液化问题提供了重要直接研究资料。通过现场走访与踏勘,探讨了本次地震场地液化现象的宏观特征、分布区域和致灾作用,考察了村镇、路堤、漫滩和湖岸等区域的喷砂冒水情况,分析了喷出物的微观形态与矿物成分,提出了地震液化灾害防治的若干启示。调查结果表明：喷砂冒水主要分布于河谷漫滩、湖岸及公路两侧,呈圆心式、裂缝式和串珠式,圆心式喷砂冒水直径约50~250 cm,裂缝式宽约14~30 cm,长约85~100 m,呈零星或成群连片分布,在调查的乡镇和村庄未发现明显喷砂冒水现象；G219国道嘎定线附近发现面积、距离和体量相当的2处液化场地,造成2段破坏程度截然不同的公路,一段基本完好,另一段严重毁坏,路堤显著沉降,路面完全毁坏,护栏扭曲错位,2处场地的喷砂冒水特征分别呈裂缝式和圆心式；致灾作用表征与分析方法应为目前地震液化灾害防治技术发展的重要课题方向,以弥补液化风险评估和抗液化措施两方面衔接纽带的缺失。调查资料与结果,为场地地震液化现象认识、灾后恢复重建和液化灾害防治工作提供了借鉴。

定日6.8级地震  /  现场调查  /  场地液化  /  喷砂冒水  /  分布特征  /  致灾作用

Following the MS6.8 Dingri earthquake in Xizang, China, on January 7, 2025, extensive sand liquefaction phenomena were observed in Ⅷ~Ⅸ intensity zones, providing critical field data for studying liquefaction in high-altitude settings. This investigation employed field visits and surveys to explore the macroscopic characteristics, spatial distribution, and disaster-inducing mechanisms of liquefaction. Sand boils were documented in villages, embankments, floodplains, and lakeshore areas. The microscopic morphology and mineral composition of ejected materials were analyzed. Several recommendations for seismic liquefaction disaster prevention and mitigation are proposed. Key findings include the following. Sand boils predominantly occurred in river floodplains, lakeshores, and along roads, exhibiting circular, fissure, and beaded distribution patterns. Circular features measured 10~50 cm in diameter, while fissures spanned 14~30 cm in width and 85~100 m in length, distributing in sporadic or continuous clusters. No significant sand boils were observed in surveyed towns or villages. Two liquefaction sites of comparable size, distance and volume near the G219 national highway Gading line demonstrated contrasting damage levels: one section remained intact, while the other experienced severe subsidence, pavement collapse, and guardrail deformation. the characteristics of two sand boils feature in fissure and circular patterns. To bridge the gaps between liquefaction risk assessment and anti-liquefaction strategies, characterization and analysis of disaster-inducing mechanisms should be an essential research topic for the development of seismic liquefaction disaster prevention and control technology. The information and results of the investigation provide a reference for the understanding of seismic liquefaction mechanisms and informing post-disaster reconstruction and liquefaction disaster prevention.

Dingri MS6.8 earthquake  /  field investigation  /  site liquefaction  /  sand boil  /  spatial distribution patterns  /  disaster mechanism
汤兆光, 蒋伟, 陈杨, 蔡晓光, 温瑞智, 王永志, 周宝峰. 定日6.8级地震场地液化现场调查与致灾作用启示. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (5) : 9 -17 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0502
Zhaoguang TANG, Wei JIANG, Yang CHEN, Xiaoguang CAI, Ruizhi WEN, Yongzhi WANG, Baofeng ZHOU. Field investigation and disaster mechanism analysis of site liquefaction triggered by the Dingri MS6.8 earthquake[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (5) : 9 -17 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0502
正文
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0　引言
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2025年1月7日9时5分,在我国西藏自治区日喀则市定日县发生MS6.8地震,震源深度为10 km,同震变形带长为30 km,余震呈南北（NS）向分布,登么错断裂东部边界为发震构造。破裂模式主要由南向北单侧破裂,持续时间约20 s[1-5]。此次地震为跨国界地震,在我国西藏自治区和尼泊尔境内均有较强烈震感,导致不少民居房屋倒塌,造成严重人员伤亡和财产损失。其中,液化是地震作用下一种普遍和典型场地破坏形式,常造成基础震陷、地表侧移、边坡溜滑或泥流、地下结构上浮及地表地震动长周期放大等现象,从而间接地引发各类建筑工程与设施损坏及大量人员伤亡。
伴随21世纪全球地震进入活跃期,液化诱发的地震灾害所占比重呈不断攀升和加重趋势,表现出量大面广、土类范围扩大、致灾形式多变等新形势和新特点。在此对21世纪后较具代表性或产生较大影响的地震液化调查发现,作扼要回顾总结。袁晓铭等[6]调查2008年5月12日MS8.0我国四川汶川地震,发现成都平原地区出现全球最大规模砾性土液化现象,其50%液化场地主要分布在烈度Ⅷ区内,地表喷出物与实际场地液化土类存在显著差异,并指出根据以往工程经验反推场地土类的做法不再成立。KUSUMAWARDANI等[7]调查2018年9月28日印度尼西亚帕卢-东加拉MS7.5地震,发现在Ⅷ度区Petobo村出现长约2.2 km、面积约1.64 km2的低角度砂土液化流滑及泥石流次生灾害,造成3300间房屋倒塌,近2000人死亡。陈龙伟等[8]调查2023年2月6日土耳其双强震,发现了喷砂、液化侧移扩展、地基沉降等典型场地液化震害形式,直观表现为地面侧移和显著张拉裂缝,并造成大量建筑物产生严重倾斜（倾角达20°）、沉降最大达2 m。李平等[9]基于2018年我国吉林松原5.7级地震现场调查,通过钻探取样、静力触探及标贯试验,指出液化分布受地震动强度、地下水位及地貌等因素控制。蒋伟等[10]通过对2023年甘肃积石山6.2级地震的全面调查,指出了地震导致青海省民和县中川乡金田村和草滩村发生灾害为液化流滑,为一种新型的液化灾害。王兰民等[11]指出了该现象主要由11 m深度以下地下水饱和的黄土层发生大范围液化触发。付海清等[12]通过对2023年我国山东平原5.5级地震的全面调查,发现液化粉、砂土层的深度主要集中在7~12 m,最大液化深度至少为14 m,超过国内以往地震液化的主要深度范围,液化点主要集中在距离震中的6~12 km范围内,位于烈度Ⅵ度区边缘及Ⅴ度区之间,且液化范围相对偏大,与已有认识不同。综上,震后科考和现场调查是地震灾害防治研究的重要手段,能提供最原始、最真实的宝贵研究资料,而地震场地液化仍是地震灾害风险防治和岩土地震工程研究的重要基础课题,上述地震现场科考调查工作可为液化土体类别、液化危险性、致灾形式等带来诸多保有价值的新发现、新问题、新认识,也给地震液化灾害防治带来新挑战、新启示。
目前,地震液化灾害防治工作按照具体抗震设防实施步骤,可划分为三个方面：场地液化判别与风险分析、液化致灾作用与表征、工程抗液化处理措施。震后现场科考调查能为这些工作提供真实有效的宝贵研究资料和震害案例。2025年1月7日定日地震发生后,笔者在初步掌握地震区域场地液化风险分布、遥感图像液化点解译结果,并搜集西藏自治区历史地震液化资料后,对地震破坏现场和灾害损失进行了实地调查,重点围绕村镇、公路、河谷和湖边等场地液化现象与灾害进行现场调查,探讨了此次地震场地液化的主要分布、现象特征及致灾情况,并提出地震液化灾害防治工作的有益启示。相关调查资料与结论,可为认识此次地震场地液化现象、开展灾后恢复重建以及推进地震液化灾害防治基础研究提供借鉴与参考。
1　发震构造与震害概况
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西藏自治区日喀则市定日县（28°30′N,87°27′E,海拔在4 100~4 300 m）发生MS6.8地震,震源深度为10 km,属于浅源地震。根据中国地震局工程力学研究所强震动观测中心发布的强震动观测记录,距震中67.5 km的地震台站（XZ.D0007）记录到的最大峰值加速度为418.7 cm/s2,地面震感强且持续时间长,极震区最大地震烈度为Ⅸ度。此次地震特征表现为震级高、震感强、持续时间长、烈度大,共导致27 248户房屋受损,其中倒塌房屋3612户,造成126人死亡,约6.15万名群众受灾。
1.1　发震构造
西藏自治区位于青藏高原内部,受印度板块和亚欧板块挤压的影响,区域内构造变形十分强烈,遍布第四纪褶皱、逆冲断裂和走滑断裂,此次地震发震构造与机制见图1。此次地震发生在青藏高原的拉萨地块内部,震中位于青藏高原中南部的近东西向伸展变形带,属于拉萨地块核心活动区域,该区域由于地壳隆升、缩短增厚,形成了复杂的构造应力场[5]。拉萨地块以南北向挤压和东西向拉张的复合应力作用为特征,发育有班公—怒江缝合带、雅鲁藏布江缝合带等近东西向断裂带,和尼玛—定日裂谷、申扎—定结裂谷等南北向断裂带,见图1。此次地震的发震断层为登么错断裂,靠近呈南北走向的申扎—定结断裂带,是该断裂带南缘的主边界断裂,与同区域历史地震表现出相似的破裂机制与破裂方向[13],表明印度板块向北东方向挤压亚欧板块,在拉萨地块的藏南地区产生近东西向的张应力,进而引发此次地震。
1.2　宏观地震烈度
此次地震的最高烈度为Ⅸ度（9度）,等震线长轴呈近南北走向,长轴约191 km,短轴约152 km,各烈度区覆盖面积约23986 km2,共涉及西藏自治区1个市6个县45个乡镇。本次科考队现场调查了长所乡、措果乡、曲洛乡、尼辖乡和加措乡等8个乡镇建筑物,发现各烈度区内发生破坏的建筑主要以砖木、土木（草）和土石类型为主。本次地震中房屋震害特征是：①土木（石）结构,西藏定日县地区土木结构为柱网结构形式,以木梁、木柱及木檩条作为室内结构体系,将上部荷载传递给墙体[14],以土墙或土坯墙作为主要承重构件的传统建筑形式,导致结构整体性较差；在强烈地震动作用下易发生脆性破坏,主要表现为整体倾覆；②砖木结构是以砖柱或砖墙作为主要竖向承重构件的传统建筑形式,其屋面竖向荷载通过木梁传递至砖柱或砖墙,构件间连接性能较差。具体表现是：砖砌体采用黄泥浆或低强度砂浆砌筑,缺乏有效的搓压咬接构造；砖柱与木梁之间缺少可靠锚固；室内隔墙与地面、屋面的连接薄弱；砖柱与填充墙之间缺乏有效拉结,抗侧力性能不足,在地震作用下易发生整体倾覆或倒塌。同时,基于各县、乡（镇）的实地调查发现,由政府统一规划建设采用了圈梁、构造柱等有效抗震措施设计的民居房屋,在此次地震中表现出显著的抗震性能优势,充分说明了抗震设计规范推广和政府监督实施的重要意义[10]。
1.3　伤亡重灾成因
基于现场科学考察与灾情调查结果,造成本次地震人员伤亡严重的4个主要因素：①建筑抗震性能,地震灾区内传统民居建筑以土石、木结构和砖木结构为主,其结构类型普遍存在显著的抗震性能缺陷。例如,缺乏圈梁、构造柱等关键抗震构造措施,建筑材料强度不足且施工工艺粗糙。②地震发生于北京时间9时5分,正值当地居民睡眠时段（西藏定日县冬季日出时间为9：00左右）,由于床铺通常紧邻墙体,墙体倒塌时容易直接冲击人体要害部位,导致人员受到致命伤害。③灾区地处高寒地带,灾区位于海拔4 100~4300 m地区,具有严寒、缺氧等恶劣环境特征,这种特殊的地理环境导致受伤人员体温及身体机能快速下降,同时极大地增加了应急救援的难度；一方面,低温环境加速了伤者的失温过程；另一方面,高海拔缺氧条件限制了救援人员的作业效率,延长了救援响应时间。④场地与地形效应,根据定日县震前场地剪切波速测试结果,Ⅸ度区河谷地形的土层等效剪切波速位于120~200 m/s之间,现场场地覆盖层厚度位于100~200 m之间,根据GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[15]可知,液化场地属于Ⅲ类软土场地,在地震波从基岩传播至地表的过程中,此类深厚软弱土层与地震波的长周期成分进行共振进而产生放大作用,加之河谷地形的放大作用,峰值地面加速度（peak ground acceleration, PGA）放大倍数可达4倍[16],加剧土层的振动幅度,引起饱和松散砂土层液化。
2　场地液化宏观现象
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2.1　现场调查方案与观测目标
定日6.8级地震发生后,笔者所在科考队以场地液化宏观现象作为首要科考任务。由于缺乏相关水文地质资料,将采用现有研究成果作为科考支撑。其中,黄婷等[17]选取日喀则地区活断层影响因子、地形地貌影响因子和岩性影响因子,给出了日喀则地区乡镇地震灾害潜在风险评估结果。此次地震液化场地距断层最近距离为2~5 km,根据评估标准,活断层影响因子权重高达0.8,长所乡、措果乡有发生砂土液化、泥石流等潜在风险。风险评估结果见图2,为现场场地液化科考工作的参考依据。
由图2可知,长所乡和措果乡都位于Ⅸ度区内,且2个乡镇分别位于地下水位较浅的朋曲河与登么错湖沿岸、河漫滩附近,这些区域在强地震动作用下有较高液化风险。因此,本次地震液化科考工作规划了2条主要路线：第1条沿G219国道嘎定线及朋曲河沿岸方向展开,科考起点在Ⅶ度区定结县县城西藏定日县6.8级科考指挥部,沿G219国道依次穿越Ⅷ度区和Ⅸ度区；第2条沿登么错湖南岸-东岸-北岸方向展开,这些区域因水文地质条件特殊,液化风险较高,是本次调查液化现象及其灾害效应的关键区域,现场地震液化科考路线与疑似液化场地分布见图2。结合历史地震场地液化现象,喷砂冒水是地震场地液化的直观呈现,也是震后现场调查识别液化的主要标志,再通过直观观察喷出物堆积形态、分布形式、孔径及颗粒形状、颜色等特征,初步确定喷出物土性,以观察的喷砂冒水现象和喷出物土类作为场地发生疑似液化的判别依据。
2.2　场地液化分布和范围
在高烈度区的措果乡和长所乡及湖岸、河谷漫滩及低阶地上发育了大量的疑似砂土液化现象,是青藏高原高海拔地区因强震触发密集砂土液化的典型震例,现场科考调查所得到的疑似地震液化分布见图3。
根据科考线路规划,科考队先后沿着G219嘎定线与Y219乡道沿线进行考查,沿途发现6处疑似砂土液化现象,按照科考顺序分别命名为BS1~BS6,见图2。经调查,此次地震中Ⅸ度区内出现了大范围的疑似液化现象,Ⅷ度区内发现了少量疑似液化点,主要宏观现象为喷砂冒水。从扰动条件看,在Ⅸ度区内发现5处疑似场地液化现象,Ⅷ度区内仅发现1处场地液化现象,说明地震动强度对砂土液化的分布有着重要影响。从土性、状态条件看,喷砂冒水主要分布在公路两旁、登么错湖东岸和朋曲河漫滩等含水量高、地下水位浅和细粒泥沙沉积丰富的位置,表明液化的发生与当地较浅的地下水位和近地表有饱水砂层发育有密切关系。根据第2条科考线路规划,科考队在措果乡北侧的朋曲河谷内发现了数量极为壮观的疑似砂土液化现象,在朋曲右岸的河谷地带也发育有大量的疑似砂土液化及横向扩展,部分农田内也发现大量的疑似砂土液化现象。位于登么错湖的南岸,以及登么错连接朋曲干流的外流河段也发育了大量的疑似砂土液化现象,与疑似液化现象伴生的是大量横向扩展裂缝的存在,有的裂缝形成了明显的小型地堑。
2.3　喷砂冒水特征
此次地震中,疑似场地液化最显著的宏观现象为喷砂冒水,喷出物规模大且喷砂冒水持续时间长,发现的疑似液化场地大都为河谷漫滩、湖泊周边和沿河公路路基两侧,少部分疑似液化发生在农田。其中,以朋曲河沿岸、登么错湖东岸、G219嘎定线两侧疑似液化现象最为严重,且液化持续时间长,液化孔深及喷出物规模大,其中,措果乡某段G219嘎定线一侧在震后8 d仍发现有喷水冒水现象,这说明此时地下土层中超静孔隙水压力仍未完全消散。通过对Ⅸ度区内3处疑似液化场地进行考察,调查发现的场地喷砂冒水现象见图4。
此次地震中发现疑似液化场地主要呈现3个特征,分别为圆心式、串珠式和地裂缝式见图4。具体如下：①圆心式液化特征见图4（a）,即以中心圆为泄压通道向外喷砂冒水,呈现类似火山喷发的圆状土包。其中,在定日县措果乡附近国道G219嘎定线一侧（命名为BS2）的疑似液化场地,发现大规模喷砂冒水点,以圆心式为主,分布面积约为4700 m2左右,公路两侧的喷砂冒水点60余处、右侧10余处,喷砂冒水直径范围约在50~250 cm。②串珠式液化特征见图4（b）,即多个并排以圆心式为泄压通道向外喷砂冒水,整体呈现类似串珠形状。其中,在措果乡附近沿G219嘎定线另一段道路一侧（命名为BS3）的疑似液化场地,发现最大喷砂冒水点延伸长度达80 m以上,喷砂圆心孔直径范围约在10~15 cm。③地裂缝式液化特征见图4（c）,即以延伸至地表的连续地面裂缝为泄压通道向外喷砂冒水。其中,在措果乡附近沿G219嘎定线另一段道路一侧的疑似液化场地（BS3）,还发现大规模喷砂冒水现象,地裂缝式疑似场地液化走向呈半圆弧形分布,分布面积约为3300 m2,最大延伸长度达100 m以上、半径约30 m,且地裂缝式最大宽度约为30 cm、深度约为20 cm；此外,在长所乡登么错湖东南岸的疑似液化场地（命名为BS4）,再次发现大规模喷砂冒水现象,地裂缝式疑似场地液化走向呈之字形分布,最大延伸长度达85 m以上、宽度约为20 cm以上、深度约为14 cm以上。
此次调查暂未发现居民院内出现液化现象,其原因可从场地土层、地下水条件、选址与地基处理角度做初步分析。结合地下水位与场地土层条件分析,砂土液化通常发生在饱和、松散、中细砂或粉土层中。相对于朋曲河沿岸与登么错湖沿岸,居民区由于离湖、河较远,地下水位埋深相对较深,土层难以达到饱和状态,地震时难以累积超静孔隙水压力导致液化。居民区内房屋密集,在房屋的自重荷载多年压实作用下,土层密实度相对较大而不易发生液化。从场地选址与地基处理角分析,居民区可能自发地避开了河漫滩等液化高风险区。尽管农村地区采用大规模工程处理的可能性较小,但不排除局部可能通过夯实、碎石垫层或简易排水措施改善地基条件。例如,传统建筑中采用石砌基础或夯土工艺,间接提高了土层密实度。综上,在调查的乡镇和居民院内暂未发现场地液化可能是缺物质（缺少易液化土层）、缺水（低饱和度或深水位）共同作用的结果。
2.4　液化喷出物特征
为进一步了解疑似场地液化的喷出物特征,通过扫描电镜、超景深显微镜等对现场取样的液化喷出物进行微观分析,微观分析结果见图5。由图5（a）、（b）超景深分析结果可知,喷出物颗粒尺寸均匀且较小,分选磨圆较好,颗粒颜色呈淡黄色,无黏性,初步判断喷出物为可液化土类细砂。图5（c）中的土颗粒呈现出类似特征,但颗粒颜色为灰白色和零星黑色,说明该砂中含一定量云母。由图5（d）~（e）扫描电镜结果可知,喷出物形状偏圆、规则和颗粒较分散,不含黏土颗粒,不成团,属于可液化砂土。结合疑似液化场地的喷砂冒水现象与喷出物特征分析,说明此次地震区域覆盖层拥有大量砂土、砾类土等可液化土类,场地具备良好发育的地下水系、较浅地下水位,具有触发场地液化的有利条件。
3　液化致灾作用与启示
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本次地震科考过程中,科考队还在日喀则市定日县措果乡附近某国道G219嘎定线一侧（场地BS2,公路段A）,发现因场地疑似液化（喷砂冒水点,数量达上百处）导致的公路段A路基发生严重震陷（25 cm左右）和显著侧移,引起路面开裂,并导致公路路面及隔离带错位和下沉,见图6（a）。此外,在措果乡附近地区沿着G219嘎定线的另一段道路一侧（场地BS3,公路段B）,也发现疑似场地液化致灾作用（喷砂冒水点,数量也达上百处）,与BS2场地存在显著差异的是,该区域场地液化仅导致公路段B路基发生轻微开裂、侧移和路面震陷特征,并未对公路路基和路面造成明显破坏,见图6（b）。
由图6可知,2种截然相反的震害现象,发现疑似液化场地对同一公路产生不同程度的破坏作用和灾害特征,主要与所处位置的地震动方向及强度、相对断裂带方位、公路方向、距离山脚远近、土层结构、土体粒径级配和超静孔隙水压力增长速度等因素相关。根据现场震害调查,公路段A（28°32.1′N,87°32.4′E）方向与正北向呈30°夹角,其地震液化喷出物堆积形态主要特征表现圆心式,疑似液化场地长度约为80 m,公路段B（28°32.9′N,87°32.1′E）方向与正北向呈22.5°夹角,其地震液化喷出物堆积形态主要特征表现为沿地表连续延伸的地裂缝式；本次地震动北向（N）、西向（W）、重直向（V）的最大加速度分别为-381.1、-418.7、318.0 cm/s2,卓越周期分别为0.31、0.32、0.13 s,公路段A和公路段B与相邻山脚分别相距1.2、1.7 km,两段公路相距约1.5 km。分析认为,导致上述公路受损程度差异的原因之一可能为地裂缝式液化场地排水通道连绵不断,更利于超静孔压的快速消散,场地液化程度更弱,而中心圆式液化场地喷砂冒水孔径小且分布相对稀疏,不利于超静孔压的消散,地震时容易发生液化而丧失承载力,导致路基发生不均匀沉降、侧向流动或整体失稳,进一步引起路面裂缝、塌陷和隆起等现象。
基于震区场地疑似液化现象的现场调查与致灾作用分析,得到如下启示：①差异化抗液化设计。针对不同喷砂冒水特征（如圆心式、地裂缝式）对工程设施的破坏差异,需结合场地条件优化抗液化措施。②动态风险评估与韧性设计。液化致灾作用与地震动方向、土层结构及地形效应密切相关,建议在工程规划阶段引入基于时程分析的动态液化风险评估模型,结合局部地形放大效应与土体粒径级配特征,发展韧性抗震设计策略,降低液化诱发的基础震陷、侧移等次生灾害风险。③经济性与可持续性并重。针对高海拔偏远地区,需探索低成本、易实施的抗液化技术。例如,利用天然地形设置排水沟或植被固坡,减少液化流滑风险；对重要交通干线（如G219国道）,可采用局部加固与监测预警相结合的方式,平衡工程安全性与经济性。本次调查表明,液化灾害防治需兼顾机理认知与工程实践,通过差异化设计、动态风险管控及技术创新,提升高海拔地震区基础设施的抗震韧性与灾后恢复能力。
4　结论
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1）人员伤亡严重原因。地震发生时大多数人员处于睡眠,且由于习俗和取暖需要头部多紧挨墙体,墙体倒塌时容易砸到人体要害部位。受灾区域地质地貌复杂,存在明显的场地放大效应,覆盖土层较厚且富含可液化砂层,地表最大峰值加速度达418.7 cm/s2。另一关键原因是地处严寒缺氧高海拔地区,人员受伤后体温和身体机能下降较快,给应急救援带来很大困难和挑战。
2）喷水冒砂分布特征。现场发现大量喷水冒砂点和疑似液化场地,主要集中朋曲河谷漫滩、登么错湖周边、公路路基两侧分布,主要覆盖Ⅷ~Ⅸ烈度区。喷水冒砂特征呈现圆心式、裂缝式和串珠式,喷砂孔直径约10~50 cm,裂缝宽为14~30 cm,长约85~100 m,呈零星或成群连片分布, G219国道嘎定线公路一侧发现2处成群分布的喷水冒砂点,每处数量均可达上百处,面积分别约为3300、4700 m2,在所调查的乡镇和村庄暂未发现喷水冒砂点和疑似液化场地。
3）液化触发和致灾条件。地震区域覆盖层拥有大量砂土、砾类土等可液化土类,并具备良好发育的地下水系和较浅地下水位,具有触发场地液化的有利条件。G219嘎定线2处面积、距离和体量相当的液化场地表现不同的致灾作用和灾害特征,一处路堤产生微量裂缝和侧移,路基和路面未发生明显破坏,另一处路堤产生大量张拉裂缝和显著侧移,路基发生震陷25 cm左右,路面严重毁坏,护栏扭曲错位,前者喷水冒砂主要为圆心式,后者主要为地裂缝式,利于超静孔压的快速释放。
4）地震液化灾害防治启示。场地液化的致灾作用和形式与地震动要素、地形条件、工程对象和液化程度等紧密相关,震害实例反复证明液化能诱发严重的地震灾害,但也能表现出多变的致灾形式和灾害程度,如基础震陷、地基侧移和液化滑坡等,液化致灾作用及表征和计算分析方法应作为今后地震液化灾害防治的重点研究方向,以弥补液化风险评估和抗液化措施两方面衔接纽带的缺失。
基金
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  • 中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项项目(2025C01; 2023B08; 2024C01; 2024C09)
  • 桥梁工程安全与韧性全国重点实验室开放基金项目(2024SKLBSR-DW005)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52278374; 519786131)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金项目(LH2023E019)
文献
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0502
  • 接收时间：2025-03-09
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2025-10-22
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-09
  • 修回日期：2025-06-05
基金
中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项项目(2025C01; 2023B08; 2024C01; 2024C09)
桥梁工程安全与韧性全国重点实验室开放基金项目(2024SKLBSR-DW005)
国家自然科学基金项目(52278374; 519786131)
黑龙江省自然科学基金项目(LH2023E019)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨150080
    3.中国地震灾害防御中心,北京100029

通讯作者:

王永志（1984—）,男,研究员,博士,主要从事土工离心试验理论与方法、基础抗震与岩土工程防灾研究。E-mail：
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0502
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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